公共英语考试测试题

2024-05-17

公共英语考试测试题(精选6篇)

篇1:公共英语考试测试题

Part B

Directions:

Read the following article in which five people talk about AIDS. For Question 36-40, match the name of each person to one of the statements( A-G)given below. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I.

Greg Logan:

These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. Until this dive, I had been ahead. But now, something else was more significant than winning. I might have endangered other

divers lives if I have spilled blood in the pool. For what I knew--that few others knew--was that I was HIV-positive. AIDS forced me to stop diving; I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics.

Margaret Chan:

It is reported that almost three million people in developing countries are now receiving drugs for HIV. This is an increase of almost one million people from two thousand and six. Still, the hope was to reach three million by two thousand and .five. But antiviral therapy, or ART, alone will not solve the problem. For every two persons we manage to provide them with ART, another five persons get infected. So again, we cannot underestimate the power of prevention.

Paula Green..

The disease robs the body of its natural defenses against infections. Almost seventy-five percent of people receiving HIV drugs are in Africa. The drugs help patients live longer without developing AIDS. An estimated nine million seven hundred thousand people in low and middle income

countries were in need of HIV treatment last year. However, by the end of the year, just over thirty percent of them were getting it.

Raymond Chow

Price reductions can be a main method to let more people with HIV, including more pregnant women, receive the drugs. Also, delivery systems should be redesigned to better serve individual countries and smaller health centers. And treatments should be simpler than in the past.

William Wang:

Huge barriers still remain in dealing with the AIDS epidemic. Getting patients to stay on their therapy is difficult. There are still large numbers of people who .do not get tested for HIV. And there are many others who get tested too late and die within months. Whats more, there is not enough joint treatment of HIV and the related infections that most often kill AIDS patients. And still another problem is the s

篇2:公共英语考试测试题

Part B

Directions:

Read the following article in which five people talk about AIDS. For Question 36-40, match the name of each person to one of the statements( A-G)given below. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I.

Greg Logan:

These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. Until this dive, I had been ahead. But now, something else was more significant than winning. I might have endangered other

divers lives if I have spilled blood in the pool. For what I knew--that few others knew--was that I was HIV-positive. AIDS forced me to stop diving; I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics.

Margaret Chan:

It is reported that almost three million people in developing countries are now receiving drugs for HIV. This is an increase of almost one million people from two thousand and six. Still, the hope was to reach three million by two thousand and .five. But antiviral therapy, or ART, alone will not solve the problem. For every two persons we manage to provide them with ART, another five persons get infected. So again, we cannot underestimate the power of prevention.

Paula Green..

The disease robs the body of its natural defenses against infections. Almost seventy-five percent of people receiving HIV drugs are in Africa. The drugs help patients live longer without developing AIDS. An estimated nine million seven hundred thousand people in low and middle income

countries were in need of HIV treatment last year. However, by the end of the year, just over thirty percent of them were getting it.

Raymond Chow

Price reductions can be a main method to let more people with HIV, including more pregnant women, receive the drugs. Also, delivery systems should be redesigned to better serve individual countries and smaller health centers. And treatments should be simpler than in the past.

William Wang:

Huge barriers still remain in dealing with the AIDS epidemic. Getting patients to stay on their therapy is difficult. There are still large numbers of people who .do not get tested for HIV. And there are many others who get tested too late and die within months. Whats more, there is not enough joint treatment of HIV and the related infections that most often kill AIDS patients. And still another problem is the s

篇3:高职公共英语口语测试体系的构建

1. 外语教学与外语测试。

语言教学与语言测试之间存在着一种相互依赖的关系,教学的有效性可以通过测试来加以检验,而我们从测试中得到的信息反馈也有助于改进和提高教学质量。外语测试是外语教学过程中的一个重要环节。外语测试的一个重要目的就是评估外语教学的质量,了解学生的外语学习状况,外语测试的另一个重要目的就是对参加测试额考生的外语能力做出判定。因此可以说,无论是对于教学组织者(如外语教师)还是对外语学习者来说,外语测试都有着十分重要的作用。

