分词的语态

分词的语态（精选8篇）

篇1：分词的语态

过 去 分 词 在 非 谓 语 动 词 中 的 语 态 时 态 特 征

广东省深圳市宝安中学 赵国强 (518101)

有关动词过去分词的用法是英语学习中不可忽视的重要一环。谓语中，be动词的相应形式＋过去分词多表示被动，have的相应形式＋过去分词只表示完成，正因为过去分词借助某种形式可以表示被动或已经完成的动作，因此，过去分词在非谓语动词中亦自然具有相应的语态时态特征。单独过去分词在某些特定结构中可以表示该动词的被动或完成意义。

一、单独过去分词可以表示被动

1．宾语补足语中的过去分词表被动

感官动词和使役动词（如see, feel, find, make, need等）后面的宾语补足语，大多直接采用过去分词表示被动意义。如：

1) He often hears the song sung in the next room.他经常听见这首歌在隔壁房间唱起。

(比较：He often hears someone sing the song in the next room.他经常听见有人在隔壁房间唱歌。)

2) Would you like to have/get the bike repaired?你想要自行车给修一下吗？

(比较：Would you like to have someone repair the bike?或Would you like to get someone to repair the bike? 你想要请人修一下自行车吗？)

3) I won’t have anything said against him.我不容许背着他说他的坏话。

4）Will you speak a little louder so that you can make yourself heard?你讲大声点以便让别人听见你说的好吗？

5）Do you need the letter typed at once?你需要这信马上给打一下吗？

但并非所有动词后面的宾补都可单独使用过去分词表示被动，因此，相关被动意义的得体表达还需因词制宜。如：

1） They will not allow such things to be done.他们将不准做这种事。

2） I won’t let them be treated in that way.我不能让他们受到这样的对待。

3） We suggested them being sent to hospital at once.我们建议他们给立即送往医院。

2． 状语中的过去分词表被动

正如现在分词可以用来代替主语＋主动语态动词一样，过去分词也可以代替主语＋被动语态动词结构。也就是说，单独过去分词作状语，相当于被动语态的状语从句。该结构中的过去分词短语之前大多不必添加being来表示进行等意义。

1）Led by the old man, we had no difficulty in finding his house.=As we were led by the old man, we had no difficulty….由于老人带路，我们不费劲便找到他的家。

2）Satisfied with the boy’s answer, the teacher had a sweet smile.=Because the teacher was satisfied with…, he had …由于对男生的答案感到满意，老师甜甜地笑。

4） Given more time, they will probably agree.=If they are given more time, they will….如果多给点时间，他们很可能会同意的。

3． with复合结构中的过去分词表被动

with后的宾语所带的动词，如果与宾语之间属被动关系，只用过去分词表达。如：

1）With the gold cup held in his hand, he felt very excited.手里握着金杯，他很是兴奋。

2）The young guy lay on the grass with his hands crossed under his head.年轻人躺在草地上，双手叉着枕在头下。

4． 连词后的过去分词表被动

引导状语从句的连词（如when, while, though, once, as if等），大都单独采用过去分词表示被动，相当于一个省略的状语从句。如：

1）Don’t keep silent when （you’re）asked a question.当（别人）在问你的时候别不做声。

2）Once/ If (it’s) whipped, the horse will run faster.一旦（如果）抽鞭子，马就跑得快些。

3）Though (he was) taken there in his childhood, he still didn’t know the place well.虽然小时候给带到那儿去过，但他对这地方还是不熟。

但要注意：由before, after引导的被动语态动词短语代替从句，必须在过去分词前加上being。如：

After being shown around the factory, we had a rest.当领着参观工厂之后，我们休息了一会儿。（试比较：When shown around the factory, we had a rest./ Having been shown around the factory, we had a rest.）

5. 谓语中的过去分词表被动

在广告、通知、标题等文体中，为了行文简洁明了，谓语中也常常单独采用过去分词表示被动意义。如：Turners wanted!（招聘车工！） ALL GOODS GREATLY REDUCED!(各种货物大减价！) Trade agreements broken(贸易协定遭破坏)等等。

