补全短文新版1

补全短文新版1（精选6篇）

篇1：补全短文新版1

PASSAGE 1

Teamwork in Tourism

?Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.

Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and ____(1)____. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. They offer familiarization and workshop tours ____(2)____.

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. In this way agents learn ____(3)____ and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel - planes; ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.

Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, ____(4)____, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, ____(5)____. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.

A including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

B so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

C in preparing effective advertising campaigns

D as a result tourism is flouring in all countries

E hotels rely upon agencies

F to explain destinations

KEYS: CBFEA

PASSAGE 2

Death control

?A very important world problem-in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems________(1) _________-is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.

This enormous increase of population will create immense problems. By A.D., unless something desperate happens, there will be as many as 7,000,000,000 people on the surface of the earth! So this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime

Why is this enormous increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of _________ (2)_______. You have heard of Birth Control? Death Control is something rather different. Death Control recognizes the work of the doctors and the nurses and the hospitals and the health services in keeping alive people who,_____(3)_____, Would have died of some of the incredibly serious killing diseases , as they used to do. Squalid conditions, which we can remedy by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of disease and dirt. Medical examinations at school catch diseases early and ensure healthier school children. Scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases. If you are seriously ill there is an ambulance to take you to a modern hospital. Medical care helps _____(4)______. We used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be , are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human beings. People are living longer because of this Death Control, and _____(5)_____, so the population of the world is shooting up.

练习：

A fewer children are dying

B a few years ago

C what is coming to be called Death Control

D which face us at the present time

E making it possible for people to live longer

F to keep people alive longer

Keys: DCBFA

PASSAGE 3

Ludwig van Beethoven

?Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.

Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, be first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. When his mother died, Beethoven, ____(1)____, was named guardian of his two younger brothers. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn.

Beethoven remained unmarried. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, ____(2)____. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.

In spited of this handicap, ____(3)____. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonata, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. His life was marked ____(4)____.

Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.” Although Beethoven#39;s personality ____(5)____, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.

A however, he continued to write music

B he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life

C by a passionate dedication to independence

D then a young man

E may have been untamed

F his music has been loved over the past centuries

KEYS: DBACE

PASSAGE 4

The Importance of Agriculture in China

?The development of agriculture and the balance between food and population are China#39;s fundamental economic problems. The classical histories praise emperors for devotion to agriculture and much of China#39;s modern history is ____(1)____, which has been growing steadily.

Today, although agriculture accounts for only a quarter of the Gross National Product, it is still the main determinant of the standard of living and the principal occupation of at least 70 percent of population.

Agriculture also _____(2)____ because industry needs both agricultural raw materials and food for its work force. The failure of agriculture to supply raw material and food halted and later reversed the industrial progress of the 1950#39;s, After 1960 new emphasis was placed on agriculture, and the slogan “Agriculture is the foundation of the economy” has remained a central Chinese economic policy ever since.

___(3)___, there is an indirect link due to the relationship between agriculture and foreign trade. Many of China#39;s exports are ___(4)___ or consumer goods based on them. Flourishing agriculture, therefore, promotes exports. It also reduces the need to spend foreign exchange on imports of grain and cotton, therefore __(5)___.

练习：

A determines the progress of industry

B the story of the unfolding struggle to feed a peasant population

C either agricultural raw materials

D enlarging the capacity of the economy to import machinery and commodities for industry

E In addition to the direct links between agriculture and industry

F thus promoting both import and export

KEY : B A F C D

PASSAGE 5

Tests Show Women Suited for Space Travel

?Between 1977 and 1981, three groups of American woman, ___(1)___, between the age of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests to determine how they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the space shuttle.

Though ___(2)___, the women were volunteers and the pay was barely above the minimum wage. They were not allowed ___(3)____ during the tests, and they were expected to tolerate each other#39;s company at close quarters for the entire period. Among other things they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks __(4)__. At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty days absolutely confined to bed, during which time they suffered backaches and other discomforts, and when they were finally allowed up, the more physically active women were especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss.

