新编英语教程教案

教案不仅是实施教学流程的起点,而且是教师实施课堂教学的“蓝本”。以下是小编精心整理的《新编英语教程教案》，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

第一篇：新编英语教程教案

新编英语教程 6 Unit 6 教案

Unit Six TEXT I

DULL WORK Eric Hoffer

Objectives: To catch the central idea of each paragraph.

To discuss that eventful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Pre-class work:

Find out more about the figures mentioned in the text than those provided in the notes: Amos, Socrates, Omar, Jesus Christ, Albert Einstein, Niccolo Machiavelli, Immanuel Kant, John Keats, Sophocles, John Milton, Benvenuto Cellini.

Pre-reading Questions: 1. Do you think you can achieve much if you live a plain, ordinary life? 2. Does monotonous, routine work dull one’s mind?

In-reading Comprehension Para. 1 1. There seems to be general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine; that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best.

to do their best: to achieve their potential creativeness; to best exercise their talent (comp. 3-1)

It is generally believed that a colorless life can freeze a creative mind, and only a colorful life can inspire a man to creative work. 2. Tell about this para. in your own words.

There is an assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine life, and they need a colorful life; while dull people are suited for dull work. The present-day young are more brilliant than the young of the past because they are better educated. Therefore they prefer a colorful life to a dull, routine one.

1 3. What is the purpose of this para.?

This is an introductory para. to put forward an assumption (successful mendull, routine life) so as to raise a question: Is the assumption right or wrong? Para. 2 1. What is the ‘opposite’ that H says is ‘nearer the truth’? What is the purpose of this para.? (comp. 3-2)

As it goes in the 1st sentence, the successful men do not crave for (= long for) colorful life. The contrary is also true (反过来说): people who achieve much are often those content with the routine, uneventful life they live, or, the successful men are satisfied with the routine/uneventful/colorless life they are leading.

This is the central idea of this para. and H supports it by citing examples of some well-reputed men who led a colorless routine life. 2. Identify those great figures mentioned in this para. and say something about them.

Amos the sheepherder: a minor prophet in the Old Testament 阿摩斯，旧约中12个小先知中的第三名

Socrates the stonemason: Greek philosopher well known for his sophistry

Socrates of Athens, who flurished in the last half of the 5th century, was the 1st of the great trio of ancient Greekswho laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.

He was born in or about 470 BC. His father Sophroniscus was a sculptor, mother a midwife, 3 sons, one an infant. There were 2 counts in the accusation: ‘corruption of the young’ and ‘neglect of the gods whom the city worships and the practice of religious novelties.’ An escape was planned by his freind Crito, but S refused to hear of it, on the grounds that the verdict, though contrary to the fact, was that of a legitimate court and must therefore be obeyed. The story of his last day, with his drinking of the hemlock, has been perfectly told in the Phaedo of Plato.

Though a good fighting man, his outward appearance was grotesque. Stout and not tall with prominent eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils, and wide

2 mouth, he seemed a very Silenus. But as his freinds knew, he was ‘all glorious within,’ ‘the most upright man of that day.’ (Plato)

Omar the tentmaker: Persian astronomer and poet

Jesus Christ: 上帝的独生子。大约罗马建城748年，在犹太的伯利恒，童贞女玛利亚由圣灵感孕生下耶酥，由约瑟抚养成人。出世不久，有几个博士从东方来到耶路撒冷，说是来拜生下来作犹太之王的人，因为他们在东方看到了他的星。犹太王希律听说后，心里十分不安，派人到处寻觅，找不着，便命把二周岁以内的男孩全部杀死。耶酥一家逃到埃及才得以幸免。耶酥回国来到拿撒勒作工匠，30多岁时施洗约翰在约旦河给他施洗，而后圣灵引他去接受魔鬼的试探，此后成为救世主。他召了12个门徒，和他们一起到犹太各地传教，要人们严守诫条。后来他的门徒加略人犹大为30块钱出卖了他，把他拘送到马总督彼拉多那里，他被钉死在十字架上。死后第三日复活，多次向门徒显现。复活后第一十日升天，第五十日差谴圣灵降临。众门徒领圣灵，开始传教。

Albert Einstein (1879-1955): German-American scientist and one of the greatest of all time, is best known as the special and general theories of relativity. From 1896-1900, he was a student at the Polytechnic Institute of Zurich, Switzerland. From 1902-1909, he was hired by the Swiss Patent Office at Berne as ‘Probationary technical expert, third class’. It was in 1905 that he published 4 papers of major importance in the journal Annalen der Physik, including his first memoirs on special relativity. Later it was revealed that, although it took him only 5 weeks to write his first paper on relativity despite working all day at the patent office, he had been mediating since he was 16 on the fundamental problem concerning the velocity of light that gave rise to this theory.

Niccolo Machiavelli: Florentine statesman and political philosopher. His removal from political activity forced him to a retired life and to enter the career of a political writer.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): German philosopher. His attempt to define precisely the domain of rational understanding is a landmark in Western thought. On the one hand, he opposed Hume’s skepticism, the idea that pure reason is of no real use in understanding the world, and on the other hand, he

3 challenged Enlightenment faith in the unlimited scope of reason. The basic formulation of what is called his critical philosophy is contained in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Critique of Judgment (1790). The quiet regularity of Kant’s everyday life in Konisberg, where he was a university professor (1770-1804), became proverbial. According to an anecdote of Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), German poet, satirist and journalist, the residents of the town set their watches by Kant’s daily walks.

So, the purpose of this para. is to show that the lives of many truly great men are extremely ordinary. Or, people who achieve do not necessarily live eventful lives. Para. 3 1. Tell what you know about John Keats and Sophocles.

John Keats (1795-1821): probably the most talented of English romantic poets. Long poems as Isabella, Lamia, The Eve of St. Agnes, shorter poems as Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂, Ode to Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale.

Sophocles: 2nd of classical Athens’ 3 great writers of tragedycapacity for concentration, i.e. the curiosity of the immature to be interested; mature - inner resources to turn the dullness of work to good avail). This is why H put them into one category.

2. Who are the really dull people, according to H? And why? (comp. 3-8)

The adolescents.

They lack the inner resources of the mature to turn the dullness of work to good avail, and the curiosity of the immature to be interested. 3. What does this essay tell us?

Dull people cannot stand dull work so that they can hardly accomplish anything when at leisure or in solitary. They love eventful life life, but this kind of life exhausts them rather than stimulates. Only those who find dull life endurable can derive something from it (this is creativeness) and achieve something. So they may become successful.

*** What is the purpose of H’s writing? (comp. 1-D)

To convince that creativeness of a man’s mind is primary to what he can achieve.

Post-reading discussion Step one: Organization and Development 1. The title of the essay ‘Dull Work’ only tells us what the author is going to focus on but not what he thinks of it. Can you find his thesis statement in the essay? If not, can you summarize in one sentence H’s view on dull work? (Org. & Devl.)

No.

What a man achieves does not depend on the type of work he does, or the life experiences he has; rather, it depends on his ability to transmute what seems dull and routine into what is momentous. 2. What is H’s main technique to demonstrate his thesis?

H cites numerous examples.

3. How does he arrange the examples?

Well-reputed men are cited before his own experience. 4. How does his argument go?

The possible harmful effect of an eventful life is illustrated only after he has made it clear that an eventful life is not a must for creative achievement. Step two: Comp. 2 Step three: Discussion

Discuss that eventful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. (LW 8)

TEXT II

DOING CHORES August Heckscher

1. Read the text before class and prepare for the answers to the questions in the textbook. 2. Go through the text within 2 minutes in class and discuss the questions. 8

第二篇：新编实用英语综合教程1第1单元教案

Unit 1 (1) Greeting and Introducing People

Teaching purposes:

1. The students should be able to understand greeting and introducing people and make a short conversation to greet and introduce other people.

2. The students should be able to communicate personal information.

3. The students should be able to master some words and expressions in greeting and introducing people. (Key words and expressions: welcome, present a project report, business card, on business, care for, introduce) Teaching procedures: I. Talking face to face II. Being all ears III. Assignment I. Talking Face to Face Step 1 Lead-in: business cards. 1. Warm-up questions:

1) When are business cards exchanged between people? 2) What are usually written on business cards? 3) When do people use passports?

2. Students read and translate the business cards under the guidance of the teacher. Sample1:

International Exchange Section Binhai Foreign Languages School

Prof. Lu Yang

Director

Address:5 Binhai Road, Binhai City, 116000 Tel & Fax: 0411-4673289

E-mail: FLI603@pub.bl.lnpta.net.cn Sample2:

Binhai Electronics Ltd.

1

Li Tiegang

Electronics Engineer Address: No.50Chang-Jiang, Binhai E-mail: ltg6@pub.bl.lnpta.net.cn Tel: 0411-4673289 Handphone: 13625122445 Step 2 Sample dialogue: 1. Warm-up questions:

1) How much do you know about the way Americans greet people and give responses? 2) How much do you know about the way Americans exchange their personal information? 3) How much do you know about the the Americans say good-bye to each others? 4) How much do you know about the the Americans introduce themselves to each other? Students speak out the sentences and expressions under the guidance of the teacher.

2. Students read the sample dialogues after the teacher and try to find out the useful sentences and expressions for greeting people in the dialogue. Practice the following sentences:

1) Ladies and gentlemen, now let me introduce to you the renowned football star David Beckham. 2) Businessmen often exchange business cards to each other when they meet for the first time. 3) Would you care for a cup of coffee with me?

4) Our American English teacher told us to call her by her first name instead of her family name. Step 3 Students practice the dialogues in groups.

1. Give students several minutes to prepare short conversations in pairs by simulating the five small dialogues. (P 3 in students’ book)

2. Students role-play the similar situations they create, first in groups, and then in front of the class.

e.g. Please make a dialogue according to requirements.

Task: Imagine you are Zhang and you meet Mr. Smith, an English teacher from the USA at the airport for the first time. The following dialogue is provided for your reference. Zhang: Hello, are you Prof. Smith from the United States?

Mr. Smith: Yes, Robert Smith. Please call me Robert. Thanks for coming to meet me at the airport.

2 Zhang: My pleasure. Welcome to China. My name is Zhang Lin. You can call me Zhang. Here is my card.

Mr. Smith: Thank you. Here is mine. And this is my wife. Zhang: How do you do, Mrs. Smith?

Mrs. Smith: How do you do? It’s nice to meet you. Please call me Mary. Zhang: How was the journey, Mary?

Mrs. Smith: Well, it was Ok, although a little tiring. Zhang: Then let’s get your luggage and go to the hotel now. Mr. Smith: Oh, thank you. It’s very kind of you.

3. Students do Put-in-Use exercises in groups by reading out lout all the three dialogues they have completed. II .Being All Ears Dialogue 1：

Teaching Procedure (It aims to train the students with proper listening strategies.)

Pre-listening: provide the students with the new words and expressions; read through the questions and the chart in exercise 1 and 2, and make some predictions as to the content of the dialogue. While-listening: ask the students to listen to the dialogue for the first time and ask them just to understand the main idea of the dialogue not to finish the exercises; listen to the dialogue again and ask them to finish exercise 1; ask the students to repeat the dialogue sentence by sentence after the tape while the teacher will press the button “pause” on the tape recorder; listen to the dialogue as a whole for the last time.

Post-listening: ask the students to finish exercises, i.e. answering questions. This step aims to change listening to speaking.

Notes: The following dialogue and the passage listening can be done in a more or less similar procedure. III. Assignments

1) Pair work: Prepare conversations about introducing oneself to other members of the groups. 2) Do all the exercises in the section.

