新编英语教程6教案

2024-05-07

新编英语教程6教案(共6篇)

篇1:新编英语教程6教案

Unit Six TEXT I

DULL WORK Eric Hoffer

Objectives: To catch the central idea of each paragraph.To discuss that eventful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Pre-class work:

Find out more about the figures mentioned in the text than those provided in the notes: Amos, Socrates, Omar, Jesus Christ, Albert Einstein, Niccolo Machiavelli, Immanuel Kant, John Keats, Sophocles, John Milton, Benvenuto Cellini.Pre-reading Questions: 1.Do you think you can achieve much if you live a plain, ordinary life? 2.Does monotonous, routine work dull one’s mind?

In-reading Comprehension Para.1 1.There seems to be general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine;that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best.to do their best: to achieve their potential creativeness;to best exercise their talent(comp.3-1)

It is generally believed that a colorless life can freeze a creative mind, and only a colorful life can inspire a man to creative work.2.Tell about this para.in your own words.There is an assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine life, and they need a colorful life;while dull people are suited for dull work.The present-day young are more brilliant than the young of the past because they are better educated.Therefore they prefer a colorful life to a dull, routine one.3.What is the purpose of this para.?

This is an introductory para.to put forward an assumption(successful mendull, routine life)so as to raise a question: Is the assumption right or wrong? Para.2 1.What is the ‘opposite’ that H says is ‘nearer the truth’? What is the purpose of this para.?(comp.3-2)

As it goes in the 1st sentence, the successful men do not crave for(= long for)colorful life.The contrary is also true(反过来说): people who achieve much are often those content with the routine, uneventful life they live, or, the successful men are satisfied with the routine/uneventful/colorless life they are leading.This is the central idea of this para.and H supports it by citing examples of some well-reputed men who led a colorless routine life.2.Identify those great figures mentioned in this para.and say something about them.Amos the sheepherder: a minor prophet in the Old Testament 阿摩斯,旧约中12个小先知中的第三名

Socrates the stonemason: Greek philosopher well known for his sophistry

Socrates of Athens, who flurished in the last half of the 5th century, was the 1st of the great trio of ancient Greekswho laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.He was born in or about 470 BC.His father Sophroniscus was a sculptor, mother a midwife, 3 sons, one an infant.There were 2 counts in the accusation: ‘corruption of the young’ and ‘neglect of the gods whom the city worships and the practice of religious novelties.’ An escape was planned by his freind Crito, but S refused to hear of it, on the grounds that the verdict, though contrary to the fact, was that of a legitimate court and must therefore be obeyed.The story of his last day, with his drinking of the hemlock, has been perfectly told in the Phaedo of Plato.Though a good fighting man, his outward appearance was grotesque.Stout and not tall with prominent eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils, and wide mouth, he seemed a very Silenus.But as his freinds knew, he was ‘all glorious within,’ ‘the most upright man of that day.’(Plato)

Omar the tentmaker: Persian astronomer and poet

Jesus Christ: 上帝的独生子。大约罗马建城748年,在犹太的伯利恒,童贞女玛利亚由圣灵感孕生下耶酥,由约瑟抚养成人。出世不久,有几个博士从东方来到耶路撒冷,说是来拜生下来作犹太之王的人,因为他们在东方看到了他的星。犹太王希律听说后,心里十分不安,派人到处寻觅,找不着,便命把二周岁以内的男孩全部杀死。耶酥一家逃到埃及才得以幸免。耶酥回国来到拿撒勒作工匠,30多岁时施洗约翰在约旦河给他施洗,而后圣灵引他去接受魔鬼的试探,此后成为救世主。他召了12个门徒,和他们一起到犹太各地传教,要人们严守诫条。后来他的门徒加略人犹大为30块钱出卖了他,把他拘送到马总督彼拉多那里,他被钉死在十字架上。死后第三日复活,多次向门徒显现。复活后第一十日升天,第五十日差谴圣灵降临。众门徒领圣灵,开始传教。

Albert Einstein(1879-1955): German-American scientist and one of the greatest of all time, is best known as the special and general theories of relativity.From 1896-1900, he was a student at the Polytechnic Institute of Zurich, Switzerland.From 1902-1909, he was hired by the Swiss Patent Office at Berne as ‘Probationary technical expert, third class’.It was in 1905 that he published 4 papers of major importance in the journal Annalen der Physik, including his first memoirs on special relativity.Later it was revealed that, although it took him only 5 weeks to write his first paper on relativity despite working all day at the patent office, he had been mediating since he was 16 on the fundamental problem concerning the velocity of light that gave rise to this theory.Niccolo Machiavelli: Florentine statesman and political philosopher.His removal from political activity forced him to a retired life and to enter the career of a political writer.Immanuel Kant(1724-1804): German philosopher.His attempt to define precisely the domain of rational understanding is a landmark in Western thought.On the one hand, he opposed Hume’s skepticism, the idea that pure reason is of no real use in understanding the world, and on the other hand, he challenged Enlightenment faith in the unlimited scope of reason.The basic formulation of what is called his critical philosophy is contained in the Critique of Pure Reason(1781), the Critique of Practical Reason(1788), and the Critique of Judgment(1790).The quiet regularity of Kant’s everyday life in Konisberg, where he was a university professor(1770-1804), became proverbial.According to an anecdote of Heinrich Heine(1797-1856), German poet, satirist and journalist, the residents of the town set their watches by Kant’s daily walks.So, the purpose of this para.is to show that the lives of many truly great men are extremely ordinary.Or, people who achieve do not necessarily live eventful lives.Para.3 1.Tell what you know about John Keats and Sophocles.John Keats(1795-1821): probably the most talented of English romantic poets.Long poems as Isabella, Lamia, The Eve of St.Agnes, shorter poems as Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂, Ode to Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale.Sophocles: 2nd of classical Athens’ 3 great writers of tragedycapacity for concentration, i.e.the curiosity of the immature to be interested;mature-inner resources to turn the dullness of work to good avail).This is why H put them into one category.2.Who are the really dull people, according to H? And why?(comp.3-8)

The adolescents.They lack the inner resources of the mature to turn the dullness of work to good avail, and the curiosity of the immature to be interested.3.What does this essay tell us?

Dull people cannot stand dull work so that they can hardly accomplish anything when at leisure or in solitary.They love eventful life life, but this kind of life exhausts them rather than stimulates.Only those who find dull life endurable can derive something from it(this is creativeness)and achieve something.So they may become successful.*** What is the purpose of H’s writing?(comp.1-D)

To convince that creativeness of a man’s mind is primary to what he can achieve.Post-reading discussion Step one: Organization and Development 1.The title of the essay ‘Dull Work’ only tells us what the author is going to focus on but not what he thinks of it.Can you find his thesis statement in the essay? If not, can you summarize in one sentence H’s view on dull work?(Org.& Devl.)

No.What a man achieves does not depend on the type of work he does, or the life experiences he has;rather, it depends on his ability to transmute what seems dull and routine into what is momentous.2.What is H’s main technique to demonstrate his thesis?

H cites numerous examples.3.How does he arrange the examples?

Well-reputed men are cited before his own experience.4.How does his argument go?

The possible harmful effect of an eventful life is illustrated only after he has made it clear that an eventful life is not a must for creative achievement.Step two: Comp.2 Step three: Discussion

Discuss that eventful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.(LW 8)

TEXT II

DOING CHORES August Heckscher

1.Read the text before class and prepare for the answers to the questions in the textbook.2.Go through the text within 2 minutes in class and discuss the questions.8

篇2:新编英语教程6教案

推迟的艺术

"今天能做的事情决不要推到明天。”切斯特菲尔德伯爵在1794年劝告儿子时说道,但是这位文雅的伯爵却从没有抽出时间来完成与孩子母亲的婚礼,也没有戒除让约翰逊博士此类名人在接待室久候的坏习惯,这足以证明,即使是有心人,也绝非毫无拖延,罗马的一位大将军昆塔斯 费边 马克西姆斯为了赢得尽可能多的喘息机会,推迟战斗时间,被冠以“拖延者”。摩西为了使自己向法老传递耶和华法令过程中的犹豫合理化,颓唐语言有缺陷,当然,哈姆雷特把延迟上升为一种艺术形式。