Results of the tests suggest that women will have significant advantages over men in space. They need less food and les oxygen and they stand up to radiation better. Men#39;s advantages __(5)__, meanwhile, are virtually wiped out by the zero-gravity condition in space.

EXERCISE:

A): to smoke or drink alcohol

B) carefully selected from among many applicants

C) numbering 27 in all

D) in terms of strength and stamina

E) those who are physically stronger

F) while exhausted from strenuous physical exercise

KEY:C B A F D

PASSAGE 6

Development in Newspaper Organization

?One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century ______(1)_______, which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue _______(2)________. Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story.

Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers _______(3)______. A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and _______(4)______. Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined ________(5)_______. Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.

A. to play an important role in newspaper operations

B. was the growth of telegraph services

C. and they usually enjoy great prestige

D. they are usually operated by a single owner

E. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costs

F. owned by a single person or organization

KEY: BAFDE

PASSAGE 7

The Building of the Pyramids

?The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. They have stood for nearly 5,000 years, and it seems like that _____(1)_____. There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids. The most famous of these are the “Step” pyramid and the “Bent” pyramid.

Some of the pyramids still look much the same as they must have done when they were built thousands of years ago. Most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, ____(2)____. The dry climate of Egypt has helped to preserve the pyramids, and their very shape _____(3)_____. These are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last for ever.

It is practically certain that plans were made for the building of the pyramids_____(4)____. However, there are no writings or pictures to show us how the Egyptians planned or built the pyramids themselves. Consequently, we are only able to guess at the methods used. Nevertheless, by examining the actual pyramids and various tools which have been found, archaeologists have formed a fairly clear picture of them.

One thing is certain: there must have been months of careful planning_____(5)_____. The first thing they had to do was to choose a suitable place. You may think this would have been easy with miles and miles of empty desert around, but a pyramid could not be built just anywhere. Certain rules had to be followed, and certain problems had to b overcome.

EXERCISE:

A for stone to use in modern buildings

B has made them less likely to fall into ruin

C before they could begin to build

D because the plans of other large works have fortunately been preserved

E while building the pyramids

F they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet

Key:FABDC

PASSAGE 8

Einstein Named “Person of Century”

?Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as “Person of the Century” by Time magazine on Sunday.

A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent_(1)_the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies_(2)_,” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein#39;s significance. “Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.”

Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

“What we saw Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom#39;s fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances_(3)_,” said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.

In1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. In his “Special Theory of Relativity,” Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light. Everything else-mass, weight, space, even time itself-is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared-E=mc2.

“Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics, ” Isaacson wrote in an essay___(4)____. “There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality.”

Einstein#39;s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project”_(5)_. Einstein did not work on the project.

Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.

A．explaining Time#39;s choices

B. how he thought of the relativity theory

C. more than any other person

D. that secretly developed the first atomic weapon

E. that flowed directly from advances in basic science

F. that helped expand the growth of freedom

Key: CEFAD

PASSAGE 9

The First Four Minutes

?When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact: The first four minutes”, he offers this advice to anyone __(1)___: “Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. A lot of people#39;s whole lives would change if they did just that”.

You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. He keeps looking over the other person#39;s shoulder, as if __(2)__. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.

When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves”.

On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.

Hearing such advice, one might say, “But I#39;m not a friendly, self-confident person. That#39;s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way”.

In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us __(3)__. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one.”

But isn#39;t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don#39;t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, #39;total honesty“ is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one#39;s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one#39;s opinions and impressions.

Much of __(4)__ also applies to relationships with family members and friends. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.

The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on __(5)_. That is at least as important as how much we know.

EXERCISE:

A) Feel comfortable about changing our social habits

B) What has been said about strangers

C) How we get along with other people

D) Interested in starting new friendships

E) Hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room

F) Who are eager to make friends with everyone

KEY: D E A B C

PASSAGE 10

Public Relations

?Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image.

Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, __(1)__. Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences. __(2)__, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix.

Publicity may be in the form of news releases ___(3)___. Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. Furthermore, __(4)__; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.

The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, __ (5)__. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions.