提及语言测试,我们便不得不谈到与之相关的两个重要概念,即测试的效度与信度。效度是指测试的有效性,即一套测试测的设计在多大程度上考查了设计人所想考的内容。效度的高低是衡量语言测试是否有效最重要的指标,它是语言测试的基本出发点。与效度相关的衡量语言测试的另一个重要指标即是语言测试的信度。信度是指考试结果的可靠性和稳定性。信度和效度是衡量测试质量的最重要的两项指标,保证测试的高信度和高效度是测试工作者追求的目标。

2. 语言测试的基本步骤。

任何科学有效的语言测试都需遵循一定的基本步骤。束定芳、庄智象(2008:173)概括了语言测试的以下几个步骤。

(1)明确测试性质。明确测试的类型、目的等本要素。

(2)确定测试要求。对测试内容、题型、时间等做出具体描述和规定。

(3)明确试卷格式和时间。

(4)明确考试标准要求。不通程度考试者所应达到的语言能力和标准应尽可能明确地描述出来。

(5)规定阅卷步骤。如果评分标准较为主观性的,对阅卷步骤的规定就极为重要。

(6)命题。

(7)预测。命题结束后,可在较小范围内进行一次预测,发现问题及时设法解决。

3. 口语测试设计的基本原则。

任何语言都是先有声后有形,因此口语在语言中占据着不可动摇的地位。学习语言的最终目的是将其作为一种交际工具来使用,而交际首先就应该是口头上的。可以说,没有口语测试的语言测试是不全面、不完整的。但是和阅读、写作等其他几种语言技能测试相比,口试测试是较难进行的。一方面是因为测试设计本身需要兼顾多种因素考虑,另一方面则是因为口语测试施行起来费时费力。而且口试测试评分较为主观,考生的口语测试评定往往依赖于一位或数位考官在测试时对考生口语表现所作的判定,其信度往往较低。

因此,在设计口语测试时,我们应注意测试设计的相关原则性问题。首先,应制定相应的考试规范,明确考试目的、考试能力范畴、考试对象、评分方法等具体事项。其次,为有效提高口试的信度,考官培训也是施行口试前必不可少的环节。最后,还应该注意口试时馈入的质量。馈入途径可以是视觉的,也可以是听觉的,馈入方法可以是语言的,也可以是非语言的。例如测试中高级口语能力的口试馈入可以要求考生在理解基础上进行概括、讨论和解释等,以便重新组织后进行表达。

二、高职公共英语口语测试体系的构建

1. 高职公共英语口试测试体系构建的必要性。

高等职业教育有着其自身的特点与要求。刘黛琳(2008:265)指出高等职业教育应贯彻以服务为宗旨,以就业为导向的办学宗旨,培养的人才必须最大限度地符合未来职业的要求。高职公共英语教学应着重培养学生在未来工作岗位上的外语应用能力。然后目前高职公共英语教学却面临着不少问题,相应的测试体系的构建也不尽如人意。祁杰(2010)曾指出目前高职高专公共英语测试体系主要存在以下两个问题:一是测试过分注重对学而生普通语言知识的考核而忽视了对其实际英语应用能力的考查;二是高职公共英语测试普遍缺乏对学生职场英语应用能力的考核,测试内容缺乏一定的“职业性”。

具体到口语测试,我们认为目前高职公共英语教学还缺乏较为统一和完善的口语测试体系,使得英语口语测试在各类高职高专院校中的施行带有较大的随意性。具体说来就是口语测试的性质和目的不明确,测试内容不够完善,测试标准要求不统一,评分带有较大的主观性,等等,这一系列的因素都直接影响到公共英语测试的信度和效度。只有一一解决了这些问题,才有可能建立较为统一和完善的高职公共英语口语测试体系,也才有可能让口语测试对公共英语教学(特别是口语教学)具有正面的反拨作用。口语测试作为最为直观额考查考生口头外语交际能力的测试形式,其测试体系的构建对整个高职公共英语教学来说,显得紧迫而又必要。