世界上的人基本上可以分成均匀的两半:拖延者和马上行动者。有些人二月份就准备好了个人所得税,预先偿还抵押借款,在常人难以忍受的6点半钟准时吃饭,而另外一些人则乐于在9点或10点钟时吃些剩菜剩饭,错放帐单和文件以期延长缴税的期限。他们非要等到警告声变成恐吓声才肯去支付信用卡的帐单。就象浮士德所遭遇的那样,他们推迟去理发店,看牙医或医生。

尽管延误会带来诸多不便,但延迟经常可以激发和唤醒具有创新意识的灵魂。写下许多成功小说和剧本的作家琼克尔说到,她要把厨房每个汤罐头和酱瓶子上的标签看上一遍后,才能安心坐在打字机旁。许多作家都关注着他们任务之外的大小琐事,譬如关注在缅因州法国人海湾和巴尔海港进行的海岸和土地测量,其中的地名,如古今斯暗礁、不伦特池塘、海鸥小山、伯恩特豪猪、朗豪猪、希波豪猪以及鲍尔德豪猪岛,都激起了他们的想象。

从“拖延者”年代到当今世纪,推迟的艺术实际上被军事(“赶快和等一下”)、外交和法律垄断了。在过去的年代里,英国殖民地总督可以手中拿着杯酒,安逸的思考民族叛乱的形势,他应该庆幸没有电传和打印机在一旁喋喋不休地传递着命令,一会儿是增加机关枪啊一会儿又是增派军队啊。直到二战时,美国将军还可以和敌方将军达成协议,休一天运动假,去掠夺村民的鸡和酒,明日再战。律师是世界上最上瘾的延误者。据一个来自贝弗利山的,号称从不拖延的推销员弗兰克.内森叙说,“没有留下遗嘱就去世的律师数不胜数。”

无志者,事也成。当然,慢性拖延和刻意拖延是有差别的,特别是在高层商业中。美国银行集团总裁理查德·曼德巴赫说,企业动态学鼓励谨慎行事,由此滋生了延迟。他提到,快速行动往往会进入尴尬的局面和付出沉重的代价,数据爆炸刺激了一些懒惰的人以此为借口——另一个报告等着读,另一个权威等着咨询。曼德巴赫说:“数据的充足和泛滥之间总有条微妙的分界线。”

他的观点广为接受。官僚化在政府负担日益加重和社会形势的日益复杂的温室中滋长。它旨在用条文主义、妥协和重新评估来包庇政策制定者——以此防止做出草率决定。水门事件时期的政府所表现出来的中央集权化已经蔓延至经济机构等等广阔的领域,使得拖延成为世界范围的一种生活方式。有关推迟的短语星罗棋布在各种语言中——从西班牙的manana(在将来某个不确定时间)到阿拉伯的bukrafilmishimash(字面意思是“明天的杏树”,其含义是“等到花儿也开了”。)

学术界也很尊崇拖延。南加利福尼亚大学社会学家伯纳德*斯克拉每天辛辛苦苦才写出三至五页的东西来。他坦称:“我很多朋友对着白纸是都感到很痛苦。我们有很多合理的理由;教学压力,家庭责任,查看新书,搜索注脚。”

心理学叫坚决认为女人是最坚持不懈的迟延者,虽然很多心理学家(每小时加收50美金)本人就非常拖拉。拉尔夫*格林森博士是加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的临床精神病疗法的教授(他曾是玛丽莲*梦露的精神病医师),看待延迟时比较温和。他说:“很多人都在回避,逃避,拖延揭露真相的那一刻,直到最迟的极限为此。”但是佐治亚州心理学家乔恩*费根认为,迟延是潜意识用来区分事情重要性级别的一种方式。“当我拖延时,一般总是存在着某种缘由。”费根说,“我能感觉到它,但是我也说不出个之所以然。”

事实上,迟延有着悠久而光荣的历史,它意味着如果推迟些许时间,许多主意和决定就有可能得到改善,推迟做决定本身就是一个决定,这不无道理。议会过程的实质就是一个迟延和慎重的体系。就此而论,名画,乐章,书籍或者布兰西姆府邸的建筑物也是如此。布兰西姆府邸耗用了马尔伯勒公爵的建筑师及工人们15年的时间才建成。在这个过程中,设计可能不断成熟及完善。确实,仓促会葬送了雅致。《时之剑》的作者T*H*怀特曾写道,时间“并不是注定要一小时一小时,或者一天一天的耗费掉,而是应该细腻地、缓慢地、从容地品尝一番。”换句话说,我们应该这样说:今天不必要做的事,无论如何要推到明天来完成。

第三单元

墙壁与障碍

我父亲立即对位于纽约市第43大街和第5大道交汇处的银行大楼作出了明确反应。“你不会看见我把钱存在那的!”他断言,“不会存在那个玻璃箱子里的!”

我的父亲当然是一名守旧的绅士,对他们那代人来说,大量现代的建筑都会让人身心交疲。但是我怀疑—我不只是怀疑,我确信—他之所以会做出消极反应,与其说是因为建筑物,倒不如说是人们侵犯了他对金钱本质的看法。

他们那一代人把金钱看成是像金条、钞票和硬币这样有形的物品,可以拿起,可以携带,也可以被人偷走。因此,为了吸引明智的人经常存钱,银行必须要建有厚重的墙壁、装了栅栏的窗户和青铜制成的大门,以便证明金钱存在银行里面是安全的的这一情况,而不管这个情况是多么不真实。如果一座大楼的设计在表面上看起来固若金汤,那么这一机构必然安全,厚重的墙壁作为一种建筑象征,其意义就在于它表示了人们对金钱的普遍态度,而不在于它在美学理论上展现出来的美感。

但是那样一种看待金钱的态度当然已经改变了,除了零用钱之外,人们现在几乎不用任何形式的现金。金钱作为一种有形物品在很大程度上被信用这种簿记银行业务的东西代替了。巨大的扩展伴随着经济赤字,让我们认为金钱是创造性想象的产物。银行家不再为我们提供一种服务,其中最为重要的东西就是干劲和发明巨大数目的创造力。考虑到他们态度上的这一改变。我们正在见证拥有厚重墙壁的银行小时也就根本不足为奇了。我父亲非常不信任制造商信托银行,因为它是一个巨大的立方体玻璃笼子。虽然其内部灯火通明,甚至可与朗朗晴日相媲美,但是它根本就没有把其通往金库的门道隔离起来,也没有派人把守,相反却把它装饰成了一个展示的橱窗。

就像先前的银行断言自己牢不可破一样,这家银行也以其建筑具有想象力而感到自豪。从这一点来说,人们很难说清楚建筑在什么地方结束,人类的断言在什么地方开始。事实上,两者没有这样的分界线,它们合二为一,是相同的。

新的建筑批判主义把建筑理解成为表达人类态度、偏见、禁忌和想法的一种媒介。这正是它与古典美学的不同之处。后者依赖纯粹的比例和布局等这些因素来作为其艺术判断的基础,在一个社会和心理学的时代,墙壁已不仅仅是墙壁,它们还是人类大脑当中障碍的一种物质象征。

例如,在原始社会,人们把世界想象成为一个巨大无边、令人恐惧、怀有恶意、人类无法控制的东西。因此他们用巨大的石头建起了厚重的墙壁。只有呆在墙壁的后面,他们才会感觉到自己置身于一个可以控制、安全可靠的限定空间之内。这些厚重的墙壁表明,人们害怕外部的世界,不管保护措施是多么的虚无飘渺,人们也需要找到它,有人可能会争辩说,当时的技术尚未发展起来,人们无法建筑更为精巧的墙壁。这当然也很正确。但是,首先仍然是对世界的害怕这一态度而非技术使得人们想要建筑墙壁。恐惧越大,墙壁就越厚。我们甚至发现,古代的国王的陵墓实际上全部都是由墙壁构成的,其最大的恐惧就是害怕腐烂。

接着就有了隐私这个问题,因为它已经变得很易受到质疑。在地中海的某些文化当中,值得人们那么害怕的不是自然世界而是人类世界。人类肮脏龌龊、好打听是非、卑鄙下流、且充满危险、即使人们有钱四处走动也会穿戴着各种乱七八糟的东西用来护体,妇女很少四处走动,如果她们想要走动一下的话,也会戴着厚厚的面纱,人们的房子四周围着墙壁,房子不是向外面是向里面朝着天井这表明人们普遍坚信,只有通过向里看,只有通过从事个人的私人生活而不是参加公众生活才能发现生活当中的优点和价值,当时的哲学强调沉思冥想,装饰艺术也非常的复杂,这跟墙壁本身一样也阐明了上述态度。

