长难句及翻译

2024-04-21

长难句及翻译(共6篇)

篇1:长难句及翻译

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考研英语典型长难句及解析之二

1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true„。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中,that做主语,makes做谓语,it做形式宾语,不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine是主干,few farmers是宾语,with high yields是状语),possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;in„fashion译为“用„方法、方式”。

译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure„。since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。

译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。

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3.In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when„and least effectively when„。and连接两个并列分句,每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and(work)least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句what„predicted。the tests是主句的主语,work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词,不译为“质量”,而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为”,而应译为主动语态“界定”。

译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。

4.For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate„,and thus do not tell how„。and连接两个并列分句,第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句,其中had he grown up„(=If he had grown up„)是省略了连词if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they,在此代指上文提到的tests;able在句中作might have been的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”,而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。

译文:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。

5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans

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extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.结构分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that„。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句,从句中有either„or„引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语,修饰动词be treated,其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句humans extend to other humans,修饰the consideration。it代指上文的观点,即如果对人权没有达成一致看法,而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构extend consideration to意为“给予关怀或关心”,consideration不应译为“考虑”。

译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。

6.But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that„。但It was„that„在本句中不是强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年前形成的巨大云团(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that引导的应是一个定语从句,修饰先行词the farthest。for引导的是表示原因的分句,分句中还有that引导的定语从句,修饰the patterns and structure。

译文:但更重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

7.Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any condition,that would keep them alive.结构分析:句子的框架是it happened that„。it做形式主语,that引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中,又有一个由when引导的时间

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状语从句,主句为tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers„were forced„,时间状语从句中从句主语the new factories又带有一个定语从句that were springing up;that would keep them alive做work的定语从句。spring up意为“发生,出现,建立”。译文: 于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立,需要劳动力的时候,成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口,被迫进入城市;他们要找活干,不管什么活儿,不论什么条件,只要不被饿死就行。

8.As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments,she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.结构分析:句子的框架是„we have come to believe that„。that引导的从句做believe的宾语从句;此从句中有一个that从句作the sense的同位语从句;同位语从句中又套嵌一个由when引导的时间状语从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句that endure,修饰其先行词discoveries。by way of意为“经由,通过„方法”;reward sb.with意为“以„报答,酬劳”;endure此处应译为“持久,持续”,不要译为“忍受,容忍”。

译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果,我们逐渐相信,如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题,她会真心实意地给我们答复,并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说,大自然是可以认识的。

9.These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.结构分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details„。后面紧跟省略了if引导的虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that„,即if it were not for the fact that„;that从句作the fact的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句,修饰其先行词the stage;required for reliable weather forecasting为过去分词短语修饰the kind of measurements。simply译为“只不过,仅仅”,;免费考研辅导视频

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不应译为“简单地”。

译文:理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点,那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。

10.The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes,namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces,has many different versions,of which the following is one.结构分析:句子的框架是The story„has many different versions„。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes为名词性从句做介词of的宾语。namely that a solid body„作the principle of Archimedes的同位语;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主语的过去分词短语,句子补充完整为when the solid body is immersed in a liquid,修饰其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid„;it displaces是省略了关系代词that的定语从句修饰the liquid,it代指前面提到的the solid body;同时,of which the following is one又构成先行词versions的定语从句。displace意为“排(水)”;version不译为“版本”,此处指“根据个人观点的(对事件等的)说法,看法”;句尾的one代指a version。

译文:当固体浸没到液体中时,固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量,这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多,下面的故事就是其中之一。

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篇2:长难句及翻译

The English Original: There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the roads and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes;their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, grey leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm cartridges, buldged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.译文一:

河上罩雾,山间盘云,卡车在路上溅泥浆,士兵披肩淋湿,身上尽是烂泥;他们的来福枪也是湿的,每人身前的皮带上挂有两个灰皮子弹盒,里面满装着一排排又长又窄的六点五毫米口径的子弹,在披肩下高高哦突出,当他们在路上走过时,乍一看,好像是些怀孕六月的妇人。

译文二:

河上升起了雾,山上飘着云,载重卡车在大路上泥浆飞溅,士兵们满身是泥,他们在斗篷里湿漉漉的;他们的步枪也是湿的。在他们的斗篷下,两个皮制的子弹盒挂在他们腰带前面,灰色的皮盒沉甸甸的,里面尽是一排排装着细长的6.5毫米子弹的子弹夹,在斗篷下面鼓了起来,士兵们经过大路向前行进,就像怀了六个月身孕似的。

