补全短文（共6篇）
篇1：补全短文
1.读文章标题，了解文章主题(提示：如果被选项偏离文章主题，则该被选项成为答案的可能性较小。
2.仔细读被选项，体会被选项之间在语意， 在用词， 在结构上的相互关系(答案往往出自有关系的被选项中。
3.找出被选项中的典型篇章词汇(人称代词，指示代词， 定冠词结构)---判断答案选项的关键。
4.如果被选项中出现了“we(us， our， ours)”或“you(your， yours)”这样的人称代词， 这样的词汇在上下文的使用中应该是一致的。
5.如果被选项出现时态差异， 则时态是一个重要的解题线索 (提示： 相邻语句使用的时态一致(基调时态)： 同为现在时态或同为过去时态; 但是， 如果一个句中带有自己的时间状语，则其可以使用自己独特的时态，而不受所在句群的基调时态的影响。
6. 空格前句如果是观点句,则空格处常常出现用于解释论证的例子或解释性的话语; 空格前句如果是概括句(讲述一种通常的情况, 往往出现some, most, a few, generally, usually等词语 ), 则空格处可能会出现转折句, 或出现解释性的话语。
1.中考数学题解题技巧
2.语文中考解题技巧
3.中考选词填空解题技巧
4.2017中考数学压轴题解题技巧
5.2016年中考语文小说阅读题型及解题技巧
6.2017中考英语阅读理解解题技巧
7.2016南宁中考
8.中考跑步技巧
9.2016安徽中考动态：中考期间严禁堵路
10.备战中考英语：中考英语听力与审题技巧
篇2：补全短文
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline____(46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier (冰川) descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, forming a series of twisting inlets and lagoons (咸水湖). The highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. ____(47) Marine fossils found here were 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Marine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles. Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands, _____(48)
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer home for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But, the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate (温带) and sub-Arctic zones, the islands supports the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach, inland, and alpine (高山的) plants.____(49). The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
The best view on Mt. Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain. ____(50) From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.
A It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
B Mt. Desert Island is one of the most famous of all of the islands left behind by the glacier
C The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves.
D The term comes from the activity of the ice age.
E This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seaboard.
F It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
篇3：高考补全对话解题技巧
考生拿到题目之后首先应通读全文, 对对话大意进行初步了解, 切忌拿到题目就急于完成, 匆忙下笔, 从而造成顾此失彼的情景。
二、先填空后验证
在通读全文过程中, 尝试不看选项来对对话内容进行填空。可以根据上下文对要填的内容进行猜测。在通读完对话之后, 再根据选项来对所猜测内容进行验证, 以此来提高做题的正确率。
以06年陕西省英语高考题为例:
—Can I help you?
—Yes, I’m looking for a sweater.
—%61%.
—I’m an extra large.
由题目中“I’m an extra large.”这句话可以得出, 61题一定是售货员问顾客衣服的尺码。而备选项中的E选项内容恰为“What size are you?”, 由此可以印证, E选项一定是正确答案。
三、融入语境, 身份定位
通过判断对话双方身份、性别及对话题的不同态度, 来排除不恰当的选项。
在07年陕西省英语高考题中有这样一个空:
A:Sure.For family tours, we have five European cities on the list, and we’ll see the Big Ben in London, the Eiffel Tower in Paris and other places of interest.
L:%65%I’ll talk about this with my parents and call you back.Thank you.
A:You are welcome.
由上下文的语境可以得知, 这是一个旅行社工作人员与咨询者之间的对话。65题的空很显然为咨询者所说的话, 在前四个题目完成之后剩下了“A.What would you like to know?E.That’s just what I am thinking of.G.I hope you’ll have a good jour-ney there.”三个选项, 根据对句意的分析可以看出, A和G选项显然为旅行社工作人员所说的话, 因此可以轻松排除错误选项, 得出正确选项E。
四、找出平行选项
分析近两年的陕西英语高考补全对话题目, 不难看出, 试题难度较前几年有所增加, 主要体现在有些试题的A至F选项中会出现两个在意义、句式等方面较为相似的选项, 笔者称之为平行选项。学生如果不仔细辨别就会选错。这就要求学生认真审题, 根据自己所掌握的语言应用、语法、逻辑等方面的知识来选出最合适的选项, 同时排除另外一个平行选项。此举的好处是可以帮助学生缩小选择范围。
例如09年陕西高考题:
Jack:Hi, Frank.