我们今天的感觉就不同了,首先,我们更为强烈地依赖对人类敌对行为的控制,更为依赖法律法规和社会习俗及随叫随到的机动警察,而不是有形的障碍,我们不像我们的祖先那样珍视隐私。我们的女人被他们看见,并被赞美,我们会感到骄傲,说到我们的家庭,情况也是一样。我们不会寻求孤独。事实上,如果我们一旦发现自己孤独一人的时候,我们就会轻轻地打开开关,通过电视屏幕把整个世界都请进家门。因此,我们废弃围在四周的厚重墙壁,用薄薄金属片和玻璃建造起膜状隔挡物也就不是那么让人惊奇了。

今天,墙壁的主要功能就是把外面可能令人不快的空气与我们在里面创造的受到控制的温度和湿度条件隔离开来。虽然明显还是有很多人会对高度透明的条件下吃饭、睡觉、穿衣心存不安,要求墙壁至少给予他们一种适当屏蔽的感觉,但是玻璃仍可实现上述的功能。像他们这样害羞的人的数目正在减少,虽然康涅狄格州菲利普·约翰逊房屋受到多人的赞美,在很多地方都被模仿,但是它四周却用的是玻璃墙壁,盥洗室才是唯一能够找到真正隐私的地方,其装饰方面的忌讳至少在康涅狄格州仍未被打破。

在强调一遍,我们关于自己与世界的关系看法真正发生改变,正是这些正在改变的看法而不是先进技术决定了我们会修建什么样的墙壁。玻璃墙表明人们坚信它能够而且的的确确掌握了自然和社会。“开放的计划”和一览无遗的景色与其通过不断丰硕的科学成就来最终解决各种问题的信念是一致的。这可能就是为什么我们当中水平最高,最具远见的人们会在玻璃屋子里面生活、工作的原因了吧。甚至我们害怕人造石块的原因也被分析出来了。

第六单元

乏味的工作

似乎人们普遍认为杰出之人无法忍受循规蹈矩:为了做到最好,他们需要一种多姿多彩、兴奋不已的生活。同时,人们认为无趣之人特别适合做乏味的工作。我们知道,当今年轻一代非常反对工厂工作的枯燥无味,原因是与过去的年轻人相比,他们不仅得到了更好的教育,也变得更加聪明。

事实上并没有证据证明富有成就的人希望繁忙充实的生活,更不用说他们正在过这样的生活,而事实却几乎适得其反。人们可以想象牧羊人阿摩司,石匠苏格拉底,帐篷制作者欧玛尔。或许耶稣在做单调的木工时就有了他的第一次发现;爱因斯坦在瑞士一家专利局当职员时就得出了相对论;在一个小乡镇的枯燥生活中,马基雅弗利所仅有的乐趣只是与客栈里的骡夫玩玩牌,而就在这样的生活中他却写出了《王子》和《论述》两本著作;伊曼纽尔·康德天天过着一成不变的生活------当加里宁格勒的家庭主妇们看到他去大学校园路过时,他们就调整时钟,因为不论晴雨,他每天上午都会取其道而行,他从加里宁格勒到学校的最远距离就是六十英里。

人类创造性的典型特征表现为可以把细微的刺激转化为巨大的成果,人类的伟大在于能够处理细小的苦楚于快乐,能够处理好普通的生理压力和欲望。“当有些烦恼时,”济慈写道:“在五分钟内就转化成索福克勒斯的题材。”对于富有创造性的个体来说,所有经验都有可创性———所有事件都有源于新见解和新洞察力的等同属性——人的超凡特性可以使平凡和普通的事物转化成非凡的事物。

繁忙充实的生活往往在消耗而不是在刺激.1640年,弥尔顿曾是一位前途无量的诗人,他在清教革命变故的环境中度过了20年毫无建树的岁月.革命失败后,他在屈辱中实现了自己的伟大前程.切利尼在振奋人心的生活当中失去了本该成为伟大艺术家的机会.毫无疑问,如果马基雅弗利被允许继续从事弗洛伦萨的外交工作,继续执行令人生趣的使命,那么他就不可能写出那些伟大的著作.通常情况下,往往是平庸的诗人,作家等等才会专注于激发事件以释放他们的创造源泉.可以这样认为,生产线的工作拙其才能,乏其思想,唯一可取的良药是更高的工资,更少的工作时间.然而,在作为一名普通工人的五十年时间里,我发现循规蹈矩的工作可以与活跃的思想并存.在码头做枯燥重复的工作期间,在与工友们谈天的同时,我可以在脑海深处构思篇章语句.我过去从中得到快乐,至今仍回味无穷,过去的生活似乎很愉快。如果工作能让我饶有兴趣,就不可能在上班时间或甚至在下班后的自由时间有机会去做任何思考和创作。

如果发现难以忍受乏味的工作,这样的人经常是那些在闲暇时不知所措的人。儿童和成年人能从循规蹈矩的事情中获得新生,而青少年则因失去了儿时的专注精神,并且缺乏成年人的内在因素,所以需要用刺激和新奇来消除其厌倦心理。7美

美之于古希腊人是一种德性,一种美德。今天看来,他们就是我们如今所谓的“全面的人”,虽然这个称呼有点不理直气壮,并且带有嫉妒之意。倘若让古希腊人区分一个人的“内在”和“外在”,他们仍期望内在美是需要与其他种类之美相匹配的。那些聚集在苏格拉底身边的雅典青年人发现自己的偶像是如此得聪慧、勇敢、正直、充满诱惑力,而同时又那么得丑,这是多么自相矛盾啊。而苏格拉底主要的教学手段之一即为“丑”,告诉这些天真却拥有毋庸置疑般美貌的门生,真正的人生是充满悖论的。

他们或许能够抗拒苏格拉底的学说。而我们做不到。几千年以后,美的魅惑使我们更加疲惫。我们不仅仅用最容易的方式将“内在”(性格,心智)和“外在”(外貌)割离开来,同时我们也对那些既有美貌亦有智慧天赋之人,感到诧异。

美在古典时期是理想的人类美德,而将其从这中心位置赶走的首要原因来自基督教的影响。通过美德(拉丁语为virtus)的概念限定到仅仅指伦理道德的范畴,基督教放逐了“美”—— 它成为一种异化的,武断的,肤浅的诱惑。同时美不断丢失了它原本的名声。到二世纪末的时候,美成为一种既定概念,仅用于修饰两性之的一个性别:这个性别虽然是悦目的,但却处于第二位。将美与女性联系起来,使得美的概念在道德层面上更加脆弱。

在英语里,我们说一位女子是美丽的。但是我们却说一位男子是英俊的。“英俊”是其阳性的等同词,同时拒绝一种带有某些贬义暗示的赞扬,而这种赞扬是仅用于女性的。在法语和意大利语里,人们可以称男子是“美丽的”,这暗示着这些天主教国家依旧保留了前基督教时期欣赏“美”的痕迹,而这些痕迹在新教国家中已经荡然无存。但即使存在,差别也只是程度不同而已。在任何一个基督教或者后基督教国家里,女性就是那个美丽的性别——既损害了美这个概念,也损害了女性这个概念。

被称为“美”意味着要列举出一些对女性来说必要的特征和她们所关心的事物。(和男性不同,他们的核心是强壮、有效率,或者有能力。)那些拥有超前女性意识的人将很容易就能感受到,让女性和“美”联系起来,会助长她们孤芳自赏的态度,也会让她们更加有依赖性且不成熟。所有人(女性和男性)都认识到这点。因为“所有人”,整个社会,都很明确,作为女性就应该关心长相。(作为男性则不同:他们身份的确认是关注于某人是谁,做什么的,而长相即使并非一无是处,至少也是其次的。)有了这些老套的看法,我们就不难明白,即使从最好的方面来看,为什么“美”也有着褒贬不一的名声。

当然,对美的崇拜并没有什么错,错就错在认为美是一种义务,并且试图想要变美。作为她们性别的一种讨好的理想化状态,大多数女性都可以接受的方式是,让她们觉得自己比实际情况来的差劲。因为美的理想境界就是受制于一种自我对立的状态。人们教导女性要从各部分区看待她们的身体,并且要分别评价每一个部分。胸部、腿、臀部、腰、颈、眼睛、鼻子、肤色、头发等等——每一部分都需要一番焦虑、苦恼,甚至绝望的审查。即使有些部分符合要求,但总有地方永远是希望更好一些的。只有完美无瑕了,才能无可挑剔。