EXERCISE;

A) that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department

B) not all publicity is initiated by the firm

C) usually in the form of press releases or press conferences

D) such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising

E) what it means to the company is

F) Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image

KEY: C F A B D

PASSAGE 11

Gross National Product (GNP)

?GNP is measure most often used to determine how well the economy is faring; government and business alike ____(1)____. What does GNP include? If the retail prices of all the goods and services produced during the year were added up, the figure arrived at would be the gross national product for that year.

There are three different approaches to determining gross national product. All three will yield the same answer, because each is doing the same thing-measuring the total value of goods and services produced in the nation during the year. The first approach is totaling up the final market price of retail value of all production. This approach is easy to understand because it follows exactly the definition of GNP-the value of the nation#39;s production, or product, _____(2)_____.

It is also possible to look at GNP from the point of view of goods and services bought rather than produced. This method is called the expenditures approach; it involves recording ____(3)____.

About two-thirds of all expenditures in the marketplace are for consumer goods and services and are made by families buying to satisfy their needs. Economists call these household purchases personal consumption expenditures.

The second largest buyer in the marketplace is government. Government at all level#39;s accounts for over one-fifth of total expenditures.

Investment expenditures made by business account for most of the remaining purchases. Under this category are all purchases of capital goods (such as machinery and equipment), all construction (including homes), and the differences between inventories at the beginning of the year and at the end of the year.

The final and smallest item in the expenditure approach is net foreign investment. The total for this category is calculated by adding together all the expenditures ____(4)____ and subtracting from that amount the total of all U.S. purchases made abroad.

The third method of determining GNP is by analyzing income. Because the factors of production are responsible for the making of goods and services, it is possible to determine GNP by adding up all the payments made to those involved in this production. The sum of all wages, salaries, interest, rent, and profits, plus indirect business taxes and capital consumption, must be calculated. The resulting total represents the payment, or income, side of the goods and services produced. This figure is most frequently referred to _____(5)_____. However, the gross national income should equal the gross national product.

练习：

A before anything is subtracted from the total

B as gross national income because it deals with income instead of production

C use it to determine their future policies and plans

D based on foreign investments

E made by foreign countries in the United States

F who is buying the goods and services in the marketplace

Keys: CAFEB

PASSAGE 12

Supermarket

?Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, ____(1)____.

The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.

Supermarkets originates in the early 1930s. They were established by independents ____(2)____. Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.

Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions ____(3)____:

A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items ____(4)____. Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.

Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Sav-on.

For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. For example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (warehouse stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). Supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures ____(5)____: Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including video rentals, restaurants, delicatessens, financial institutions, and pharmacies).

A by size and assortment

B than a conventional supermarket does

C including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries

D attracting more customers with their low prices

E primarily in either of two ways

F to compete with grocery chains

KEYS: CFABE

篇2：补全短文新版1

2.仔细读被选项，体会被选项之间在语意， 在用词， 在结构上的相互关系(答案往往出自有关系的被选项中。

3.找出被选项中的典型篇章词汇(人称代词，指示代词， 定冠词结构)---判断答案选项的关键。

4.如果被选项中出现了“we(us， our， ours)”或“you(your， yours)”这样的人称代词， 这样的词汇在上下文的使用中应该是一致的。

5.如果被选项出现时态差异， 则时态是一个重要的解题线索 (提示： 相邻语句使用的时态一致(基调时态)： 同为现在时态或同为过去时态; 但是， 如果一个句中带有自己的时间状语，则其可以使用自己独特的时态，而不受所在句群的基调时态的影响。

6. 空格前句如果是观点句,则空格处常常出现用于解释论证的例子或解释性的话语; 空格前句如果是概括句(讲述一种通常的情况, 往往出现some, most, a few, generally, usually等词语 ), 则空格处可能会出现转折句, 或出现解释性的话语。

1.中考数学题解题技巧

2.语文中考解题技巧

3.中考选词填空解题技巧

4.2017中考数学压轴题解题技巧

5.2016年中考语文小说阅读题型及解题技巧

6.2017中考英语阅读理解解题技巧

7.2016南宁中考

8.中考跑步技巧

9.2016安徽中考动态：中考期间严禁堵路

篇3：CARD/1新版本新特性

CARD/1是一款国际化的线路设计专业软件,囊括了公路设计、铁路设计(含高速铁路、磁悬浮、地铁、轻轨)、测绘和市政管网设计,亦可用于垃圾处理场、机场、港口、码头的路线设计。

