时态语态

时态语态（精选八篇）

时态语态 篇1

一、十大热点时态精析

1. 现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时的构成形式是have / has been doing sth.,意思是“一直在做某事”。现在完成进行时没有被动语态,它强调动作在某一段时间内一直在进行,而且该动作往往对现在产生影响,并将持续下去。例如:

He has been working as a volunteer for fifteen years, which really isn't an easy thing.

现在完成进行时强调动作的持续时间,常带有感情色彩。例如:

I’ve been waiting for an hour but he still hasn’t turned up.(抱怨的感情色彩)

【典例1】—Where is Peter? I can't find him anywhere.(2015年福建卷)

—He went to the library after breakfast and_______ (write) his essay there ever since.

解析:has been writing。由时间标志词ever since可知应使用现在完成时态,再结合语境可知,论文可能还没写完,还要在那儿继续写,故用现在完成进行时。

【典例2】—We've spent too much money recently.

—Well, it isn't surprising. Our friends and relatives _______ (come) around all the time.

解析:have been coming。此处表示的是从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态,表示的是动作的延续,故用现在完成进行时。

【典例3】Joseph _______ (go) to evening classes since last month, but he still can't say “What's your name?”in Russian.

解析:has been going。由时间状语since last month可知应使用现在完成时,再结合题干的意思可知,“上夜校”这一行为从过去发生到现在,一直在进行着,且还会持续下去,故应使用现在完成进行时。

【典例4】Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she _______ (shoulder) since her marriage to Father.

解析:has been shouldering。题干中有表示完成时的时间标志词since,且描述的是动作的延续,所以定语从句中用现在完成进行时。

2. 一般现在时

一般现在时主要用来表示人、事、物的现在状况和特点;也可以表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often,always,from time to time等时间状语;还可以表示客观规律和永恒真理等。例如:

He usually goes to work at 7 o'clock every morning.

以下几种情况中经常使用一般现在时:

1)表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。例如:

I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

2)在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

3)在make sure / certain, see to it, mind,care, matter+宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:

So long as he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.

4)在“ the more..., the more... ( 越……, 越……)”句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。例如:

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

【 典例1】Linda, make sure the tables_______ (set) before the guests arrive.

解析:are set。make sure后接宾语从句时, 从句中谓语动词通常用一般现在时。set tables意思是“摆放桌子”,tables前置作主语,故用被动结构。

【典例2】Mother _______ (do) all the cooking for our family, but recently she has been too busy to do it.

解析:does。第一句陈述客观事实,所以使用一般现在时态。

3. 现在完成时

现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍然存在。现在完成时除了可以和for, since引导的状语连用外,还可以和during / in /over the last / past few years / months / weeks,in recent years,recently,lately,up to / till now,so far等连用。

在下列句型中常用现在完成时:

1)It is / has been +一段时间+ since从句

2)This / That / It is the first / second time +that从句

3)This / That / It is the only ... + that从句

4)This / That / It is the best / finest / most interesting... + that从句

在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。例如:

If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.

【典例1】Up to now, the program _______(save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.

解析:has saved。up to now是使用现在完成时态的标志,所以空格处使用现在完成时态。

【典例2】For many years, people _______(dream) of electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.

解析:have dreamed。根据句意可以推断此处的梦想从过去到现在,并由此延伸。目前,市场上已经有了电动汽车,所以应使用现在完成时。

4. 过去完成时

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。 当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时, 常用过去完成时。

常用过去完成时的几种情况:

1)在by the end of, by the time, until, before等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作时。例如:

By the end of last year, we had produced20,000 cars.

The train had left before we reached the station.

2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended /thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词的过去式后接不定式的完成式表示,即:hoped / planned /meant / intended / thought / wanted / ex-pected to have done等。例如:

I had planned to pay a visit to you, but I had an unexpected visitor. = I planned to have paid a visit to you, but I had an unexpected visitor.

3)“时间名词+ before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时“;时间名词+ ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时。例如:

He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.

Xiao Hua left school three years ago.

4)表示“一……就……”的几个句型中,主句用过去完成时。即:Hardly / No sooner /Scarcely had +主语+过去分词+ when / than / be-fore +一般过去时。例如:

We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.

【典例1】It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _______ (do) for me.

解析:had done。“I was able to fully appreciate”用的是过去时,而“他们为我所做的一切” 则是“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。

【典例2】“Were you surprised by the ending of the film?”“No, I _______ (read) the book, so I already knew the story.”

解析:had read。在knew之前已看过,故用过去完成时。

5. 一般过去时

一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。它所表示的事情纯属过去,与现在情况没有联系,常与明确的过去时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last week, in1945, at that time, once, during the war, a few days ago, when等。

【典例1】Excuse me. I _______ (realize) I was blocking your way.

解析:didnt realize。根据第二句后半部分的内容可知叙述的是过去的情况,此处表示的是说话之前没有意识到挡住了对方的路,所以用一般过去时。

【典例2】The book has been translated into thirty languages since it _______ (come) on the market in 1973.

解析:came。since引导的从句作状语时,主句通常用现在完成时,而从句用一般过去时, 故填came。

6. 现在进行时

现在进行时表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;或表感情色彩,加强语气。 常与now, at the moment, right now, at present,these days等时间状语连用。与频率副词如:al-ways, constantly, continually等连用时表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。例如:

The teacher is writing his notes now. (暂时的还在进行的动作)

Xiao Wang is always coming late. (带有不满的感情色彩)

【典例】It is reported that many a new house_______ (build) at present in the disaster area.

解析:is being built。由时间状语at present可知此处动词表示的动作正在进行,主语与所填选项是被动关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态。“many a+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

7. 将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始, 并继续下去的动作,也可用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。

将来进行时往往在以下几种场合中使用:

1)表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,一般带状语。例如:

What will you be doing at this time next Monday?

2)表示现在正在进行的动作,但这个动作会延续到将来。例如:

I wonder if it will still be raining this afternoon.

3)表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。 例如:

Tomorrow I will be flying to Bombay.

After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better.

4)表示对将来的打算(区别于对将来的预测)。例如:

My duties will end in July, and I’ll be returning to Shanghai.

【典例】If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you _______ (eat) fresh watermelon in the fall.

解析:will be eating。表示对将来的预测通常使用将来进行时。

8. 过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。常与then, at that time,at this time yesterday等时间状语连用。例如:

I was going along the street looking for a place to park my car when the accident occurred.

【典例】You must tell us what you _______(do) at ten yesterday evening.

解析:were doing。表示过去某个时间点正在发生的动作应使用过去进行时。

9. 过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到另一个过去时刻,到那个时刻,该动作可能刚刚终止,也有可能还在继续。

1)过去完成进行时所表示的动作与过去的时间关系,可以用时间状语来表示,也可以通过上下文来表示。例如:

By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days.

She said that she had been listening to radio after school.

2)过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作已经结束,但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。例如:

It had been raining and the street was still wet.

3)work, study, stay, sing, teach等延续性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻,通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。例如:

She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her.

【典例】When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _______ (lie) there.

解析:had been lying。通过句意可以发现, “躺”这个动作发生在came to之前,即发生在 “过去的过去”,应该用过去完成时。又因为作者强调“一直”这个概念,故使用过去完成进行时。

10. 将来完成时

将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与 “before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。例如:

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

【典例】—Tommy is planning to buy a car.

—I know. By next month, he _______ (save)enough for a used one.

解析:will have saved。by next month是将来完成时的标志,全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作,对将来的时间next month产生影响,能买一辆旧车。故填将来完成时。

二、五种解题技巧点拨

1. 查找时间标志词

若括号中所给的是动词,并且根据其在句中所处的位置和成分判断是谓语动词时,首先寻找时间标志词;如果句中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语填写相应的时态。

【典例1】Daniel’s family _______ (enjoy)their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.