在男人之中,好的外表是一个整体,是那种一眼扫过的东西。并不需要通过测量身体每个部分来做出最后的确认。没有人会鼓励男性去一部分一部分地细查自己的外貌。至于完美,那是被认为无关紧要的,并且几乎是不男性化的。的确,对于一些理想中的美男子,一点小瑕疵反而是让人喜欢的。有一位电影评论家(女性),她是Robert Redford的影迷,她觉得正是因为其脸颊一侧有一颗肉色的痣,才使得Redford不被仅仅认为有一张“漂亮的脸蛋”。想想这个评价里既暗示了对女性的贬低,也暗示了对“美”的贬低。

Cocteau曾说:“美的特权是无限的。”毫无疑问,美是一种力量形式,并且理因如此。但遗憾的是,如今人们只鼓励大多数的女性去追求这种力量。这种力量的制造总是和男性联系起来。这力量不是去做什么,而是去吸引什么的。这种力量否定了自身。因为这种力量并不是一个人所能自我选择的,至少不是女性可以自我选择的,或者说如果她们声称要放弃这种力量的话,是要受到社会谴责的。

对女性来说,梳妆打扮不仅仅是一份乐趣,更是一种责任,是她的工作。如果一位女士做着实际的工作,乃至她在政治、法律、医学、商界或别的什么领域爬到了领导层位置,她也总是背负着压力,时刻要确保她在工作的时候还保持着吸引人的魅力。但只要她仍然是“悦目的性别”中的一员,那她就一直要受到质疑——是否有能力保持客观、专业、权威和缜密。如果真成为了那样的人,那这样的女人真糟透了!如果她们不是这样,那也糟透了!

比起那种无止境的喜忧参半的故事,即女性的苦闷而言,我们几乎不太能从将人区分成“内在”和“外在”的做法中找到更多证据来说明其危险性。一开始就将女性定义成只对外表关注的人,然后就说她们是“肤浅”的,这是多么容易的事情啊!这个粗鄙的陷阱已经存在太久了。但是要从这个陷阱里逃脱出来,就要求女性与美的好处与特权保持严格的距离,并且要有足够的距离去了解“美”这个概念本身有多少被删节了,用以支撑起“女性”这个神话。我们应该有一种方式将“美”从女性那里解救出来,也将“美”为了女性本身而解救出来。第八单元

食欲

人生的一大主要快乐就是食欲,保存食欲也是我们主要责任之一。它意味着对生活的热爱。它是感官之一,这感官告诉你,你仍想活下去,仍然受到强烈渴望的激励,希望进入世界,品尝人间百味和酸甜苦辣。

我所说食欲当然不仅仅是指对事物的强烈愿望,而是指各种各样不能满足的愿望,强烈的愿望。这证明,你希望获取更多,生命尚有价值。王尔德说过,他为那些从来没有实现心愿的人们难过,但是更为那些实现了心愿的人们惋惜。我虽然只曾实现过一次心愿,但它几乎置我于死地,从那以后,我总是更衷情于渴望而非获得。

对我来说,食欲就是这种渴望的状态,这使得人们的期望之火永不熄灭。我记得自己很久以前还是孩提的时候就学到这一课。那时几乎没有什么款待和宴会,我发现,最幸福的事情并非在于真的吃太妃糖,而是事先盯着糖看。刚开始吃那几口味道确实很美妙,但是一旦太妃糖吃完了,什么都没有了,即没有了太妃糖,也没有了渴望。此外,吃完太妃糖这一不雅的举动中,太妃糖的所有吸引力在不知不觉中消失了。不,最美好的感觉就是想要得到它,就是坐在那看着它,只有这样,人们就能体会到无穷无尽的各种滋味。

所以,对我来说,食欲所带来的最强烈的乐趣之一仍然在于渴望,而不是满足。在于想要一个桃子,或者一杯威士忌酒,或者特殊的特征或是声音,或者想要跟一位特别的朋友呆在一起。因为我当然知道,在这种情形之下,渴望得到的东西总是最为完美无缺的,这就是我为什么会,我将保存食欲的程度带至有意的禁食,只不过是因为我认为食欲太美好了而不容丢失,太宝贵了而不能因饱食和过饱而被逼进无感觉的境况。

就此而言,我并非真的想要一天三顿的美食——我想要的是一顿巨大、美味、狂欢的丰富盛宴餐,比如说每四天来一次,之后就不能确定下一顿会在哪。禁食一天对我来说不仅仅是一种清教徒式的剥夺人们乐趣的方法,而更是一种期待少有的极度满足时刻的方式。

禁食是对食欲权威表示敬意的行为。所以我认为,我们应该定期计划放弃乐趣——食物、朋友、情人——为了保存它们基于的强烈感觉,以及重新得到乐趣的时刻。因为这一时刻使自己和所钟爱之物焕然一新,精神奋发,我想,不但水手和游客曾经享受过这样的时刻,而且猎人也是如此。对现代生活厌烦的部分原因是我们之间的距离太近,娱乐和饮食太有规律性。饥饿曾经把我们与食物和家人分隔开来,于是我们才学会珍惜它们。男人外出打猎,狗随着他们一起去;女人和孩子向他们挥手告别。洞穴里面连续数天没有男人。没人有吃的东西或者知道该做什么。女人蜷缩在火堆旁边,泪眼朦胧。小孩在嚎啕痛哭,每个人饥肠辘辘。然后在一天晚上,山上传来了呼喊声和狗吠声。男人们满载着猎物回来了。这是个大团圆的时刻,每个人都狼吞虎咽地吃着,食欲显示了其真正的价值,盼望已久的这一顿饭成为了值得记忆的盛宴,它几乎是一种人生的圣典。现在我们前往办公室上班,然后晚上回家吃便宜的鸡肉和冷藏的豌豆,那么香,但是太多了,太容易了,太常见了,不需要费劲就可以得到,也没有了渴望。我们吃着东西,很幸运,长得油光水滑,但我们再也无法知道饥饿时的愉快了。

任何东西太多了——太多音乐。太多娱乐。幸福快餐,或者花太多时间与朋友呆在一起——都会造成某种生活上的无能,人们再也不能听见,品尝不出味道,看不到,爱不了,记不了。生命短暂而弥足珍贵,食欲是人生旅途的护卫者之一,所以如果我们想要享受这一短暂的生命,我们就应该尊重食欲之神,保持渴望的状态,而不要让它过于迟钝。

我曾经体验过枯焦的嘴唇接触一杯冷水时所引发的狂喜已有很长一段时间了,泉水仍然等着人们去享用——而人们所需要的只是一种原始的渴望。

第九单元 对藐视法律者的警告

遵纪守法是美国历史上最为悠久的政治问题,也可能是人们最喜爱探讨的政治问题。数百万美国人从来不认为自己曾经违法,更不用说犯罪了,这一显而易见的事实令人厌烦心痛。虽然人们制定了法规来保护社会并促进其发展,但是上述美国人却享有了越来越多的自由。事实上,当今社会充斥着非法乱丢垃圾、骗税、非法制造噪音和机动车秩序混乱的现象,以致于藐视法律的行为有时候让人看起来代表了未来发展的潮流。哈佛大学的社会学家戴维·里斯曼察觉到,大部分美国人会草率地认为,触犯一些据称微小的错误是理所当然的事情。他早先说,美国社会的伦理道德正面临着逐渐沦落为“傻子才会遵守规则”这种危险的情况。

支持里斯曼这一说法的证据是再明显不过的了,藐视法律者以各种各样的方式存在,其数目令人吃惊。喜欢涂鸦的人把公共场所变成了视觉垃圾,骑自行车的人经常把车骑得好像两轮的交通工具不受所有的交通法规约束一样。喜欢乱丢垃圾的人把自己的社区变成了垃圾堆。一阵一阵的法规虽然到处都是 来势汹汹,但是却无法把高分贝的便携式无线电广播电台从公共场所清除出去,这就像早先的法律无法消灭因啤酒饮用过度而导致骚扰众多公园的流氓行为一样。令人绝望的是,吸食烟草上瘾的人仍对“禁止吸烟”的标记熟视无睹。穿着体面的吸食大麻的人再也不会为了分发烟卷而劳烦自己,巧妙的避开公众的视线,公然使用可卡因这一丑行正在中上阶层人生活当中逐渐恶化。此外还有〔一边说“各位好”一边行走〕乱穿马路的人。