二、单独过去分词可以表示完成

由于过去分词作定语不用完成式，表示完成意义的定语自然采用单独过去分词来表达。如：

sweep the fallen leaves＝sweep the leaves that have fallen扫落叶

a developed country=a country that has developed发达国家

三、单独过去分词可以表示被动＋完成

所谓单独过去分词表示被动＋完成，即过去分词可以独立表示完成意义的被动语态。通常出现在以下方面：

1．过去分词在定语中表示被动＋完成

1) He told us of the great wrong done to him.=He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him.他给我们讲了他所遭受的巨大冤屈。

2）Did you accept the invitation (that had been) given by the tour guide? 你接受导游所给的邀请了吗？

2．过去分词在with复合结构中表示被动＋完成

With the homework finished, I went out for a walk.=When the homework was/had been finished, I went out….作业做完之后，我出去散了会儿步。

3. 过去分词在状语中表示被动＋完成

Weakened by the successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. ＝As the bridge had been weakened by successive storms, it was no longer safe.由于遭到接二连三暴风雨的破坏，这桥已经不安全了。

值得一提的是，分词作状语，如果强调该动作已经完成，还是需要采用相应语态的完成式形式；过去分词作定语，如果强调该动作正在发生，则用being＋过去分词。分别举例如下：

1）Having corrected the students’ homework, he handed it out.他将学生的作业改完之后就发下去了。

2）Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.由于被狗咬过两次，邮递员要我们把狗拴起来，要不就不给我们送信。

3）Have you noticed the bridge being built there?= Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there?你注意到了那儿正在修的那座桥吗？

附练习：

1. In Shishou of Hubei, the soldiers saved many important deer ____ milu deer.

A. call B. called C. is called D. which calls

2. The sun was shining brightly, ________ everything there _______ more beautiful.

A. making ; look B. to make ; looked C. and made ; looking D. and making ; be looked

3. Greatly _____ as a leading teacher, he was invited to attend the conference.

A. respect B. respected C. respecting D. being respected

4. On the grass lay an old man, with his hands _____ under his head and his eyes _____ at the blue sky.

A. crossing; staring B. crossed; stared C. crossed; staring D. crossing; stared

5. The students ____ to the office got their ____ papers, and most of them did well in the test.

A. invited; correct B. had been invited; corrected

C. invited; corrected D. having been invited; corrected

6. _____ nice, the food has a good sale.

A. Having been tasted B. Tasted C. Tasting D. Being tasted

7. Get the car thoroughly _______; I want to be free from worry on the trip.

A. check B. checked C. checking D. to be checked

8. At six o’clock in the evening, when a cat ran through a truck it narrowly escaped _______ over.

A. running B. to be run C. from running D. being run

9. The room, although ____ to be kept locked, was often left open.

A. ought B. supposed C. had D. should

10. He was found _____ at the desk, _____ something important.

A. seating; writing B. seated; wrote C. seated; writing D. seating; wrote

11. You’re requested to be present at the English evening _____ in our school.

A. hold B. held C. holding D. to be held

12. The man got the letter _____ with the car ____ at the gate.

A. typed; waiting B. typing; waited C. typed; waited D. typing; waiting

13. _____ in the war was very common at that time.

A. Killed B. Killing C. Be killed D. Being killed

14. _____ the bad news, they wore a _____ look on their faces.

A. Heard; worried B. Hearing; worried C. Hearing; worrying D. Heard; worrying

15. The books _____ next month are very well _____, and they’re really well worth reading.

A. published; written B. publishing; writing; C. to be published; writing; D. to be published; written

16. After _____ to hospital, the _____ were operated on in no time.

A. sending; injured B. sent; injured C. being sent; injured D. sending; injuring

17. When the woman saw the good result, she let out an _____ cry of joy, _____ like a lovely girl.

A. excited; jumping B. exciting; jumping C. excited; jumped D. exciting; jumped

18. _____ on top of the tower, the city looks extremely splendid.