The English Original:

The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house.译文一:

山谷后面那座高山和那个有栗树林的山坡,已经给拿了下来,而南边平原外的高原上也打了胜仗,于是我们八月渡河,驻扎在哥里察一幢房子里。这房屋有喷水池,有个砌有围墙的花园,园中栽种了好多繁盛多荫的树木,屋子旁边还有一棵紫藤,一片紫色。译文二:

占领了峡谷那边的那座山和栽着栗树林子的那个山坡,在平原那边在南面的平原上也打了胜仗,于是八月里我们过了河,住在戈里齐亚的一所房子里,在四面围墙的花园里有一个喷泉和许多茂密阴翳的树木,房子的一边爬着紫藤,花开得紫英英的。

The English Original:

I practiced with it(pistol), holding below the target and trying to master the jerk of the ridiculous short barrel until I could hit within a yard of where I aimed at twenty paces and then the ridiculousness of carrying a pistol at all came over me and I soon forgot it and carried it flopping against the small of my back with no feeling at all except a vague sort of shame when I met English-speaking people.译文一:

我练习了一个时期,尽量往靶子的下边打,想尽方法克服短枪筒那种滑稽的颤跳,到了后来,终于能够在二十步外打中离靶子一码远的地方了,后来我常常感到佩带手枪的荒唐滑稽,但不久也就忘记了它,随便吊在腰背上,一点感觉都没有,除非是偶尔碰到讲英语的人,才多少感到有点儿不好意思。译文二:

我用它练习打枪,把枪举到靶子以下,竭力控制那可笑的短枪筒的震摇,直到我在二十步的距离瞄准而能命中一码以内的目标,这才清除了佩带一支手枪的那份荒唐可笑的心情。我很快忘记了它,我带着它在我的腰背后磕碰着却没有一丝感觉,除非碰到一个讲英语的人才微微感到有点害臊。The English Original:

Maybe she would pretend that I was her boy that was killed and we would go in the front door and the porter would take off his cap and I would stop at the concierge’s desk and ask for the key and she would stand by the elevator and then we would get in the elevator and it would go up very slowly clicking at all the floors and then our floor and the boy would open the door and stand there and she would step out and I would step out and we would walk down the hall and I would put the key in the door and open it and go in and then take down the telephone and ask them to send a bottle of Capri bianca in a silver bucket full of ice and you would hear the ice against the pail coming down the corridor and the boy would knock and I would say leave it outside the door please.译文一: 也许她会把我当做哪个阵亡的爱人,我们于是一同走进旅馆的前门,看门人连忙摘帽,我找掌柜的拿钥匙,她则站在电梯边等,随后我们一同走进电梯,电梯开得很慢,的的嗒嗒地过了一层又一层,到了我们那一层时,小郎打开门,站在一边,她走出去,我走出去,一同顺着走廊走,我拿钥匙去开门,门开了,我们进去,拿下电话机,吩咐他们送一瓶装在放满冰块的银桶子里的卡普里白葡萄酒来,你听得见走廊上有冰块碰着提桶的响声,小郎敲敲门,我就说请放在门外。译文二:

她也许会装着我是她那个阵亡的男朋友。我们从正门进去,侍者会向我们脱帽致礼,我会在服务台前停下,向服务台女职员要房间钥匙,她会侍立在电梯房,接着我们会走进电梯,电梯升得很慢经过每一层都咔嗒一声响,接着便到了我们那一层。侍役打开电梯门站在那儿,她会走出电梯,我随着走出电梯,我们就沿着过道走去。我把钥匙插进房门打开房门走进去,接着便拿起电话要他们送一瓶卡普里白葡萄酒来,要装在放满了冰的银制的冰桶里,你会听到冰块碰着桶子的声音从走廊里传来,侍者会敲门,我会说请搁在门外就行了。The English Original:

I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain.We had heard them, sometimes standing in the rain almost out of earshot, so that only the shouted words came through, and had read them, on proclamations that were slapped up by billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time, and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.译文一:

我每逢听到神圣、光荣、牺牲等字眼和徒劳这一说法,总觉得局促不安。这些字眼我们早已听过,有时还是站在雨中听,站在听觉达不到的地方听,只听到一些大声喊出来的字眼;况且,我们也读过这些字眼,从人们贴在层层旧公告上的新 上读到过。但是到了现在,我观察了好久,可没看到什么神圣的事,而那些所谓光荣的事,并没有什么光荣,而所谓牺牲,那就像芝加哥的屠场,只不过这里屠宰好的肉不是装进罐头,而是掩埋掉罢了。译文二:

神圣的、光荣的和牺牲等等这些字眼,以及徒劳无益的豪言壮语常常使我困惑。我们听到过这些字眼,有时站在雨中,在耳朵几乎听不见的地方,以致传来的只是那些大声喊叫出来的字眼,我们也曾在张贴布告的人漫不经心地一张叠一张地张贴的公告上读到过这些字眼。如今经过一段很长的时间,我没有见到过任何神圣的东西,光荣的东西并不光荣,牺牲像芝加哥屠宰场的牲畜围场,要是肉无法处理只有把它埋掉了事。

The English Original:

That night at the hotel, in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away;all other things were unreal.译文一:

那天夜晚在旅馆里,房间外边是一条又长又空的走廊,门外边放着我们的鞋子,房间里铺着厚厚的地毯,窗外下着雨,房间里则灯光明亮,快乐愉快,后来灯灭了,床单平滑,床铺舒服,一片兴奋,那时的心情,好比我们回了家,不再感觉孤独,夜间醒来,爱人仍在,并没有发觉梦醒人去;除了这以外,一切事物都是不真实的。

译文二:

那天晚上在旅馆,我们的房间外面是长长的空寂无人的过道,我们把鞋子放在门外,房间的地板上铺着一层厚厚的地毯,窗外雨下个不停,房间里明亮,舒适,欢快,随着灯光熄灭,光滑的床罩,舒适的床榻,使人心情激动,感到我们已经回到了家里,感到我们已不再孤单,半夜醒来发现另一个人仍在身边没有离去;其他一切都已变得虚幻。

译文三:

篇3:长难句及翻译

英语的应用范畴越来越广阔,科技论文的撰写和翻译, 在国际间技术交流中的应用也显得尤为重要。因此,如何在对等理论的指导下,运用翻译策略与技巧,更精准高效的翻译科技文献成为英语在实用性方面的一个重要议题。

二、奈达的功能功能对等理论

奈达在Toward a Science of Translation一书中指出翻译是 “用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息”。奈达强调翻译过程中同样注重源语的形式和功能的对等,而非之前提出的仅仅是语义的对等。因此在翻译过程中,译者在精准的表达源语语义的同时,还要注意译本与源文本之间文体、格式等的对等。

三、功能理论对科技翻译理论的指导作用

1.忠实于原文。奈达关于对等理论的解读也可以看出在功能对等理论中语义和文体是翻译的核心,这就要求译者在翻译时在最大程度上的忠实原作者。例如,当译者翻译某种产品的使用说明时,不仅要使目标语的受众可以了解产品的操作方法,还要兼顾考虑该操作术语在源语受众中产生的影响。

2.服务于目标语受众。奈达认为翻译的过程就是交流的过程,兼有语义和信息传达的功能。这就要求译者坚持服务于目标语受众的原则,选择最自然的语言。“自然”包含了两个方面的含义,第一译文要地道,使用目标语本土语言; 第二要避免“翻译腔”,即不流畅,晦涩生硬的译本。

四、对等理论在实践中的作用

1.表层对等。句子是译者在翻译过程中进行翻译实践的基本片段。当源语和目标语的结构相似时,将句子中的词语和短语一一对应就可以译成相对应的目标语句子,这种形式的翻译就叫做表层对等。

He theorized,if it were possible to sterilize and release great deal of insects,the sterilized males would compete with the normal males so successfully that,after repeated release, infertile eggs would be produced and the population would die out.

分析:这个句子看起来长而复杂,含有从句和独立结构,但其实,只要按照源文的先后顺序翻译就能达到功能对等的目的。

科技文献翻译中的一个重要特点就是准确性,而准确性就体现在语篇中重要信息的对等,也就是文本的表层对等。

2.语用对等。语用对等指的是译文在语用方面令目标语的受众更容易接受。然而中文与英文的语言结构及重点位置有所不同。因此,译者在翻译时可以适当调整语序以实现信息焦点上的对称,也就是实现语用对称。例如:

It is fully as important that a machine element is made of a material that has properties suitable for the conditions of service as it is for the load and stresses to be accurately determined.