2. 明确口语测试模式,选择科学有效的口试题型。

口语测试测量的是考生的外语口头表达能力,对考生这一能力的测量最佳的方式自然是让考生开口说话,如考生和考官面对面地进行交流,我们将这一测试方式称之为直接型口试。直接型口试的形式很多,其中以面试最为常见。出于经济原则上的考虑,我们认为适合高职公共英语口语测试的口试模式应该是两名考官同时考查多名考生。两名考官,一名负责面试提问,另一名负责评判打分。一般是面试时先对多名考生轮流提问,然后引导考生们相互交谈或一起完成某项考试任务。这种口试模式采用地较为广泛,效率较高,可以较为全面地考查考生的口语能力。刘润清、韩宝成(2000:160)列举了多种常见的口语测试形式:朗读、问答、复述、看图说话、扮演角色、口头作文、讨论等。我们认为,以下几种形式较为符合目前高职高专公共英语教学实际,应作为固定的测试形式纳入公共英语口语测试体之中。

(1)朗读。可从学生所学的课文中选出若干难度适中,便于施行朗读测试的段落,要求学生当场朗读,重点考查学生的语音、语调。当然,考生的语音面貌并不等同于其口头表达能力。但高职高专学生的英语基础普遍较弱,在测试时采用较为简单的朗读形式有助于考生消解其考试焦虑情绪。

(2)问答。考官提问,考生回答应该是最为常见的一种口语测试形式。问题的选择应尽量紧贴考生的真实生活,让考生有话可说。问题不宜过多,以三到四个左右为宜。在提问的顺序上应呈现出一定的难易梯度,由易转难,便于考生发挥较为真实的口语水平。

(3)话题讨论。考官给出一定素材或者确定某一个话题,让多名考生之间展开相关的话题讨论,讨论前给予其短时间的准备。这一测试形式对考生而言具有较高的难度,不仅考查其自身的口头交际能力,而且考查其在交流讨论中与其他讨论参与者的沟通和协商能力。当然,话题讨论前后,考官都应该给予一定的指导与提示。

3. 运用科学有效的评分方法,注重对考官的考前培训。

选取何种评分方法是口语测试设计者需慎重考虑的一个重要问题,这一问题直接影响着口语测试的质量。邹申(2005)介绍了口语测试中常见的两种方法:整体评分法(holistic scoring)和分析评分法(analytic scoring)。整体评分法又称印象评分法,它是指考官根据自己的总体印象给考生打分的方法。与此不同的是,分析评分法则是对考生的口头表现按照口语能力中的构成要素分别评分,然后累加各方面算出总分或者换算成等级。这两种评分方法各有侧侧重,可优势互补。我们建议,在针对高职公共英语的口语测试中,可将两种评分方法融合起来加以应用。汪霞(2008)制定出融合两种评分方法的针对高职商务英语口语测试的评分细则,着重从准确性、连贯性、交际性、灵活性和恰当性这五个方面来考查考生的口语水平,并将学生的测试成绩划分为A、B、C、D四个等级。

另外,为了保证测试成绩的信度,我们还需要加强对考官的培训,努力建立一支高素质的考官队伍。高职院校中口语测试考官往往由该校英语教师兼任,受多种因素的影响,考官在评分时往往会带有一定的主观性和随意性,为了保证考试的公正客观,保证测试本身的信度,在考前对考官进行统一的培训显得尤为必要。这里值得注意的是,上文曾提到口语测试往往是由两位考官协作完成,因此在培训的时候,我们也应该有所侧重,对施考员和评分员的培训内容应加以区别。

4. 高职公共英语口语测试内容应具有一定的“职业性”。

刘黛琳(2008:265)指出高职高专公共英语教学应将与具体行业主要岗位(群)工作过程相关的英语内容组织到英语教学过程中来,以强化高职高专公共英语教学的实用性特征。与之相匹配,高职高专公共英语测试体系也应该具有一定的“职业性”,应重点考查考生在实际工作场景中的外语应用能力。祁杰(2010)提出构建适合高职高专公共英语教学的“1+X”测试体系,将对学生普通英语应用能力的考查与对其职场英语应用能力的考查共同纳入到公共英语测试体系之中。

我们认为,在设计公共英语口语测试中,在选取测试内容、设计测试题型时,应适当加入职场英语相关内容,考虑对学生职业英语应用能力的考查。突出口语测试的实用性特征,符合高职公共英语教学的特点与基本要求。

三、结语

口语测试作为外语测试中最为直接的考查考生外语口头表达能力的测试形式,是高职公共英语测试体系中相当重要的一个组成部分,对高职英语教学本身也有着很强的反拨作用。鉴于目前高职公共英语口语测试所面临的诸多问题与困难,我们认为,应该从高职院校公共英语口语教学现状出发,以相关测试理论为基准,设计出一套完整的、科学的、具有很强适用性和可操作性的高职公共英语口语测试体系,努力保证测试本身的信度和效度。从而进一步推动高职公共英语教学本身的进步和发展,做到教学与测试紧密结合,相互促进。

参考文献

[1]刘黛琳.高职高专外语教育发展报告[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2008.