A. See B. To see C. Seeing D. Seen

19. When he entered the room, he found the windows open and something _____.

A. missed B. robbed C. stolen D. disappeared

20. The speaker stood there talking, _____ by the journalists _____ the event.

A. surrounded; covered B. surrounded; covering C. surrounding; covered D. surrounding; covering

(Key: BABCC CBDBC DADBD CADCB)

主要参考文献：

A．J．Thomson, A.V. Martinet: 《牛津实用英语语法》（第四版），外语教学与研究出版社，牛津大学出版社，。

张道真：《英语常用动词用法词典》，上海译文出版社，1981年。

注：该文曾发表于《新高考》第一期

篇2：分词的语态

“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：

1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:

The glass is broken．玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）

The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）

2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：

The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）

The door is locked．门锁着。（系表结构）

The door has already/just been locked．门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）

The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）

The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）

3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

所以下列句子都是被动语态：

The machine is being repaired．机器正在修。

篇3：分词的语态

一、主动语态和被动语态的用法

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的接受者。

一般说来, 被动语态常用于下列情况:

(1) 强调动作接受者。如:He is known far and wide.他远近闻名。

(2) 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。如:The room is cleaned every day.房子每天都有人打扫。

(3) 要表达“被……”“受……”“让……”“遭……”之类的语义。如:The little girl is well loved by people.这小女孩很招人喜爱。

二、主动语态变被动语态的规律

(1) 主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。

(2) 主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。

(3) 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语。by与宾语组成介词短语, 放在谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必着重指出时, 这个介词短语可以省略。

三、主动语态和被动语态的速成理解法

根据时态变化规则, 把不同时态的主动和被动的结构以及相应的时间关键词列在一个表格里供学生进行比较和对比。学生也许因为有了这个表格的帮助, 对运用主动语态和被动语态的互相转化就觉得容易多了。因此, 这些方法姑且被称之为速成理解法。

四、利用速成理解法, 掌握解题方法

把主动句变成被动句和把被动句变成主动句, 是同一个问题的两个侧面, 一个是顺向思维, 一个是逆向思维, 学生容易搞混淆。在教学中, 如果是句型转换, 笔者会让学生先把主动句和被动句的主语、谓语、宾语画出来, 然后看一看时间关键词以便确定是哪一种时态, 再将谓语由主动结构变成被动结构或由被动结构变成主动结构。如果是词形变换和选择题, 则要求学生先判断主语是动作的执行者还是动作的接受者, 然后根据时间关键词确定是哪一种时态, 再对照以下的速成理解表格选择相应的结构。

五、对比训练, 加深巩固

首先要对学生进行相应的训练, 这对进一步强化主动和被动之间的相互转化具有不可低估的作用。然后让学生进行相应的补充练习。

最后, 还可以让学生自编相应的题目, 以小组为单位相互交换解答, 小组长评出对错。在进行相应模块的对话教学和课文教学时, 笔者都要求学生先在对话和课文中找出含被动语态的句子, 以加深印象, 达到学以致用的目的。

经过指导, 学生学会了思维的方法, 他们的学习热情高涨。实践证明, 加强学习方法、学习策略的指导, 有利于启迪学生思维, 不断提高学生的学习主动性和积极性, 通过分析、比较、探求, 从而发现规律, 并且进一步运用规律, 这样主动语态和被动语态的应用就不难了。

参考文献

[1]陆云.英语教学论[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社, 2004.

[2]肖惜主.英语教师职业技能训练简明教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1999.

[3]教育部基础教育司.全日制义务教育英语课程标准解读[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2002.

篇4：被动语态的扫描

英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

We should plant many trees on the mountains.

我们应该在山上种许多树。

Many trees should be planted on the mountains.

应该在山上种许多树。

被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化通过助动词be的变化来体现。本单元学到的是含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构为“情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”。如：

Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends.

应该允许青少年和朋友们外出。

介词by+动作的执行者构成的by介词短语，在句中作状语。如不强调执行者，很多时候可以省略by介词短语。如：

People all over the world enjoy it now.

现在全世界的人都喜欢(这一运动)。

=Now it is enjoyed by people all over the world.