分析:此句虽短却结构复杂,有三个从句:由that引导的主语从句;主语从句中包含的修饰material的定语从句。

语用对等从功能上来说介于表层对等和深层对等之间。 科技文献句型复杂又多用被动态,如不进行适当的语用对等分析,就没有办法实现源文本与译本之间从表层对等到深层对等的过渡。

3.深层对等。科技英语语篇句子间多包含有很复杂的联系,因此在翻译中只有综合运用各种手段和技巧才能在翻译中实现深层对等。

After subtotal or partial resection of these enlarged glands, patients will mostly either recovered with normal blood pressure or improved with a lowering of high blood pressure but with fluctuations.

分析:本句的中心意思很明确:病人会康复或好转,然而后半句却令人感到困惑:improved …with fluctuations。但是分析可知,后半句指病人血压虽还有波动但病情已稳定下来,因此在这个例句中译者透彻地理解源文对准确的翻译有着至关重要的作用。

由此可见,科技文献中的长难句和文章句子段落之间复杂的逻辑关系是科技论文翻译中的一个难点,要准确简洁地处理这些问题,就要对句子结构进行深层剖析,结合各种手段实现深层对等。

五、结论

篇4:英语长难句拆分与组合翻译法

【关键词】拆分与组合 翻译 方法

一、引言

在英语翻译教学环节中,英译中是必不可少的一环,尤其在英语长难句的翻译中,学生经常会出现“句子不通,词不达意”的情况,本人在翻译教学中有一些体会,希望在本文中和大家一起学习与分享。

在英语教学中,学生常常会出现这样的情况:每次碰到长的复杂的句子他们就不知道该从哪开始着手翻译,而简单的句子翻译的正确率却很高。于是适当的对长的难的英语句子进行拆分与组合就非常必要了。

二、拆分组合翻译法基本方法及步骤

通过分拆、倒置、重组、增减词和词类转译的方法翻译句子,具体方法如下五点:

分拆:把原句化整为零,按意群切分。

倒置:按中文顺序颠倒原文的意群。

重组:脱离原文的句子结构,重新组织译文。

增减词:根据语言特点,适当增减词使句子通顺。

词类转译:翻译过程中,为了使译文符合英语的表达方式,在词性方面如把代词、形容词、动词转化成名词,把介词转换成动词;把状语、定语、宾语转换成主语;把并列句变成复合句,主动语态变为被动语态。

掌握了以上几点翻译技巧就可以按以下步骤翻译句子:

划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。

缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。

按逻辑词序写中文表达。

重组合,删多余,并核对与检查。

三、在长难句中的运用

在运用这种方法进行句子翻译的时候,要注意对学生的引导:有些词语可能有不一样的表达,需要用到引申义,所以在平时的单词记忆中要对词汇有深度记忆,并且熟悉拆分与组合的长难句翻译步骤。

例1: How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted .

看到这个句子首先就要划出长句中的动词,这句话中的动词是validate, depend, use, interpret, 通过四个动词我们可以确定四个分句①how well the predictions will be validated by later performance, ②depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used, ③and on the skill and wisdom, ④with which it is interpreted.而根据各个词的意思如:prediction 预测,validate证实,how well 在多大程度上,我们就不难得出第一个意群的翻译①这些预测将在多大程度上被后来的表现所證实。第二个意群中amount 数量,reliability 可靠性,information used 可用的信息,appropriateness 适宜性,因此第二个意群可以翻译为②取决于所用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性;第三个意群很短,学生不难翻出:③ 也取决于技巧和智慧;第四个意群中的with 表示用于,④用于解释这些信息;综合四个意群我们重新组合就可以准确的把句子翻译出来了:这些预测将在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实取决于所用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,也取决于解释这些信息的技巧和智慧。

例2:This trend began during the second world war, when several government came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of this scientific establishment can not generally be foreseen in detail.