藐视法律这种行为所带来的危险在不同情况下相差很大。在人行道上吐痰的人虽然令人讨厌,但是就对他人构成的危险来说明显要小于在未经批准的地方非法掩埋危险的化学废弃物的公司。在地铁里面袭击乘客的人所构成的生命危险要小于漠视防火安全法规的房东。在危险的藐视法律的行为中,最为直接且最容易计算的也碰巧是人们最容易看得见的。其罪魁祸首就是美国的司机,他们当今的违法行为累计起来构成了对公众安全的巨大损害。其危险从日常的双行停车堵塞城市街道到酒后驾车每年令25000人丧生、至少650000人受伤,不一而足。开阔公路上违反法律超速驾驶的情况又怎样呢?新近的调查显示,在一些州际公路上,83%的司机通常对联邦政府制定的每小时55英里的时速限制视而不见。

在所以上述现象中,最为公然的藐视法律的人当属擅闯红灯者。波士顿藐视停止信号的情况相当严重,当地居民流传的一则趣闻说有位出租车司机坚决认为红灯“只是作装饰用的。”红灯控制交通的力量似乎在各个地方都在削减。在洛杉矶,闯红灯可能已经成为这座城市最为普通的违反交通的现象。在纽约,通过十字路口就像玩俄罗斯轮盘赌一样。罗伯特.麦吉里警长承认:“关于人们是否会在红灯前面停下来,当今的几率是一边对一半。”然而,他所在的警察机构在很大程度上对违法现象不理不睬。

闯红灯一直被人们列为小错,因此它可能属于个别现象。当这一违反法规的行为习惯性地、广泛地、连续不断地出现的时候,那它就远不止一个交通管理问题了。这蔑视基本道路规则的行为严重地伤害社会各界的情感,无辜的司机和行人反复的为此付出代价,他们承受着各种挫折、不便和伤害,更不用说通过合理方式感受到的致命的危险。如果说伪善是送给恶行的礼物,那么鬼鬼祟祟的行为就是违法者尊敬法治力量的真正表示。然而,闯红灯的人根本不尊重社会规则,社会不可避免地会受到反复厚颜无耻地藐视基本秩序的行为的伤害。

藐视法律的态度到处存在。有些学校发展,小孩常常在入学的时候并不懂得一些与他人共处的基本规则。他们发现上述情况真的不足为奇。尽管当今各种藐视法律的现象有着这样那样的不同,但他们作为基本的社会道德败坏现象,其症状却是互相一致的,即个人失去了为照顾他人利益而控制自己行为的能力。

公共的礼仪规范有可能会倒塌崩溃,这已经不仅仅是一个礼节上的问题了,社会首先担忧的事情虽然仍将是重大的犯罪,但是在休斯顿发生的一切显示了野蛮行为的严重迹象。休斯顿高速公路上的司机越来越倾向于用突发的暴力行为替代道路规则来解决问题。以下是休斯顿警察部门最近关于高速公路交通暴力的统计分类事件:1)司机朝插到自己前面的小汽车闪烁着远光灯,而小汽车里面的人却向他的挡风玻璃用力投掷一个啤酒罐,踢掉了他的尾灯,把他打得缝了八针。2)自动卸货司机出于耽搁而气愤,砸坏前面停的车俩的后行李箱和用钢锁簧连连猛打那个司机。3)急速行驶的十八轮卡车的司机故意从后面撞上一辆小汽车,而这辆小汽车的司机正试图保持在每小时55英里这以限制速度之内。幸运的是,休斯顿综合症尚未蔓延的到处都是。问题是它会蔓延得到处都是吗?

美国人习惯于认为法治主要受到已成陈规的暴力犯罪的威胁。然而,美国法律的基础遭到撼动,却实际上总是因为普通的守法公民开始回避法律。一个主要的例子就是禁酒令。唐纳德巴尔奇德塞在戒酒与否这个节目中回忆说:“事实证明,违法并不痛苦,甚至不能算作不舒服,相反它会给人带来轻微的哦爽快感觉。”人们最终废除了禁酒令,不仅因为酒本身这个问题,而是因为藐视法律的行为正在严重削弱政府的权威与合法性。具有讽刺意味的是,当今藐视法律者所具有的精神,无论其源头怎样受到削弱,但是政府却无意间在很多层面上对此给予鼓励。警察无力执行某些法律,这只是问题的表面现象,毕竟他们是从自己服务的官员和选民那里接受命令。更糟的是,大部分的州立法机构帮助公众违反联邦政府制定的每小时55英里限速的法律,其中一些立法机构对违法现象等闲处之,只进行很少数目的罚款。从更高层面来说,华盛顿政府机关简直就是在反对而不是支持某些根据法院指令作出的废止种族歧视的判决,这突显了其废弃公民权利法律的愿望。用荒野杂志的话说,保护环境的团体理由充足地指责政府机关“无力执行环境法,他们正在破坏环境法。”这一变异就是最高层的藐视法律现象。

关于藐视法律的这种态度,最为令人忧虑的东西就是它具有极端的传染性。只有愚蠢到了极点的社会才会对此坐视不理,任它无限期的蔓延下去。

第十一单元

磁盘代替原稿,档案被人遗忘

手稿是作者创作过程的极其重要的记录,它们现正濒于灭绝。文字处理程序得以出现,其成本相对较低,且日渐变的简单容易起来。所有这一切意味着,甚至那些穷困潦倒、未发表过东西﹑以作家自诩(以及那些名列最畅销书排行榜前几位的人士),也回向王氏﹑IBM和苹果等各种品牌的电脑求助,安装Wordstar﹑Scriptsit和Apple Writer程序,开始忙于写作﹑编辑﹑审校其创作成果。结果是什么呢?只是一张软盘而已!

我们应该对手稿的消失感到痛惜。任何人,不管他是学生还时学者,又如何能从软盘了解创作过程呢?这种摇摇晃晃的塑胶又如何能够展现出(如威廉?巴特勒?叶芝写的)绝望当中产出的美丽,夜灯煎熬出智慧吗?手稿是这些创作痛苦的记录,它们经常被汗水玷污,被咖啡泼溅或者被香烟烧焦。手稿告诉我们作家的心灵活动,在创作痛苦的过程中的感受。埃德娜.圣文森特.米莱日以继夜,怀疑能否见到成果。但是,她的初稿成成为了后世各代的珍宝。

试想一下,如果叶芝用文字处理程序来写作那些抒情诗,歌颂他对莫德.冈娜的得不到回报的爱情!软盘是不可能揭示他那深深的伤痛。几乎在一个世纪之后,他在都柏林国家图书馆的手稿仍然洋溢着激情的力量。它告诉年轻人,他们的情感、希望、绝望、爱情和失败实际上已成为永恒。假设雷.布雷德伯里用王氏电脑来写作《华氏451》。如果他的各种草稿像他痛惜的书籍那样付之一炬,小时在储存器里,会是那么适宜,甚至具有讽刺意味呀。

幸运的是,任何从事写作的学生都能够在加利福尼亚洲立大学福勒敦分院特别收集图书馆里查阅上诉草稿。初学者和专业人员都可以研究简短故事,《消防队员》是如何发展成为未出版发行的中短篇小说《着火啦,着火啦!》,随后又发展成为更长篇的小说《炉床与火蛇》,也没出版。最后副本(因为是作者自己打印,偶尔有打印错误)待审。在这些手稿中,布雷德伯里自己用生动鲜明的动词代替了软弱无力的动词,改变一两个句子,加强或是有时取消一个形容词,替换上一个更好的名词。手稿极好地展现了写作中的作家,我们绝不可能从软盘上看到这种发展或是最终的润色。

此外,把大量手稿放在一起,那么你就有了一个档案。备忘录,日记,期刊,便条,第一稿,第二稿和第三稿的草稿——这些档案文件对我们所有人来说都相当重要。城市的档案文件通常收集了潦潦草草写成的纸片、关于边界线的有针对性的涂鸦或者是关于结婚、离婚、契约、出生、死亡各种事件的大量手写记录,所有这些东西都散发着霉味,我国的各类档案文件是无价之宝的遗产。国家档案馆堆满了破旧的文件。保存着供历史学家详细研究的资料。

手稿告诉我们托马斯·杰斐逊在起草《独立宣言》的时候,他是如何思考的。一封写给耶鲁大学校长的著名信件告诉我们本杰明·富兰克林对宗教的真实感情。我们从日记,文件,信件和讲道词当中了解到关于制定《宪法》的人们的大量情况。如果她们在软盘上完成所有工作,我们能够了解这么多情况吗?这是绝对不可能的!