Frank:Hi, Jack.
Jack:%61%.
Frank:Yes, I have some books to read, but I can do it later.
该题的备选项中的“D.Are you free this afternoon?”及“G.Are you going to the meeting this afternoon?”很显然为一组平行选项, 根据下文的答句, 可以看出是D项更合适一些, 由此可以将G选项排除掉, 帮助学生在后面题目的完成中缩小了选项范围。
五、抓住关键词
在做题过程中, 一定要注意到答句中的“Yes, No, Of course, Certainly”等关键词。在不全对话的设问中, 无外乎一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种疑问句式, 而一般疑问句往往都是用这类词来作答的。所以只要抓住下文中的关键性答语, 便可以很轻松地判断题目中需要的究竟是一般疑问句式还是特殊疑问句式。例如:
Husband:Hi, darling.I’m home.
Wife:%1%.
Husband:Well, just as usual.
Wife:Come on.I’ve known you for years.Your face tells me something has happened.
在备选项中, 学生往往容易在“A.Did things go well today?”和“F.How did things go in your office today?”两项中犹豫不决, 通过对两个句子句式的分析可以看出A是一般疑问句而F是特殊疑问句, 但下文的答语中并未出现“Yes, certainly”等标志性词语, 所以此处需要的是一个特殊疑问句, 故F为正确答案。
六、注意文化差异
有时, 出题人为了迷惑学生, 往往会在题目中设置一些违背英语语言习惯的选项, 这就要求学生提高警惕, 避免选择那些在汉语中说得通而在英语中错误的选项。须知汉语和英语差异的背后实则是两种文化间的差异。学生应当在平时的学习中注意积累, 可以通过广泛阅读、收看收听英语原声节目、与外籍人士交流等方式, 从一点一滴做起, 提升自己的文化底蕴。
摘要：补全对话是近几年陕西省英语高考题型之一, 许多学生在做题过程中, 由于审题不仔细、语言基本功不扎实, 或者对于英、汉语言文化差异掌握不够到位, 导致在此部分题目中失分。本文将对此部分题目解题方法进行总结。
篇4：洞察句际关系 补全短文填空
关键词：短文填空；做题步骤；解题技巧
补全短文填空（Sentence-fill-in），即一段完整的英语短文在不同的地方留出五个空白处，在文尾提供七个选项，要求根据短文内容从选项中选出正确答案填入空白处，使短文上下文通顺，有两项为多余选项。
此题型难度为中偏难或较难，学生做题时难以整体把握大意，不易抓住句际之间的关系，难于着手选答案，很多学生靠蒙而做题，有的学生甚至望而生畏，整体得分率较低。而到目前为止，还少有与解答此题的技巧相关的文献出现。
做题步骤
第一步，快速浏览全文，抓住全文大意、布局结构及作者的写作意图，同时通读所有选项，对选项有初步印象。
第二步，细读，根据上下文及句际关系选合适答案。此过程中若有确实难以把握的空，先留着，不在此停留，继续做直到第二步读完短文。做完第二步，有把握的空白处填上答案后能在很大程度上帮助更好地理解全文，对于较难空已减少难度，正确答案已然逐渐浮现出来。
第三步，复读全文，把已选答案带进文中复读全文，检测并确定所选答案的正确性，从而充分解决第二步中感觉较难空的答案选择，完成此题的解答。
解题技巧
文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成。各个层次、各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，也就是说上下文之间在逻辑意义上都有一定的关系。因此解答此题主要依赖对上下文的把握，主要解决句际之间的关系（Context Dependence）。句际之间的关系意指所设空白处须填内容与其上下文句子之间的关系。
据本人对所搜集大量例证观察研究，发现该题考查的句际关系常见如下：
1.同一词场关系
空白处所在的小区域上下文都围绕一个全文统领下的小主题展开，从而形成一个与该小主题相关的词场。空白处须填上属于同一词场的内容即为答案。若是与该词场不相关的选项则不是答案。这一关系是解答此题最重要的关系，五个选项中常有2至3个都依靠这一关系确定答案。
2.同义解释关系
空白处须填充内容与该区域的其他句子之间为同义解释关系，即形成后面的句子对前面的句子作解释或引申或补充例证，使意思更加明了、具体。你会发现这一区域上下文中有许多意思几乎相同的信息词、句作为提示。
3.例证关系
前一句提出一种总的现象或总体特征或总的概述，后一句或几句为举例说明，起到例证的作用。
例证1
Kids who have autism（自閉症） see the world differently than other people do， ... _____she hopes that people can understand autism and treat...