CARD/18.2版本相对原CARD/17.7版本主要有下面几个新特点。

1 全新的操作界面,使用方便、灵活

CARD/18.2采用了windows风格的操作窗口,让操作变得简单、灵活。可以利用鼠标滚轮对窗口进行放大和缩小操作;支持多窗口同屏显示,真正实现平、纵、横的联动设计。二次开发界面支持鼠标操作。

2 集成化的道路设计参数管理工具———项目资料管理器

1)集中管理道路设计参数,设计基础数据的准备过程变得方便、直观;

2)解决了原来容易遗漏参数文件,查找不方便的问题;

3)提供了一些辅助功能(如项目数据打包(提高项目协作性)、EXCEL数据接口等)。

提供多种参数模板,方便参数设置与修改,如:标准横断面模板、挡墙模板、边沟模板、排水沟模板、截水沟模板等。修改连接关系参数见图1。

3 自动化的互通立交设计模块

强大的互通分析计算功能,让您的工作变得轻松自如,使工程师从大量繁重的分析计算、图表输出工作中解脱出来,专心于设计本身,大大缩短了项目的设计周期,设计效率得到成倍提高,大大提高设计单位的竞争力。

新立交设计模块具有以下主要特点。

3.1 集成化的参数录入

集成化的参数录入方式,方便快捷,不易出错,用户无需再面对复杂的数据文件。稍后我们将推出可视化参数输入界面,进一步降低互通设计门槛。

3.2 智能化的互通立交分析计算功能

1)支持多种端部连接类型分析计算。

同时处理多种连接类型的20多个连接部的分析计算。

2)自动批量生成特征点。

a.自动得到每个连接部分的如下特征点:分流点、分流鼻(即小鼻点)、大鼻点等9个特征点的相关参数。

b.自动记录和显示宽度发生变化的特征位置,方便对特征信息进行查询。

其他软件只能手工搜索这些特征点,且只能一个一个的进行搜索,无法批量进行。而CARD/1新立交模块可自动批量生成,大大节约了设计时间。

3)自动批量生成宽度文件。

CARD/1新立交模块可自动生成各种宽度文件。这些宽度文件都自动考虑了断面的变化以及连接部位宽度的特殊变化,无须设计人员进行手工修改,可以满足横断面戴帽、工程量计算的需要以及绘制连接部图、高程图等图纸的需要。省去了设计人员繁琐的、大量的建立宽度文件的工作,节约了大量的时间。

而其他软件无法自动化的建立宽度文件,只能由设计人员手工建立每个宽度文件,费时费力,容易出错。

您只需轻轻一点CARD/1新立交模块的[分析计算·执行],一切变得简单和容易。使工程师不再惧怕改线,更加致力于提高设计质量。

4)自动批量生成桩号文件。

程序自动在所有相关轴线的桩号文件中插入特征点桩号,省时省事。不需像其他软件的手工搜索输入,CARD/1实现了“一键通”的功能。

4 优化的土方调配模块

新版土石方调配是在8.1版本的基础上优化而来的,保持了版本延续性,比8.1版本、7.7版本的操作更简单,功能更强大,考虑的调配因素更多更合理;并对调配过程进行了集成(前期数据录入、中期调配、后期成果输出);采用更加直观的参数输入界面。调配前参数设置见图2。

新版土石方调配的特点如图2所示。

1)游戏般的调配操作。

用户能对同一个调配轴线建立多个调配方案进行对比;整个调配过程清晰明了(见图3),操作简单,且能完成多轴线的土石方调配。稍后还可以按照每个断面的土石分界线来精确计算土方和石方,使土石比例系数更加合理。

2)详细的调配成果。

调配完成后输出:路基土石方数列表、每公里土石方数量表、线外点一览表等成果(EXCEL格式和PLT格式)。

相对于老的CARD/17.7版本,CARD/18.2版本无论是操作界面还是设计过程均进行了细致的优化,更接近实际的设计过程,能减轻设计者的设计难度,提高设计效率。

参考文献

[1] Hugentobler U,Dach R,Fridez P,et al.Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 DRAFT[M].Astronomical Institute/University of Bern,2006.