解析:will be enjoying。括号中所给的词是动词,分析句子结构可知,该句缺少谓语动词, 本句中的时间状语this time next week是将来进行时的时间标志词,故填will be enjoying。

【典例2】The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _______ (see) them since.

解析:has seen。根据句意可知自从2012年这些文件开始不见的,到现在为止没有人看见。 since经常和现在完成时连用,再根据与nobody的主谓一致关系,可知应填has seen。

2. 主从句时态呼应

如果所填空格的句子是含有状语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则填上正确的时态。

根据主从句时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:

(1)在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时。

(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的先后时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。

(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)。

【典例】The moment I got home, I found I_______ (leave) my jacket on the playground.

解析:had left。由于主句的动词使用了一般过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,故应用过去完成时。

3. 注意固定搭配

英语中有很多固定搭配或特殊句式,使用的动词时态非常固定。如果句子构成某种固定搭配或特殊句式,则根据规则使用相应的时态。

【典例1】This is the first time we _______(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.

解析:have seen。This is the first / second /last...time (that)... 是固定结构,后面的从句中应使用现在完成时。如果把is改为was,则后面的从句中应使用过去完成时。

【典例2】— How can I apply for an online course?

—Just fill out this form and we _______(see) what we can do for you.

解析:will see。“祈使句(或名词词组)+ and(或or)简单句”是并列句的一种固定句式,and (或or)后的简单句通常用一般将来时。

4. 细心体会语境

近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,设题趋向于不出现时间状语,而向情境化、实际化的方向发展。因此,细心体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。

【典例】Would you please keep silent? The weather report _______(broadcast)and I want to listen.

解析:is being broadcast / will be broadcast。 由“I want to listen.”可知,说话时天气预报正在播报或将要播报,应使用进行时或将来时,且表示被动含义,故填is being broadcast /will be broadcast。

5. 被动优先原则

当括号中所给动词与其主语是被动意义时,应使用被动语态。

【典例】Experiments of this kind _______(conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.

解析:had been conducted。主语experiments与conduct构成动宾关系,谓语应使用被动语态。the Second World War表示过去的时间点, before the Second World War表示过去的过去这一时间点,故填过去完成时的被动语态。

三、强化训练

(一)完成句子。用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

1.“Is Tom still smoking?”“No. By next Saturday he _______ (go) for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.”

2.“Jim, have you finished reading Harry Potter and Half- Blood Prince ?”“No. I _______(help) my father on the farm all day yesterday.”

3.“I wonder how long you _______ (stay) in Hawaii?”“Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angels.”

4. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _______ (persuade)to eat more fruits and vegetables.

5. This is the third time I _______ (visit)Hong Kong. The second time I _______ (come)here was on Christmas Day last year.

6. My money _______ (run) out. I'd better go to the bank to draw some of my savings in case I have none in hand.

7.“What's the weather like tomorrow, John?” “Well, I _______ (miss) it, for the scenic pictures drew my attention as the weather forecast was going on.”

8. She was surprised to find the fridge empty;the child _______ (eat) everything!

9. I _______ (want) to help you but I was not able to spare any time. I _______ (write) a paper last night and I'll have to finish it today.

10. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _______ (make) by scientists.

11. The president _______ (give) a cool re-ception when he visited London.

12. I’m tired out. I _______ (shop) all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.

13. This coastal area _______(name) a national wildlife reserve last year.

14. I walked slowly through the market,where people _______ (sell) all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.

15. On her next birthday, Ann _______ (be)married for twenty years.

16. I'll come after the meeting if time_______ (permit).

17. The students _______ (give) ￡50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.

18. The new play _______ (show) in theatre now. Why don't you go in and see it?

19.“How about the dishes, Dear?”“The beef didn't taste very good. It _______ (cook) too long.”

20. He kept a little notebook, in which_______ (write) the names and addresses of his friends.

(二)短文填空。阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

A

The following words were written on the tomb of an Anglican Bishop( 主教 ) in the Crypts of Westminster Abbey:

When I was young and free and my1(imagine) had no limits, I dreamed of changing the world.2I grew older and wiser, I discovered the world would not change, so I3(short) my sights somewhat and decided to change only my country. But4, too, seemed immovable.

As I grew5my twilight years ( 晚年 ), in one last desperate attempt, I settled for changing only my family, those6(close) to me,7alas, they would have 8 of it.

And now as I lie on my deathbed, I suddenly realize: If I had only changed myself first, then by example I9(change) my family.

From their inspiration and encouragement, I would then have been able10(better) my country and, who knows, I may have even changed the world.

B

I remember my first Christmas adventure with Grandma. I remember tearing across town1my bike to visit her on the day my big sister dropped the bomb. “ There is no Santa Claus. ” she laughed. “ Even dummies( 傻瓜 ) know that! ” I2(flee) to Grandma3I knew she would be straight with me. She always told the truth.

“ No Santa Claus? ” she said. “ Ridiculous! Don't believe4. Put on your coat, and let's go. ”

“ Go where, Grandma? ” I asked.

As we walked through the doors of the general store Grandma handed me ten dollars and said, “ Buy something for someone5needs it. I'll wait for you in the car. ”

I was only eight years old. Never had I shopped for anything all by myself. For a few moments I just stood there,6(wonder) what to buy, and who7(buy) it for. I thought of everybody I knew. Then I thought about Bobbie Decker.

He was my classmate with bad breath and8(mess) hair, and he sat right behind me. He didn't have a coat. I knew that because he never went out to play games during the winter. I held9bill with growing10(excite). I would buy Bobbie a coat.

参考答案与解析:

(一)完成句子

1. will have gone 。由时间状语by next Saturday可知应使用将来完成时。

2. was helping 。时间状语all day yesterday表示过去一段时间内持续进行且未完成的动作,故应使用过去进行时。

3. stayed 。由下文had to可知,待在夏威夷是过去的事情,故使用一般过去时。

4. are persuaded 。根据主从句时态呼应原则,条件状语从句中应使用一般现在时。再根据语态优先原则,结合句意,应使用一般现在时的被动语态。

5. have visited; came 。“ This is the third time... ”后面的句子中谓语动词应使用现在完成时;第二空后有一般过去时的时间状语last year ,故填一般过去时。

6. is running 。由下一句可知钱还没有完全用光,表示“快要用光了”可使用现在进行时表示将来。

7. missed 。由语境可知,错过天气预报发生在过去,故应填missed 。

8. had eaten 。“吃光”这个动作发生在“发现”之前,前一句交代的是过去的时间,因此本空表示“过去的过去”,故填过去完成时。

9. had wanted; was writing 。 had wanted / meant / thought... 意为“(过去)本来想要 / 打算干某事但未做成”;第二空由后面的“我将今天完成”可知昨晚正在写论文,还未写完,故使用过去进行时。

10. will be made 。 in the near future表明了将来的时间, more advances与make存在逻辑上的被动关系,故填will be made 。

11. was given 。由句意可 知应使用 被动语态,另外从句时态暗示主句应使用一般过去时。

12. have been shopping 。由语境可判断出该行为延续了一整个下午,并且可能还会持续下去,故用现在完成进行时。

13. was named 。主语This coastal area与动词name之间是被动关系;再根据句中的时间状语last year判断,应使用一般过去时的被动语态。

14. were selling 。根据“ I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed ”的提示可判断此处表示“人们当时正在出售各种水果和蔬菜”,即表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作,故用过去进行时。

15. will have been 。 her next birthday是将来的时间, for twenty years是完成时的时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态, 故填will have been 。