[2]刘润清, 胡壮麟.语言测试和它的方法[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.

[3]邹申.语言测试[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2005.

[4]束定芳, 庄智象.现代外语教学理论、实践与方法[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2008.

[5]祁杰.高职高专公共英语“1+X”测试体系的构建[J].福建教育学院学报, 2010, (4) .

篇4:高职公共英语测试改革探讨

关键词:高职英语应用能力;公共英语;测试;改革

语言测试发展到今天已经成为一门专业性很强的独立的学科,有着自己的研究领域和研究方法。语言测试的主要目的是对被试者的语言能力作出准确、公正的测量。高职学生是高等教育中一个重要的群体,同时又有着自身的特点,国家教育部高教司根据高职教育面向职业岗位群的特点,明确了高职教育的目标为“培养从事生产、建设、服务、管理第一线需要的高等技术应用型人才”。因此,高职在教育理念、教学思想、教学内容、教学方法上要服从于这一总目标,高职英语测试研究也要在测量高职学生的英语应用能力,为高职学生就业提供依据的同时,为贯彻高职英语教学目标服务。2008年以来,柳州职业技术学院高职英语团队经反复研究,启动了新一轮测试制度的改革,并取得初步成果。此项改革重点解决两个问题:确定基本原则,制订评分标准。

一、高职英语测试现状

目前,高职学生参加的英语测试主要包括以下四种:第一种,学生参加全国性高职高专英语应用能力A级和B级考试。该测试体系根据《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》,面向高职高专院校非英语专业的学生以及成人大专生,以“实用为主,够用为度”宗旨,选择与现实生活极为相似的情景,或提供交际过程中真实的语言材料,在测量学生的语言知识和语言技巧的同时,测量学生的英语交际能力,重点考核学生在工作层面使用英语的能力。该测试对高职英语教学起着引导作用,愈来愈受到高职高专院校和用人单位的重视。第二种,学生参加全国性的大学英语四、六级考试。该测试面对非英语专业本科大学生,测试学生的英语交际能力,在国内的影响范围较大,具有一定的权威性,学生的通过证书也深受用人单位的重视。该测试侧重于语言技能的测试,着重于听、说、读、写能力的测试,有利于检验学生掌握基本语言知识和牢固程度。第三种,某些高职学院涉外学生参加的托业、托业桥或雅思考试。考试的成绩被涉外院校直接采用,决定着学生在国外留学时间的长短。这种测试在高职院校中面对特定的群体,不具备普遍性。但随着高职学生就学和就业的国际化发展,这种测试的需求也越来越大。第四种,校内终结性测试,即每个学期的期末考试,通常采用的是“一张试卷”的测试方式,这是学生最常参加的测试,也是直接检查教学效果和反馈教学的一种测试。这种测试由校内教师命题。有些学校是由任课的教师出题,任课教师阅卷;有些学校实行教考分离,即由校内教师命题编成试题库,从试题库出题,并由校内教师阅卷。

二、现行高职英语测试的基础与方向

根据教育部高等教育司《高职高专英语课程教学基本要求》规定,高职英语课程是高等职业教育学生必修的一门公共基础课程,是为培养面向生产、建设、服务和管理第一线需要的高技能人才的目标服务的。学生学英语的目的不是为了进行科学研究和学术性交流,而是为了提高基本人文素养或从事有关的涉外业务工作。其教学重点有二:一是注重应用能力,特别是实用能力的培养,根据“按需施教、学以致用”的原则,组织课程教学和项目訓练;二是突出实践环节教学,让学生根据专业学习的需要,根据就业岗位的需要,开展英语交际能力的实践训练。因此,要全面、系统、公正地评价学生的学习效果,就要从考核内容、考核形式、评价体系等方面进行系统规划,设计出一套相对完整、切实可行的能充分发挥考核功能及实现高职英语教学目的的考核制度。