Unit1 (2) The Way Americans Greet Teaching purposes:

3 1. Understand the two passages as a whole;

2. Learn to use the strategy of scanning to locate specific information in a passage (reading skills development).

3. Master some useful expressions in Passage I (Key words and expressions: greet, speaking of , leave a …impression on, prefer…to…, get/become acquainted with ) Teaching procedures: I.Passage I II.Assignment

I. Passage I: The Way Americans Greet Step 1 Warm-up questions:

1. What is the common way for Chinese people to greet others?

(In greeting people, they usually ask personal questions to show intimacy, such as: “Have you had your lunch/dinner? / Where are you going? / What did you do last night?) 2. How do Americans greet each other?

(They use greeting clichés like “Hi/Hello/Good morning!/How are you?/How do you do?/ Nice to meet you!/ How is everything going on? Step 2 Students read the passage

1. Comprehension Questions (The students will be asked some compression questions after they have skimmed the passage to help them develop reading strategies.) ①. What does an informal greeting really mean to Americans? ②. Why don’t most Americans like using titles in introductions?

③. What do your American friends want to show when they address you with your first name? ④. Why do Americans ask you some personal questions?

Or: The teacher asks one question for each paragraph and the students read the passage paragraph and give their answers to the teacher’s questions:(参考教参P27和ppt.)

In this step, some related information will be provided for the students.) Formation of Common English Names

A common English name is usually composed of two or three parts: the first name is also called forename. If the person is a Christian, his first name will be given at his baptism, so it is also called the given name or the Christian name. Middle name is the second given name. When

4 written, middle name is often shortened to the initial letter. Surname is often the father’s family name, so it is also called family name or last name. For example: Anne Louise Strong, George W. Bush.

Step 3 Students summarize the informal ways American use for greeting and bidding farewell in Passage 1 .(参考教参Page 27 and ppt.)

Step 4 Students read Paragraph 2 loudly and then complete the following sentences without looking at the passage.(参考ppt.)

Step 5 Students do dictation practice of Paragraph 3. Step 6 Explain the passage in detail 1) Difficult sentences:

① (Title) The Way American Greet

Analysis: In this title, "in which" is omitted after The Way.

“in… way” means (to do something) by means of a certain method. Translation: 美国人的致意方式

Example: I think the way she studies is worth studying. ②(Para. 1) Speaking of „ time, I’ve got to run.

Analysis: "Speaking of" is a present participle clause used as an adverbial of cause/time. It means “when it comes to time, I’m reminded of …” Translation: 说到时间，我得赶紧跑了。

Example: a. Speaking of English, I’ve go to a class. 谈到英语，我得上课去了。

b. Speaking of business cards, I’ve got to print some more now. 谈到名片，我现在得再印一些。

③ (Para 2) However, American introductions are usually rather simple.

Analysis: However is a conjunct to denote a contrast of this sentence to the previous one. It means “然而，可是” in Chinese.

Translation: 然而美国式的介绍通常相当简单。

Example: a. In China, family relationships are usually rather close. 在中国，家庭关系通常都很紧密。

b. In my hometown, companies are usually rather small. 在我家乡，公司通常都很小。

④ (Para 2) “Glad to meet you. I’m Miller. But call me Paul.”

5 Analysis: Miller is the family name and Paul is the given name. Addressing others by their given name usually implies a sort of informal and friendly relationship. Translation: 比起正式称呼，大部分情形下他们更喜欢直呼其名。

Example: a. These boys prefer football to basketball. 比起蓝球来，这些男孩子们更喜欢足球。

b. I prefer Chinese food to Western food. 比起西餐来，我更喜欢中国食品。

⑤(Para 3) But Americans do sometimes ask such questions.

Analysis: Do is used here to emphasize the following verb. It means “的的确确，真的”

Translation: 但是美国人有时确实会问此类问题。

Example: I do appreciate your help.

⑥ (Para 3) In this way they can get better acquainted with you and have a topic for beginning a friendly conversation with you.

Analysis: And is used here to introduce a coordinate clause, which further develops the topic being discussed.

Translation: 他们想要得到你对这些询问的回答，这样就能更多地了解你，并以此为开端与你友好地侃上一场。

Example: In this way you can improve your spoken English and do (2) Useful Words and Expressions

①. Greet: v. say words of welcome to, express one’s feelings on receiving sb.

Example: It is important for the students to learn how to greet people in English. Practice: a. 我们经常用微笑表达喜悦。

We often express our happiness with a smile. b. 她说话经常带浓重的乡音。

She often speaks with a strong local accent. ②. Similarly: 同样

Example: Similarly, there are also many proverbs in Chinese. Practice: a. 同样，格林教授也无法忍耐惰性。

Similarly, Professor Green couldn’t bear laziness. b. 同样，他们也不愿意依赖他人。

Similarly, they don’t want to depend upon others.

6 ③. To sb.:对某人来说

Example: To the parents, a healthy child is the most essential thing. Practice: a. 对一个商人来说，利润是最重要的事。

To a businessman, profit is the most important thing. b. 对我来说，一个幸福的家庭是最有价值的东西。

To me, a happy family is the most valuable thing. ④. leave an impression on/upon sb. 给某人留下印象

leave a deep/good/nice impression on/upon sb.

Example: 一个友好的问候会使谈话有一个良好的开端。

A friendly greeting will make a good beginning for a talk.

Practice: 一个幽默的句子会给一堂课增添一股活力(lively touch)。

A humorous sentence will give a lively touch to the lesson. ⑤. such: 如此的,这样的

Example: Such a life may be too hard to the little girl. Practice: a. 这样的结局对我来说是太匆忙了。

Such an ending maybe too hasty to me. b. 这样一种天气对游客来说是太热了。

Such weather maybe too hot to the tourists.

⑥. acquaint: v. make familiar with, get to know, reveal to sb. 结识，认识

Example: You should try to acquaint him with the facts of the case. Practice: a. I have become acquainted with my new duties.

b. The overseas students have make themselves acquainted with their Chinese peers. ⑦. prefer: v. like better, would rather do 更喜欢,宁愿

Example: I prefer to have the meeting in the morning rather than in the afternoon. Practice: Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? II. Assignments

1. Students tell the way the Americans greet. 2. Recite the first paragraph of Passage I. 3. Finish all the exercises in this section.

7

Unit1 (3) A Little about Me Teaching purposes: 1. Writing a business card.

2. Master the basic sentence structures.

3. Learn to use the strategy of scanning to locate specific information in passage II. Teaching procedures: I.Passage II II.Applied writing

III.Sentence Writing and Grammar Review IV.Assignment

I. Passage II: A Little about Me Step 1 Warm-up activity:

T: First ask the students the question “If you write a short passage to introduce yourself, which aspects should be included in it?” and then make some conclusions as follows:

Self-introduction can be made according to different requirements and should be appropriate in different situations. Generally speaking, such aspects as name, personality, interests, appearance, etc. are included.

1. The teacher asks a few students to introduce some of their classmates and lets the other student guess who they are.

Words for describing appearance and characteristics.(参考教材P28和ppt) Step 2 Students read the passage.

T: Today we’ll read a passage concerning self-introduction from which we can get a glimpse of how to write a self-introduction.

Step 3 Students try to describe Mike according to the information given in the passage. (教参P29和ppt.) Step 4 Acting out

The students work in pairs to make up and act out an interview between a reporter form the college radio station and Mike Adams about his life and work in China. Step 5 Language points:

1. move to : to go from one residence or location to another

8 e.g. The pressures of city life forced him to move to the countryside 2. be kind to :to be friendly, generous, or warm-hearted e.g. The doctor is always kind to the patients.

3. change one’s mind: to reverse a previously held opinion or an earlier decision e.g. The old man is very stubborn and it’s difficult for him to change his mind. 4. have everything under control: everything is controlled by … e.g. Some parents want to have everything of their children under control. 5. look neat and tidy: to be clean and in order

e.g. She spends a few hours cleaning her house everyday. So it always looks neat and tidy. II. Applied Writing Trying Your Hand

1. Sample analysis: The teacher summarizes the format and the language used in business card. 2. The teacher introduce some items often included in a business card. 3. Simulated writing and create exercise. III. Sentence Writing and Grammar Review. 1. 英语五种基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一： S V (主+谓)

基本句型二： S V P (主+谓+表)

基本句型三： S V O (主+谓+宾)

基本句型四： S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)

基本句型五： S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)

2. Students do Exercises 5,6 and 7. IV. Assignments

1. Design a name card for yourself.

2. Do the grammar exercises in the Workbook. 3. Recite the last paragraph of Passage II.

4. Read and learn by heart the new words in Unit 2. 5. Prepare the speaking activities in Section I of Unit 2.

9

第三篇：新编实用英语综合教程2 -Unit 1 Invitation Etiquette教案

Unit 1 Invitation Etiquette Unit Goals What you should learn to do Make an oral invitation to:

Invite people to join daily activities

Invite people to formal occasions Make a written invitation

(write an invitation card or a letter) for:

Personal invitation

Official occasions Give a reply to:

An oral invitation

A written invitation What you should know about Invitation culture: western and Chinese Word order in a subordinate clause Requirements: After learning this unit, students should grasp: 1. Read and understand the meaning of invitation cards and letters 2. How to write invitation cards and letters and remember the patterns of invitation cards and letters 3. How to invite people to party or dinner, and how to accept and decline invitations 4. The customs of inviting people in different countries 5. Important words, phrases and language points in the passage In our daily life, we need to invite others to dinner or take part in all kinds of parties, so we should know about western custom about invitation.

Foreign custom is much stricter than Chinese custom in the matter of replying to invitations. When you receive an invitation you should answer is immediately, saying definitely whether you are able to accept it or not. If the invitation is given by word of mouth, in conversation or at a chance meeting, you should answer at once whether you can come or not. If you cannot give an answer at that time, you may say “May I let you know this evening” or some such words. By studying this unit, we will know about how to invite the others, how to accept or decline the invitation, and how to write invitation cards/letters. Section I Talking Face to Face 1. Imitating Mini-Talks 2. Acting out the Tasks 3. Studying Email Information on the Internet 4. Following Sample Dialogues 5. Putting Language to Use Section II Being All Ears 1. Learning Sentences for Workplace Communication 2. Handling a Dialogue 3. Understanding a Short Speech / Talk Section III Trying your Hand

1. Practicing Applied Writing 2. Writing Sentences and Reviewing Grammar Section IV Maintaining a Sharp Eye Passage 1 :

Information Related to the Reading Passage

Whether it is to a wedding, a dinner party, shower or gala event, an invitation comes with some important obligations. Here’s a quick guide to keep you on the guest list. 1. R.S.V.P

From the French “Répondez, s’il vous plait”, it means “Please reply.” This little code has been around for a long time and it’s definitely telling you that your hosts want to know if you are attending. Reply promptly, within a day or two of receiving an invitation. 2. How do I respond? Reply in the manner indicated on the invitation.

R.S.V.P and no response card: a handwritten response to the host at the return address on the envelope.

Response Card: fill in and reply by the date indicated and return in the enclosed envelope. R.S.V.P with phone number: telephone and make sure to speak in person — answering machines can be unreliable.

R.S.V.P with e-mail: you may accept or decline electronically.

Regrets only: reply only if you cannot attend. If your host doesn’t hear from you, he is expecting you!

No reply requested? Unusual, but it is always polite to let someone know your intentions. A phone call would be sufficient. 3. Is that your final answer?