16. permits 。 permit为不及物动词,不用被动语态。另外,条件状语从句if time permits也可换成独立主格形式time permitting 。

17. are given 。谓语为give sb. sth. 结构的被动语态形式。

18. is being shown 。新剧应该是“被放映”, 故应使用被动语态;再根据时间状语now可知应使用现在进行时的被动语态。

19. had been cooked 。从句意上看,“牛肉” 应该是“被”煮,故句子要用被动语态;从时间上看,由于句中有didnt taste very good ,所以 “煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前,故用过去完成时。

20. were written 。这是一个倒装句式,其正常表达为“ the names and addresses of his friends were written in the notebook ”。

(二)短文填空

A

1 . imagination 。在形容词性物主代词后要用名词形式。

2 . As 。表示“随着”,应用as引导时间状语从句。

3 . shortened 。此处作谓语要用动词形式, 由上下文可知,应用一般过去时。

4 . it 。替代前文 中的to change only my country 。

5 . into 。表示“长大成为”用grow into 。

6 . closest 。“家人”是“最亲近的人”。

7 . but 。前后是转折关系。

8 . none 。 have none of ( = refuse to accept) 意为“不接受,不理睬”。

9 . would have changed 。与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

10 . to better 。 be able to do为固定搭配。

B

1. on 。 on one's / the / a bike = by bike 。

2. fled 。结合全文可知此处应使用一般过去时,注意其不规则的形式。

3. because / as 。因为相信奶奶会对我说真话,所以立刻跑到她那儿去求证。

4. it / that 。指代“ There is no Santa Claus. ”。

5. who / that 。分析句子结构可知,此处为who / that引导的定语从句修饰someone 。

6. wondering 。根据前面 的逗号 ,可知应该使用动词的ing形式作伴随状语,表示主动含义。

7. to buy 。与what to buy构成并列 平行结构。

8. messy 。修饰名词hair当然用形 容词messy 。

9. the 。特指上文奶奶给的ten dollars 。

动词的时态和语态 篇2

动词的时态 --- 基本概念

1. 一般现在时

例句1 --- You’re drinking too much.

--- Only at home. No one ___ me but you.

A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw

正确选项为C, 说话人此时指目前一个经常性的行为。

例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it ______ work.

A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t

正确选项为B, 说话人此时强调的不是动作发生的时间，而是东西的性质，即收音机的质量不好。

基本概念: 指经常性的行为或强调东西的特性，而忽略时间概念。

特殊用法: 主句为一般将来时，状语从句要用一般现在时(如强调动作的结果，可用现在完成时)。

例句1 I’ll tell him when he comes back.

2 We’ll go out if we are free tomorrow.

3 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it.

(注意：主句是祈使句时，动作还没有发生，因此看成一般将来时。)

2. 一般将来时

基本形式:

A. will (shall) do B. be going to do

两种形式有时可以互换，但A 更强调意愿;B更强调计划和安排。

例句1 --- You’ve left the light on.

--- Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off.

2 I’m going to fly to Shanghai tomorrow.

其它可表将来时的形式

1) 表运动动词 ( come; go; leave; arrive, …) 的进行时--- 表计划或安排

* He’s arriving tomorrow.

2) be to do --- 表计划或安排

* We are to meet at the station at six tonight.

3) be about to do … --- “… 马上就要…”

* The train is about to leave.

be about to do … when… --- “ 正要… 突然…”

* He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句为过去将来时。)

3. 一般过去时和现在完成时

以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论?

例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion?

2. When did he leave?

3. She often came to help us. (他过去常来帮我们。)

4. I didn’t know you were so busy. (我没想到你这么忙。)

以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。

5. How many pages have you covered today?

6. I haven’t seen him for many days.

7. I’ve always walked to work.

8. The students have already left.

9. The city has taken on a new look.

10. Thank you. I’ve had my supper.

以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去(说话以前)，但它强调的是：

1)动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻(例5---7)

2)过去的动作对现状有某种影响(例8---10)，说话人强调的是现在如何。

注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for…; since…短语(从句)

如：We haven’t seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago.

此时(主句)谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如：

* He has left home for many years.(错误)

* He has been away from home for many years. (正确)

* He has died since 1990. (错误)

* He has been dead since 1990.(正确)

两种时态的比较练习:

1. --- Where __you __ (put) the book? I can’t see it anywhere.

--- I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.

A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put

2. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?

A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened

3. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?

A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you

C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been

4. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.

A. finished; were B. have finished; are

C. have finished; were D. had finished; were

5. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.

A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found

6. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.

A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten

C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten

Key:

1. B 前者强调的是 I can’t find it anywhere (now), 因此用现在完成时;后者强调的是I put it right here(just now).

2. C 说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.

3. D didn’t know 强调见面前原不知道.

4. C 全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在).

5. D 为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知.

6. B 注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况.

4. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时

I’ve been sitting here all afternoon.

现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在,而且目前还在进行。

这里需要注意两点：

1)有少数动词(如：work, study, live, teach等)用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思是无大的区别的， 如：

* They have lived / have been living here all their lives.

* She has worked / has been working here for eight years.

在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多些, 如：

2)大多数动词现在完成时强调动作的结果;现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，

* I’ve been writing an article. (还在写)

* I’ve written an article. (已完成)

练习：

1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “

--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.

A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted

2. --- Have you had any letters from him?

--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .

A. has heard from B. has been hearing from

C. had heard from D. hears

Key: 1. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果)

2. B ( 非强调结果，A错;不是指目前一般的情况，D错;是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。)

动词的时态和语态(2) 动词的时态 --- 基本概念 5. 现在进行时和过去进行时 基本概念: 指目前(一点或一段时间) / 过去(一点或一段时间)正在发生的动作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正确选项 C, 指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正确选项B, as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正确选项C, was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正确选项A, 句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正确选项B, 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.) 6. 一般过去时和过去进行时 比较下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. (信写完了) * I was writing a letter yesterday. (一直在写信，但不一定写完了) * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他进来时，我正在写) 从以上例句可以看出，一般过去时常常用来表示过去的一个有结果的动作，而过去进行时1)强调动作在某一时刻正在发生2)动作在过去一段时间内一直在发生，无论哪一种情况都不强调动作的结果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it. 推断，他去年正在写。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正确选项为A. slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作(他溜进去了)，when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况(没有人注意)。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正确选项为B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正确选项为D(道理同上)。 7. 过去完成时 基本概念: A) 表过去某一时间以前有结果的行为 * She said she had seen the film. 这里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是发生在said之前的行为，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正确选项为A, 因为died是发生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行为;died 是站在现在时间角度看过去，是强调过去发生了的事情，而不是强调现在如何，因此D错，B错(过去将来时是站在过去的时间角度看过去的将来)。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正确选项为A(道理同上)。 B) 表延续到过去某一时间的行为 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表过去某一时间以前未曾实现的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正确选项为B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正确选项为C。 8. 过去将来时 基本概念: 表过去某一时间之后将要发生的行为(过去的将来)。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left

正确选项为B。

* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.

答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave

由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。

9. 将来完成时

基本概念:

在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1)表结果 2)表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时;时间移到过去就是过去完成是;时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时

A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为

* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.

* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.

B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为

* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.

动词的被动语态

以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。

被动语态的某些特殊用法

A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征

* The kind of cloth washes well.

* The book sells / writes well.

* Your hands feel cold.

动词的时态和语态(3) --- 基本概念检测

(动词的时态和语态)

Choose the right answer

1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.

A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had

2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.

A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving

3. We all know that ice ______.

A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold

4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.

--- OK. I’ll take it.

A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted

C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting

5. ---Is this raincoat yours?

--- No, mine ______ there behind the door.