该空白处所处位置前一句概括一种总体现象，即“有自闭症的孩子看待世界的方式与其他人不一样。”而后一句一开头就出现具体某个人she...，那么在此空白处就必须交代she为何许人，即为总体现象后的具体例证。选项中有Gina is such a girl who has made great success through her efforts，“Gina就是那样的一位女孩，她……”则为合适答案。
4.归纳概括关系
所设空白处前文阐述一系列具体现象或细节，最后进行归纳概括。
5.顺承推理关系
构成语段的各个句子按事物发展的过程由轻到重、由浅入深、由先而后地有序排列，不可随意改变次序。用这种方式组合的语段的语句之间能够前呼后应，彼此配合，使语脉清楚，条分缕析。因此，题目所设空白处根据上下文句际关系顺理成章推出答案。
6.前后对比（对照）关系
空白处所在位置上下文句际之间内容上形成前后对比（对照）关系或存在意义的转折。这常见于描述两种对立的观点或态度，或不同现象。字里行间往往会出现一些表示对比的短语给予提示。
7.迂回让步关系
上下文句际之间所述内容一起一伏，或先抑后扬①，或先暗后明，但最终引出作者主要想表达的观点。这种句际关系常出现在议论文中。
8.小标题统领关系
补全短文填空题常将某一空设在短文中某个小标题的位置。学生知晓小标题在文中的功能及其特点也易于答题。通常情况下，小标题在内容上对其所在段落总起到概括或统领作用。而小标题的特点常为短小精练的句子或短语，长而复杂的句子常不可能是正确答案。当然，在七个选项中常有两项或三项是短小精练的句子或短语，答案一定在其中，但还需要从其含义及上下文之间的句际关系斟酌具体哪一个才是真正正确的答案。
补全短文填空题目设计有规律，解答题目有方法，洞察句际关系是关键。学习掌握了以上八种重要的句际关系，相信对于这一新型高考题目的解答已然颇有效果。
参考文献：
任志鸿.十年高考分类解析与应试策略：英语.南海出版社，2011-06.
篇5：职称英语补全短文 第4课时
PASSAGE 12
Supermarket
?Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, ____(1)____.
The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.
Supermarkets originates in the early 1930s. They were established by independents ____(2)____. Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.
Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions ____(3)____:
A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items ____(4)____. Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.
篇6：补全短文
?The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty for water. This may seem strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth#39;s surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea-water, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% --the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. ____1____, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted.
At the moment, his small amount of fresh water is still enough for us. However, our need for water is increasing rapidly. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now, can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. One of the useful steps we can take is to stop unlimited use of water. ____2____, however, would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry.
In addition to stopping wasting our precious water, one more useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. ____3____, but only on a small scale.
Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea or runs into underground storage tanks. ____4____ that has been used to a purifying plant. There it can be filtered and treated with chemicals so that it can be used again just as if it were fresh from a spring.
___5____, we still would not have enough. Where could we turn next? To the oceans! All we#39;d have to do to make use of the vast amount of sea-water is -remove the salt. This salt-removing process is already in use in many parts of the world.
So if we take all these steps, we#39;ll be in no danger of drying up!
A. A limited water supply
B. But it is possible to pipe water
C. It is possible to purify large amounts of sea water
D. But even if every large city purified and reused its water
E. And we cannot even use all of that
F. Experiments have already been done in this field
KEYS: EAFBD
PASSAGE 14
Looking to the Future
?When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would ”radiate light“ and ”change color with the push of a button.“ Food would be replaced by pills. School would be taught ”by electrical impulse while we sleep.#39;#39; Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000? Actually, ________ and the question was, “what will life be like in 1978?”
The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen, scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. But can they? One expert on cities wrote: _______, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in “airbuses”, large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents “almost unheard of”. Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957. His subject was “The city of 1982”.
If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it#39;s probably because _________. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, had been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. In October of that year, _______, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers.