Changing a “yes” to a “no” is only acceptable on account of: illness or injury, a death in the family or an unavoidable professional or business conflict. Call your hosts immediately.

Canceling because you have a “better” offer is a surefire way to get dropped from ALL the guest lists.

Being a “no show” is unacceptable.

Changing

a

“no”

to

a

“yes”

is OK only if it will not upset the hosts’ arrangements. 4. “May I bring „?”

Don’t even ask! An invitation is extended to the people the hosts want to invite — and no one else.

„ a date. Some invitations indicate that you may invite a guest or date (Mr. John Evans and Guest) and when you reply, you should indicate whether you are bringing someone, and convey their name.

„ my children. If they were invited, the invitation would have said so.

„ my houseguest. It’s best to decline the invitation, stating the reason. This gives your host the option to extend the invitation to your guests, or not. 5. Say “Thank You.”

Make sure to thank your hosts before you leave, and then again by phone or note the next day.

Text Business Invitation

A case of mistaken identity! Don’t worry, we’ve been assured that this mystery will be

solved in time for our Holiday Office Party We’re leaving the investigation to those who do it best. Let’s get away from all those computers, papers and mess and come to our office party in your best suit or dress.

Come join us and Toast the Season Thursday, December 9th 2010 5:00 P.M. The Columbia House – Penthouse Floor 485 Jefferson Plaza Leonard, Barley, Travis, Bailey and Smith

Regrets only to Dianne 248-8522 It would be a crime to miss our party or not be on time

485 Jefferson Plaza

Business invitations can be informal or formal. Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal invitations such as e-mail and phone invitations are becoming more acceptable.

Invitation Timing

For most formal occasions, it’s best to invite guests three or four weeks in advance. If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering. Here are a few guidelines for your information: ● Six to eight months before an important seminar to which out-of-town executives are invited. ● Four weeks before an evening reception. ● Two to four weeks before a cocktail party. Invitation Format

Formal business invitations are most commonly printed on white or off-white high-quality paper. A company can use any color of paper it desires, as long as it upholds and promotes the company’s image.

With preprinted invitations, you simply fill in the blanks to tell what, where, and when the party will be and who is giving it. It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning. Responding to an Invitation

Either use the address or phone number printed in the lower left corner of the invitation or return the RSVP card sent with the invitation. If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date. If the words “Regrets only” are printed in the lower left corner of the invitation, you need only to inform the host if you will not be able to attend. If your host does not hear from you, you are expected to attend.

Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr. Louis Winthorp and Guest.” Most likely, the host will have only enough food and drinks for the number of people he invites. Showing up with an uninvited friend could turn out to be an embarrassing situation for everyone. Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1. (Para. 1) Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal invitations such as e-mails and phone invitations are becoming more acceptable. Analysis: such as means “of the same kind, like” and should be followed by nouns or noun phrases. Translation: 虽然邀请函通常通过信函方式发出，但目前像电子邮件、电话邀请

等非正式邀请越来越被普遍使用。 Example: Our discussions were all about issues such as education and

climate change.

2. (Para. 4) It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning. Analysis: It’s also acceptable to do „ means “It’s also good enough to be received to do „”

Translation: 如果为了使计划更加周密，也可以在邀请函中加上请回复的字样，以及电话号码或联系地址。

3. (Para. 5) If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date. Analysis: If „ is a conditional clause followed by an imperative sentence Translation: 如果邀请函中包括“请于某日之前回复”的字样，则需要在规定日期前回复。

Example: If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering. Example: It’s acceptable to play tricks on your friends on April 1st. 4. (Para. 6) Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr. Louis Winthorp and Guest.”

Analysis: Never „ unless „ is “double negative”, which means “You can bring a guest if the invitation states „”

Translation: 如若邀请函上没有说明“邀请某某先生和朋友”，不要向邀请方要 求带同伴。

Example: Some people are never happy unless they are in the limelight showing off. 2 Important Words 1. in advance

before in time 提前 e.g.

Can I sign up for this course in advance? Quality Buildings usually hire its temporary workers well in advance as the need arises. 2. seminar n. a small class of usually advanced students meeting to study some subject with a teacher 讨论会，研讨班

e.g.

He I’m very sorry about not setting the seminar on time.

There is a computer network seminar tomorrow afternoon. 3. uphold

v. to support, prevent from being weakened or taken away

支持，赞成 e.g.

I want to love as a kind of faith to uphold.

All staff uphold integrity-based quality first principle. 4. image

n. the opinion people have of a person, organization, product etc. 形象 e.g.

The hotel industry is working hard on improving its image.

The party has to project the right image. 5. given

a. fixed for a purpose and stated as such 给定的，特定的 e.g.

The work must be done within the given time.

At any given time, the status of technical progress is relatively inflexible. 6. likely

ad. probably 可能 e.g.

I’d very likely have done the same thing in your situation.

As likely as not (very probably), the meeting will take place in the village pub. Passage 2 :

Information Related to the Reading Passage

This is an informal invitation letter between friends. The tone of this letter is casual. The language is not so formal. This kind of informal invitation letter is often written in the first person. For example, “in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.” “and it would be nice if you could come then, too.” But a formal invitation card is usually written in the third person.

Text An Invitation Letter My dear Michael, It seems ages since we heard from you — and even longer since you went to work in China. But recently we happened to bump into Charlie Wright at a party, and from him we learnt that you and Lucia will be coming to England over the Christmas holidays. So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England. I am still teaching English Literature in a university and I am getting well along with my colleagues. I also have some Chinese students here, who are very friendly and intelligent. I imagine you will be spending Christmas with your parents, but surely you will have some time after that before your Christmas holidays end. We shall be having two other friends of ours staying with us over the New Year weekend, and it would be nice if you could come then, too. Mike and Rosa Griffiths are old friends and a very nice couple; I’m sure you will like them. They used to live in China, too, so we shall have something in common. And if we get some decent weather, we might all go off one day and visit the Carters — I’m sure we can get Uncle Arthur to lend us his minibus. There’s not a great deal to report from our end. Mary is well and still enjoying her school teaching (at least, I think so); the children are growing up at a terrifying rate; I am still working for Sanderson’s and like it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago. But let’s hope you will soon be here to see for yourselves — and help us see the New Year in! I’d better stop here now; I’m supposed to be spending this evening writing Christmas cards. Write or phone as soon as you can — and come! Love from us all!

Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1. (Para. 1) It seems ages since we heard from you. Analysis: It seems ages since ... means “It seems a long time since ...” Translation: 似乎很长时间没有收到你的信了。 Example: It seems ages since I saw you in Shanghai. 2. (Para. 1) So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England. Analysis: To make sure ... is an adverbial of purpose, and in the hope, a prepositional phrase is used also as an adverbial of purpose.

Translation: 所以我马上写信，好让你在离开上海之前肯定收到这封信——希望你们俩能在英格兰逗留期间和我们一起住几天。

3. (Para. 3) I imagine you will be spending Christmas with your parents, but surely you will have some time after that before your Christmas holidays end. Analysis: Surely is used to express that someone is certain or almost certain about something. Translation: 我猜想你将在你的父母家过圣诞节, 但肯定在你的圣诞节假日结束之前还会有一些时间。

Example: These children surely deserve something better than a life on the streets. Example: I am sending this card to you today — to make sure you receive it before the Christmas Day. 4. (Para. 4) I am still working for Sanderson’s and liking it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago. Analysis: Sanderson’s here refers to a company implying Sanderson’s company; though is introducing a participle clause pining for ... and serving as the adverbial of concession. Translation: 我还在桑德森公司工作，而且工作很称心——虽然偶尔我也渴望从前自由自在的日子。

Example: They are working happily with Kent’s, though sometimes pining for the footloose school days. 2 Important Words 1. bump into

to meet somebody by chance 偶然碰到，偶然遇到 e.g.

We bumped into Kate when we were in London last week.

She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap. 2. straightaway

ad. do without delay, especially it has to be done urgently 马上，立刻 e.g.

I’ll come around straightaway with the files.

We’d better start work straightaway. 3. colleague

n. someone that you work with 同事

e.g.

I’d like you to meet a colleague of mine, Jean Michael. He was never particularly popular with his colleagues. 4. decent

a. of a good enough quality or standard 得体的，像样的，体面的 e.g.

I want to provide my boys with a decent education. There isn’t one decent restaurant around. 5. terrify

v. to frighten someone severely 威胁，恐吓，惊吓 e.g.

We terrified the girls with spooky stories.

He terrified her by jumping out at her from a dark alley. 6. pine for

v. to strongly desire (especially something which is difficult or impossible to obtain) 渴望 e.g.

It’s at this time of year that I start to pine for the snow-topped mountains. As a young girl, I always used to pine for a more glamorous existence.

第四篇：新编实用英语综合教程2 -Unit 3 Communication by phone教案

Unit 3 Communication by Phone

Unit Goals What you should learn to do 1. Make a phone call 2. Answer the phone 3. Leave and take a passage

4. Pass the message to the person being called 5. Extend a phone call 6. Take/fill in a message What you should know about 1. Phone service in the USA 2. Benefit or trouble of cell phones 3. Business telephone etiquette for success 4. The subjective mood Section I Talking Face to Face 1. Imitating Mini-Talks 2. Acting out the Tasks 3. Studying Email Information on the Internet 4. Following Sample Dialogues 5. Putting Language to Use Section II Being All Ears 1. Learning Sentences for Workplace Communication 2. Handling a Dialogue 3. Understanding a Short Speech / Talk Section III Trying your Hand

1. Practicing Applied Writing 2. Writing Sentences and Reviewing Grammar Section IV Maintaining a Sharp Eye Passage 1 : Information Related to the Reading Passage 1. cell phone 手机，移动电话

A cell phone is a small telephone you can carry with you that operates through networks of radio antennas or space satellites. Other expressions of a cell phone:

1) a cellular phone / telephone

2) a mobile phone / telephone

3) a handset 2. ATM 自动取款机

ATM is the abbreviation for automated teller machine. ATMs are found in business districts and shopping malls. People use them to get cash from their bank accounts and in many places, to pay for gas, groceries, and other things. 3. voice mail 有声邮件

A voice mail is a telephone answering system on which spoken messages are left by one person for another. Text

For Conversation Press # 1 I’ve got a cell phone, e-mail and voice mail. But why am I so lonely?

A funny thing happened on the way to the communications revolution: we stopped talking to one another.

I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There they were, talking and talking on a beautifully sunny day and I became invisible, absent from the conversation.

The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies. Evidently, the cordless electronic voice is preferable to human contact. The telephone used to connect you to the absent. Now it makes people sitting next to you feel absent. Recently I was in a car with three friends. The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone. There we were, four friends zooming down the highway, unable to talk to one another because of a gadget designed to make communication easier. Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Every advance in communications technology is a setback to the intimacy of human interaction. With e-mail and instant messaging over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another. With voice mail, you can conduct entire conversations without ever reaching anyone. If my mom has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine. As almost every conceivable contact between human beings gets automated, the alienation index goes up. You can’t even call a person to get the phone number of another person any more. Directory assistance is almost always fully automated. Pumping gas at the station? Why say good morning to the attendant when you can swipe your credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact? Making a deposit at the bank? Why talk to a clerk who might live in the neighborhood when you can just insert your card into the ATM? I am no Luddite. I own a cell phone, an ATM card, a voice mail system, an email account. Giving them up isn’t an option — they are great for what they are intended to do. It’s their unintended consequences that make me cringe. Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1. (Title) For Conversation Press # 1 Analysis: In this sentence, for means with the purpose of. Press # 1 is in imperative mood. # stands for No., therefore #1 is read as No.1. Translation: 通话按1号键。 Example: For redialing, press the # key. 2. (Para. 3) I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation. Analysis: Interrupting our conversation in the sentence is a present participle phrase used as an adverbial of result.