A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been hanged D. hung

6. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.

A. has left; comes B. left; had come

C. had left; came D. had left; would come

7. It _____ every day so far this week.

A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining

8. In ancient days (古代)the earth ______ to be flat.

A. is believed B. was believed C. has believed D. believed

9. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?

--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.

A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished

10. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?

--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.

A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained

11. However much _____, it will be worth it

A. does the watch cost B. costs the watch

C. the watch will cost D. the watch costs

12. If the dog wins tomorrow, he _____ sixteen races in the past three years.

A. has won B. will win C. will have won D. would have won

13. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.

A. finish what I did B. finished what I did

C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing

14. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.

A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried

15. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.

A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find

C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found

16. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?

--- For about a year.

A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get

C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got

17. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.

--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.

A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going

C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going

18. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.

A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away

19 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.

A. have been B. had been C. was D. will

20. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.

A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen

C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen

21. --- Have you moved into the house?

--- Not yet. The rooms ________.

A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting

22. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.

A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to

C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to

23. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.

--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.

A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told

24. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.

A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

25. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.

A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring

C. has just stared D. had just stared

26. --- _______ my glasses?

--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.

A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen

C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw

27. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.

--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.

A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be

28. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?

--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.

A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet

C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet

29. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.

--- But she _______!

A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised

30. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.

A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave

31. --- Can you attend the party tomorrow?

--- I think I can when my headache ________ thoroughly.(完全)

A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. is disappeared

32. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.

A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held

33. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?

--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.

A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider

C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered

34. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.

A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost

35. --- Have you heard about the new school?

--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.

A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided

36. --- Sorry, I’m late.

--- That’s OK. I _____ long.

A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait

37. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.

--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.

A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat

38. I must leave, too. I _______ having tea with you, Bill.

A. was enjoying B. am enjoying C. enjoyed D. enjoy

39. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.

A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking

C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked

40. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.

A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come

C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come

41. --- Why did you come by taxi?

--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.

A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have

42. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____ sick.

A. are B. were C. would be D. had been

43. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.

A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down

44. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?

--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.

A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned

45. I met him at a party, but I haven’t seen him ______.

A. since B. still C. yet D. then

46. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.

A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed

47. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.

A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt

48. --- How are you today?

--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.

A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt

49. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.

A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel

50. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.

--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.

A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having

Key:

1---5 CBDAA 6---10 CDBDC 11---15 DCDDD 16---20 DBDAD

21---25 AAABB 26---30 CADBD 31---35 CBABA 36---40 CBCDC

动词的时态、语态 篇3

A. wentB. has been

C. goesD. has gone

2. — Have you seen Peter recently？

— Yes. He asked me to ask you how you ___ along with your new job these days.

A. have been gettingB. were getting

C. are gettingD. are getting

3. I hope her health ___ greatly by the time we come back next year.

A. improves B. will improve

C. has improvedD. will have improved

4. Mrs Green wants to buy that kind of cloth because the cloth ___ very well.

A. washesB. is washed

C. will be washedD. will wash

5. By the time you ___ this book， your meal will get cold.

A. will have finishedB. have finished

C. are finishingD. finished

6. — Nancy is not coming tonight.

— But she ___ ！

A. promisesB. promised

C. will promiseD. had promised

7. They might have had second thoughts， but they ___ what was coming next.

A. don’t knowB. hadn’t known

C. didn’t knowD. haven’t known

8. — Have you been to the United States？

— Yes， only once. I ___ there only for seven days.

A. have stayed B. was staying

C. had stayed D. stayed

9. — How long ___ in that company before you worked with us？

— For eight years.

A. were you employed

B. have you been employed

C. had you employed

D. will you be employed

10. My dictionary is missing. I have looked for it every-where but still ___ it.

A. haven’t been foundB. don’t find

C. isn’t foundD. haven’t found

11. — Do you like the material？

— Yes， it ___ very soft.

A. is feelingB. felt

C. feelsD. is felt

12. Would you please keep silent？ The weather report ___ and I want to listen.

A. is broadcastB. is being broadcast

C. has been broadcastD. had been broadcast

13. — Did you tell your mother you have passed the exam？

— Oh， I forgot. I ___ her now.

A. will callB. will be calling

C. am callingD. am to call

14. This machine ___ . It hasn’t worked for years.

A. didn’t workB. wasn’t working

C. doesn’t workD. isn’t working

15. Look at the timetable. Hurry up！ Flight 4026 ___ off at 18：20.

A. takesB. took

C. will be takenD. has taken

16. We can’t go on with the experiment because the computer ___ .

A. hasn’t been repairedB. hasn’t repaired

C. isn’t repairedD. doesn’t repair

17. A cleaner was struck and killed by lightning. The police said when they found the body he ___ a mobile phone.

A. heldB. had been holding

C. was holdingD. was being held

18. — Have you got any job offers？

— No. I ___ .

A. waitedB. had been waiting

C. have waitedD. am waiting

19. — Why on earth didn’t you answer the door？

— I’m terribly sorry， but the telephone ___ ， too.

A. was about to ringB. was ringing

C. rangD. is ringing

20. Danny ___ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.

A. worksB. is working

C. has workedD. worked

21. — Ring me at six tomorrow morning， will you？

— Why that early？ I ___ .

A. will be sleepingB. have slept

C. have been sleepingD. will sleep

22. The earthquake， which occurred at 8：58， didn’t cause many deaths， for most people ___ .

A. got upB. had got up

C. were getting upD. have got up

23. Collecting stamps as a hobby ___ increasingly popular during the past fifty years.

A. becomesB. became

C. has becomeD. had become

24. I’m sorry. I ___ you ___ to me.

A. don’t know； are speaking

B. don’t know； were speaking

C. didn’t know； were speaking

D. didn’t know； are speaking

25. — I may have annoyed our neighbor！

— Don’t worry. He is forgetful， so he ___ all about the matter soon.

A. forgetsB. forgot

C. has forgottenD. will forget

26. — I don’t think we have met before.

— Yes， once at a party， but we ___ .

A. weren’t introducedB. didn’t introduce

C. haven’t introducedD. were not introducing

27. — Did you meet the editor at the airport？

— No， he ___ away before my arrival.

A. has drivenB. was driven

C. had been drivenD. had driven

28. — I’m sorry， I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.

— You ___ your temper but that’s OK.

A. have lostB. had lost

C. did loseD. were losing

29. — It’s a pity that you didn’t come to my birthday party last night.

—I’m terribly sorry. I ___ for an important lecture.

A. preparedB. was preparing

C. had preparedD. has prepared

30. The company going from bad to worse， the workers ___ hardly enough to make a living.

A. are paidB. are paying

动词时态语态考查热点练与析 篇4

动词的时态语态一直是每年高考英语测试的重点热点内容之一,也是同学们学习中的难点。2011年对此语法项目考查的热度有增无减,大都设题1～3道,湖南卷和北京卷最多,高达4道,这在仅15道小题的单项填空题中占有很大比重。然而英语时态多达16种,常用的也有10种之多,且近几年高考在考查时态时,形式灵活多样,多体现在上下文语境中,这样无形中增加了试题的难度。要做好动词时态题,除了必须掌握各种时态的结构、含义和用法外,平时还要注重将动词放在具体的语言环境中学习和运用。下面结合高考试题,对动词时态考查的热点问题进行对比分析,以帮助大家攻克这一难关。

一、考点透视

1. 现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时的构成形式是have/has been doing sth.,一般译为“一直在做某事”。现在完成进行时没有被动语态,它强调动作在某一段时间内一直在进行,而且该动作往往对现在产生影响。例如:

He has been working as a volunteer for fifteen years, which really isn't an easy thing.他15年来一直做志愿者,这真不是一件容易的事。

The little boy has been walking for a whole day, which makes him exhausted.那个小男孩都走了一整天了,这让他精疲力竭。

现在完成进行时强调动作的持续时间,常带有感情色彩。例如:

She has been looking after her paralyzed stepfather with great care for 8 years. We all admire her very much.她八年来一直悉心照顾瘫痪的继父,我们都很钦佩她。(赞许的感情色彩)

I've been waiting for an hour but he still hasn't turned up. 我都等了一个小时了,但是他还未露面。(抱怨的感情色彩)

【考例】

① —We've spent too much money recently.