按照拆分与组合步骤的第一点,先找动词再划分句,我们可以找到四个动词began, came, demands, 即四个分句①This trend began during the second world war, ②when several government came to the conclusion, ③that the specific demands that a government wants to make of this scientific establishment, ④can not generally be foreseen in detail. 划分好了四个句子后我们逐个看分句,第一个意群不难翻译出:①这个趋势始于第二次世界大战期间;第二个意群指②当时许多国家的政府得出这样的结论;第三个意群中scientific establishment 指科学机构,foresee 预见③一个政府对于其科学机构所做出的具体要求④一般不能被详细的预见到,综合四个分句我们可以翻译出该句:这个趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时许多国家的政府得出这样的结论认为,一个政府对于其科学机构所做出的具体要求一般是不能被详细的预见的。

四、结语

在拆分与组合翻译法中,通过翻译练习让学生掌握更多的词汇与表达方式,并且在累积翻译技巧中对翻译技巧及步骤更为熟练和了解,有助于对大学生四六级句子翻译的提高以及英语阅读理解的提高,但这种方法并不使用与所有句子的翻译,因此我们在教学中就具体情况具体分析,有效的完成教学并提高学生对长难句的翻译水平。

参考文献:

[1]唐静,2010考研英语拆分与组合翻译法,群言出版社,2010

[2]张著章,李庆生. 英汉互译实用教程,武汉大学出版社,1988

篇5:高中英语长难句如何翻译

英语长句也就是复杂句,里面可能会有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可可能为并列,包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句,首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括:名词性从句,它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即定语从句;另外还有一种叫做状语从句。

那么,有些同学可能会问,究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢?有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住:

1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;

2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;

3、分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词,短语和从句之间的关系;

4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。

依照上面四个结构分析步骤,我们对下面的句子进行了分解与解析,希望同学们能够在看完例子后,有进一步的理解。

例句:,who was crying as if his heart would break and said,when I 例句分析:

第一,拆分句子。

这个长句可以拆分为四段:①“In Africa I met a boy”②“who was crying as if his heart would break”、③“when I spoke to him,that he was hungry because”、④“he had had no food for two days”.

第二,句子的结构分析。

(1)主干结构是主语+过去式+宾语——“I met a boy”;

(2)“crying”后面是壮语从句“as if his heart would break”;

(3)“when I spoke to him”是介于“said”和“that he was hungry because”之间的插入语。 第三,难点部分的处理。

“crying as if his heart would break”应译为哭得伤心极了。

参考译文:

在非洲,我遇到一个小孩,他哭得伤心极了,我问他时,他说他饿了,两天没有吃饭了。 以上是对于一般长难句的结构较为基础的解析方法。长难句的解析方法具体来讲可以分为分译法、顺序法、综合法、逆序法等。

1、分译法

有些英语长句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切,为使意思连贯,可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述,有时还可适当增加词语。例如:“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”该句有两个介词短语,代表两层意思。因此,按照分译法,打破原句的结构翻译成:他五岁的时候,生了一场伤寒病,变成了聋子。

2、顺序法

有些英语长句按逻辑关系安排,与汉语的表达方式比较一致,或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排,这类句子可按原文顺序译出。这里不予以举例。

3、逆序法

逆序法即倒置法。有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同,甚至语序完全相反,这就必须从原文的后面译起,逆着原文的顺序翻译。例如:“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为

三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果,第三层表原因。这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反,因此要打破原句的结构,按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。译为,这一带我不熟悉,天黑以后继续进行调查,取得结果的希望不大。

4、综合法

另有一些英语长句用前三种翻译方法翻译时都有困难,需要用综合法。即或按时间先后,或按逻辑先后,或按逻辑顺序,有顺有逆地进行综合处理。例如:“The phenomenon describes the way in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are1/10 in diameter of the color of the light.”该句可以分解为四个部分①“The phenomenon describes the way”;②“in which light physically scatters”;③“when it passes through particles in the earth‘s atmosphere”;④“that are1/10in diameter of the color of the light.”其中,第一、二和三、四部分之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。用综合法来处理这个句子,即合译前三部分,第四部分用分译法,这样译出来的句子就非常符合汉语的表达习惯。译为,这种现象说明了光线通过地球大气微粒时的物理散射方式。大气微粒的直径为有色光直径的十分之一。

篇6:长难句及翻译

重点词汇:ironic,share

■答案■

1、长难句:他们是靠莎士比亚过日子,而莎士比亚自己就是一位演员(留着胡子),当初也是吵吵嚷嚷的,想到这些不无讽刺的意味。

分析:这是一个主从复合句,主句是it?s all deliciously ironic。另外,非限制性定语从句who earns their living修饰shakespeare,其字面意思是:莎士比亚挣钱养活他们,即他们靠莎士比亚过日子。

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