[2] 李征航,张小红.卫星导航定位新技术及高精度数据处理方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2009:2-24,146-176.

[3] 鄂栋臣,詹必伟,姜卫平,等.应用GAMIT/GLOBK软件进行高精度GPS数据处理[J].极地研究,2005,17(3):173-182.

[4] 张耀文,贾小林,杨志强.IGS超快速星历预推GPS卫星轨道精度分析[J].测绘工程,2006,15(6):24-26.

篇4：洞察句际关系 补全短文填空

关键词：短文填空；做题步骤；解题技巧

补全短文填空（Sentence-fill-in），即一段完整的英语短文在不同的地方留出五个空白处，在文尾提供七个选项，要求根据短文内容从选项中选出正确答案填入空白处，使短文上下文通顺，有两项为多余选项。

此题型难度为中偏难或较难，学生做题时难以整体把握大意，不易抓住句际之间的关系，难于着手选答案，很多学生靠蒙而做题，有的学生甚至望而生畏，整体得分率较低。而到目前为止，还少有与解答此题的技巧相关的文献出现。

做题步骤

第一步，快速浏览全文，抓住全文大意、布局结构及作者的写作意图，同时通读所有选项，对选项有初步印象。

第二步，细读，根据上下文及句际关系选合适答案。此过程中若有确实难以把握的空，先留着，不在此停留，继续做直到第二步读完短文。做完第二步，有把握的空白处填上答案后能在很大程度上帮助更好地理解全文，对于较难空已减少难度，正确答案已然逐渐浮现出来。

第三步，复读全文，把已选答案带进文中复读全文，检测并确定所选答案的正确性，从而充分解决第二步中感觉较难空的答案选择，完成此题的解答。

解题技巧

文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成。各个层次、各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，也就是说上下文之间在逻辑意义上都有一定的关系。因此解答此题主要依赖对上下文的把握，主要解决句际之间的关系（Context Dependence）。句际之间的关系意指所设空白处须填内容与其上下文句子之间的关系。

据本人对所搜集大量例证观察研究，发现该题考查的句际关系常见如下：

1.同一词场关系

空白处所在的小区域上下文都围绕一个全文统领下的小主题展开，从而形成一个与该小主题相关的词场。空白处须填上属于同一词场的内容即为答案。若是与该词场不相关的选项则不是答案。这一关系是解答此题最重要的关系，五个选项中常有2至3个都依靠这一关系确定答案。

2.同义解释关系

空白处须填充内容与该区域的其他句子之间为同义解释关系，即形成后面的句子对前面的句子作解释或引申或补充例证，使意思更加明了、具体。你会发现这一区域上下文中有许多意思几乎相同的信息词、句作为提示。

3.例证关系

前一句提出一种总的现象或总体特征或总的概述，后一句或几句为举例说明，起到例证的作用。

例证1

Kids who have autism（自閉症） see the world differently than other people do， ... _____she hopes that people can understand autism and treat...

该空白处所处位置前一句概括一种总体现象，即“有自闭症的孩子看待世界的方式与其他人不一样。”而后一句一开头就出现具体某个人she...，那么在此空白处就必须交代she为何许人，即为总体现象后的具体例证。选项中有Gina is such a girl who has made great success through her efforts，“Gina就是那样的一位女孩，她……”则为合适答案。

4.归纳概括关系

所设空白处前文阐述一系列具体现象或细节，最后进行归纳概括。

5.顺承推理关系

构成语段的各个句子按事物发展的过程由轻到重、由浅入深、由先而后地有序排列，不可随意改变次序。用这种方式组合的语段的语句之间能够前呼后应，彼此配合，使语脉清楚，条分缕析。因此，题目所设空白处根据上下文句际关系顺理成章推出答案。

6.前后对比（对照）关系

空白处所在位置上下文句际之间内容上形成前后对比（对照）关系或存在意义的转折。这常见于描述两种对立的观点或态度，或不同现象。字里行间往往会出现一些表示对比的短语给予提示。