—Well, it isn't surprising. Our friend and relatives ______ around all the time. (2010年安徽卷)

A. are coming B. had come

C. were coming D. have been coming

【解析】D 题干的意思是:“——近来我们花了太多钱了。——这并不惊奇。朋友和亲戚总是来访。”此处表示的是从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态,表示的是动作的延续,故用现在完成进行时。

②Joseph ______ to evening classes since last month, but he still can't say “What's your name?” in Russian. (2010年辽宁卷)

A. has been going B. went

C. goes D. has gone

【解析】A 由时间状语since last month可知应选用现在完成时,结合题干的意思“Joseph自从上个月就去上夜校,但是还不会用俄语说‘你叫什么名字'”可知,“上夜校”这一行为从过去发生到现在,一直在进行着,且还会持续下去,故应使用现在完成进行时。

2. 一般现在时

一般现在时主要用来表示人、事、物的现在状况和特点;也可以表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often,always,from time to time等时间状语;还可以表示客观规律和永恒的真理等。例如:

He usually goes to work at 7 o'clock every morning.他通常每天早晨7点钟去上班。

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.广州位于中国南部。

以下几种情况经常使用一般现在时:

1) 表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。例如:

I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.当我上小学的时候就知道了地球绕着太阳转。

2) 在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.如果接受这份工作,他很快就会挣大钱。

3) 在make sure/certain,see to it,mind,care、matter +宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:

So long as he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

4) 在“the more ... , the more ... (越……越……)”句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。例如:

The harder you study, the better results you will get. 你越努力学习,就越能取得更好的成绩。

【考例】

① Linda, make sure the tables ______ before the guests arrive. (2010年全国卷Ⅱ)

A. be set B. set

C. are set D. are setting

【解析】C 题干的意思是:“琳达,在客人到来之前,一定要确保桌子都准备好了。”make sure后接宾语从句时,从句中谓语动词通常用一般现在时。set tables意思是“摆放桌子”,tables前置作主语,故用被动结构。

② I ______ all the cooking for my family, but recently I've been too busy to do it. (2010年辽宁卷)

A. will do B. do

C. am doing D. had done

【解析】B 题干的意思是:“所有为家人做饭的活我都包了,但是最近我太忙不能做了。”第一句表示现阶段的一种状况,所以用一般现在时态。

3. 现在完成时

现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时除了可以和for,since引导的状语连用外,还可以和during/in/over/the last/past few years/months/weeks,in recent years,recently,lately,up to/till now等连用。

在下列句型中常用现在完成时:

It is/has been +一段时间+ since从句

This/That/It is the first/second time + that从句

This/That/It is the only ... + that从句

This/That/It is the best / finest / most interesting ... + that从句

在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。例如:

I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.这封信我一写完就寄出去。

If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. 如果你做完了这个实验,你就能更好地了解这个原理。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.直到车停稳再下车。

【考例】

① For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted. (2010年浙江卷)

A. had dreamed of B. have dreamed of

C. dreamed of D. dream of

【解析】B 题干的意思是:“许多年来,人们都一直梦想着电动汽车。然而,制造它们比想象的要难得多。”根据句意可以推断此处的梦想从过去到现在,并由此延伸。目前,市场上已经有了电动汽车,所以应使用现在完成时。

4. 过去完成时

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时,常用过去完成时。

常用过去完成时的几种情况:

1) 在by the end of, by the time, until, before等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作时。例如:

By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. 到去年年末为止,我们已经生产了两万辆汽车。

The train had left before we reached the station.在我们到达车站之前,火车已经开走了。

2)表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected to have done等。例如:

I had planned to pay a visit to you, but I had an unexpected visitor. = I planned to have paid a visit to you, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本打算去拜访你,但有个不速之客来我家了。

3) “时间名词+ before”在句中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时。例如:

He said his first teacher had died 10 years before. 他说他的第一任老师在10年前就去世了。

Xiao Hua left school three years ago.小华三年前毕业了。

4) 表示“一……就……”的几个句型中,主句用过去完成时。即:Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely had +主语+过去分词+ when/than/before +一般过去时。例如:

We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.我们刚一落座车就开了。

【考例】

It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ______ for me. (2010年北京卷)

A. had done B. did

C. would do D. were doing

【解析】A 题干的意思是:“过了很长时间我才真正体会到他们为我所做的一切。”整个句子时态用的是一般过去时,“我能够体会到”就已经是过去,而“他们为我所做的一切”则是“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。

5. 一般过去时

一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去,它所表示的事情纯属过去,与现在情况没有联系,常跟明确的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, a few days ago, when等。

【考例】

① Excuse me. I ______ I was blocking your way. (2010年全国卷Ⅱ)

A. didn't realize B. don't realize

C. haven't realized D. wasn't realizing

【解析】A 题干的意思是:“对不起。我(刚才)没有意识到挡了你的路。”根据第二句后半部分的内容可知叙述的是过去的情况,此处表示的是说话之前没有意识到挡住了对方的路,所以用一般过去时。

② The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ______ on the market in 1973. (2010年重庆卷)

A. had come B. has come

C. came D. comes

【解析】C 题干的意思是:“自从1973年问世以来,这本书已经被译成30种语言。”since引导的从句作状语时,主句通常用完成时,而从句用一般过去时,所以选C项。

6. 现在进行时

现在进行时表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;或表示感情色彩,加强语气。常与now,at the moment,right now,at present,these days等时间状语连用。与频率副词如always,constantly,continually等连用时表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。例如:

The teacher is writing his notes now. 这位老师正在写随笔。(暂时的还在进行的动作)

Xiao Wang is always coming late. 小王总是来晚。(带有不满的感情色彩)

【考例】

① Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting ______ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. (2010年天津卷)

A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting

C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited

【解析】C 题干的意思是:“像剪纸一样的天津民间传统艺术品正在2010上海世博会的文化展览中展出。”因为2010年上海世博会在高考期间还在进行着,所以像剪纸一样的天津传统民间艺术品也是“正在被展览”,故用现在进行时态的被动语态形式。

② It is reported that many a new house ______ at present in the disaster area. (2010年陕西卷)

A. are being built B. were being built

C. was being built D. is being built

【解析】D 题干的意思是:“据报道,目前灾区有许多新房子正在建设中。”考查动词时态语态及主谓一致。由时间状语“at present”可知此处动词表示的动作正在进行,主语与所填选项是被动关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态;many a+单数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,由此可知本题选D。

7. 将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作,也可用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。

将来进行时往往在以下几种场合中使用:

1) 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,一般带状语。例如:

What will you be doing at this time next Monday? 下周一这个时候你将正在干什么?