Translation: 最近我和一位朋友正在公园里散步，突然他的手机响起来，打断了我们的谈话。

Example: The child fell, striking his head against the door and hurting it slightly. 3. (Para. 3) There they were, talking and talking on a beautifully sunny day and I became invisible, absent from the conversation. Analysis: Talking and talking on a beautifully sunny day is a present participle phrase used as an adverbial of attendant circumstance. Translation: 在一个阳光明媚的日子，他们在那儿谈啊谈，而我却被遗忘，成了谈话的局外人。

Example: Marta sat in the armchair, reading a magazine. 4. (Para. 5) There we were, four friends zooming down the highway, unable to talk to one another because of a gadget designed to make communication easier. Analysis: Four friends zooming on the highway is a present participle phrase, with four friends as the logical subject of zooming on the highway.

The whole phrase serves as an adverbial of attendant circumstance. Designed to make communication easier is a past participle phrase used as an attribute, modifying the antecedent gadget. Translation: 我们四位朋友坐在车里，飞驰在高速公路上，却因为有了那个被 设计来方便通信的小玩意儿而不能互相交谈。

Example: My room is on the fourth floor, its window overlooking the beach. Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof. 5. (Para. 6) Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Analysis: In this sentence, the antecedent it stands for the subject that-clause (that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel), where the comparative ... structure is used. Similar structure can be found in What is it that ...? Translation: 为什么我们联系得越多，我却越感到失去了联系呢? Example: Why is it that you know so much? 6. (Para. 7) As almost every conceivable contact between human beings gets automated, the alienation index goes up. Analysis: As is a conjunction, meaning at the same time that. Translation: 随着人们之间几乎每一种可以想到的联系都变得自动化起来，疏远指数上升了。

Example: They smiled as their eyes met.

As he entered, the hall burst into thunderous applause. 7. (Para. 8) Pumping gas at the station? Analysis: This is an elliptical sentence. The complete sentence should be

Are you pumping gas at the station? Translation: 你在加油站加油吗?

Example: (Are you) Making a deposit at the bank? (Para. 9) 8. (Para. 8) Why say good morning to the attendant when you can swipe your credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact? Analysis: In this sentence, why is used as an interrogative adverb, followed by a bare infinitive to form a rhetorical question, which can also take a negative structure such as Why not do something? The former means why should we do something or we don’t need to do something, while the latter means the opposite: let’s do something. Translation: 既然你可以用信用卡在加油泵旁自动刷卡，免除与人打交道的麻烦，何必还要对加油站的工作人员打招呼呢?

Example: Why smoke when you know it is so unhealthy?

Why not try to train your character when you have the opportunity? 9. (Para. 11) I am no Luddite. Analysis: In this sentence, no means not at all.

Translation: 我并不反对自动化。

Example: Don’t cheat her. She’s no fool. She is no friend of mine. 10. (Para. 11) Giving them up isn’t an option — they are great for what they are intended to do. Analysis: The clause They are great for what they are intended to do serves to explain why giving them up isn’t an option. Great for means very good for. What they are intended to do means what they are designed to do. Translation: 放弃他们并不可取——人们赋予它们的功能太美妙了。 Example: Going there isn’t a good idea — it’s too far away from here. 11. (Para. 12) It’s their unintended consequences that make me cringe. Analysis: This is an emphatic sentence introduced by it is ... that. What is emphasized here is the subject their unintended consequences. The basic structure of such a kind of sentence is as follows: It + be + the emphasized part + that + the other parts of the sentence. Translation: 只是他们无意中带来的后果使我感到不寒而栗。 Example: It was David that (who) did it.

It was a key that I found in his pocket.

It was not until last year that he came to live in this city. 2 Important Words 1. lonely

a. alone and feeling sad, lonesome 孤独的，寂寞的

e.g.

Without friends, Selena felt lonely in the city she had just arrived in. I shall have a companion in the house after all these lonely years. He felt lonely when his best friend moved to another place. 2. recently

ad. not too long ago; starting not too long ago and still going on, (syn.) currently 最近，近来

e.g.

I saw my friend recently; we had dinner together last week. Recently, my brother has been working on his master’s degree at the university. I’ve only recently begun to learn German. 3. evidently

ad. as it appears, seemingly, (syn.) apparently 明显，显然

e.g.

Mr. Lowenberg evidently regarded this as a great joke.

From the warm temperature and abundant flowers, it is evidently spring here.

Evidently your sister was sensitive on the topic of operations. 4. preferable

a. better or more suitable, to be preferred 更可取的，更好的 e.g.

She found life in the city preferable to her quiet life in the country.

Gradual change is preferable to sudden, great change.

Milk is fine, but cream would be preferable. 5. connect

v. to attach, join together; to reach sb. by telephone 连接，接通 e.g.

The telephone operator connected me with the human resources

department.

I connected the antenna to the TV set. A new road connects the two small cities. 6. unable

a. not able, incapable 不能的，不会的 e.g.

I am unable to cycle to school because my bicycle is broken.

He is unable to walk because of a bad ankle.

He is unable to do the job for lack of experience. 7. advance

n. an improvement, (syn.) a breakthrough 前进，进展 e.g.

There have been great advances in medicine in the last 50 years.

This model is a great advance on previous ones.

Under this system popular science education made great advances. in advance of: more highly developed 在⋯之前，超过

Their training facilities are far in advance of anything we have. in advance: ahead of time 预先，事先

Everything had been fixed in advance. 8. deposit

v. to place sth. valuable, such as money, in a bank or brokerage account; to place valuables for safekeeping 存放，存储

n. a partial payment to hold goods or property until the buyer makes complete payment 定钱，押金

e.g.

Sam deposited ten dollars in his savings account.

Mrs. Heckler deposited her jewelry in a safe.

She left a deposit on the coat. 9. insert

v. to put sth. into, between, or among 插入，嵌入 e.g.

The old lady carefully inserted the letter into an envelope carefully.

The professor inserted a comment in the margin.

A film of oil is inserted between the sliding surfaces of a bearing. 10. account

n. money kept in a bank for present or future use; a character string that indentifies a user and is used by computer operating system in accounting or other services 账户，帐号

e.g.

I have a checking account at Metropolitan Bank.

The accounts were perfectly in order.

He opened an account at my bank in your name. 11. consequence

n. the result of doing sth. 结果，后果 e.g.

He drank heavily and died as a consequence.

I’m quite willing to accept the consequence.

He does not consider the consequences. Passage 2 :

Information Related to the Reading Passage 1. Proper phone etiquette tips

Proper phone etiquette is important at both a personal and professional level. Being polite on the telephone is just as important as when speaking with someone in person. You might be surprised at how good you feel about yourself if you use proper telephone etiquette and the positive responses received while talking on the phone. Here are a few telephone etiquette tips as an update to skills that are quite natural in many of us. Always answer the phone by saying “Hello” and not any other greeting. If the person who has been requested is not available, simply state that he or she “is not available at this time. May I take a message?” Not only does the person on the other end of the phone have a good impression about you, that feeling will apply to the person they are calling for as well. Always be quick and to the point while remaining pleasant during a phone call. Friends and family will continue with a telephone conversation if they have time, otherwise they are not likely to rush you off the phone no matter how busy they are. No one is perfect, so if you dial a wrong phone number, state your mistake, apologize and hang up the phone. 2. Ways to answer a telephone at work

There are several accepted ways to answer a telephone at work. You can simply say “Hello” or you can say your name, as in “ June Johnson speaking.” You don’t need to say the company’s name if a receptionist or a secretary has already done so. Try to speak in a pleasant, unrushed voice. If you are rushed and can’t talk, it’s better to say this and make plans to call back later. Don’t rustle papers or work while you’re speaking on the phone. If you’re really too distracted to speak, then reschedule the call.

It’s okay and sometimes even necessary to screen your calls. But there’s a right and a wrong way to do this. First, train your secretary to do it politely. It’s better to ask “May I know who’s calling?” than “ Who is this?” or even “ Who’s calling?” Second, don’t instruct your secretary to say you are out when you are in. It’s acceptable to be in but too busy to talk at the moment and it’s always better to be honest. Callers sense the difference, and besides, it may not look good ifyou’re always out.

It’s rude not to return telephone calls regardless of whom they are from. You might be ignoring a potential customer. Many people today don’t bother to return phone calls, and if you work for someone else, it’s highly unlikely that such behavior is acceptable. When you do return calls, try to place them yourself. If you must have your secretary make the call, then get on the line immediately. It’s not polite to keep someone waiting when you’ve placed the call. Text

Business Telephone Etiquette for Success Proper telephone etiquette is more important than ever in today’s business environment. Much of our business communication takes place on the phone: in the office, at home, in the car, virtually anywhere. In various areas, proper phone technique can make or break deals or relationships. Look at these guidelines that can help you use the phone as a powerful tool.

First is the greeting. When answering the phone for business, be sure to identify yourself and your company. If answering someone else’s line, be sure to include their name in your greeting, so that the other party does not think they have reached a wrong number. For example, if Bob Johnson answers Jim Smith’s line, he would say: “Jim Smith’s line, Bob Johnson speaking” and then take a message or handle the call, depending on how his office works.

When you are the person making the call, be sure to use proper phone etiquette from the start. You want to be sure to be polite to the “gatekeepers” i.e. secretaries, receptionists etc. who answer the phone for your business contact, as they are the ones who have the power to put you through (or not) , say, at 4:55 P.M. on Friday, when their boss is getting ready to leave the office. When you have reached the party, if your call has been expected, remind them of the prior conversation and appointment. People get busy and can seem surprised until you remind them of where they should remember you from. If your call is not expected, unless it will be a short call, ask the party if they have the time for you. If the other person does not have time, briefly state the purpose of your call and ask for an appointment to follow up at a later time.

Have a phone diary. Keep a pencil and pad near the phone and jot notes during phone conversations. This will help you “actively listen” and have a reference later. Employ active listening noises such as “Yes” or “I see” or “Great”. This lets the other person know that you care about what they have to say.

End the call on a positive note by thanking the other person for their time and express an interest in speaking with them again (if that is true). A gracious goodbye leaves the door open for further communication. In this global village today, you never know whom you will be doing business with in the future, so burning any bridges, or telephone lines, would be unwise. Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1. (Para. 2) If answering someone else’s line, be sure to include their name in your greeting, so that the other party does not think they have reached a wrong number. Analysis: This is a complex sentence. Be sure to include their name in your greeting is the main clause, which is an imperative sentence with the subject “you” being omitted; if answering someone else’s line is an adverbial clause of condition, with the subject “you” being omitted; so that introduces an adverbial clause of purpose. Translation: 如果你接的是别人的电话，一定要在问候时包含应接电话人的名字，以免对方误以为打错了电话。

Example: If answering the phone for business, be sure to identify yourself and your company.