三、高职英语测试的评分改革

在上述基本原则的指导下,我们确定了详细的评分标准,将平时评价与总结性评价相结合。注重平时评价,适当加大平时评价的成绩比重,平时评价包含基础训练与能力拓展两部分的评价内容,各占50%;采用自评(20%)、组评(30%)、师评(50%)三维度的评价方式(见过程性评价评分表);终结性评价在课程结束时对学生进行全面考核,以评价学生实际应用英语的能力,特别是用英语处理与未来职业相关的业务能力。共有主题汇报、编排英语戏剧剧目、英语演讲、影视配音四种类型的评价内容,具体考核内容由任课教师针对不同班级特点任选一项;采用自评(20%)、组评(30%)、师评(50%)三维度的评价方式(见终结性评价评分表)。

从改革的初步成果看,我们的理念和方向是正确的、可行的,对重理论、轻实践的传统进行了改革,突出了高等职业教育特征,充分发挥了考试的积极功能。科学全面的评价可以为教学的改进提供可靠的反馈信息和质量监控的导向,更可以对学生的全面发展起到诊断、鼓励和强化的作用,同时也符合用人单位的需求,满足学生可持续发展的要求,促进高素质高技能应用型人才的培养。

参考文献:

[1]桂诗春.标准化考试:理论,原理与方法[M].广州:广东高等教育出版社,1986.

[2]教育部《高等学校英语应用能力考试大纲》制订组.高等学校英语应用能力考试大纲和样题[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.

[3]教育部高等教育司高职高专英语课程教学基本要求[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.

[4]刘润清,韩宝成.语言测试和它的方法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.

[5]刘润清,胡壮麟.语言测试和它的方法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002.

[6]王汉澜.教育统计学[M].北京:教育科学出版社.1986.

篇5:公共英语考试测试题

单选(215)

1..2010年12月3币政策,增强宏观调控的针对性、灵活性、有效性。

2.鸡毛信和地雷战讲述了抗日战争时期的故事

4.下列哪一项尚未列入世界非物质文化遗产目录

A.中药 B南京云锦 CD

5.美国行为主义心理学家马杰(R、Mager)认为,教学设计是由三个基本问题所组成即“我要去哪里?”、“我如何去哪里?”、“我怎么判断我已经达到了哪里?”其中怎样判断我已经到了哪里是教学设计中的A教学目标B教学内容C教学手段D教学评价

6.下列哪些诗句是描写南京名胜古迹的7.一个等比数列,很简单的。比模拟题中的难度要小的多。

判断(1*5)

简答(16分)

1. 谈谈你对学生犯错写保证书的看法

2. 指出该教师设计小组教学中的问题,并给出提高小组活动的策略

英语学科知识

1.单选(10)

高考难度,涉及冠词,固定搭配,for fear of , in search of, in case that…etc, 定语从句等常考点。

2.完型

讲的是80后离婚率高的事情,题目很简单

3.阅读

1.给下列文章选择恰当的标题,类似10年的陕西卷,非常简单。

2.一篇关于教师反思性学习的文章,只有两个题,但是有深度。

3.任务型阅读,有一定的难度,关于怎么样调节压力等负面情绪的4.作文(20)

看图写作,低碳保护环境,有三幅图,骑车,节能灯,塑料袋,150词,包含图片所以内容

教学设计(30分)

高二英语,没有在牛津中找到原文,好像只有模块五有一个debate

试题给出的是 adebate: Effects of the internet on people

有正反两方陈述观点,要求:

1. 用英语解释划线词(2*5)

Skeptical, inaccuracy, advance knowledge, …

篇6:公共英语考试测试题

Stricter Traffic Law can Prevent Accidents

From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.

It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-years-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.

The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behaviour. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy tragic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.

It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be mad much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as to severe if tit results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.

1. The main idea of this passage is

[A] Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.

[B] Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.

[C] The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.

[D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.

2. What does the author think of society toward motorists?

[A] Society smiles on the motorists.

[B] Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.

[C] Victims of accidents are nothing.

[D] Society condones their rude driving.

3. Why does the author say:’ his car becomes the extension of his personality?’

[A] Driving can show his real self.

[B] Driving can show the other part of his personality.