同样,如果名人男女的信件是从点阵打印机里涌出,它们会像亲笔信原件那样具有同样的魅力吗?如果某个白宫底层生产的,机器签署,大量生产的信件会有公民罗德纳·里根于1965年邮寄的亲笔信,信封上写的地址,贴着已取消的五分值邮票,同样的感情影响或是会有同等的价值吗?几乎是不可能的。

詹姆斯·乔伊斯曾经写道,艺术家的错误是创造的泉源。不幸的是,如果干净整洁,完美无瑕和毫无错误的软盘代替了破烂,钢笔乱涂,剪贴,夹带装订,纸张发黄,重写,重打印的手稿的话,那么我们永远不会知道那些错误。图书馆保它们,学生们学习它们。拍卖人以惊人的价格拍卖它们,拥有者珍爱它们,然而文字处理器则完全排除它们,我们的损失真是不可估量。

篇3:《新编英语语法教程》的教学体验

关键词:时态,语态,层次性,学科交叉

章振邦先生主编的《新编英语语法教程》(以下简称《新编》)是为我国高校英语专业编写的一部英语语法教科书,该教程不同于传统英语语法教材,参照了当代语法学家如R.Quirk,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,J.Svartvik,A.S.Hornby,M.Halliday等人的观点,形成一套兼容并包,吸取了当代语法学精华并适合我国学生接受的英语语法教材。为我国英语专业语法教学起到了很好的的指引作用。

这部教材不仅告诉学生碰到何种语法现象该怎样处理,也介绍了其理论体系,告诉读者为什么,便于学生理解和接受。比如呈现英语的7个分句基本类型之前,本书首先介绍了分句及其划分方式,即主语和谓语,并解释为何这样划分,即主语是分句的话题,而谓语是有关该话题的新信息。并进一步将谓语拆散成谓语动词和补足成分(包括宾语,状语和补语),这些连同主语便形成了分句的五个基本的成分,在此基础上,再进行不同的组合,同时提示这些不同组合是以谓语动词的特性作为依据。整个过程就如同分析一部机器的构造,先拆散,再组装。当学生了解这个内在的逻辑之后,自然可以接受,尽管对于只了解传统语法的他们来说是全新的。

对于谓语时态的介绍也是如此,“按照传统的理解,‘时态’是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。……英语动词的‘时态’多至十六种。”“但是,20世纪50年代以来,国外一些有影响的语法著作,对于Tense和Aspect已经作了不同于传统语法的处理,认为英语动词有两个‘时’和两个‘体’”。《新编》一书对谓语动词的介绍就是借鉴了上述理论,原因作者已在《〈新编英语语法教程〉的体系特征》(以下简称《体系特征》)一文做了充分解释。笔者认为从学习者的角度来看,这又是一种如同机器拆分与组装的过程,在这个过程中学生对“时”和“体”先有一个科学的认知,然后在此基础上进行组合,形成不同的时与体的结合形式,学生很容易理解意思也更清晰地了解了不同时态的动词词组的构成方式与意义,比起传统语法生硬地呈现英语谓语的十六种时态,本书更能让英语专业学生理解和接受。

《新编》的语法理论系统全面,有利于学生建构科学的英语语法体系。全书导入部分便对英语的语法体系做了明确的分层,从词素,词,词组,分句到句子。正如章振邦先生在《体系特征》中提到的,“层次性是语言的本质属性之一”。学生在这样的理论与实践指导下学习,会形成更加科学的认识,即分析分句成分应该从词组的层面去分析,而不是词的层面,突破传统的语法分析方式。

又比如全 书增加了 一个新的 词类——“ 限定词”(determiner),这一概念未曾出现在传统语法书中,但章振邦在《体系特征》一文中论述到“限定词作为一类功能词 (或结构词)早已在现代英语语法中确定下来。”学生理解其中内涵之后,能更好地将原先散乱的词类,如冠词,代词,名词属格等加以整理归纳,并且对某些代词,如物主代词,指示代词,不定代词等涉及的范围形成更为科学合理的认识。

该教材语法体系与传统语法有着很大差异,但正因如此却能让学生突破传统语法的局限,形成对英语语言更丰富全面的认识。比如,该教材对分句的分析使得分句中的主语与谓语的概念脱离了传统语法的束缚,不再强调谓语必须是谓语动词,要体现时态与人称的区别等。本书认为只要逻辑上实现了主语和谓语便形成分句。于是,学生可以看到传统语法书介绍的独立主格结构,分词作状语等等繁琐复杂的语言现象其实都可以用现代语法的分句类型去划分与归纳。从而使他们对英语的认知得到扩展和系统化,使传统语法所认为的特殊现象变得自然起来。

篇4:新编英语教程6教案

关键词:英语教学 影视资料 语法研究

中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-9795(2013)05(a)-0110-01

1 英语影视视频数据库简介

笔者构建的英语影视视频数据库包括:2.5TB英语影视视频,包含近10000集电视剧,700多部电影。影视视频更新到2012年12月,实时追踪IMDB(The Internet Movie Database)内容,动态更新最新视频。对应英语影视视频数据库,建立了英语字幕语料库,达到1.1亿词,11627个文本文件。

2 英语影视语料在语法研究中的应用

语言规则和语言的实际运用存在一定的差异性,这是人所共知的事实。《新编英语语法教程》(第四版)相较于一些传统的语法教材,更多地采用了描写性的编排,引介了一些较新的表达规则。在使用的过程中,笔者也意识到一些问題。比如,有些表述还不够全面,有些内容尚不够准确。本文利用英语视频语料相应的字幕,力求准确全面地阐释一些涉及英语语言规则和实际运用的表达方式。

《新编英语语法教程》第30页,“……个别表示游戏名称的名词作复数用。例如: Cards are not allowed here.”[1]而视频语料显示的情况与其有冲突:

That’s right.Cards is all about knowing the numbers.(The Wire S04E07《火线》)

《薄冰实用英语语法详解》(修订版)只是把cards归于“某些名词以-s结尾,却当单数名词对待”[2]一类。

英语计数时有一特别之处值得关注,所有基数词后都用名词的单数形式。例如:

One potato,two potato,three potato, four.Five potato,six potato,seven potato, more.(The Business《黑帮生意》2005)

One Mississippi,two Mississippi,three Mississippi,game over!(Friday Night Lights S03E04《胜利之光》)

第140页,“但若人称疑问代词紧跟于介词之后,则只能用宾格。例如:From whom did you receive a letter?”[1]《张道真实用英语语法(全新版)》(修订本)[3]和《薄冰实用英语语法详解》(修订版)都是与此相同的表述。不过,视频语料显示,介词后用主格who 的情况很多,有很高的可接受度。

Don’t look.Don’t look.-At who? (Dance Flick 2009 《跳舞大电影》)

I,I use them to pray.- For who? (Into Temptation《引诱》,2009)

当然,接受度高和正宗规范并非同一概念。这就是为什么,在不少场合,这种表达被非议的原因:

Hey,I was called down here.By who? By whom.By Dr.Weaver.(ER S02E02《急诊室》)

To who?To whom. But that’s cool. Everybody makes that mistake.(Dead Like Me S02E04《死神有约》)

副词修饰动词是常识。不过,现在流行一类表达却明显有违该常识。

I was young I couldn’t do good. Now I can’t do bad.(Next Day Air《次日到达》,2009)

Mr Samuels!You did good.(Up In The Air《在云端》,2009)

Good是形容词,修饰动词,显然是有些问题。尽管此类表达接受度挺高,在有些场合还是被诟病的:

So,how you doing over there, Theo Huxtable?/-I’m doing good./- Unh-unh.Superman does good.You’re doing well.You need to study your grammar, son.(30 Rock S01E02《我为喜剧狂》)

And it’s“drive well,”honey,not“drive good.”/-Wait.Don’t drive good?/- Proper English is“drive well.”I want you to drive well.(Post Grad《毕业生生存指南》,2009)

第470页,“为了加强否定的含义……也可以重复否定词never…等结构来实现强调否定。”[1]此处忽视了一类仅有一字之差的表达手段,就其使用频率看,理应提及:

Because they’re never ever what they appear to be.(Bigger Stronger Faster 《更大,更强,更快》,2008)

3 结语

英语影视语料给我们提供的平台,真实地展现了当今英语的使用及其发展变化,对于我国的英语语言研究及学习带来明显的帮助。同时,所有语料都以字幕的形式嵌入原声视频,经过剪辑加工,做成视频片断,可以很好地用于多媒体教学。

参考文献

[1] 章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].4版.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.