7.迂回让步关系

上下文句际之间所述内容一起一伏，或先抑后扬①，或先暗后明，但最终引出作者主要想表达的观点。这种句际关系常出现在议论文中。

8.小标题统领关系

补全短文填空题常将某一空设在短文中某个小标题的位置。学生知晓小标题在文中的功能及其特点也易于答题。通常情况下，小标题在内容上对其所在段落总起到概括或统领作用。而小标题的特点常为短小精练的句子或短语，长而复杂的句子常不可能是正确答案。当然，在七个选项中常有两项或三项是短小精练的句子或短语，答案一定在其中，但还需要从其含义及上下文之间的句际关系斟酌具体哪一个才是真正正确的答案。

补全短文填空题目设计有规律，解答题目有方法，洞察句际关系是关键。学习掌握了以上八种重要的句际关系，相信对于这一新型高考题目的解答已然颇有效果。

参考文献：

任志鸿.十年高考分类解析与应试策略：英语.南海出版社，2011-06.

篇5：职称英语考试补全短文口诀

补全短文有点难，前后呼应才能填。

细看题目应为先，空前空后再浏览。

问句要盯空后面，对应回答是答案。

胡（who）问出现不要管，疑问排比会成串。

第三人称开头见，分清男女看前面。

人名物名上句传，丝丝入扣即勾选。

贼（they）一出现不能乱，复数对应要细验。

一空可能两个选，其他方法再判断。

数字出现选项间，先找数字空两边。

可搜整个自然段，信息匹配是答案。

奥兽（also）结构看复现，找寻空格左半边。

俺得（and）位于选项前，段首一般不多见。

指代（this、that、these和those）指谁看前面，单复分清很关键。

篇6：补全短文新版1

?The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty for water. This may seem strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth#39;s surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea-water, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% --the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. ____1____, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted.

At the moment, his small amount of fresh water is still enough for us. However, our need for water is increasing rapidly. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now, can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. One of the useful steps we can take is to stop unlimited use of water. ____2____, however, would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry.

In addition to stopping wasting our precious water, one more useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. ____3____, but only on a small scale.

Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea or runs into underground storage tanks. ____4____ that has been used to a purifying plant. There it can be filtered and treated with chemicals so that it can be used again just as if it were fresh from a spring.

___5____, we still would not have enough. Where could we turn next? To the oceans! All we#39;d have to do to make use of the vast amount of sea-water is -remove the salt. This salt-removing process is already in use in many parts of the world.

So if we take all these steps, we#39;ll be in no danger of drying up!

A. A limited water supply

B. But it is possible to pipe water

C. It is possible to purify large amounts of sea water

D. But even if every large city purified and reused its water

E. And we cannot even use all of that

F. Experiments have already been done in this field

KEYS: EAFBD

PASSAGE 14

Looking to the Future

?When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would ”radiate light“ and ”change color with the push of a button.“ Food would be replaced by pills. School would be taught ”by electrical impulse while we sleep.#39;#39; Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000? Actually, ________ and the question was, “what will life be like in 1978?”

The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen, scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. But can they? One expert on cities wrote: _______, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in “airbuses”, large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents “almost unheard of”. Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957. His subject was “The city of 1982”.

If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it#39;s probably because _________. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, had been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. In October of that year, _______, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers.

One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. In 1957, H.J. Rand of the Rand Corporation was asked about the year 2000, “Only one thing is certain,” he answered. “Children born today _______. ”

A. the stock market had its worst losses ever

B. will have reached the age of 43

C. the article was written in 1958

D. Cities of the future would not be crowded

E. the prediction of the future is generally accurate

F. future study is still a new field

Key:CDFAB

PASSAGE 15

Marriage and Children

Many single Americans today are waiting longer to get married. Some women and men are delaying marriages and family ___(1)___; others want to become more established in their chosen profession. Most of people eventually will marry. One survey showed that only 15 percent of all single adults in the United States want to stay single. Some women become more interested in getting married and starting a family as they enter their 30s.