[C] Driving can bring out his character.

[D] His car embodies his temper.

4. Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?

[A] Build more highways.

[B] Stricter driving tests.

[C] Test drivers every three years.

[D] raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.

5. The attitude of the author is

[A] ironical

[B] critical

[C] appealing

[D] militant

Vocabulary

1. immunise  使免疫,使免除

2. expectation of life = life expectancy  平均寿命

3. versus = against  对顶,反对

4. mutilate  伤害

5. wilful  任性的,固执的

6. benign  宽厚的,仁慈的

7. condone  宽容

8. desecrate  亵渎,玷污

9. code  法规,规定,惯例

10. stringent  严格的,紧急的,迫切的

11. performance  演出,成品,这里car’s behavior such as speed, function etc.可译成行为,汽车行为、功能等。

难句译注

1. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.

【参考译文】人和汽车对抗!这是一场人类永远是输家的无休止的战斗。

2. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.

【参考译文】应当禁止所有强调力量和表现行为的广告。

写作方法与文章大意

文章论述“交通事故”,采用因果、对比手法。从人的平均寿命增加和交通事故率成正比谈起,触及事故率上升的原因,要求制定更严格的法规予以制止种种造成事故的不良行为。

答案详解

1.D  只有更严格的交通法规才能制止交通事故。这在最后一段的结论中体现的最清楚。前面几段只是讲造成事故的种种原因。其目的就是:“是制定世界交通法规以减少无谓的生命浪费的时候了。对于开车,有些国家的法规太松弛,甚至最严格的国家也不够严格。世界公认之法律只可能对交通事故率起大大降低的作用(有非常好的效果。)”这里列出几件要干的事:“驾驶测试应当标准化,比现在的要严格;所有死机每三年考核一次;年轻人驾车的允许年龄应提高到21岁;全部机动车每年都应经过严格的安全测试(测定其安全性)……这些步骤可能听起来异常严厉,可是,如果其结果事减少每年死伤人数的话,就不存在什么太严格的事了。”

A. 主要是机动车死机造成的交通事故。

B. 全世界每年有几千人丧生。

C. 有些国家的交通法规太松弛。这三道答案都是文中谈到某一点,不能作为中心目的。

2.D  社会宽容这种野蛮开车行径。答案就在第三段:“令人惊讶的是社会对司机宽厚地笑笑,似乎宽容他们的行为。一切都为他们的方便而干。人们允许城市由于交通拥挤而几乎不能居住了,大型停车场把城镇“弄得”丑陋不堪,公路网玷污了乡村,每年大量的杀伤仅仅成为统计数字,被很容易地忘记。”

A. 社会对司机笑容可掬。

B. 大型停车场建在市和镇上。

C. 交通死难者等于零。这三项都只是第三段的一个个具体事实。社会正是通过这一件件事来宽容司机野蛮开车,而造成事故。

3. A  “他的车就是他个性的外延”这句话就体现了“开车表现他真正的自我,真实的个性”。第二段讲的很清楚:“这么说完全正确:当一个人坐在方向盘后,他的车就成为他个性的外延。毫无疑问,汽车常常表现了人之最坏的品质。平常很安详愉快的人一坐在方向盘后可能就变得难以认识。他们咒骂、行为差劲、好斗、固执、任性得就像两岁的孩子。他们所有隐藏的失落、失望和忌妒感,似乎都在开车中暴露出来”。

B. 表现他个性的另一面。

C. 表现了他的性格。

D. 他的车体现了他的脾气秉性。只是表现自我中的某个事实。

4.A  只有建更多高速公路。没有提。

B. 更难的测试。

C. 每三年对司机进行一次考察。

D. 提高年龄段和制定安全条例。都提到。见第一题译注。

5.B  批评的态度。文章第一、二、三段指出了造成交通事故的原因,呼吁各国制定严格的交通法规,批评现有的交通法规松弛不严格,最后指出世界是人类的,不是摩托车的等等,都说明作者对上述种种都具批评的态度。

A. 讽刺的。

C. 哀求的、呼吁的。

D. 富有战斗性的。

测试试题二:

Dropouts for Ph. D. s

Educators are seriously concerned aboutthe high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and theconsequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed thedropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however,largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study waspublished. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent toformer graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed toshow many past fears to be groundless.