When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report. 明天他到我家的时候,我将正在写报告。

2) 表示现在正在进行的动作,但这个动作会延续到将来。例如:

I wonder if it will still be raining this afternoon. 我想知道今天下午是否会继续下雨。

I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning. 我认为她将一直做这个实验,直到明天早晨。

3) 表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。

Tomorrow I will be flying to Bombay. 明天我将飞往孟买。

After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better. 服了这药后,你就会感觉好多了。

4) 表示对将来的打算(区别于对将来的预测)。

My duties will end in July, and I'll be returning to Shanghai. 七月份我的任务就结束了,我打算返回上海。

【考例】

If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall. (2010年浙江卷)

A. eat B. would eat

C. have eaten D. will be eating

【解析】D 题干的意思是:“如果你在春天种下西瓜种子,你就会在秋天吃到新鲜的西瓜。”根据句意可以判断这是真实的条件从句。If从句中使用的是一般现在时表示将来,主句中应该使用将来时,故排除A、B、C项。D项是将来进行时态,强调“将来某个时刻正在进行的动作”,符合语境。

8. 过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。常与then, at that time, at this time yesterday等时间状语连用。例如:

I was going along the street looking for a place to park my car when the accident occurred.我正沿着大街找个地方停车,这时突然发生了交通事故。

【考例】

I wasn't sure if he was really interested or if he ______ polite.(2011年全国卷I)

A. was just being B. will just be

C. had just been D. would just be

【解析】A 句意为:我不确定是否他真的感兴趣,或者是否只是出于礼貌。从前面的wasn't判断整句话的动作应该发生在过去,排除B。C项是过去完成时,需要发生在过去的过去。D项是过去将来时,要立足过去,着眼未来。此题“出于礼貌”和“感兴趣”两动作同时发生,而说话人要强调“当时”的概念,所以使用过去进行时。

9. 过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到另一个过去时刻,到那个时刻,该动作可能刚刚终止,也有可能还在继续。

1) 过去完成进行时所表示的动作与过去时间的关系,可以用时间状语来表示,也可以通过上下文来表示。例如:

By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上个月为止,他们在这里工作大约有十天了。

She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她说她放学后一直在听收音机。

2) 过去完成时可以表示一个动作已经结束,但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。例如:

It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨,街道仍然很湿。

3) 像 work,study,stay,sing,teach等延续性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻,通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。例如:

She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 当她的同学来看她的时候,她已学习两个小时了。

【考例】

When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ______ there.(2011年全国卷I)

A. had been lying B. has been lying

C. was lying D. has lain

【解析】A 主句中动词使用了一般过去时,宾语从句中不能使用现在时,排除B、D项。句意为:当Alice苏醒过来的时候,她不知道已经在这里躺多久了。“躺”这个动作发生在came to之前,即发生在“过去的过去”,应该用过去完成时。又因为作者强调“一直”这个概念,故使用过去完成进行时。

10. 将来完成时

将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。例如:

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

【考例】

— Tommy is planning to buy a car.

— I know. By next month, he ______ enough for a used one. (2011年江苏卷)

A. saves B. saved

C. will save D. will have saved

【解析】D 句意为: —— Tommy将计划买车。——我知道,到下个月为止,他积攒的钱足够买一辆旧车了。by next month是将来完成时的标志,全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作,对将来的时间next month产生影响,能买一辆旧车。故选D项。

二、 技巧点拨

1. 慧眼识别标志词

遇到时态题时首先寻找时间标志词,如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。

【考例】

① Up to now, the program ______ thousands of children who would otherwise have died.(2010年山东卷)

A. would save B. saves

C. had saved D. has saved

【解析】D 句意为:截止到现在,这个项目已经挽救了成千上万的本来会死去的孩子的生命。up to now是现在完成时态的标志词,所以空格处使用现在完成时态。

②Daniel's family ______ their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.(2009年安徽卷)

A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy

C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying

【解析】D 题干中的时间状语this time next week是将来进行时的时间标志词,故选用D项。

2. 主从时态须呼应

如果所给题干是含有状语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。

【考例】

The moment I got home, I found I ______ my jacket on the playground. (2008年陕西卷)

A. had left B. left

C. have left D. was leaving

【解析】A I found后接宾语从句,由于主句动词使用了一般过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,应使用过去完成时。

3. 瞻前顾后巧搭配

英语中有很多固定搭配或特殊句式,使用的动词时态非常固定。如果题干构成某种固定搭配或特殊句式,则根据规则选用需要的时态。

【考例】

①This is the first time we ______ a film in the cinema together as a family.(2009年陕西卷)

A. see B. had seen

C. saw D. have seen

【解析】D This is the first / second / last ... time (that) ... 是固定结构,后面的从句中应使用现在完成时。如果把is改为was,则后面的从句中应使用过去完成时。

②— How can I apply for an online course?

— Just fill out this form and we ______ what we can do for you.(2007年北京卷)

A. see B. are seeing

C. have seen D. will see

【解析】D “祈使句(或名词词组)+ and (或or)简单句”是并列句的一种固定句式,and(或or)后的简单句通常用将来时或用情态动词表示将来。

4. 细心体会辨语境

近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,设题趋向于不出现时间状语,而向情境化、实际化的方向发展。因此,细心体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。

【考例】

①Edward, you play so well. But I ______ you played the piano. (2009年北京卷)

A. didn't know B. hadn't known

C. don't know D. haven't known

【解析】A 本题的语境为:爱德华,你弹得很好。但我(以前)不知道你会弹钢琴。“不知道会弹钢琴”是过去(以前)的认识,故用过去时。

② Would you please keep silent? The weather report ______ and I want to listen.(2009年湖南卷)

A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast

C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast

【解析】B 句意为:请保持安静好吗?正在广播天气预报,我想听一听。由“I want to listen”可知,说话时天气预报正在播报,应使用进行时,且表示被动含义,故选B项。

5. 语态优先于时态

当四个选项中既有主动语态又有被动语态时,命题者多数是在考查被动语态,“汉语多主动,英语多被动”。因此,当时态语态一起出现时,应遵循语态优先的原则。

【考例】

His sister left home in 1998, and ______ since. (2009年全国卷I)

A. had not been heard of

B. has not been heard of

C. had not heard of

D. has not heard of

【解析】B 首先观察四个选项的特点:从语态来看,两个选项使用了主动语态,两个选项使用了被动语态,优先考虑出题者是否想要考查被动语态。主语是“his sister”,谓语是“hear of”,“他的妹妹”只能是“被听说”,因此判定此题考查被动语态。结合句意:“他的妹妹1998年离开了,然后就一直毫无音讯”以及时间标志词“since”可知,应使用现在完成时的被动语态。

跟踪练习

1. —Is Tom still smoking?

—No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.

A. will go B. will have gone

C. goes D. has been going

2. — Jim, have you finished reading Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince

— No. I ______ my father on the farm all day yesterday.

A. would help B. had helped

C. was helping D. have been helping

3. — I wonder how long you ______ in Hawaii?

— Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angels.

A. will stay B. stayed

C. have stayed D. were staying

4. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruits and vegetables.

A. persuade B. will persuade

C. was persuaded D. are persuaded

5. My money ______. I'd better go to the bank to draw some of my savings in case I have none in hand.

A. has run out B. is running out

C. has been run out D. is running out of

6. — What's the weather like tomorrow, John?

— Well, I ______ it, for the scenic pictures drew my attention as the weather forecast was going on.

A. was missing B. will miss

C. have missed D. missed

7. — Did you write to Peter last month?

— No, but I ______ him this June.

A. will be seen B. will be seeing

C. will have been seen D. will have seen

8. The president ______ a cool reception when he visited London.

A. gave B. was given

C. had given D. had been given

9. A red sky in the morning ______ to be a sign of bad weather.

A. says B. is saying

C. has said D. is said

10. If you go there alone after dark you might get ______.

A. attacked and robbed

B. attacking and robbing

C. to attack and rob

D. to be attacked and robbed

11. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting ______.

A. was holding B. had held

C. was to hold D. was to be held

12. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.