[2] 薄冰.薄冰实用英语语法详解(修订版)[M].山西:山西教育出版社,2008.

篇5:新编英语教程6教案

Objectives: to take notes as completely as possible in class.to present their interpretations of each paragraph.Section one Pre-reading questions:

(15 mins.)

1.What does ‘hobby’ mean?(refer to Lib.work)2.Do you have any hobbies? What are they? 3.Do your hobbies do you any good? In what ways? 4.Who is W.Churchill? What’s his hobby you know from what you have learned or from this text?(refer to Lib.work)

In-reading interpretation:

The teacher explains every sentence to the students while the latter try to take notes as quickly and completely as possible.After the text interpretation, the students are required to explain some sentences by their own.Para.1(15 mins.)

1.Worry is a spasm of emotion;the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.spasm: an involuntary muscular contraction;here, a sudden violent spell(of);a sudden convulsive movement

Worry is a kind of feeling which catches you suddenly so that you can’t have any peace of mind.This feeling arises when you think about something without being able to discontinue thinking about it.Thus worry results.2.It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition.in this condition = when the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go

It is of no use trying to stop the troubled mind / the worry when it catches hold of something and will not let it go.i.e., when worry comes.3.The stronger the will, the more futile the task.(LW6-1)

The stronger your will(to argue with the mind, or to stop the worry)is, the more ineffective/unsuccessful/useless it will be for you to achieve this task of stopping the worry.The more you attempt to shake off your worry, the harder it will be for you to get rid of it / have it off your mind.Then what can we do to stop the worry? 4.One can gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp.insinuate = introduce indirectly and subtly

convulsive grasp = the worry

The only way is to have something else in mind so that it will not be grasped by worry / so as to replace the worry.What does ‘something else’ imply?

Something else implies the hobby.5.And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.attend = accompanied(comp.3-2)

illumination = enlightenment, edification

another field of interest = hobby

the old undue grip = worry

recuperation and repair = not becoming worried any longer

If you choose the right thing to conquer your mind, if you have another field of interest to enlighten you, your worry, gradually or swiftly, will be relieved./ you will be released from the worry.6.This para.is about worry, which is repeatedly talked about.Instead of mentioning ‘worry’ again and again whenever it is talked about, Churchill uses some other phrases to refer to this annoying state of mind so as to avoid the monotony of expressions.Identify these phrases in the 1st paragraph.(comp.3-1)

a spasm of emotion, its convulsive grasp, the old undue grip

Para.2

(10 mins.)

1.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.It is the most important for a public man to cultivate a hobby, because he is likely to have more worries in his work concerned with interrelationships with various kinds of people.2.But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process.improvise = make or do without preparation, practice, sufficient material, etc.But a hobby cannot be cultivated and developed so quickly as you expect in your business.No matter how strong your will is, hobby cultivation has to undergo a long process.3.The seeds must be carefully chosen;they must fall on good ground;they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.(comp.3-3)This is a metaphor to describe the cultivation of a hobby.Explain it.The author compares ‘hobby’ to ‘seed’, ‘fitness(of a hobby)to an individual’ to ‘good ground’, and ‘the effect(in lessening one’s worry)’ to ‘fruit’ so that the reader can have something concrete to look at.This is certainly a more effective way to explain an idea, esp.an abstract or complex idea.(Analysis)

sedulously = diligently, carefully, assiduously

vivifying fruits = results that give one relaxation / refreshment

The cultivation of a hobby is compared to that of a plant.First of all, the right hobby(the seed of a plant)must be carefully chosen for a person(good ground);then the process of cultivating a hobby, like that of growing a plant, requires care and effort.Only in this way can one reap in due time the fruit of one’s laborfor them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.(LW6-4)

command = have within reach, be master of, possess

gratify = give pleasure or satisfaction to, indulge

caprice = sudden wish to have, or do sth., whim

satiation = complete satisfaction, wearying oneself with too much

Since those very wealthy people can afford to get access to almost anything they may think of(those people can get whatever they want)and to turn the most fanciful ideas into reality(to turn whatever they dream or desire into reality), there is nothing in this world that can interest or excite them any more.To them, a new pleasure, a new excitement may very often make them even more bored about life.They are the unfortunate people.(comp.3-5)Why does Churchill classify as unfortunate those people who can command everything they want, gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire? Do you think Churchill’s attitude towards those people is really one of sympathy?

These people are simply hopeless;nothing works to relieve them of their boredom.Churchill does not really feel sympathetic towards them.Note the phrase ‘avenging boredom’.He seems to think that this is what they deserve.2.In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.frantically = widely excited(with joy, anxiety, pain, etc.)狂乱地

avenging boredom =(note 3)boredom that gives(them)no peace or that inflicts suffering(upon them)

clatter and motion =(note 4)This refers to the frantic rush from place to place of those who can command all they want.These kind of people rush frantically here and there(which implies, do this and that as their hobbies), talk this and that, intending to escape from the boredom they are deeply involved in, but their effort is in vain.3.For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.How do you understand ‘discipline’ here?(comp.3-6)

Regularity, a more regularized way of life

This sentence is a suggestion for this kind of people: to lead a regularized way of life.Only in this way can they escape from the boredom.Para.5

(15 mins.)1.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure;and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.Here another classification of human beings is made: 1)those who take work and pleasure as two distinguished things, 2)those who combine work and pleasure together, getting pleasure from the work.2.Of these the former are the majority.They have their compensations.The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.compensation = sth to make up for, here referring to the following sentence.sustenance =(flourishing quality of)food and drink 营养, 食物

Their long-hour work brings them bread, or they have to earn their living by working hard.After work, they relax themselves and enjoy themselves in a simple way.(comp.3-7)Can you suggest one or two of the simplest and most modest forms of pleasure?

Jogging, taking a walk, listening to music on the radio, watching TV, gardening 3.But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class.In what sense are the second class of people, i.e., those whose work and pleasure are one, ‘Fortune’s favored children’?(comp.3-8)or, why does the author call the 2nd class ‘fortune’s favored children’?

There is never a clash between work and pleasure.They are always happy to work.They are just like children who take everything as pleasure.4.Their life is a natural harmony.For them the working hours are never long enough.Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.grudged = accepted with great reluctance(comp.3-9)

This class of people enjoy their work, and take it as a kind of pleasure.They enjoy every working day so much that they regard the weekends and the public holidays as the interruptions of their delightful work.They are quite reluctant to take any holidays.5.Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.An alternative outlook, a change of atmosphere, a diversion of effort all refer to ‘hobby’.So it is of the first importance / of the great necessity for both of the classes to cultivate a hobby.Everyone should have a hobby.6.Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.(comp.3-10)What does the word ‘it’ refer to?

their work

(comp.3-11)the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds refers to the notion of ‘hobby’.(LW6-5)In fact,(it is probably those whose work provides them with their enjoyment who are most in need of periodic distractions from it.i.e.,)the second class of people are most in need of cultivating a hobby.Homework assignment:

Read your own notes and consult others’ to make it complete in order to understand the text fully/thoroughly.Mark where you find difficult and raise your questions in the next class.Read O & D and try to answer the question.Section two 1.Pose your problems for discussion(20 mins.)2.Comp.1: the purpose of the writing(B)-to bring home to the reader the importance of cultivating a rightly chosen hobby.(5 mins.)3.Comp.2: True or false

(5 mins.)4.O & D: What Churchill argues for in this passage is obviously the significance of a good hobby for rational, industrious human beings.But the 1st para.is devoted to a definition of ‘worry’, and a large portion of the rest of the text to the classifications of human beings.How are they relevant to his argument?

(10 mins.)

Churchill’s concern here is the role hobbies play in relaxing the mind of rational, industrious, useful human beings.To explain how a hobby works, he must first of all explain what worry really is.But Churchill is not of the opinion that any given hobby can produce this soothing effect under all circumstances.To make this clear, he has to make the first classification.He then turns to classifying the majority of human beings into two further categories.The purpose of doing this is to emphasize the point that hobby is necessary for all including those who think they do not need one as a diversion from work;as a matter of fact, they are the ones for whom the cultivation of a hobby is even more necessary.4.Interaction activity:(LW7)Talk about how a hobby can sometimes help to release your worry.a.Brainstorming in the groups(10 mins.)

b.Air the opinions in class(15 mins.)