We’ll sit nearer to the front so that we can see better. 2. (Para. 2) For example, if Bob Johnson answers Jim Smith’s line, he would say: “Jim Smith’s line, Bob Johnson speaking” and then take a message or handle the call, depending on how his office works. Analysis: This is a complex sentence. The main clause is he would say „ and then take „ or handle the call. The subject of the main clause is he (Bob); and would say, take and handle are compound predicates. Depending on how his office works is a present participle phrase, serving as an adverbial of condition and modifying handle the call. Translation: 例如，如果鲍勃·约翰逊接的是吉姆·史密斯的电话线路，他会说“这是吉姆·史密斯的电话，我是鲍勃·约翰逊”，然后根据自己办公室的工作程序，记下留言或处理来电。

Example: The expenses you claim can vary enormously, depending on travel distances involved. 3. (Para. 4) If your call is not expected, unless it will be a short call, ask the party if they have the time for you. Analysis: This is a complex sentence. In this sentence, the imperative clause ask the party „ is the main clause with an if-clause; if they have the time for you as its object. Unless it will be a short call is an adverbial clause of concession. Translation: 如果你的电话不是他们期待的，除非你的电话内容很短，否则你要问问对方是否有时间和你交谈。

Example: He won’t finish his task in time unless he works hard. Unless you are trying to lose weight to please yourself, it’s going to be tough to keep your motivation level high. 2 Important Words 1. virtually ad. in fact or for all practical purposes 事实上

e.g.

It was reported that the city had been virtually paralyzed by the storm.

Unemployment in this part of the country was virtually non-existent. 2. identify

v. to establish or recognize (sb. / sth.) as a certain person or thing

辨认, 鉴别 e.g.

The boy identified the bird as an eagle. The police officer refused to identify himself. They have already identified ten murder suspects. 3. contact

n. the condition of being in communication 联系 e.g.

We lost contact with our former neighbors after they moved. The polite was always in contact with an air traffic controller. Has your brother kept in contact with his friends from college? 4. put „ through

v. to connect (a caller) to the person they have telephoned 接通 e.g.

She put the lady through immediately. Hold on, please. I’ll put you through to Mrs. Barnhart. Would you please put me through to your manager? 5. remind „ of

v. to make sure that sb. does not forget sth. 提醒, 使想起 e.g.

Thank you for reminding me of the meeting I have to attend. This hotel reminds me of the one we stayed in last year. The tune reminds me of the same play that we saw a few years ago. 6. prior

a. coming before in time, order or importance 在前的 e.g.

She denied prior knowledge of the meeting. He didn’t talk about his prior employment. 7. follow up

v. to act further on sth. 乘势采取行动 e.g.

The salesmen usually follow up a letter with a visit. As a news reporter, when something important happens, I have to follow it up.

第五篇：新编英语教程5课文翻译(标准)

新编英语教程5课文翻译 (1，2，3，4，7，，9，10单元)

Unit One

恰到好处

你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗?只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。

法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法?”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。

寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人?”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常„„”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。

一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。

语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭，他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的：“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安(anxiety )期待着那个日子的到来。 ”“Anxiety” 含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。 “Anxiety” 跟热切期盼有一定的关联，但在这个场合是不能等同的。

乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道：

让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达，代之以真理，刚毅，坚定和奇异的精神。

这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异(singularity)” 的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一，即抱定一个信念永不改变，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity 指的是古怪，特性，是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。

即使没有出现词语误用，这词仍可能不是符合作者意图的恰如其分的词。一名记者在一篇有关圣诞节的社论中这样引出狄更斯的话：

任何有关圣诞节的想法和文字已经被禁锢(imprisoned )在这句话中„„“Imprisonment” 暗示着强迫，威逼，这么一来似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。用 “包含(contained )”或 “归结(summed up )”就要好些。“概括(epitomized)”也行，尽管听起来有点僵硬。稍微再用点心我们就能准确地找到 “mot juste (恰倒好处的词) ”，那就是“distilled”.它比包含和归结语气更强。“Distillation (提炼)”意味得到本质(essence)的东西。因此我们可以进一步把这个句子修改为：

所有有关圣诞节的想法和文字的精华都被提炼到这句话之中。

英语词汇丰富，运用灵活。一个意思有很多种表达方式。但是无论意思上如何相近的词总是存在着些许区别。作为学生就要敏感地意识到这些区别。通过查字典，尤其是通过阅读，学生对这类细微差别敏感性将逐步增强，准确表达自己意思的能力也相应提高。

罗利教授曾经说过：“同义词是不存在的。句子用词改变了，句子就不再是原来的意思了。”这也许过于绝对，但是很难驳倒。措辞稍有变更，意思会有微妙的变化。看下面两个句子：

(1) 童年时候我喜欢去看火车开过。

(2) 当我是个小孩子的时候我喜欢看火车开过。

乍一看这两个句子的意思完全一样。但仔细一看你会发现它们之间存在细微的差别。在 我童年时候比当我是小孩子的时候更加抽象。而看很可能比去看更强调看火车这一动作。这个例子不是很明显，可能有待商榷。但每个人看了下面例子后一定马上同意。两者之间存在显著区别。

(1) 他死的时侯很穷。 (2) 他断气时穷困潦倒。

在某种意义上，expired 是died 的同义词，in indigent circumstances 是poor 的同义词。 但当看整个句子时，我们就不能坚持认为两句是一样的了。措辞的变化往往意味着风格的改变，并给读者以不同的感受。也许当好一个 谴词造句的工匠比当好一个与木头钉子打交道的木匠要难一些，但是只要我们付出努力和耐心，我们就能提高自己的技能和敏感性。这样我们不仅可以提高我们的写作能力，还可以提高阅读能力。

英语为各种活动和嗜好提供了丰富多彩的词汇。就那走路来说，通过我们拥有的各种各样的词语的意义范围有多么广阔。我们可以说行军，踱步，巡逻，潜进，跨过，践踏，重步走，蹦蹦跳跳地走，昂首阔步，高视阔步，徘徊，沉重缓慢地走，溜达，曳足而行，摇摇晃晃地走，侧身而行，跋涉，蹒跚学步，漫步，徜徉，漫游，闲荡，悄悄地走。

即使不包括俚语在内英语就有四十余万单词，这很可能让学习英语的外国学生感到气馁和沮丧。但千万不要灰心，因为超过半数的词已不再通用。就算大文豪沙士比亚也只使用了两万左右的词汇。今天普通英国人的词汇量在12000到13000之间。一个人的词汇量当然是尽量扩大的好，但仅仅10000的词汇量就够他说话写字表达丰富的意义了。关键是你要扎实地掌握你知道的单词。粗略地认识三个单词还不如准确地掌握两个。衡量一个木匠的好坏并不在于他拥有工具的数量多少，而是在于他运用工具的技艺如何。同样的，衡量一个作家好不好不能通过其认识单词的数量，而应通过其找到恰如其分的词的能力。这个词要不偏不倚正中要害，一言中的。

Unit Two： 警惕海洋污染

每年有一亿的度假者被吸引到地中海去度假。该地区拥有世界三分之一的旅游业，是最受欢迎的度假胜地;其污染也是最严重的。

虽然地中海只占全球海洋面积的百分之一，但在它的海面上却漂浮着泄入海洋的一半以上的石油和焦油。成千上万的工厂将有毒物质倾入地中海。几乎地中海沿岸的每一座城市、小镇和村庄都将未经处理的污水排进海里。

结果，曾孕育这么多文明的地中海不堪其苦---- 第一个由于其周围人们对其利用能力的增强和对其环境污染的忽视态度而受害的海洋。污染不仅窒息海里的生物---- 它还威胁着沿海的居民和游玩海滨的游客。

伤寒、副伤寒、痢疾、小儿麻痹、病毒性肝炎以及食物中毒成为当地的地方病，还有周期性爆发的霍乱。

这种恶疾的反复暴发是由污水造成的。地中海沿岸120座城市中85%的污水被泄入地中海，而当地居民和游客就在其中沐浴和捕鱼。而且，大多数城市把污水径直倒在海滩上;像戛纳和特拉维夫那样用管道把污水排出离海岸半英里以外的地方的实在是少。

希腊四百万沿海居民中仅有不足十万人把生活污水作了适当的处理---如图所示，希腊还算是地中海北岸相对干净的国家之一。

污染最为严重的地区是以色列及黎巴嫩沿岸和巴塞罗纳与热那亚之间的海域。那里每年向其每英里海岸排出200多吨污水。

浅水区充斥着细菌是不足为奇的，并且用不了多久就会蔓延到人。据皇家免费医院的威廉布鲁佛特教授统计，到地中海游泳的人都会有七分之一感染疾病的可能。其他科学家说这种估计过高;但他们几乎都同意游泳者是在冒险。

还有更大的危险潜藏在那些诱人的、为假日的菜单增色不少的海鲜里，贝类水生物是该地区许多恶性疾病的主要病菌携带者。

贝类水生物通常在污水中生长，即使并非如此，它们也会因“使它们新鲜一些”这一普遍的做法而受污染----在市场里给它们泼上脏水使其鲜活。

工业也加重了地中海的污物。沿海工厂集结，即使是最现代化的工厂也鲜有适当的污物处理设备。它们对海洋造成的损害同污水造成的差不多。

15，000家工厂殃及意大利利古里亚沿海度假胜地。六万家工厂污染了撒丁岛和西西里岛之间的第勒尼安海，以及西部的意大利海滨。仅威尼斯的礁湖就承受着76家工厂废水的污染。

还有更多的污物从遥远的内陆工厂沿河流入。波河和罗纳河最脏，其次为西班牙的挨波罗河、罗伯里加河，再就是意大利的啊迪杰河、台伯河以及尼罗河。

成千上万吨杀虫剂从田间流进海里，洗涤剂从数以百万的洗涤槽流出，毒死鱼类，被冲到海里的化肥滋养了大量浮游生物，使游泳者身上粘满令人发痒的黏液。

还有石油----每年从船只倾泻350，000吨，从沿岸工业泄出115，000吨。最近有研究表明地中海被石油污染的程度是大西洋北部的4倍，是太平洋东北部的40倍。

除了9英里宽的直布罗陀海峡外，地中海完全被大陆包围，根本无法自我清理。要通过浅而狭小的海峡更新海水需花80年时间，这个速度对解决污染的无情冲击来说实在太缓慢了。

微弱的沿海涌流使得污水和工业废物滞留在海岸边，并逐渐地把漂浮在海面上的石油和焦油冲到岸边，而微弱潮汐无法将它冲走。

当然，地中海人始终利用大海处理他们的垃圾。威尼斯的运河，博斯普鲁斯海峡以及靠近尼罗河三角洲的海水数百年来一直都是健康之敌，危害人类的健康。

但是沿海人口已增至一亿，外加每年一亿游客到此旅游。法国和意大利的海滨度假胜地的人口每年夏天成倍增长。

北岸每码海滩每年有三位游客来访。预计未来20年里度假人数将翻一番，到时即使有最好的处理厂也难以应付。

好消息是地中海国家已经开始联合起来探讨如何拯救他们共同的海洋的方法。

但仍将需要很长的时间他们所通过的净化海洋的措施才会产生效果。

Unit Three:

我的朋友阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦

虽然阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是迄今为止世界上最伟大的科学家之一，但如果要我用一个词来描述他的话我会选择纯朴。或者有关他的一些轶事能让你理解我为什么这么说。有一次，遇上了倾盆大雨，他摘下帽子揣在衣服下面。别人问他为什么，他以令人钦佩的逻辑解释说，雨会淋坏帽子，而他的头发淋湿了却不会坏。这种直达问题核心的诀窍以及他对美非同寻常的感知就是他主要科学发现的秘密所在。

1935年，在坐落于新泽西著名的普林斯顿高级研究院，我第一次见到阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦。他是第一批被该院邀请的人，在工资方面学院任由他提条件。令院长惊鄂的是，爱因斯坦要求的薪水简直办不到---- 他要得太少了。院长不得不恳求他接受一个大一些的数目。