现在(这一运动)受到全世界人的喜欢。

We clean the windows every day. 我们每天都擦窗户。

=The windows are cleaned every day(by us). 窗户每天都擦。

He needs three more men to do the work.

他还需要三个人来做这件事。

=Three more men are needed to do the work.

还需要三个人做这件事。

Mother cooks meals at home. 在家里妈妈做饭。

=Meals are cooked by Mother at home. 在家里饭是妈妈做的。

B 延伸拓展

在什么情况下要用到被动语态呢？一般来说，被动语态的句子常见的有下面的几种情况：

1.不知道或没有必要说出动作的执行者是谁或者大家都清楚动作的执行者是谁时，常用被动语态。如：

The children should be allowed to go to the movies with friends on Friday nights.

孩子们应当被允许星期五晚上和朋友们一起去看电影。

2.强调动作的承受者，而不是动作的执行者时，常用被动语态。如：

Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石头做成。

A lot of teachers are needed in the west part of China.

在中国西部需要大量的教师。

C 综合提高

含有情态动词的被动语态句子变为否定句时，应该在情态动词后面加not(而不是在be动词后面加not)。如：

Waste paper should not be thrown here. 废纸不应该扔在这里。

Teenagers should not be allowed to get their hair colored.

青少年不应该被允许染发。

那么含有情态动词的被动语态句子如何变为一般疑问句呢？很简单，将情态动词移到句首即可。如：

Should it be done by Li Ming? 这件事应该由李明做吗？

Should I be allowed to choose my own clothes?

我应该被允许选择自己的衣服吗？

含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语；主动语态中的谓语动词变为“情态动词+助动词be+过去分词”；主动语态中的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在句尾(如果不强调动作的执行者，by短语常可省略)。如：

Parents should allow fourteen-year-olds to choose their own clothes.

父母应该允许十四岁的少年选择他们自己的服装。

→Fourteen-year-olds should be allowed to choose their own clothes(by parents).

[注]allow用于被动语态时，不能用it作形式主语，如不能说：

It’s not allowed to smoke here. 而要说：

People are not allowed to smoke here. 或Smoking is not allowed here. 此处禁止吸烟。

被动语态专项练习：

选择填空

1. In some countries, tea ____ with milk and sugar.

A. is servingB. is servedC. servesD. served

2. Great changes ____ in my hometown since 1980.

A. have been taken placeB. took place

C. have taken placeD. were taken place

3. The new type of car is going to ____ in three years.

A. turn outB. be turned out

C. has turned outD. have been turned out

4. The woman murdered her friend and ____ to ____.

A. was sentenced, deathB. sentencing, die

C. sentenced, deathD. sentenced, die

5. ——Do you like the skirt?

——It ____ soft.

A. is feelingB. feltC. feelsD. is felt

6. Are you still here? You were here an hour ago. Who ____ for?

A. are you waitingB. did you wait

C. were you waitingD. do you wait

7. ____ to know Professor Zhang.

A. He saidB. I saidC. He is saidD. It says

8. ——I want to sit at the table near the window.

——Sorry, ____ already.

A. it tookB. it takes

C. it is takingD. it has been taken

9. The letter ____ three days ago and it ____ yesterday.

A. had post, had arrivedB. was posted, arrived

C. posted, arrivedD. had been posted, was arrived

10. He told me that the final examination ____ next Thursday.

A. is givenB. will be given

C. would have givenD. would be given

11. Water ____ into ice.

A. will changedB. must be changed

C. should changeD. can be changed

12. Plays ____ twice a month in that theatre.

A. put onB. are put on

C. was put onD. often put on

13. The birds ____ fly away last Saturday.

A. let toB. is let to C. was letD. were let to

14. A strange sound ____ yesterday evening.

A. was heardB. hearsC. heardD. is heard

15. A beautiful bike ____ him by his classmates.

A. sent toB. will sent to

C. was sent toD. will be sent for

16. Miss Chen ____ just ____ to speak at the meeting.

A. has…been askedB. has been…asked

C. have been…askedD. have…been asked

17. Meat ____ out in this shop. We can ____ now.

A. have been sold, get nothingB. has been sold, get nothing

C. has been sold, get someD. have been sold, get some

18. The new play ____ in theatre now. Why don’t you go in and see it?

A. is being shownB. is showing

C. is shownD. shows

19. Can you tell ____?

A. when did it happenB. when was it happened

C. when it happenedD. when it was happened

20. ____ the job ____ by Lucy or by John? Tell me the truth, please.