The dropouts rate was found to be 31per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D.requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing wellfinancially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levelsof those who went on to complete their doctorates.

Discussing the study lastweek, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concernfrequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of theindividuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing therequirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to bea waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources alreadybeing used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage ofhighly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuadingthe dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’

“Theresults of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support theseopinions.”

1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for droppingout.

2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as wasconsistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.

3. Mostdropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education andmotivation.

Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academicreason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failureto pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to passlanguage exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified bydropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was markedby 19 per cent.

As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chartshowed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none ofthe Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ‘s shone inthe $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for thedropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in theacademic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are stilllagging behind other fields.

As to the possibility of getting dropouts backon campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevailfor at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduateschool would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level ofincome and in some cases their present job.

1. The author states thatmany educators feel that

[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts backto campus.

[B] the fropouts should return to a lower quality school tocontinue their study.

[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjustedperson than the dropout.

[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributableto the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.

2. Research hasshown that

[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financialattainment.

[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph.D. studies.

[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field ofspecialization if he drops out.

[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D.work do not complete the work to earn the degree.

3. Meeting foreignlanguage requirements for the Ph. D.

[A] is the most frequent reason fordropping out.

[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for thehumanities candidate.

[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D.programs.

[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.

4. Afterreading the article, one would refrain from concluding that

[A] optimismreigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of thedegree.

[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes tolearn the degree.

[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial numberof Ph. D. dropouts.

[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve innonacademic positions.

5. It can be inferred that the high rate ofdropouts lies in

[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.

[B] academic requirementtoo high.

[C] salary for dropouts too high.

[D] 1000positions.

Vocabulary

1.dropout  辍学者,中途退学

2.well-rounded  全面的

3.attrition  缩/减员,磨损

4.drain  枯竭

5.bracket  一类人,(尤指按收入分类的)阶层

6.lagging behind other fields  落后于其它领域

7.glum  阴郁的

难句译注

1.Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate ofdropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss oftalent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.

「参考译文」教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学的高比率;这对迫切需要博士生的国家是一个人才方面的严重损失。

2.It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who wereenrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to begroundless.

「结构分析」sent过去分词,修饰questionnaires.Who定语从句修饰students.

「参考译文」这份全面调查报告是以2份调查表分送给以前在24所大学就读的博士生为基础的。这份全面调查报告似乎说明过去许多担心害怕是没有根据的。

3.Attritionat the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and adrain on university resources already being used to capacity.

「结构分析」被动句。Tocapacity满额,全力。

「参考译文」博士水平的人员的缩减被认为是宝贵的教授时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的枯竭。

4.This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academicfields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still laggingbehind other fields.

「结构分析」the fact的同位语that从句中的where是定语从句,修饰academicfields.

「参考译文」这也可能表明这样一个事实:在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中,高工资仍然落后于其它领域。

写作方法与文章大意

这是一篇论及“博士生辍学”的文章。采用对比和因果手法。文章一开始就提出教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学达50%的问题。而调查报告证明,只有31%。辍学造成不良后果,有人建议中途退学者回炉再念博士学位学业。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。

答案详解

1.A.许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习,特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话:“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”

B.辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。

C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。

D.高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。

2.D.约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句:“辍学率为31%。大多数情况下,辍学人不能完成博士学位学业,就去从事生产性工作”。

A.辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段:“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明,统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲,没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78%,辍学者仅为50%。“

B.在博士学习中刺激因素较小。

C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。

3.C.博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示:“约75%的退学者说,他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因,而处于学术原因的退学者提出:难以通过资格考试,难以完成研究,通不过外语考试“。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。

A.它是退学最频繁的原因。

B. 它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。

D.它在大学中的难度并没有不同。

4. A.读完这篇文章,人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末:“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件(包括返回校园之意见):⑴缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。⑵大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。⑶大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。“最后一段:”至于返回校园的可能性,前景不乐观。至少有25%的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读,条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平,有些还要保留他们目前的工作。“

B.博士生退学者,大体而论,并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。

C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。

D.博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。

B.C.两项文内没提。D.不对,参见难句译注4.

5. A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A.的译注和难句译注4.

B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。

C.辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。

D. 职位低。文内没有提。

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