One positive result may come from ___(2)___. People who get married at later ages have fewer divorces. Along with the decision to wait to marry, couples are also waiting longer before they have children, ___(3)___. Rearing a child in the United States is costly.

Some couples today are deciding not to have children at all. In 1955, only one percent of all women expected to have no children. Today more than five percent say they want to remain childless. The ability of a couple to choose ___(4)___ means that more children ___(5)___ are very much wanted and loved.

EXERCISE:

A) whether they will have children

B) sometimes in order to be more firmly established economically

C) no matter how late they marry

D) men and women marrying late

E) who are born in the United States

F) because they want to finish school or start their careers

KEY:F D B A E

PASSAGE 16

Don#39;t Mind if I Smoke

The French surprised even themselves when they banned tobacco ads three years ago, and created smoke-free zones in public spaces. Even then, ___(1)___ seemed a little too American. Now some French lawmakers are preparing to end the act as reform that simply can#39;t work in a country __(2)___.

Law or no law, smokers and nonsmokers mingle __(3)__, whose owners generally ignore requirements to create separate no-smoking sections. French smokers __(4)___, in hospitals and directly under no -smoking signs. There are stiff fines for violating the smoke-free areas, but they are never imposed. “We have more important things to do”, says a Paris official.

The 1992 law#39;s most controversial provision is the tobacco-ad ban. An exception has been made for motor sports, which are underwritten by tobacco firms. And fans shouted angrily when French TV blacked out a soccer game from abroad because of “secondary” tobacco and liquor ads at the local stadium. Still, those __(5)___ credit the ad ban for a 15 percent drop in smoking among French teens in the last three years.

EXERCISE:

A) without apparent friction in Paris café and restaurants

B) light up in train stations

C) doing great harm to the smoker#39;s health

D) the attempt to legislate good health

E) who are against smoking

F) that has always aided life#39;s petty vices

KEY:D F A B E

PASSAGE 17

Mergers

The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. A merger occurs ____(1)____.

With the deregulation of natural gas, the nation#39;s 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cutthroat competition. Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging. In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid $2.3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation, ____(2)____. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to $10 billion.

On occasion, mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective in competing against the biggest corporations. They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it. The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them.

Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in 1887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ended in 1904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the 1930s, large firms swallowed smaller firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly had no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy.

The third major merger movement began in the 1960s, reached a peak in 1969, ____(3)____. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers. A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation#39;s purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward & Company.

Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions, which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply ____(4)____. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at closed to $80 billion between 1981 and 1984. Other industries ____(5)____ were banking and finance, insurance, mining and mineral, processed foods.

A thereby gaining control of the world#39;s longest pipeline

B and then gradually declined

C experiencing large takeovers

D resulting in combinations of small firms

E only to those valued at $100 million or more

F when two or more companies get together to form one company

KEYS: FABEC

PASSAGE 18

The Dollar in World Markets

According to a leading German banker, the U.S. dollar is “the most frequently discussed economic phenomenon of our times.” He adds, “…the dollar#39;s exchange rate is at present the most important price in the world economy…”. Because the dollar acts as a world currency, ___(1)___. The central banks of many countries hold huge reserves of dollars, and over half of all world trade is priced in terms of dollars. Any shift in the dollar#39;s exchange rate will benefit some and hurt others. Some people suggest, therefore, ____(2)___.

The dollar#39;s exchange rate has been too volatile and unpredictable. Several years age the dollar was rapidly declining in value. This made it ___(3)___. The rise in the price of foreign goods made it possible for U.S. businesses to raise the price of competing foods produced here, thus worsening inflation. Foreigners who dealt in dollars or who held dollars as reserves were hurt. People in the United States who had borrowed foreign currencies found that they had to pay back more than they borrowed ___(4)___. The United States lost face in the eyes of the rest of the world.

The dollar went soaring upward, and the situation was reversed. United States exporters found it hard to sell abroad because foreigners would have to pay more for U.S. dollars. People in the United States now bought the relatively cheaper foreign goods, and U.S. manufacturers complained that they could not compete. Job losses were often blamed on the “overvalued” dollar. Poor nations ___(5)___ found it difficult to repay both the loans and the interest because they had to use more and more of their own currencies to obtain dollars. The solution to this problem is to end the system of floating exchange rates and return to fixed rates. We might even return to the gold standard.