我对爱因斯坦很敬畏，犹豫再三才就我一直在考虑的一些想法向他请教。当我终于鼓起勇气敲响他的门时，听到一个温和的声音说：“进来。”声调有些上扬，带有欢迎和询问的语气。我走进他的办公室，看见他坐在桌子旁边，一边抽着烟斗一边算着什么。他的衣服很不合身，头发乱蓬蓬的，极具个性，向我热情地微笑着表示欢迎我的到来。他的平易自然立刻让我放松了下来。

当我开始阐述自己的见解时，他叫我把方程式写在黑板上，这样他就能明白它们是怎么展开。接着他提出了一个令人惊鄂但又非常可爱的请求：“请你漫漫地写，我理解东西不快。”这种话竟出自爱因斯坦之口!他说得很温和，我笑了。从此残留的畏惧之情都烟消云散了。

爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆市。他并非神童式的人物。事实上他说话很晚，他的父母甚至担心他是弱、智儿。上学后,虽然老师们看不出他有什么天分，但天才的迹象已经显露。例如，他自学微积分，老师们有些怕他，因为他总问些他们回答不出的问题。因此，十六岁时他就问自己是否当人跟着光波跑得一样快的时候它会好像是静止的。由这一天真的问题的引发，十年之后他创立了相对论。

爱因斯坦没有通过苏黎士瑞士联邦工艺学校的入学考试，但在一年后被录取了。在那，他除了完成规定的学业外，还自修了物理学的经典著作。他申请教学职位没有通过，终于在1902年在伯尔尼找了一个专利督察员的差使，三年后，他的天才结出了累累硕果。

在令人难忘的1905年，他创造了很多非同寻常的东西，其中就有相对论极其著名的衍生公式，E≒mc (能量等于质量乘以光速的平方)，以及有关光的量子论。这两个理论不仅具有革命性，而且表面上看来是相互对立的：前者与光波论联系紧密，后者则表示光似乎由粒子构成。但这个不为人知的年轻人大胆地将这两个理论同时抛出----- 而且他的这两个理论都是正确的，至于他为何是正确的，其中的缘由过于复杂，此处就不多说了。

与爱因斯坦一同工作是令人无法忘怀的经历。1937年，我和波兰物理学家利奥波德.因费尔德问他能否与他一起工作。他听到这个提议很高兴，因为他有个关于地心引力的想法有待进一步深入探讨。这样我们不仅了解了作为朋友的爱因斯坦，也了解了作为专家的他。

他专心致志的强度和深度简直令人难以置信。着手解决一个棘手问题时，他会像动物追咬猎物一样坚持不懈。当我们的工作遇到似乎难以逾越的障碍时，他会站起身，把笔放到桌子上，用他腔调奇特的英语说着“我要显一显”(他发不准“想”这个音)。然后他会踱来踱去，用食指旋着一缕灰白的长发。

他的脸上会出现一种梦幻、恍惚却源自心灵深处的表情。没有精神高度集中的外表，没有紧锁的眉头，只要平静的内心交流。时间一点点流逝，突然之间爱因斯坦停止踱步，脸上有挂上了温和的笑容。他已经找到解决问题的方法了。有时解决方法非常简单，我和.因费尔德为自己没有想到恨不得踢自己。但神奇的推理在爱因斯坦头脑深处悄悄地进行，我们既看不见也领会不到。

妻子的去世给爱因斯坦带来极大的打击，但他坚持认为现在比以往任何时候都是更加努力工作的时候。记得那段悲伤的日子里，我到他家和他一起工作。他整个人形容枯槁，悲痛哀伤，但他还是强打精神集中精力。为了减轻他的痛苦，我有意识地将讨论从常规的讨论引向复杂的多的理论问题。爱因斯坦果然逐渐沉浸在讨论之中。我们了差不多两个小时，到最后他的眼里已经没有一丝悲哀了。我离开时，他带着令人感动的诚挚感谢我说“这真有趣!”他从悲哀中暂时解脱，试图找到合适的话来感谢我，这也正表达了他的一种深刻的感情。

爱因斯坦是个多才多艺的业余音乐家。我们曾一起演出二重奏，他拉小提琴，我弹钢琴。有一天他对我说莫扎特是最伟大的作曲家，使我刮目相看。贝多芬“创造”了他的音乐，但是莫扎特的音乐是如此纯净，如此美丽，给人一种感觉他是“找到”这些音乐的---- 莫扎特的音乐好像一直就作为宇宙内部美的一部分存在着，等待被人发现。

正是这种莫扎特式的纯朴构成了爱因斯坦研究方法的特点。例如，他1905年的相对论就是建立在两个简单的假想之上的。其一是人们所说的相对原理，粗略地说，就是我们判断我们是在静止还是在平稳地运动。其二，无论发光体的速度是多少，光的速度是一样的。如果你想一想一根棍子在湖里搅动出水波，你会发现这个假设是多么正确。无论是从固定的码头还是从飞驰的游艇上搅动棍子，水波一旦产生，就不受外界影响，而且它们的速度与棍子的速度一点关系都没有。

分别看这两个设想，就其本身而言，非常合理，甚至好像是显而易见的。但把他们放到一起考虑时，它们是完全对立的，如果是一个略逊一筹的人，就会放弃其中之一而被吓跑。爱因斯坦毅然坚持这两种设想——正因如此，他给物理学带来了彻底的革命。因为他证明了只要我们放弃对时间本质所怀有的信仰，它们毕竟是能够并行不悖的。

科学就像是卡片屋子，时间，空间概念在最底层。时间稍有改动就会使房子严重倾塌。正因如此爱因斯坦的工作才显得非常重要——而且颇具争议。在普林斯顿为纪念爱因斯坦诞辰七十周年的会议上，在会上发言的人中，一位诺贝尔奖得主试图表达出爱因斯坦成就的神奇性质，但他却说不出话来，只得绝望的耸耸肩，指着他的手表，用一种惊异的声调说：“都是打这儿来的。”他的无言正说出了我所听过的对爱因斯坦天才的最动人颂词。

爱因斯坦的工作都是用铅笔安静的在纸上完成的，看上去远离日常生活的喧嚣。但是他的思想太具有革命性，引起了激烈的讨论战和无理的愤怒。事实上，为了将迟到的诺贝尔奖颁发给爱因斯坦，遴选委员会不得不避免提到相对论，而假装这个奖主要是为了表彰他在量子论上的杰出贡献。

政治事件层出不穷更是颠覆了他宁静的生活。纳粹在德国上台执政后，他的理论被官方宣布为错误的，仅仅因为它们是一个犹太人提出的。他的财产被查抄，并有消息说政府悬赏要他的脑袋。

当美国的科学家担心纳粹可能会开发原子弹，寻求途径要美国当局警惕其危险性时，他们根本没有被注意。绝望之下，他们草拟了一封由爱因斯坦签名的信，并直接将信寄给了当时在任的罗斯福总统。正是这一举动导致了全力以赴研制原子弹的重大决定。爱因斯坦没有积极参加这一过程。当他听说了他的E=mc2公式引起的痛苦和破坏时，他居丧到了无以复加的地步，从此他的眼中笼上了一丝难以言传的悲哀。

爱因斯坦身上有一种另人困惑的古怪。这可由我最喜欢的关于他的一件轶事说明。事情发生在他到普林斯顿第一年的圣诞前夕，一群孩子在他房子外唱圣诞颂歌。唱完后他们敲开他的门向他解释说他们在集资买圣诞礼物。爱因斯坦听了后说道：“稍等一会儿。”他穿上外套，戴上围巾，从匣子里取出他的小提琴。接着他加入孩子们的队伍，当孩子们挨家挨户唱《平安夜》时，他在一旁伴奏。

了解了爱因斯坦和他的工作意味着什么呢?我该怎样总结呢?就像那位绝望的指指他的手表的诺贝尔奖得主一样，我也找不到恰当的言辞。它就像伟大的艺术所揭示的内容一样，就在于让人看到原来隐藏的东西。比如，当我在人际罕至的沙滩上漫步时，我想起他对宇宙简单性的不懈探索，那种情景带有一种更深刻、更哀伤的美感。

Unit Four 看不到的贫穷 /穷人

在美国，数以百万计的穷人日趋隐形。虽然他们的群体是如此的庞大，但是要看到他们非得有足够的智慧和意志不可。

我是亲自通过一种奇特的方式发现这一点的。在我完成第一篇有关美国贫困的文章后，所有的统计数字就都跃然纸上了。令我感到满足的是，我总算证明出在这个国家有大约50,000,000穷人。但是我意识到我并不相信自己得出的数字。穷人存在于政府的报告中，仅仅是一系列长长的而且紧紧相连的栏目中的数字和百分比，并未溶入我的经历。我能够证明另一个美国的存在，但却从未去过那里。

有些长期造成的原因使另一个美国成为一个看不到的国度。

贫穷常常产生在人迹罕至的地方。而且总是如此。普通游客从来不会离开主干道，而现在他往来于洲际高速公路。他不去宾夕法尼亚的山谷，那里的市镇宛如电影里的三四十年代威尔士的场景。他没有看到一排排的工厂住房和布满车辙的马路(无论是住在城市、乡镇或农场，穷人的路都不好走)，所有的东西都黑乎乎脏兮兮的。即使游客碰巧经过这些地方，他也不会见到酒吧里的失业男人和彻头彻尾的血汗工厂里收工回家的妇女。

其次，美景和神话是贫穷永久的面具。旅游者在宜人的季节来到阿巴拉契亚山。他看到了山川，溪流，树叶——但没有贫穷。或者也许他看着一栋破败的山居，更多联想到的是卢梭而不是用他的眼睛进行仔细观察，于是他断定“那些人” 真的很幸运，能够按照自己的方式生活，能够幸运地免除中产阶级的紧张和压力。他们唯一的问题是“那些人”，那些山中奇特的居民，没有受过良好的教育，生活水平低下，缺乏医疗保障，正处在被迫离开土地涌入城市讨生活的过程，而在城市里他们无所适从。

这些都是造成贫穷隐形的正常而且显而易见的原因。这些原因几十年前就起作用，此后几十年将继续起作用。更为重要的是要知道随着美国社会的发展，一种新型式的对贫穷的忽视正在出现。穷人正在逐渐从人们的经历和意识中淡出。

如果说中产阶级从来就不喜欢丑陋和贫穷，至少他们以前知道有这么回事儿。“在贫民区”并不是很远的一段路。圣诞节时他们会涉足贫民窟，也有慈善机构与穷人保持联系。只要到商业区工作或娱乐，几乎每个人都时不时经过黑人聚居区或廉价公寓区。

现在美国的城市被改造了，穷人们依然居住在市中心极差的住宅群里，但是他们逐步与外界孤立，无法进入任何人的视线。中产阶级妇女难得进城在剧院里消磨一个晚上，途中可能会瞥见另一个美国，但他们的孩子被隔离在郊外的学校里。商人或职员们可能驾车或搭公车经过贫民窟的边缘，但这对他们来说并不算是一个很重要的经历。那些一败涂地的，无一技之长的，伤残的，年老的以及少数民族(弱势群体)就在那里，他们一直以来就住的贫民窟里。但是除此之外，那里没有任何其他人。

