自学作曲教程范文

2022-06-05

第一篇：自学作曲教程范文

视唱完全自学教程

李国民

lgm0019@163.com

一、前言

目前视唱的教程很多，而且有很多视频教程，大大方便了自学者。但是，这些教程都是从专业的角度进行讲解，准确固然是准确，可是在完全没有基础的人看来，他们其实是在讲乐理课而不是视唱。因为视唱的道理并不难懂，难的是唱出来。本教程重在教大家怎么唱，而不重于讲理。

虽我如此，学视唱还是要懂得基本乐理的。如果要自学，我郑重推荐李重光老师的《基本乐理简明教程》，这本书讲得全面而细致，可以解答你几乎所有的乐理问题。

乐谱常用的有简谱和五线谱，它们的原理是一样的，只是表示的方法不同，只要你学会了一种，另一种也就容易了。为了制作的简便，本教程将用简谱来视唱。

对于只是为了自娱自乐的人来说，视唱只要尽理唱准音的高低、长短、轻重即算会了。本教程是针对自娱者编的，要学更准确更专业的视唱，是必须有老师现场指导的。

二、认识音符

在简谱中，用1234567个数字来表示从低到高的7个音，它们的名称分别是CDEFGAB,但是在视唱的时候分别唱做

do re mi fa suo la xi 显然实际中的音不止7个，其它的音又怎么表示呢?更低的音就在数字下面加一点，更高的音就在数字上面加一点，如

1 ，与不加点的1.

的关系是，加点的比不加点的低8度，更代或更高的音就在相应的数字下面或者上面加两点或三点。

1 还有一个音符是0，表示休止，是不唱出来的音，只表示唱到这里要休止的时间。

三、唱准音高

要唱准每个音的音高，可以用以下几种方法：

1. 家中有电子琴，就跟着电子琴来唱，这是最准的音。键盘上的音的从左到右是从低到高的关系，如下图

先看白键，它们依次是12345671

•为什么有的白键之间有黑键，有的没有呢?黑键与它相邻的白键是半音关系，所以两白键间有黑键，那么这两白键就是全音的关系，右边那个音比左边那个音一个全音，就是大二度，哪果两白键间没黑键，这两白键间就是半音关系，右边的那个音比左边的那个音只半音，即小二度。如果对这些不明白也没关系，首先把白上的这8个音唱准即可。

2.现在网上有一视唱练耳软件EARMASTER功能十分强大，用它来听音也很好。

3.如果觉得这些都很麻烦，还可以从歌曲中来学，找自己最熟悉的歌谱来，看着谱子学唱，自然可以知道，每个音符的高低。不过，在开始的时候，最好选简单的来学，儿歌就很好学。如《小星星》

四、唱《多来咪》，识音高

四、唱准音的长度

在音乐中，音长的基本单位是“拍”

“拍”在打拍子的动作上就是手放下去再抬起来的过程。可以用↘↗表示。

学视唱一定要边唱边打拍子，而且在唱一首歌的整个过程中要使所打拍子的速度一致。一拍在简谱上就是用来表示音符的数子的下面没有画线，它的后面也没有画线时的音符。如

5就是一拍，把这样的音符的长度叫做四分音符，多数情况下，四分音符为一拍;如果规定八分音符为一拍，这个一拍就只是四分音符的一半，在谱子上的表示方法是在音符下面加一条横线，如5 由此我们看到，一拍并不是个固定的时间单位，它因歌曲而异。以多长的时间为一拍，在每首曲子的最前面的左上角要写名，用分数表示，2/4就表示以四分音符为一拍，每一小节有两拍;5/8表示以八分间符为一拍，每小节有5拍。分线表示每一拍的长度，分子表示每小节的拍数。

虽然如此，四分音符的一拍的时值般是一秒钟多一点。为什么是这样呢?因为这是人在一静状态下身体的自然律动的节奏速度，一般人心跳的速度与此差多。有的谱子上标明“中速”也就是这个速度;如果标明“快速”，唱的时候就再快些，“慢速”就在此基础上再慢些。知道了一拍的长度，那么更短的音就在音符的下方加横线，每加一条音的时值就变成原来的二分之一，如3为一拍，