A. develop B. are being developed

C. are developing D. have developed

13. I'll come after the meeting if time ______.

A. permits B. is permitting

C. is permitted D. has permitted

14. The students ______ ￡50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.

A. give B. are given

C. have given D. to give

15. The new play ______ in theatre now. Why don't you go in and see it?

A. is being shown B. is showing

C. is shown D. shows

参考答案与解析:

1. B 由时间状语by next Saturday可知应使用将来完成时。

2. C 时间状语“all day yesterday”表示过去一段时间内持续进行且未完成的动作,故应使用过去进行时。

3. B 由下文had to可知,待在夏威夷是过去的事情,故使用一般过去时。

4. D 根据主从句时态呼应原则,条件状语从句中应使用一般现在时。再根据语态优先原则,结合句意,应使用一般现在时的被动语态。

5. B 由下一句可知钱还没有完全用光,表示“快要用光了”可使用现在进行时表示将来。

6. D 由语境可知,刚才我错过了天气预报,因为播报的时候那些风景照片吸引了我的注意力。表示某事发生了用一般过去时。

7. B 由时间状语this June结合句意可知,此处表示将来某一时段正在发生的事情,故用将来进行时。

8. B 一方面语意要求用被动语态,另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。

9. D 此句也可说成“It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sign of bad weather.”

10. A “get +过去分词”表示被动。

11. D 从逻辑上说,“会议”应是被开,故用不定式的被动式。

12. B 从语境上看,develop 不仅要用被动语态,而且要用进行时态。

13. A 该用法中的 permit 为不及物动词,不用被动语态。其中if time permits 也可换成 time permitting。

14. B 谓语为 give sb sth 结构的被动语态形式。

15. A 新剧应该是“被放映”,故应使用被动语态;再根据时间状语now可知应使用现在进行时的被动语态。

高一英语语法动词的时态语态 篇5

1、表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与现在没有关系。常用的时间状语有：yesterday,lastnight,atthattime等。

2、表示在过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态，与现在没有关系。

3、用usedtodo或woulddo表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

4、有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生的，属于过去时间，应使用过去时态。常见的有Ididn’tknow…或Iforgot…等。

动词时态和语态解析技巧 篇6

所谓标志词，即指在使用不同时态时常用的一些特定时间状语。识别了特定时态的特定时间状语，对于动词时态和语态的高考选择题的学习，将是事倍功半的。

例1 （2015四川卷） More expressways in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.

A. are being built B. will be built

C. have been built D. had been built

解析 B。标志词为soon。根据时间状语soon可知，考査将来时。句意：四川将建设更多的高速公路以促进当地的经济发展。

例2 （2015安徽卷） It is reported that a space station on the moon in years to come.

A. will be building B. will be built

C. has been building D. has been built

解析 B。标志词为in years。根据in years to come可知用将来时，space station和build是动宾关系，空间站是被建造的，应该使用被动语态。句意：据报道，人们在未来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。

例3 （2015天津卷） Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she a class at that time.

A. will teach B. would teach

C. has taught D. will be teaching

解析 D。标志词为at that time，即at 3 o’clock this afternoon。表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事，故用将来进行时。句意：简不能参加今天下午三点钟的会议，因为她那个时候在给学生上课。

例4 （2015天津卷） Despite the previous rounds of talks， no agreement so far by the two sides.

A. has been reached B. was reached

C. will reach D. will have reached

解析 A。标志词为so far。根据句中的时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系。句意：尽管之前经过多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。

例5 （2015北京卷） In the last few years， China great achievements in environmental protection.

A. has made B. had made

C. was making D is making

解析 A。标志词为In the last few years。由时间状语in the last few years 可推知动作从过去一段时间持续到现在并对现在造成影响，用现在完成时。句意：在过去的这些年里，中国在环境保护方面取得了很大的成就。

[主从时态须呼应]

主从时态呼应即指，如果题干是主从复合句，可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择相应的时态。

例6 （2015北京卷） —Did you enjoy the party？

—Yes， we by our hosts.

A. were treated B. would be treated

C. treated D. had treated

解析 A。句意：—你喜欢这个聚会吗？—是的，我们得到了主人款待。根据上一句中的did可知用一般过去时；且we和treated是动宾关系，用被动语态。所以空中应用一般过去时的被动语态。

例7 （2015湖南卷） I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I ， “What do you wish me to do now？”

A. ask B. have asked

C. am asking D. asked

解析 D。句意：当我问道，“你希望我现在做些什么？”的时候，我无法隐藏我的渴望。一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。此题主句的时态为一般过去时，表示这个事情和动作发生在过去，故从句时态也要用一般过去时。

例8 （2015安徽卷） Just as I got to the school gate， I realized I my bank in the cafe.

A. have left B. had left

C would leave D. was leaving

解析 B。句意：当我刚刚走到学校大门口时，我就意识到把银行卡忘在餐馆了。realized后省略了that，这里是一个宾语从句，从句时态与主句保持一致，“落下”的动作发生在“意识到”之前，应该用过去完成时。

例9 （2015湖南卷） As you go through this book， you that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.

nlc202309090041

A. will find B. found

C. had found D. have found

解析 A。句意：当你通读这本书时，你将会发现成千上万经历过二战的每个人都有不同的经历。根据句意，判断主语的时态为一般将来时。一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。在时态为一般将来时的句子中，有时有表示将来时间的状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。

[语境体会有诀窍]

很多高考试题都趋向于情景化，注重上下文的理解。因此只有仔细体会语境才是解题的诀窍。

例10 （2015北京卷） —Did you have difficulty finding Ann’ house？

—Not really. She us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.

A. was to give B. had given

C. was giving D. would give

解析 B。句意：—你觉得找到安娜家的位置困难么？ —不会。她告诉了我们清晰的方位，然后我们很容易就找到了。根据题干可知，安娜“给我们很清晰的方位”发生在“我们找到她家之前”，因此，发生在过去动作之前的动作要用过去完成时。

例11 （2015重庆卷） —Is Peter coming？

—No， he his mind after a phone call at the last minute.

A. changes B. changed

C. was changing D. had changed

解析 B。句意：—彼得来了吗？—没有，最后一刻接到一个电话后他改变主意了。根据语境可知发生在过去，故用一般过时态。

例12 （2015北京卷）—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.

— All right. I him later.

A. will call B. have called

C. call D will be calling

解析 A。句意：—Dr. Jackson现在不在办公室。—好的，我待会再打给他。由later可知，表示将来要执行的动作，用一般将来时。

[练习]

1. To my delight， I from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.

A. was chosen B. was being chosen

C. would choose D. had chosen

2. —Where is Peter？ I can’t find him anywhere.

—He went to the library after breakfast and

his essay there ever since.

A. wrote B. had written

C. has been writing D. is writing

3. He must have sensed that I him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly， “Why are you staring at me like that？”

A. would look at B. looked at

C. was looking at D. am looking at

4. I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy， but thankfully by the shop window.

A. am held back B. held back

C. hold back D. was held back

5. That is why I help brighten people’s days. If you ， who’s to say that another person will？

A. did not B. do not

C. were not D. have not

6. The real reason why prices ， and still are， too high is complex， and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

A. were B. will be

C. have been D. had been

7. At college， Barack Obama didn’t know that he the first black president of the United States of America.

A. was to become B. becomes

C. is to become D. became

8. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child， few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.