总而言之，美国城市的发展把贫穷状况从人们的生活当中消除，从成百上千美国中产阶级的情感体验中消除。幽居在郊区，人们很容易想象，我们的社会确实是富足的。

更糟的是，这种对贫穷的新的隔离混合着一种善意的无知。很多富有同情心的美国人都清楚有许多关于城市改建的讨论。当他们驾车经过市区时，突然注意到一个熟悉的贫民窟被推倒，曾经是廉价公寓和简易房子的地方屹立起现代化的高楼大厦，一种温暖的满足感油然而生。他们为问题的解决感到由衷欣慰：很显然，穷人受到很好的关照。

具有讽刺意味的是：事实跟这种印象恰恰截然相反。美国战后各种各样的住房项目所造成的总的影响是把越来越多的人塞进现有的贫民窟中„„。着装也使穷人们趋于隐形。美国的穷人是全世界穿得最好的穷人。由于多种原因，大规模生产带来的好处在这一领域比其它领域分布得更平均。在美国，一个人轻而易举就可以穿着体面，但说到体面的居住环境，良好的饮食和医疗条件就是不那么容易了。即使收入来源十分窘迫的人也能穿的有模有样，看上去有如事业有成的成功人士。

这是决定我们对于贫穷确实存在的无知的一个极其重要的因素。在底特律，从公司设立储物柜的那天起，社会地位的存在变得越来越难以分辨。从那以后，再也看不到人们穿着工作服到工厂上班，而是穿着家常裤和白衬衣的市民。这一过程美化了全国上下的穷人。在大城市中有成百上千的美国人尽管穿着鞋子，或者甚至是剪裁时髦的洋装，却在饿肚子。这并非蓄意所为，虽然看起来差不多是这个富足的社会将服装分发给穷人使他们不至于破衣烂衫的碍别人的眼。

而且，很多穷人都处在一个“隐形”的年龄， 他们很多人(超过8,000,000)年龄在六十五以上，更多的人未满十八岁。另一个美国中的那些年老的人经常生病，不能动弹。有人在孤独落寞中了此生，他们或终日枯坐在廉价租来的房子里，或紧挨在早已彻底改头换面的临近宅子边。事实上，老年人贫困最差的方面是人们看不见也不会想到他们，他们很孤独。

年轻人相对要更受关注些，但他们的活动范围也同样局限于他们住所附近。小报故事时不时出现耸人听闻的帮派血斗，他们以此将他们的贫穷广而告之。但他们一般不会打扰中产阶级街区的安静。

最后，穷人 在政治上也是隐形的。发达国家社会生活中最残酷的讽刺之一就是处于社会底层的无依无靠的人们不能够为自己说话。一般来说另一个美国的人们显然不属于工会，兄弟会或政党。他们没有自己的游说团;他们从不提出议案。作为一个团体他们是一盘散沙。他们没有表情;他们没有声音。

因此，甚至没有一个如过去一样的一个虚伪的政治动机来关心穷人。因为贫民窟不再是强大的政治组织中心，政客们无须实实在在的关心那里的居民。中产阶级也看不到贫民窟，因此很多为需要帮助的人而战的理想主义的强烈欲望消失殆尽。只有一些社会机构才真正与另一个美国有联系，但他们缺乏强大的政治力量。

如果说穷人有自己的发言人，那么那个角色是由劳工运动来扮演的。这个组织有自己特定的理想体系。而且，他们意识到廉价无组织的劳工群体的存在是对整个经济中工资和劳动条件威胁。因此很多工会的立法提案——扩大最低工资和社会保障的覆盖面、组织农场季节工人——都明确地表明了穷人的需求。

穷人是隐形的，这对他们来说是一件很重要的事情。他们不单单是在改革的花言巧语中被忽视，被忘却;更糟糕的是，人们根本看不到他们。

Unit Seven：按天资分组：正方

我认为天才儿童具有某种已被多次测试与观察手段认可和证明的素质或天生才能，他们无论在体育、智力还是艺术方面都表现出兴趣并获得成功。

这些孩子也许是天才运动员，但实在难以胜任学业功课，或者是糟糕的运动员，但却是智力超常的神童，各项检测都遥遥领先。“天才”也可以用来形容智力平常的学生，他们在艺术或音乐方面有非凡的才能，也可以用来指智商是135，无论哪方面都是优胜的孩子。

我们如何对待这些天才?我坚决认为应该根据兴趣和能力(天赋)尽可能相近地把他们组合起来，用一种有助于充分发挥他们的能力和潜质的方案来激励他们。

这种组合在小学阶段可以采取特别科目安排的形式，即一个班一天当中大部分时间由各类学生组成，但是有时分成特别兴趣或能力班组进行特殊指导。在中学，可以根据任何标准把学生分成常规班，但基本上按各科目范围的兴趣和能力(或能力缺乏)来分组。

反对组合天才的一种基本论点是害怕造就一个恃才傲物的群体。同样，有些教育家担心普通和迟钝的学生会觉得自己低人一等。

如果我对天才的定义得到认可的话，那么这些担心是成立的。毕竟，学校多年来就已经组合天才运动员了。然而有多少运动员认为自己是精英呢?那些学校运动代表队的运动员们会认为其他学生低等而瞧不起他们了吗?很明显大多数人都不这么认为。

再考虑一下在演讲、音乐、艺术和新闻方面天才组合的结果吧。学校欣然地组合了这些方面的天才，却没有产生任何明显的不良效果。据我观察，鼓励在辩论、音乐、艺术和写作方面有天赋的人发展其特殊才能并没有使能力欠佳的学生产生嫉妒或自卑感。

如果教学工作者真诚希望促进学生个性发展和提高自尊,那么依我所见，他们就没有理由为任何形式的分组而担心。是老师，而不是班级组织的形式，决定学生对待个体差异的态度。但是在他们希望向学生灌输正确的态度以前，老师需要严谨分析他自己对待这些差异的态度。

如果天才或非天才学生对自己形成了一种错误的概念，责任或许在于老师、父母或管理者。我相信如果老师接受并尊重每个学生的个人价值，如果他们能激励并引发孩子们的兴趣，学生将会成熟，并随着其兴趣与才能而顺利成长。我要说，让那些具有相同兴趣和天赋的孩子在一起交往、规划未来并享受彼此为伴的快乐。

许多教育者不同意天才组合，因为他们相信这对成绩提高没有重大影响。他们引证了一项试点研究，该研究表明当学生分成快慢班时，他们的学习成绩没有显著的变化。

事实上，在大多数试点研究中孩子们是按智商分数分组的，智商分数远不够可靠，其结论基于仅衡量掌握实际细节问题的成绩得分。

遗憾的是，没有可靠的仪器和方法来衡量诸如创造力、态度、个人适应性、潜在兴趣和才能以及天分这些方面的成长。

基于十多年的课堂教学经验，我认为，把学生按兴趣和能力分组，再通过某种形式的学校教育来调动他们、激励和引导他们，会显著提高学习效果，使他们学有所成。

混合班里其他大多数孩子能做的功课，有些孩子却长期不能做，这会使他们产生挫败感。而那些聪明的孩子不能从学校学习中得到适当的激励时也会产生挫败感。混合班经常出现这种情况。

我一点也不担心分组教育会给有天赋的学生带来过大的压力，因为我相信大多数老师都知道学生学习能力的极限。另一方面，我认为孩子们的天赋不能因为一个聪明或有天赋的孩子满足于慢漫的进步(象蜗牛爬似的)，或者满足于在能力低的班上名列前茅而白白地浪费掉。

我熟知的几所学校实验过在一项阅读课计划中进行按天分组合。常规的做法是将一个班分成三到四个组，由一名老师负责教课。老师的时间被分配给几个小组。

实验包括将各班阅读速度慢的学生集中到一个班，各班阅读速度中等的集中到另一个班，阅读速度快的则又集中到另一个班。每班仍然只有一个老师，但他不再需要把时间分配给几个不同的小组。另外还有一个对照班，用上述常规程序组织教学。

两年后，研究者发现实验班里学生的阅读水平都有了全面的提高。事实上，一些慢速班的学生进入到中速班，一些中速班的学习到了快速班。在这个实验中，按不同能力分组给各方都带来了好处。

我相信同样的结果可以在自然科学、社会学课程、数学或英语课中获得。通过缩小兴趣范围或能力水平，老师就能够更好地帮助每个学生成长。

虽然我认为孩子们不应该被看成是按社会需要去加工的资源，但我的确认为，作为个体，他们被赋予某种性格和特点----天赋 ---– 这种天赋就预示他将来人生中的成功。应当让那些具有类似天赋的孩子在一起工作和学习。

Unit Eight: 为何样样失灵?(为何什么都没用?)

根据著名学者摩非所发明的法则，“任何东西如果有坏的可能，它就一定会坏掉。”摩非法则的推论为劣质商品问题提供了依据：任何东西如果可能会失效，它就一定会失效;任何东西如果可能解体，它就一定会解体;任何东西如果可能停止运转，它就会停止运转。虽然摩非定律永远不会被推翻，但是它的效应通常却是可以被延缓的。人类生存多半想能确保物品出厂后相当一段时间内不会坏掉、解体、失效或停止运转。要想预防摩非法则对产品产生效应需要智慧、技术和承诺。如果这些人为的输入得到专门的质量监控仪器、机械和科学的抽样工序的辅助，那就更好了。然而，单单是质量监控仪和抽样调查将永远不能制胜，因为这些物件也受制于摩非法则。质检仪器需要维修;计量器也会出故障;X光和雷射光束需要调整。无论技术如何先进，保持高质量需要智慧、活跃的思想和行动。

回忆一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文化也许有助于说明我的意思。博物馆里展览着简单的工业化前的社会所用的手工物品，只参观一次就足于打消质量得依赖技术这种观点。手工物品也许设计简单甚至原始，但其制作意图却是要终生耐用。我们敬慕“手工制作”的标签并愿意多花钱购买当今数量递减的手工艺人推出的珠宝、毛衣和手袋，就是承认了这一点。

波摩印地安人的篮子编得如此紧密，以至于用它来盛开水而滴水不漏;爱斯基摩人的皮船具有一系列无与伦比的综合优点，既轻巧结实又经得起风浪。这些东西的质量源泉是什么?仅仅因为它们是手工制作的吗?我认为并非如此。不熟练不经意的手做出来的篮子或船只也会和机器制的篮子或船一样迅速分崩离析。我宁可认为我们之所以敬慕“手工制作”的标签，是因为它让人联想起的不是生产者和产品之间的技术关系，而是一种生产者和消费者之间的社会关系。贯穿史前时期，保证产品最高程度的耐用性和持久性的是这一个事实：生产者和消费者不是同一个人就是同样的个体或是近亲。男人们制作自己的长矛、弓、箭以及抛掷尖物;女人们编制自己的篮子和网兜，用动物皮毛、树皮或纤维做自己的衣服。后来随着技术的发展以及物质文化变得更复杂，族人或村子里的不同成员采用技艺分工，如制陶术、编蓝术或制船术。尽管许多物品是通过实物交易获得，生产者于消费者之间的关系仍然是亲密持久充满关爱的。

男人不可能为自己做一把飞到一半尖头就会脱落的长矛;女人也不会用烂草编织自己用的篮子。同样一个妻子缝制的毛皮风雪大衣是给丈夫在零下60度的温度下出去为家人打猎穿的，那么针针线线都会密密细缝、十分牢固。如果造船的人是开船人的叔伯、父亲，他当然会利用当时的一切技术，制造出最经得起大风大浪的船只。

相比之下，人们很难去关怀陌生人或给陌生人使用的产品。在我们这个工业批量生产和批量营销的时代，质量是个不断出现的问题，因为那种曾经使我们对彼此负责、对产品负责的亲密情感和个人关系已经消亡，并被金钱关系所取代。不只是生产者与消费者素不相识，从事生产和分配各阶段工作的男男女女---- 从管理人员到生产线上的工人，从办公室助理人员到销售人员，彼此都互不相识。在较大的公司也许有成千上万的人全都在为同一产品工作，却从不对面相遇或知道对方的名字。公司越大，劳动分工就越复杂，漠不关心的关系就越严重，因此摩非法则的效应也就越大。公司的发展使得工资单上的行政官、工头、工程师、生产工人和销售人员层层增加。由于每个新雇员为整个生产程序所负责的分额在减少，他们与公司及其产品的疏远就可能增加，同时还以来可能忽视或甚至故意破坏其质量标准。 Unit Nine:

新闻将我们引向何方

不久前我应邀参加了一次有关美国报业的作用的公众研讨会。还有另外两个嘉宾也出席了。一位是知名的电视节目主持人，另一位是美国一家主要报纸的编辑，他是一位彻头彻尾的新闻工作者---- 在据实报道的方式上坚忍不拔、积极进取且见识过人。

据我所知本次研讨旨在审查传媒的义务，并提出实现那些义务的最佳途径。

在公开讨论时，观众席中的一位男士向两位嘉宾提问，“为什么报纸和电视新闻节目都充斥灾难?为什么新闻界的男男女女对悲剧、暴力、和失败是如此关注?”