One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. In 1957, H.J. Rand of the Rand Corporation was asked about the year 2000, “Only one thing is certain,” he answered. “Children born today _______. ”
A. the stock market had its worst losses ever
B. will have reached the age of 43
C. the article was written in 1958
D. Cities of the future would not be crowded
E. the prediction of the future is generally accurate
F. future study is still a new field
Key:CDFAB
PASSAGE 15
Marriage and Children
Many single Americans today are waiting longer to get married. Some women and men are delaying marriages and family ___(1)___; others want to become more established in their chosen profession. Most of people eventually will marry. One survey showed that only 15 percent of all single adults in the United States want to stay single. Some women become more interested in getting married and starting a family as they enter their 30s.
One positive result may come from ___(2)___. People who get married at later ages have fewer divorces. Along with the decision to wait to marry, couples are also waiting longer before they have children, ___(3)___. Rearing a child in the United States is costly.
Some couples today are deciding not to have children at all. In 1955, only one percent of all women expected to have no children. Today more than five percent say they want to remain childless. The ability of a couple to choose ___(4)___ means that more children ___(5)___ are very much wanted and loved.
EXERCISE:
A) whether they will have children
B) sometimes in order to be more firmly established economically
C) no matter how late they marry
D) men and women marrying late
E) who are born in the United States
F) because they want to finish school or start their careers
KEY:F D B A E
PASSAGE 16
Don#39;t Mind if I Smoke
The French surprised even themselves when they banned tobacco ads three years ago, and created smoke-free zones in public spaces. Even then, ___(1)___ seemed a little too American. Now some French lawmakers are preparing to end the act as reform that simply can#39;t work in a country __(2)___.
Law or no law, smokers and nonsmokers mingle __(3)__, whose owners generally ignore requirements to create separate no-smoking sections. French smokers __(4)___, in hospitals and directly under no -smoking signs. There are stiff fines for violating the smoke-free areas, but they are never imposed. “We have more important things to do”, says a Paris official.
The 1992 law#39;s most controversial provision is the tobacco-ad ban. An exception has been made for motor sports, which are underwritten by tobacco firms. And fans shouted angrily when French TV blacked out a soccer game from abroad because of “secondary” tobacco and liquor ads at the local stadium. Still, those __(5)___ credit the ad ban for a 15 percent drop in smoking among French teens in the last three years.
EXERCISE:
A) without apparent friction in Paris café and restaurants
B) light up in train stations
C) doing great harm to the smoker#39;s health
D) the attempt to legislate good health
E) who are against smoking
F) that has always aided life#39;s petty vices
KEY:D F A B E
PASSAGE 17
Mergers
The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. A merger occurs ____(1)____.
With the deregulation of natural gas, the nation#39;s 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cutthroat competition. Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging. In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid $2.3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation, ____(2)____. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to $10 billion.
On occasion, mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective in competing against the biggest corporations. They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it. The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them.
Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in 1887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ended in 1904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the 1930s, large firms swallowed smaller firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly had no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy.
The third major merger movement began in the 1960s, reached a peak in 1969, ____(3)____. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers. A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation#39;s purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward & Company.
Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions, which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply ____(4)____. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at closed to $80 billion between 1981 and 1984. Other industries ____(5)____ were banking and finance, insurance, mining and mineral, processed foods.
A thereby gaining control of the world#39;s longest pipeline
B and then gradually declined
C experiencing large takeovers
D resulting in combinations of small firms
E only to those valued at $100 million or more
F when two or more companies get together to form one company
KEYS: FABEC
PASSAGE 18
The Dollar in World Markets
According to a leading German banker, the U.S. dollar is “the most frequently discussed economic phenomenon of our times.” He adds, “…the dollar#39;s exchange rate is at present the most important price in the world economy…”. Because the dollar acts as a world currency, ___(1)___. The central banks of many countries hold huge reserves of dollars, and over half of all world trade is priced in terms of dollars. Any shift in the dollar#39;s exchange rate will benefit some and hurt others. Some people suggest, therefore, ____(2)___.
The dollar#39;s exchange rate has been too volatile and unpredictable. Several years age the dollar was rapidly declining in value. This made it ___(3)___. The rise in the price of foreign goods made it possible for U.S. businesses to raise the price of competing foods produced here, thus worsening inflation. Foreigners who dealt in dollars or who held dollars as reserves were hurt. People in the United States who had borrowed foreign currencies found that they had to pay back more than they borrowed ___(4)___. The United States lost face in the eyes of the rest of the world.