A. has been B. had been

C. was going to be D. was

9. Marty really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.

A. worked B. has been working

C. had worked D. has worked

10. In my hometown， there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat cut.

A. will have been B. will be

C. was D. has been

[参考答案]

1～5. ACCDB 6～10. AACBD

时态语态 篇7

著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。英语语法里的时态和语态是非常重要的两个语法知识，就单个而言是很简单的语法，然而英语语言是经常需要组合的语言，譬如，时态和语态的组合。目前，在我国大中学生英语学习中，普遍的一个现象和困境是———对复杂的时态和语态的组合想象的应用处在死记硬背的学习状态中，学生不能牢固掌握更不能灵活运用两者的组合现象，导致大中学生学习英语举步维艰，逐渐丧失了对英语的学习兴趣。

为什么中国的大中学生很早就学习英语且始终是把英语语法放在教学的重点而学不好呢?在多年的英语教学中笔者分析了这种现象的主要原因是：第一，心理障碍问题。英语的学习是个循序渐进的过程，也是从简单到复杂的过程，由于我国学生存在地域性、个体性的差异，学生对英语的理解力和掌握程度的差异逐渐导致恶性现象的循环，循环的结果最终导致学生们有了学习英语的心理障碍，这种心理障碍可能持续很久，甚至到大学阶段，心理障碍最终是排斥英语学习，对英语学习提不起兴趣。即使有一部分想要学好英语的同学，由于采用的是背诵的方法或者根本就找不到正确的方法，最后，学与不学的结果是一样的，最后形成了挥之不去的心理障碍。第二，学习方法问题。掌握学习英语的正确方法是学好英语的最佳途径，笔者对我市的初高中和部分大学的学生做了简单的问卷调查，得出的结论是，学生们通常学习英语的方法是认为靠背单词、背语法就能掌握英语知识，甚至学生们认为英语知识是缺乏逻辑的杂乱无章的知识。学生们产生这样的想法的客观原因在于英语教师和家长几乎把“背”英语的方法视为经典方法，这种传授之道给学生们强烈的心理暗示使学生们认为只要努力背就能学好英语。那么反之，不背就学不好。如果一个学生记忆力不好，那么他很可能会因此放弃对英语的学习。

笔者根据多年的英语教学经验，认为英语语法中的“组合”现象其实很简单，之所以这么说，是因为语言是有规律的，本文所说的英语的“组合”现象，事实上是就是英语语法中时态和语态的规律性组合。这种组合主要有：(1)时态与语态的“组合”;(2)情态动词与语态的“组合”;(3)动词不定式与时态(或语态)的“组合”等。那么，这种组合公式的前提条件是掌握最基本的时态和语态形式是什么?什么是时态呢?时态是英语谓语动词由自身的变化来表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态的各种形式，每一种时间方式就构成一种时态。有九种常用的时态。一句话，就是动词在时间维度里的变化形式。什么是语态呢?语态就是通过动词的变化来表现主语和谓语(即动作发出者和动作接受者)的关系。有两种语态———主动和被动。被动语态由“助动词be+实义动词的过去分词”构成(即be+p.p，其中be随着人称、时态和语气的不同而变化)。具体方法是列一个语法三段竖式：时态的构成形式在上，语态的构成形式在下，时态构成形式的最后一个词对齐语态构成中的第一个词，然后依次落下。例如：

一完成时的被动形式公式

因将来完成时和过去将来完成时不常用，本文省去这两种时态的被动式。

1现在完成时的被动形式公式

(1)现在完成时的构成：has/have+p.p(其中，p.p指动词的过去分词形式)

(2)被动语态的构成：be+p.p

得到：现在完成时的被动形式：has/have been+p.p

2过去完成时的被动形式公式

(1)过去完成时的构成：had+p.p

(2)被动语态的构成：be+p.p

得到：过去完成时的被动形式公式：had been+p.p

二进行时的被动形式公式

将来进行时没有被动语态，而过去将来进行时不常用，本文省去其时态的被动式。

1现在进行时的被动形式公式

(1)现在进行时的构成：is/am/are+doing

(2)被动语态的构成：be+p.p

得到：现在进行时的被动的形式公式：is/am/are being+p.p

2过去进行时的被动形式公式

(1)过去进行时的完成：was/were+doing

(2)被动语态的构成：be+p.p

得到：过去进行时的被动形式公式：was/were being+p.p

三非谓语动词的被动形式公式

1动词不定式的一般被动式公式

(1)动词不定式的构成：to+do

(2)被动式的构成：be+p.p

得到：动词不定式一般被动式公式：to be+p.p

2动词不定式的完成被动式公式

(1)动词不定式的完成式构成：to+have+p.p

(2)被动式构成：be+p.p

得到：动词不定式的完成被动式公式：tohavebeen+p.p

3动名词的完成式的被动式公式

(1)动名词完成式构成：having+p.p

(2)被动式构成：be+p.p

得到：动名词完成式被动式公式：havingbeen+p.p

四情态动词的被动（以must为例）形式公式

(1) must的用法:must+v

(2)被动语态的构成：be+p.p

得到：must的被动形式公式：mustbe+p.p

把复杂的英语语法“组合”现象，通过简单的三段式形式表现出来，便于学生掌握、记忆，以期达到能灵活运用。德国物理学家劳厄说过：“重要的不是获得知识，而是发展思维能力。”英语语法的学习是一个复杂的过程，事实上，任何复杂的事物都能通过某种联系从而转化为简单现象，这种联系是要在学习的过程中通过创新和灵活思维予以实现，只有让学生体会到英语语法的内在魅力和无穷美感，才能培养和增加学生喜欢语法和掌握语法的信心和能力。

参考文献

[1]戴炜栋.学习理论的新发展与外语教学模式嬗变[J].外国语, 2004 (4) :10-16.

[2]桂诗春.我国外语教学的新思考[J].外国语, 2004 (4) :2-8.

[3]paivio, A.Mentai Representations[M].New York:Oxford University Press.1986.53.

[4]Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].Lond:Edward Arnold, 1994.

时态语态 篇8

2. I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday. But I don’t know (她什么时候离开的). (leave)

3. Don’t touch the door. It (刚被漆过). (just, paint)

4. JK. Rowling is very popular all over the world and the series of Harry Potter is said

(译成) into more than 50 languages. (translate)

5. Hundreds of university students are reported (被培训) for several months for the parade on the successful 60th anniversary of the founding of China. (train)

6. In recent years many football clubs

(经营) as business to make a profit. (run)

7. I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final because he (一直为其准备) for months. (prepare)

8. The moment I got home, I (发现我遗留了) my jacket on the playground. (leave)

9. So far this year we (见证了) a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. (witness)

10. The doctor (与……结婚) his sister’s friend for 6 years and they have a baby now. (marry)

11. Population experts predict that

(大部分人住在) cities in the near future. (live)

12. I (在那里仅呆了5分钟) when Jason walked in and then we went to the playground. (stay)

13. As the final examination was coming, the teachers (正在准备) the test paper. (prepare)

14. He must have completed his work; otherwise he (不会正在享受) the sun by the seaside. (enjoy)

15. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you

(没有时间换衣服) before the party. (get)

16. When I paid a visit to him, he

(碰巧在洗澡). (happen)

17. If you go on working patiently with your workmates for a long time, you (会看到很多问题得到解决). (solve)

18. Her first film was an instant success and since then she (扮演主角) in more than 10 films. (play)

19. To prevent car accident from happening because of new drivers’ lack of experience, they must (在……方面接受指导) road safety before they really drive on the road. (instruct)

20. Mr Rufus’s speech was well received and his words (影响) everyone present. (effect)

21. The word came with no surprise to me because I (被告知) it earlier. (inform)

22. The poor boy who (被利用去偷盗) was arrested yesterday. (advantage)

23. Selecting a computer for personnel use is no easy task because (技术变化如此之快). (change)

24. By the time he found that he couldn’t live without drug, he (是个瘾君子) for more than 2 years. (addict)