A. Has…finishedB. Has…being finished

C. Is…finishD. Has…been finished

篇5：如何将主动语态转换成被动语态

1.将主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语。

2.将谓语改成被动式：be+过去分词。

3.原句的主语用by引出来，放在谓语后面。如果不需要，可以省去。

主动句：Class 3 defeated Class 1.

三班打几了一班。

被动句：Class 1 was defeated by Class 3.

一班被三班打败了。

注意点：

1.对于有双宾语的主动句，可以将当中任何一个宾语移到前面作主语，另一个宾语留在原来的位置上：

主动句：Father gave me a watch.

爸爸给了我一块表。

被动句：I was given a watch by father.

我被我爸送了一只表。

A watch was given (to) me by father.

一只表被我爸送给我。

主动句：She passed him a phone.

他递给他一个手机。

被动句：He was passed a phone.

他递给一个手机。

A phone was passed (to) him by her.

一只手机被她递给他。

2.在把带宾补的主动句变成被动句时，宾补的位置不动，这时的宾补其实是补充说明主语的主语补足语了。

例如：

主动句：We elected Jim monitor.

我们选举杰姆当班长。

被动句：Jim was elected monitor by us.

杰姆被我们选举为班长。

特别注意：

如果句子中含有不带to的不定式作宾语补语，变成被动句时，必须把不定式符号to加上：

主动句：His father made him work hard.

他父亲迫使他下功夫。

被动句：√He was made to work hard by his father.

他被他父亲逼迫去下功夫。

╳Hewas made work hard.

主动句：The guard let the children pass.

卫兵让小孩通过。

被动句：√The children were let topass.

小孩让通过。

篇6：动词的时态和语态

正确选项为B。

* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.

答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave

由此可以看出, 我们在一般将来时中讨论的将来时的多种形式均可灵活地运用于过去将来时中。

9. 将来完成时

基本概念:

在讨论了现在完成时和过去完成时之后，我们应该认识到：完成时的概念其实就是两条1)表结果 2)表延续 ，站在现在时间角度看，就是现在完成时;时间移到过去就是过去完成是;时间移至将来就是将来完成时，因此，将来完成时

A) 表到将来某一时间前要完成的行为

* By the end of they will have built the factory.

* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.

B) 表延续到将来某一时间的行为

* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.

动词的被动语态

以上我们讨论了动词主动语态的各种时态，与主动语态一样，被动语态也有相同的各种时态。因此，我们只要关注被动语态的某些特殊用法就可以了。

被动语态的某些特殊用法

A. 有些及物动词有时形式上为主动, 表达主语的特性或特征

* The kind of cloth washes well.

* The book sells / writes well.

篇7：现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别

1.逻辑关系

现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。

1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。

He went out, shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better.如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。

3)※部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、seated（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、stationed（驻扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、born in（出身于）、dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等。

Lost/Absorbed/Buried in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考中，所以他没有听到那个声音。Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。

2．时间概念

过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。

现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)常和表示次数的短语及时间段(for+一段时间)连用，表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”，这种情况下不能用过去分词替换，其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换，使句式更简洁。

Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。

Reading carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。Having finished his homework, he went home.完成了作业，他就回家了。

篇8：分词的语态

1.1 概念、机构的比较

语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如:(1)We use electricity to run machines.(主动语态);(2)Electricity is used to run machines.(被动语态)。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。在语法机构上,主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;主动语态中,主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语,而施加于宾语。相反,被动语态中,主语是谓语动作的受动方,如果有宾语的,宾语往往是谓语动作的使动方。

在语法机构上,主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于,主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语,各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。例如:(1)主动:The snowslide killed him.(2)被动:He was killed by the snowslide.意义均为:他死于雪崩。