主持人和编辑作出了回答，好像是自己应该为坏消息的存在而受到谴责一样。他们说，新闻工作者只负责报道新闻，而不负责制造或修改新闻。

我不认为这两位新闻工作者回答了这个问题。提出这个问题的先生并没有因为世上的歪曲报道而谴责他们。他只是想知道为什么报道得最多的是歪曲的事件。新闻媒体的运作理念似乎是凡是新闻皆坏事。为什么呢?是不是着重报道负面新闻是一种传统——是新闻工作者所习以为常的对日常事件作出的反应方式?

在此或许分析一下我们如何定义“新闻”一词会有所帮助，因为这是问题的起因。新闻应该是报道过去十二小时，最迟二十四小时内所发生的事情。然而，突发事件往往具有爆炸性的：一名狙击手枪杀了几名行人，一名恐怖分子劫持了飞机上250名人质，欧佩克石油组织宣布原油价格上涨25%，英国货币又贬值10%，一辆载有放射性废料的卡车与一架水泥搅拌车相撞。

然而，一味聚焦这些报道，则是失真的画面。人类文明成果远远多于灾难总和。每种文明中最重要的成分就是进步。但进步不会立即发生，也没有爆发性。一般来说，它是一点一滴逐步发展的，在某个特定时刻是微不足察的。但是所有微小的进步都参与了历史性的巨变的实现，使社会更加美好。

就是这类活生生的历史，绝大多数的新闻媒体没有予以充分的反映，结果导致我们对社会的正面发展了解不足，对灾难却知之甚多，这又使人产生失败和绝望的情绪，而这些情绪易于阻碍社会进步。爆发性新闻大餐另人忧心忡忡，大大削减了自由社会所需的动力，绝望和偾世的情绪使人没有动力迎接严峻的考验。

我并非暗示可以编造“积极”的新闻来抵消头版上灾难报道的作用。也没有把青年基督会作用的深刻报道定义为“正面”新闻。我要传递的观点是，新闻媒体的职责是搜寻并报道重大事件，无论它们是否有关冲突、对抗或灾难。这个世界是天堂和地狱的绝妙结合，两个方面都需要关注和观察。

我希望新闻界人士能从更宽广的角度审视自己的职责。是时候认识到人类事件中可以作为新闻报道的范围领域是极其宽广的。例如，有几篇新闻文章报道过固氮作用——植物通过这一过程能固定氮肥，由此减低了肥料需求量?全世界的科学家都在为这一前景而努力，希望借此解决饥荒。对远东地区水稻产量提高的巨大进步又了解多少?事实上，世界上还有许多类似的重要发展，这些都值得做重要的新闻综合报道。

主持人和编辑说得对，新闻工作者并没有责任来塑造世界，但是他们有责任影响我们的态度。我们认为自己是怎样的，那我们就是怎样的。我们只能实现那些我们自己敢于设想的目标。新闻工作者为我们提供我们对自身以及这个世界认知的写照——这种写照最好是逼真的肖像，而不是扭曲的漫画像。因为我们就是根据这一写照来做决定，筹划未来的。

按照华特.里普曼的说法，新闻记者是大众的哲学家。他曾经写道?“后天习得的文化并非由基因遗传，美好社会的甜美的生活虽然可得，但却不是一旦拥有就永远不失去。如果美好生活中的智慧没有被传下来，所得一切也将化为乌有。”

有了对美好社会中美好生活的准确报道，我们可以采用伯纳德.德.查维斯建议我们的利用历史的方式，并以此来利用新闻——在我们的经验之上提高自己。因此，使他们能“像坐在巨人肩上的矮子，比前人看得更高更远。”

Unit Ten 物品：一次性社会

芭比，一个12英寸的塑料少女型娃娃，可算是历史上最出名最畅销的玩偶了。自从1959年问世以来，全世界的芭比娃娃销量总数已经达到1200万个，比洛杉矶、伦敦或巴黎的人口还多。因为这种娃娃形象逼真，有可以梳妆打扮的特点，所以小姑娘无人不爱。它的制造商马特尔公司还出售娃娃的全套服装，包括平时白天的穿戴，出席正式晚会的礼服以及游泳衣和滑雪服。

最近，马特尔公司又宣布生产了经过改进的芭比玩偶。新的式样体型更苗条，有“真正”的眼睫毛，有扭摆自如的腰肢，因此比过去更具人性化。马特尔公司还第一次推出了以旧换新的折价活动，宣布小姑娘们想买新芭比的，可以用旧娃娃折价来换。

但是，有一件事马特尔公司没有宣布，那就是：通过折价换取技术上改良后的新款娃娃，今天的小姑娘(也就是明天超工业化社会的公民)可以学到有关这个新社会知识的重要一课， 人与物之间的关系变得越来越短暂了。

在我们周围的人造物品的大海洋背后，有一个比它更大的天然物品的海洋，但是这些用新技术创造出来的环境正越来越多地影响着每一个人。塑料或水泥结构、街灯下汽车的彩虹色反光、喷气飞机窗外看到的令人眼花缭乱的城市景象----这些都是人们生活中熟悉的景象。人造物品进入了人的意识并对其加以渲染。和天然环境相比，人造物质的绝对数量和相对数量都是以爆炸性的威力在不断地猛涨。这种情况今天如此，在未来的超工业社会里将益发如此。

提到物品的重要性，反物质主义者总不免要嘲笑一番。但物品的确是非常重要的。这不仅是因为物品有着实际用途，而且还因为物品有心理上的影响。我们在发展与物品的关系。物品影响着我们的连续感和不中断感。物品在情境结构中起着作用;缩短了我们和物品联系的时间，就会加快我们的生活的节奏。

不仅如此，我们对物质的态度还反映了判断价值观念的基本能力。旧式的姑娘，一如她们的妈妈、奶奶，有一个娃娃就爱不释手，不到日久破烂了，是绝不肯丢掉的。新派小姑娘不一样。有了经过改进的新娃娃，她们就会高高兴兴交出旧娃娃。这两类小姑娘有着天渊之别。这种区别比什么东西都更令人注目。这种差别体现了过去与将来、持久耐用与短暂速成的新旧社会之间的对比。

人与物之间关系变得越来越短暂了。观察、研究一下折价换娃娃的小姑娘周围的文化就可以看清这种情况。她们很小就懂得，生活中很快出现又很快消失的物品，绝不只是芭比娃娃一个。尿片、围嘴、纸餐巾、手纸、纸巾、不回收的汽水瓶---- 这些东西在她们家里全都快速用完，然后无情地加以清除。小松饼买来时是装在烘罐里的，罐子用一次就扔掉了。菠菜就装在塑料袋里，在开水锅里烫过后，袋子也扔了。电视烹饪节目在一次性盘子上烹调并经常它们盛菜。们的家就像一个庞大的加工机器，物品从这个机器流人流出，而且进出的速度越来越快。她们出生以来，就被包围在一种用完就扔的文化中，无法自拔。

一件东西用过一次或用过很短一段时间就换掉，这种主意同社会的本质以及具有贫困传统观念的人是背道而驰的(格格不入的)。不久以前，专为法国广告业进行市场研究的尤里尔 罗尼告诉我们，“法国的家庭主妇不习惯于用完就扔。她们喜欢保存东西，连旧东西也保存着，舍不得丢掉。我们曾为一家想推出一种一次性塑料窗帘。我们为此作了一次市场调查，结果发现阻力很大。”不过，在整个发达世界里，这种阻力正在日见消失。

一位名叫爱德华 梅兹的作家指出，1950年初期，很多到瑞典访问的美国人，看到这个国家那么干净，感到非常惊讶，“美国路边到处都是啤酒瓶和软饮料瓶的确令人感到害羞。瑞典却一点也没有，看到这种情况，我们真肃然起敬。可是你瞧，到了60年代，瑞典的公路上也突然冒出很多瓶子来。到底是这么一回事?瑞典也变成一个买了就用，用完就扔的社会，学起美国的样子来了。”今天，日本的纸巾非常普及，因而人们认为布手帕非但不卫生，而且也不时髦。在英国，花6便士就可买到一把一次性牙刷，上面涂了一层够刷一次的牙膏。甚至在法国，用完就扔的打火机也很普遍。短期使用或仅用一次的产品，从纸质牛奶盒到作为发射太空飞行器的火箭越来越多地制造出来，越来越多地决定着我们的生活方式。

近来发明的纸质和类似纸质的服装把一次性处理的潮流又向前推进了一步。时装店和廉价的服装店雨后春笋般开辟出五彩缤纷设计新颖的纸制衣服专卖部。时装杂志展出各种各样的纸制长袍、大衣、睡衣甚至结婚礼服。在一本杂志的图片中有一个新娘穿着一条白色拖地长裙，披着一长串纸制花边。图片说明写道，这些花边在婚礼过后大可改作及棒的厨房窗帘。

纸质衣服尤其适合儿童。一位时装专家写道：“不久小姑娘们就可以洒冰淇淋洒在衣服上画画，或在上面剪出图案，而她们的妈妈会在一旁对于她们的这些创新给予亲切的微笑。”成年人如果想要表现自己的创造性，可以买一套配有画笔的“自己上色的服装”，价钱不过两美圆。

当然价格是纸制品激增的关键因素。因此，有的百货商店专售一种简便的A字型连衣裙。这种连衣裙是用一种叫“魔鬼也会动心的人造纤维尼龙混纺布料”裁制的，每件只要1.29美圆。顾客买一件这种衣服穿完后丢掉要比把一件普通的衣服拿到洗衣店洗还便宜。这种裙子很快就会上市。但这涉及到的不仅是价格的问题，因为延伸“用完就扔”的文化在心理上也起着重要作用啊。

我们发展“用完就扔”的思想是为了适应“用完就扔”的产品。这种思想影响了很多方面，其中之一就是产生一套急剧变化了的财产价值观念。但是对商品随意处理的能力在社会上-普及，又意味着人与物之间的持续时间缩短了。我们不再在较长的时间内和单一的物品发生联系，而是在短期内和一连串取代该物品的其他物品发生联系。