Section three TEXT 2 A DEBT TO DICKENS Pearl S.Buck

Read the text by the students themselves and retell it by using ‘I’ or ‘Pearl S.Buck’.Cues: a seven-year child, in a remote Chinese countryside, the valley, the Youngtze River;

the boat folk and the farm folk, lingered and saw the customs, the way of living, fishing and thrashing, the babies alive and dead;

foreign devil, yellow curls and blue eyes, alien and isolated, parents too busy to care for her;

an impossibly voracious reader, read everything she could get;

novels by Charles Dickens, deep in them, read them again and again, over and over for about ten years, feel herself at home, not alien, entered into her own heritage;

篇6:新编英语教程6教案

New Practical English 2

Unit One

Invitation Etiquette Teaching Objective In “Talking Face to Face”, learn how to invite friends to attend a party or a dance in oral English.In “Being All Ears”, students will fine tune their listening and comprehension skills through exercises relating to inviting people out.In “Maintaining a Sharp Eye”, students will learn how foreign people deal with invitations, when one wants to accept or does not accept.In “Trying Your Hand”, get some practical experience and writing a invitation and a reply to the invitation one gets.Teaching Procedures

Section I Talking Face to Face

1.Warm-up:

Patterns and expressions for talking about invitations: I’d like to invite you to dinner.我想请你吃晚饭。

Why don’t you come and join us for disco? 你为什么不和我们一起跳迪斯科? It’s very kind of you to invite me.谢谢你邀请我。

How nice of you!Many thanks.你真好!多谢。

I’d love to.That would be great.我很愿意去。太好了!

Oh, dear, I’m afraid I’m busy tonight.Perhaps tomorrow evening? 哦,亲爱的,今晚我很忙。明晚也许可以吧?

Could you make it another time, perhaps next Sunday? 你能改个时间吗,下个星期天怎样?

It’s very kind of you, but you see I’ll have to prepare for my exam.非常感谢,可你知道我得准备考试。

I’m sorry I can’t, but thank you all the same.真抱歉,我不能去。可还是要谢谢你。

2.Introduction of the samples of invitation cards and letters 3.Practice the two dialogues in Follow the Samples 4.Practice dialogues according to the given tasks

Unit 1

New Practical English 2

Thank you.I’ll be happy to come.谢谢.我很高兴接受你的邀请. I’d love to.That would be great.我很愿意去.太好了. Thank you for invitation.谢谢你的邀请. I’d be glad to come.我很高兴前往.

3.Expressions for Declining an Invitation I’d love to, but I can’t come.我很想参加,但是不能来.

Thank you for your invitation, but I don’t think I can make it.感谢你的邀请,但我恐怕不能赴约. Unfortunately, I’m already busy that day.很遗憾,我那天事情太多了.

It’s very kind of you, but you see I’ll have to prepare for my exam.非常感谢,可你知道我得准备考试。

I’m sorry I can’t, but thank you all the same.真抱歉,我不能去。可还是要谢谢你。

Could you make it another time, perhaps next Sunday?

你能改个时间吗,下个星期天怎样?

Sentence Writing

Word Order in a Subordinate Clause 从句的顺序

在写英语复合句时,除了需要注意照应主句与从句的时态、人称、连接词语 等等之外,还应特别致意从句部分的语序。

英语从句经常用疑问词引导,如what, who等,但与疑问词引导的简单问句不同。从句不使用疑问句语序,而使用陈述句语序,即按主语在前、谓语在后的顺序排列。还应注意,因为从句不使用疑问倒装结构,所以一般现在时和一般过去时不再用do, does, did等助动词帮助构成从句结构。

1.常用来引导从句的疑问词有what, when ,where, who, whether, how等,这些疑问词一般仍保留原有的疑问含义。

She wanted to know when my brother had visited Paris.她想知道我哥哥什么时候游览过巴黎。

Could you please tell me where we are going.你能告诉我我们到哪里去吗?

How he plays the trick is a secret.他怎么变这个戏法是个秘密。

2.Whether可以引导主语从句,if 不能引导主语从句,但是两者都能引导宾语从 句。引导宾语从句时,两者都表示“是否”的意思,只是if 后面不能加or not。1)主语从句

Whether he will accept the job is difficult to say.(对)

Unit 1

New Practical English 2

Section IV Maintaining a Sharp Eye Passage I Business Invitation Explanation of Difficult Sentences

1.(Para.1)Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal

invitations such as e-mails and phone invitations are becoming

more acceptable.Analysis: such as means “of the same kind, like” and should be followed by

nouns or noun phrases.Translation: 虽然邀请函通常通过信函方式发出,但目前像电子邮件、电话邀请等非正式邀请越来越被普遍使用。

Example: Our discussions were all about issues such as education and climate change.2.(Para.4)It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone

number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning.Analysis: It’s also acceptable to do … means “It’s also good enough to be

received to do …”

Translation: 如果为了使计划更加周密,也可以在邀请函中加上请回复的字样,以及电话号码或联系地址。

Example: It’s acceptable to play tricks on your friends on April 1st.3.(Para.5)If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date.Analysis: If … is a conditional clause followed by an imperative sentence

Translation: 如果邀请函中包括“请于某日之前回复”的字样,则需要在规定日期前回复。

Example: If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering.4.(Para.6)Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr.Louis Winthorp and Guest.”

Analysis: Never … unless … is “double negative”, which means “You can bring a guest if the invitation states …”

Translation: 如若邀请函上没有说明“邀请某某先生和朋友”,不要向邀请方要求带同伴。

Example: Some people are never happy unless they are in the limelight showing off.Important Words 1.in advance

before in time 提前

e.g.Can I sign up for this course in advance? Quality Buildings usually hire its temporary workers well in advance as the need arises.2.seminar n.a small class of usually advanced students meeting to study some subject with a

Unit 1

New Practical English 2

Passage II An Invitation Letter

Text-Related Information

This is an informal invitation letter between friends.The tone of this letter is casual.The language is not so formal.This kind of informal invitation letter is often in the third person.For example, “in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.” “and it would be nice if you could come then, too.” But a formal invitation card is usually written in the third person.Text Explanation Para.1 November 2002 My dear Michael,It seems ages since we heard from you — and even longer since you went to work in China.But recently we happened to bump into Charlie Wright at a party, and from him we learnt that you and Lucia will be coming to England over the Christmas holidays.So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.Language Points:

1.Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1)It seems ages since we heard from you Analysis: It seems ages since...means “it seems a long time since...” Translation: 似乎很长时间没有收到你的信了。

Example: It seems ages since I saw you in Shanghai.2)So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.Analysis: To make sure… is an adverbial of purpose, and in the hope, a prepositional phrase used also as an adverbial of purpose.Translation: 所以我马上写信,好让你在离开上海之前肯定收到这封信 —— 希望你们俩能在英格兰逗留期间和我们一起住几天。

Example: I am sending this card to you today —to make sure you receive it before the Christmas Day.2.Important Words

1)bump into meet somebody by chance 偶然碰到, 偶然遇到

e.g.We bumped into Kate when we were in London last week.She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap.2)straightaway ad.do without delay, especially it has to be done urgently 马上,立刻

e.g.I’ll come around straightaway with the files.We’d better start work straightaway.Unit 1

New Practical English 2

1.Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1)I am still working for Sanderson’s and liking it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago.Analysis: Sanderson’s here refers to Sanderson’s company;though is introducing a participle clause pining for...and serving as the adverbial of concession.Translation: 我还在桑德森公司工作,而且工作很称心 —— 虽然偶尔我也渴 望从前自由自在日子。

Example: They are working happily with Kent’s, though sometimes pining for the footloose school days.2.Important Words

1)terrify v.frighten someone severely 威胁,恐吓

e.g.We terrified the girls with spooky stories.He terrified her by jumping out at her from a dark alley.2)pine for v.strongly desire(esp.something which is difficult or impossible to obtain)渴望

e.g.It’s at this time of year that I start to pine for the snow-topped mountains.As a young girl, I always used to pine for a more glamorous existence.Para.5

I’d better stop here now;I’m supposed to be spending this evening writing Christmas cards.Write or phone as soon as you can —— and come!Love from us all!

Yours ever, Richard

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