3就是半拍，打拍子就只是手放下或抬起的时间长度;3就是四分之一拍，打拍子就是手放下一半或抬起一半的时间，如果音符下面加了三根线，时值就是十六分之一拍了。

比一拍更长的音是在音符后加强线，每加一短横线，时间就增加一原来的一倍。如拍，

4是一4-是两拍，4 - -是三拍，依些类推。如果音符的后面是加的小黑点，则表示增加原

5 来音长的一半，如6.就是一拍半。

五、唱《送别》学音长

在唱的时候一定要打拍子。

唱《两只老虎》

六、学唱《歌唱祖国》

七、唱《友谊地久天长》学附点音符

音符后边加黑点的叫附点音符，它表示间符的时值在原的基础上增加一半。如半，而

5. 是一拍5.是四分之三拍。

八、唱准音的轻重

一首曲子的每个小节内的拍数是相等的，各拍的轻重并不相同，它们的变化有规律。下图中，的竖线是小节线，请注意小节内各拍音轻重的变化规律 1.单拍子：每小节两拍，前一拍是重音

2. 复拍子：如果每小节四拍，则前一拍是重音，第二拍要轻些，第三拍比第一拍弱但比第二拍和第四拍强，第四拍又要轻些

3. 如果第小节三拍，变化就是;

强弱弱|强弱弱|强弱弱| 还有其它的类型，此不再介绍

唱儿歌《数鸭子》感受节拍的强弱变化

八、唱《采蘑菇的小姑娘》学习强弱变化规律

九、切分节奏

11 一般情况下，无论哪种节拍形式，强拍，即重音都在每小节的前面，但是由作音乐作品的需要，有时会改变这种规律，这种变化了的强弱节奏就是切分节奏。如：

一个X代表一个音符，读的时候可以读作“达”，音符上面的>表示这个音符要唱成重音，即强拍。

唱《大刀进行曲》学切分节奏

十、唱连音

如果三个间符的上方加一弧线，弧线上写的有3,就表明这是三连音，这三个音要用相同的时间唱出。如果这三个音的下面有一横线，表明这三个音总共唱一拍的时值。如

12 如果上面的弧线上的数字是5,就是五连音，同样要等时地唱出这五个音，它们的总时值则下其下的横线或数。

最常见的是三连音，为了把三个音唱成相等的时值，我们在打拍子时，可参空中画等边三角形，而不是像平常那样作上下挥动。唱《中华人民共和国国歌》学三连音

十一、关于“调”

每首曲子的最前面的左上角除用发数标明节拍类型外，还标有调号，如1=C或1=F，它的意思是，在这只曲子里面具体的音高。1=C，是自然调式，可以不标，这个时候曲子里面的每个音就对应钢琴或电子琴上相应的音，也是我们一般人最适合唱的中音。如果是1=D，就表示这只曲子里面的1的音高等于琴键上的D，也就是re相当于，1=C曲子里面的2的音高，其余的音依次类推都比1=C时高一个音，因此，这样就整只曲子来说，唱出来就比1=C时要高。我们平常说的升一个调或降一个调就是这个意思。唱《东方红》识曲调

在学习时，为了把音高唱准，我们可以先把出曲子里面的最低音和最高音，然后依据调号， 14 把曲子的实际音阶写成一排，把音阶唱几遍，再唱谱。在唱谱时如果某个音唱不准也可参考一下音阶的音高。唱《彩云追月》

这首歌的谱子上音阶是

56712345671，但是调号是

•

1=F，所以实际音阶应是：12345671234。也就是说，曲子里的1要唱成4的音高，2要唱成5的音高，其余的依此类推。 b•••• 15

第二篇：实用播音主持自学教程

(2011)