Fixed exchange rates did not work in the past. Currency values should be determined by market conditions. A drop in the exchange value of a nation#39;s currency means that it is importing too much, that it is too inefficient to compete in world markets, that it is permitting a high rate of inflation which makes its goods too expensive, that it is going too deeply in debt, or that others have lost confidence in the nation#39;s stability. A nation should bring its exchange rate back up by addressing these problems, not by interfering with the money market.

A. that had borrowed dollars

B. that the dollar#39;s value should be more tightly controlled

C. because the declining dollar would buy fewer units of the foreign money

D. its value affects many nations

E. difficult for Americans to purchase foreign goods and services

F. that have a lot of U.S. dollars

KEY: DBECA

PASSAGE 19

Mobile Phones

Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody#39;s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information,” Robert Bells said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation .“If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, ____1____until proper shields can be devised,” he said.

A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:___2__

As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. For example, Telstra , Optus and Vodaphone build their towers ___3___and disregard the need of the community. The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.

Robert Bell suggests that____4___ the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults. He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves _____5_____.

Robert Bell calls on the major telephone companies to fund adequate research and urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects.

A. until more research is completed

B. nearly one for every two people

C. they should carry a warning label

D. mobile phones should be radiation-free

E. where it is geographically suitable to them

F. the growth rate of the disease accelerate

key:CDBEAF

PASSAGE 20

Financial Risks

Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.

Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk,__1__ which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or__2__. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.

Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk,__3__.

Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world#39;s major currencies have forced all marketers __4__. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. __5__, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.

Exercise:

A to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning

B any other disagreement over which payment is withheld

C however, is competition

D so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market

E Before rates were permitted to float

F After serious consideration

Key: CBDAE

PASSAGE 21

Price Planning

A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing.

The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings__1__. An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer#39;s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power __2__. To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.

Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called,__3__: monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties.

A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles, __4__. This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.

From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand,__5__.

Exercise:

A a price contains all the terms of purchase

B obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer

C where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in

D available for other items

E prices are usually reduced by sellers

F price means what one pays for what he wants

key:BDACE

PASSAGE 22

What is a Profit

Entrepreneurship is directly responsible for production. The business person (entrepreneur) takes a cue from consumers in deciding what they want - or, in the case of a new product, __1__.

Profit means different things to different people. According to some public opinion polls, many people are not sure what it is, but they are sure __2__. Workers may look at profit as an unfairly large payment to the entrepreneur that deprives them of a higher wage. The business person thinks of profit __3__. During negotiations before the settlement of the second baseball strike in August, 1985, the Players#39; Association claimed the owners had made profits of $91 million, an accounting firm said owner profits were $43 million, and the owners insisted they had lost $9 million. The truth was that all three were correct. The disparity in the figures was due to the fact that each group was defining profit differently. Let us now see if we can develop a more exact definition of what profit is.

Gross profit is the difference between what a business firm sells its product for and what it costs to produce that product. The merchant buys $200,000 worth of merchandise during the year and sells it for $270,000. His gross profit is $70,000. The percentage difference between his cost and the selling price is 35 percent, and he calls this markup.

Net profit is __4__--rent, wages, and interest-and setting aside money to allow for the loss due to depreciation (wearing out) of capital. Our merchant has to subtract from his gross profit his payments for rent ($6,000), wages ($20,000), interest on money borrowed ($1,000), repairs and upkeep ($1,000), taxes ($1,000), electricity and other expenses $1,000. Expenses for operating the business come to $30,000. Gross profit is $70,000, and net profit is $40,000.

Economists have a narrower definition of what constitutes profit. They are concerned with payment for all the resources that have gone into production, __5__, like those listed above, or from inside the business.

Exercise:

A what profit really means

B it is too large and represents too much of the consumer#39;s dollar

C whether they come from outside the business

D as the difference between total revenue and total cost

E what the business person has left after paying expenses

F what they might want