The dollar went soaring upward, and the situation was reversed. United States exporters found it hard to sell abroad because foreigners would have to pay more for U.S. dollars. People in the United States now bought the relatively cheaper foreign goods, and U.S. manufacturers complained that they could not compete. Job losses were often blamed on the “overvalued” dollar. Poor nations ___(5)___ found it difficult to repay both the loans and the interest because they had to use more and more of their own currencies to obtain dollars. The solution to this problem is to end the system of floating exchange rates and return to fixed rates. We might even return to the gold standard.
Fixed exchange rates did not work in the past. Currency values should be determined by market conditions. A drop in the exchange value of a nation#39;s currency means that it is importing too much, that it is too inefficient to compete in world markets, that it is permitting a high rate of inflation which makes its goods too expensive, that it is going too deeply in debt, or that others have lost confidence in the nation#39;s stability. A nation should bring its exchange rate back up by addressing these problems, not by interfering with the money market.
A. that had borrowed dollars
B. that the dollar#39;s value should be more tightly controlled
C. because the declining dollar would buy fewer units of the foreign money
D. its value affects many nations
E. difficult for Americans to purchase foreign goods and services
F. that have a lot of U.S. dollars
KEY: DBECA
PASSAGE 19
Mobile Phones
Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. “Nobody#39;s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information,” Robert Bells said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation .“If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, ____1____until proper shields can be devised,” he said.
A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:___2__
As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. For example, Telstra , Optus and Vodaphone build their towers ___3___and disregard the need of the community. The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.
Robert Bell suggests that____4___ the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults. He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves _____5_____.
Robert Bell calls on the major telephone companies to fund adequate research and urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects.
A. until more research is completed
B. nearly one for every two people
C. they should carry a warning label
D. mobile phones should be radiation-free
E. where it is geographically suitable to them
F. the growth rate of the disease accelerate
key:CDBEAF
PASSAGE 20
Financial Risks
Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.
Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk,__1__ which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or__2__. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.
Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk,__3__.
Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world#39;s major currencies have forced all marketers __4__. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. __5__, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
Exercise:
A to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning
B any other disagreement over which payment is withheld
C however, is competition
D so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market
E Before rates were permitted to float
F After serious consideration
Key: CBDAE
PASSAGE 21
Price Planning
A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing.
The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings__1__. An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer#39;s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power __2__. To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.
Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called,__3__: monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties.
A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles, __4__. This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.
From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand,__5__.
Exercise:
A a price contains all the terms of purchase
B obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer
C where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in
D available for other items
E prices are usually reduced by sellers
F price means what one pays for what he wants
key:BDACE
PASSAGE 22
What is a Profit
Entrepreneurship is directly responsible for production. The business person (entrepreneur) takes a cue from consumers in deciding what they want - or, in the case of a new product, __1__.
Profit means different things to different people. According to some public opinion polls, many people are not sure what it is, but they are sure __2__. Workers may look at profit as an unfairly large payment to the entrepreneur that deprives them of a higher wage. The business person thinks of profit __3__. During negotiations before the settlement of the second baseball strike in August, 1985, the Players#39; Association claimed the owners had made profits of $91 million, an accounting firm said owner profits were $43 million, and the owners insisted they had lost $9 million. The truth was that all three were correct. The disparity in the figures was due to the fact that each group was defining profit differently. Let us now see if we can develop a more exact definition of what profit is.
Gross profit is the difference between what a business firm sells its product for and what it costs to produce that product. The merchant buys $200,000 worth of merchandise during the year and sells it for $270,000. His gross profit is $70,000. The percentage difference between his cost and the selling price is 35 percent, and he calls this markup.
Net profit is __4__--rent, wages, and interest-and setting aside money to allow for the loss due to depreciation (wearing out) of capital. Our merchant has to subtract from his gross profit his payments for rent ($6,000), wages ($20,000), interest on money borrowed ($1,000), repairs and upkeep ($1,000), taxes ($1,000), electricity and other expenses $1,000. Expenses for operating the business come to $30,000. Gross profit is $70,000, and net profit is $40,000.
Economists have a narrower definition of what constitutes profit. They are concerned with payment for all the resources that have gone into production, __5__, like those listed above, or from inside the business.
Exercise:
A what profit really means
B it is too large and represents too much of the consumer#39;s dollar
C whether they come from outside the business
D as the difference between total revenue and total cost
E what the business person has left after paying expenses
F what they might want