主持人基本功练习一

常见语言

问题及矫正播音主持常见的语言问题很多，总体上说来，播音主持的语言问题可归纳为语音、语言表达及用声三部分。

一语音常见问题

语音方面常见的问题主要在于“咬字”和“吐字”两方面。前者主要是“咬字不准”，后者则较为复杂一点。 1.字音不准

这种情况多出自方言区的播音主持。有的人仅掌握了汉语普通话的语音系统，而哪个字发什么音并没有一一对号入座，难免会在发音时出现误差。随时查阅字典是解决字音不准最简单的办法。 2.吐字无力

播音初学者往往唇舌无力，字头不清晰，使整个字音松散。可结合用气练习声母发音，提高唇舌力量和气息力度。 3.吐字含混

吐字含混不清往往是韵母发音不准造成的。适当扩大i、a、u三个元音在口腔中的三点距离，使元音对比加强，可改善这一状况。 4.吐字不圆润

复合元音韵母发音时加大舌的动程可增加吐字圆润感。即使单元音韵母，在发音时，舌头也应在本音位范围内做适当滑动，以增加字音的流动感。另外，归音不到位及声调幅度过小，也会影响吐字圆润。

二语言表达的常见问题

语言表达方面的常见问题为重音、语速和语调三个方面。 1.重点不突出

我们常常说某个人说话“不得要领”，这主要指，整篇稿件在播读过程中，整段话在讲述过程中，缺少重点，听起来语言目的不明确。

出现这种情况时应注意，语句重音可利用放慢、加重等声音手段将其突出;重点句子也可利用对比方式使其显露出来;而建立在分析理解基础上的表达可借助明显变化的声音手段表现出来。 2.速度不当

指表达时语言速度过快或过慢。播音主持和主持人在播讲时，其内心时钟节奏对语言速度有较大影响。初学者会因紧张等因素造成内心节奏加快;而过于沉稳同样也会破坏正常的内心节奏，两者都会使播讲速度与播讲者自我感觉不一致，造成速度过快或过慢。

速度过快和过慢往往与播讲者日常口语习惯速度、播讲者的性格心性有关。播音主持和主持人应当通过实践，逐步“校正”自己的内心时钟节奏。此外，由于播讲所面对的多半是具体的听众或观众，不同的听众或观众总会有不同的理解能力，播讲者应针对对象的不同来调整自己的播讲速度。

3.语言表达单调

语言表达平淡是播音入门后进一步提高时常见的问题。播音主持可从感情、气息、声音三者及其联系着手，确定问题之所在。

首先，播音主持和主持人要对所讲述内容有兴趣，以激发自己的感情共鸣。其次，应当将感情变化通过气息活动和声音变化表现出来。如果没有气息和声音的变化，即使有较深的内心感受，也无法将其有效地表现出来。很多人常常忽略气息在感情与声音之间的这种桥梁作用，用一成不变的气息状态对待丰富的感情变化，这样会造成激烈的内心世界与单调的声音现实之间的强烈反差，播讲沦落成了非常简单的“念稿子”。

此外，在实际的播讲当中，有时由于现场条件的限制，话筒、录音机等电子设备会对声音敏感度不足，会削弱声音表现力，将细微的感情变化“丢失”，这也是造成语言表达单调的原因之一。播音主持可用适度夸张的声音弥补电子设备的不足。

三、常见的用声问题

和语音、表达两方面相比，用声方面的问题较多。有些问题是一般性的，有些问题则较为严重。一般性的包括“气息浅、声音弱”，“气息不够用”等。严重的则可称作“发声过度”。下面分别介绍，并简要介绍了矫正的方法。 1.一般性的用声

①问题气息浅，声音弱

出现的主要原因是呼吸方法不当，没有使用较深的腹式呼吸和胸腹联合式呼吸。此外，呼气过程中吐字器官控制不好，气流在字头浪费过多，以及精神状态过分紧张，也会导致此问题产生。

这种问题多见于女声。存在这种问题的人，可针对相关环节来解决。 ②气息不够用

有些人一句话说到句尾时会有气息不足、发音费力的感觉。此问题应从“开源”和“节流”两方面分析解决。一方面要改善呼吸，增加吸气量(“开源”)。另一方面在保证声音质量的同时，句子前部不要用气过多;声门开度不要过大;字头和字尾适当控制，防止气流跑冒(“节流”)。 2.“用声过度”