1.2 语篇层面的比较

从语篇层面上来说,主动语态和被动语态的主位结构、信息结构以及衔接系统都是不同的。从主动语态变为被动语态,就是根据语用把句子的成分进行重组。但是英语被动语态不仅仅是语用重组的结果,而且它还赋予前置成分和后置成分一种特殊的语篇功能。这种语篇功能表现在:(1)突出主题的功能。突出主题功能就是运用一定的句法手段使语篇所讨论的主题保持在同一位置上,使读者对主题一目了然。被动语态是一种语用性很强的句法手段,在语篇重组过程中可以将语篇的主题前置,把主题都保持在主位上,这样既起到了强调作用,又突出了主题。(2)转换主题的功能。被动语态的转换主题功能就是指通过句法语用重组,使前置成分为已知信息,与前文主题相一致,而后置成分则为新信息,为下文引出另一个主题,从而使语篇自然过渡到另一个主题,使语篇得以顺利地发展,也使语篇衔接紧密。(3)引入主题的功能。引入主题功能也是运用一定的句法手段为语篇提供一个主题,即语篇将要围绕这个主题进行说明和叙述。被动语态运用可以使语篇在重组时,把某人或某物作为新信息置于句末,为语篇引入一个主题,以供下文讨论之用。(4)对比焦点的功能。被动语态的对比焦点功能就是使用两个或多个被动句,将成分并置于句末,成为信息焦点,使之形成强烈鲜明的对比性焦点而被突出出来。(5)凸显焦点的功能。凸显焦点功能是指运用被动语态对语篇中的信息进行重组,从而把交际者想要表达的重要信息置于句末,成为信息焦点,从而突出了此信息的重要性。(6)语篇衔接与连贯的功能。语篇衔接与连贯功能就是指使用被动语态来调整已知信息和新信息的位置,使之与上下文在结构上衔接,语义上连贯,从而使语篇中的信息流畅地表达出来。

对于被动语态的这些功能,本人这里挑出2个功能举例说明:

举例1:突出主题功能的表现。

前面本文提到语篇功能的实现由主位结构、信息结构和衔接系统三个方面协同完成。被动语态在语篇重组过程中可以将语篇的主题前置,将主题保持在主位上,这样既起到了强调作用,又突出了主题,同时使语篇所讨论的主题保持在同一位置上,使读者对主题一目了然。

Example1:Mr.Hajoj,like five others killed at the hospital this way in 24 hours,was accused of collaboration with Israel.He had been in the central prison awaiting trial by Hamas judges;when Israel destroyed the prison on Sunday he and the others were transferred to the hospital.But their trials were short-circuited.

这个句子中,从一开始就确立了段落的主体是Mr.Hajoj,紧接着使用三个被动语态的句子保持主题的连贯,同时也起到了突出主题的功能。

举例2:语篇衔接与连贯功能的体现。

语篇衔接与连贯功能就是指使用被动语态来调整已知信息和新信息的位置,使之与上下文在结构上衔接,语义上连贯,从而使语篇信息流畅地表达出来。有关学者认为主位化和小句的结构相关,即句子成分出现的顺序。小句的主位就是小句中的第一个成分。在选择主位时,合作的说者选择一些合适的成分做主位,使听者很容易把该句和前边的小句联系起来。

Example2:They′d managed to get themselves on the wrong coach at Exeter.They were rescued by a soldier who spotted them both crying.He took them back to Exeter on another bus.

这个句子中,第二句采用被动语态使作者能够把来自第一句的“they”作为出发点(the starting-point),另外一个人物“the soldier”通过第二句的述位引出来,可以作为第三句话的出发点。这样信息就保持正常的流通,从已知信息到新信息,再从已知信息到新信息,从而形成一条信息链。如果把上属语态加以转换,这条信息链就不复存在,整个语篇也缺乏连贯,如:They′d managed to get themselves on the wrong coach at Exeter.A soldier who spotted them both crying rescued them.They were taken back to Exeter by him on another bus.

2 结语