所谓“用声过度”，是指用声超过发声能力或在疲劳状态下长时间用声的现象，它是对多种不良用声习惯的统称。由于“用声过度”违反了发音器官的正常活动规律，很容易造成嗓音疾病，久而久之势必会影响播音主持的效果和质量，因此应尽量避免此类现象的发生。

①音色过亮

有些人在语言传播用声时，刻意追求声音的明亮，以为这种音色好听，于是长时间用这种“金属般”的声音来播音或进行其他工作。

这对嗓音保护是不利的。我们知道，语言传播用声是一种有控制的发声状态，其强度和起伏度比日常说话一般都要大些，喉部的负荷自然也比日常状态下要大。特别是当发强实声的时候，声带会紧密靠拢，产生一定的摩擦碰撞，从而进一步加大喉部的负荷。如果长时间用这种极为明亮的声音讲话，就会使声带一直处于摩擦碰撞之中，嗓子很容易疲劳，甚至引起声带充血，有些人还会感到喉咙发干、疼痛，工作之后会出现发音困难、声音嘶哑等症状。由此可见，声音过亮对嗓音是有损害的。同时，长时间使用同一种音色表达，尽管色彩明亮，也会令人产生单调之感，还会显得极不自然，大大削弱声音的表现力。

音色过亮的调整方法很多，比如用自己生活口语的音色作比较，向自然的口语音色靠拢;也可以用“气裹声”的方法，使音色虚实结合，变得自然柔和些。“气裹声”的发声特点是，吸气时喉部尽量放松，呼气发声时，如同叹气一般，气息带着声音一起送出口外，声音松弛饱满，但没有明亮的色彩。这种练习，可以使声音完全松弛下来。此后，可以通过一些音色变化的练习，运用共鸣将声音的亮色再调节出来。

②声音过虚

虚实结合的声音富于色彩的变化，具有较强的表现力。一些年轻的女播音员、女主持人，一味追求虚声，觉得只有虚声才最有表情的魅力，以此为美，一坐到话筒前就开始虚声虚气地播音或主持节目，与她们日常生活中说话的声音大不一样。这就走入误区了。

从发声角度来看，声音过虚也是不可取的。虚声发音时，声带之间不完全闭合，会留有较大的缝隙，因而需要较大的气息量，但发声的效率却不高。长时间用虚声工作，声带经常不能轻松闭合，需要频繁补气，这样，就会加重喉部肌肉与呼吸器官的负担。因此说话时声音过虚也是一种用声过度的表现。长期使用虚声，形成不良习惯，会使发声能力降低，发不出明亮有力的声音，声音显得细弱，表现力自然大受局限。此外，和单一的亮声一样，单一的虚声表达会给人单调之感，甚至让人觉得矫揉造作，这同样会妨碍语言的表现力。

声音过虚的调整，首先应该在认识上走出误区。以声传情的方式多种多样，实与虚交相变化的声音更具有表现力。从嗓音保健的角度来看，虚实声也比较符合自然语言的发声规律。同时，要以自己的生活口语音色为参照，进行实声发音的锻炼，声音尽量舒展明朗些，用面对众人讲话的较大音量进行练习。在语言表达时，也要以实声为主，注意虚实结合，不断丰富声音的表现力。

③音高失当

在语言传播用声中，声音偏高或偏低是较常见的现象。人们的生活口语，用得最多的是中音区，音高起伏基本不超过一个8度。语言传播用声，是以生活口语用声为基础，分别向高、低两端作适当拓宽，音高幅度大约在一个半至两个8度左右，其中又以中音为主的自如声区用得较多，高低两端的声音用得较少。

但是，我们常常会碰到一些用声偏高或偏低的人，他们往往不自觉地抛开自己的自如声区，过分提高或压低声音。偏爱高亢明亮的音色的人，一味往高音上走，以至于声音越来越紧，尖利刺耳，并且只能往高音推，不能往低音落。也有的人偏爱浑厚沉稳的音色，就一再把声音往低处压，甚至形成浓重的喉音色彩，浑浊暗淡，一点高音都出不来，听来沉重压抑。这样，久而久之便养成了不良的用声习惯。并且，还会给至关重要的发音器官——喉部，带来额外的负担。用声偏高，声带闭合过紧，喉部负担就会加重，极易疲劳;用声偏低，声带闭合费劲，声音仿佛是挤捏出来的，喉部负担同样很重。

为了保护嗓子，也为了良好的声音效果，在声音的使用中，应注意把握适当的音高，避免用声偏高或偏低。如何避免并不难，我们可以通过录音比较，检查自己的用声是否脱离了生活口语发声常用的中音区，如有偏离应尽快调整。也可以借助于钢琴等键盘乐器，确定自己的最大音域范围，找到其中的自如声区(除去最高和最低的两个音，便是以中音区为主的自如声区)。

运用胸支对声音的高低加以调控，也不失为一种有效的手段，胸支又称“胸部支点”，是指在有声语言表达中，随着气息声音的变化，胸部产生的一种振感点。它有助于松喉、共鸣、声音调节及表达。胸支运动主要是上下滑动的，故气息有“上顶”和“下松”两种基本状态。它们跟丹田和两肋的松紧变化相互配合。“上顶”是声音气息由低到高向上运行时，丹田需收紧并向内用力;“下松”是声音气息由高到低向下运行时，丹田先吸气收紧然后再放松，随着丹田的放松，气息从口中泄出。通过胸支的运用，高音不出上限嗓子就不发紧，低音不出下限声音就站得稳，如此，声音便高低通畅，游刃自如了。(关于胸支，有心人可进一步翻阅李晓华的著作《广播电视语言传播发声艺术概要》一书。北京广播学院出版社，1999年6月版)

此外，喉部适当放松，吸气不要过于饱满也有助于克服这一问题。

特别需要指出两点。一是用声偏高可能和学习播音时加强吐字力度有关，在放大音量以及精神状态相对积极的情况下，很容易产生，这提醒了大家在发音时，要注意情绪的稳定性，尽可能地保持声音的自然状态。二是用声偏高或偏低，往往与模仿别人的声音有关。有些人觉得自己的声音不如别人，尤其是广播电视中的播音员、主持人的声音，这样，对别人的声音就由欣赏并进而变为模仿，抛开自己的声音特点，勉强去够别人用声的音高。这样时间一长，便形成了偏高或偏低的发声习惯。严格说来，这种模仿对嗓音的损害更大：因为通过电声设备处理过的声音，已不是发音人的原声，有些成分被美化和放大，有些成分则被衰减，比照这样的声音学发声，嗓子更容易出毛病。

④发声时间过长

发声时间过长也是用声过度的一种表现，对嗓音同样会造成危害。人的发音器官，尤其是喉头和声带，跟人体其他器官一样，连续运动的时间是有一定限度的。超出了限度，就会给肌体带来负面影响。用声时间过长，发音器官会产生疲劳感，声音仿佛不听使唤了，尽管还能够发出声来，但声音的质量和弹性都将大为下降。如果用声长期处于这种状况，极易引起发音器官的疾患。因此，对用声时间必须有所控制。

初学者往往自恃嗓子好，不注意合理安排训练时间，要么不练，要么兴头一来练很长时间。当然，这中间可能包含了一种认识上的问题，有的初学者，急于求成，以为练得时间长就长进快，自己加倍增添练习时间。这些不合理的训练方法，很容易使喉部充血或发炎。

一般说来，初学发声，练习时间宜短不宜长，一天可练2～3次，开始每次15分钟左右，以后逐步延长，最多每次不要超过30分钟，中间可以间断休息，以消除发音器官的疲劳。工作用声，每个人对自己连续用声的时间要心中有数，以用声后嗓子没有不适为度。正式播讲前，不要过多用声，避免发音器官的疲劳。准备稿件应注意多看少上口念，重点放在分析理解上，以保证播讲时发音的质量。在特殊情况下，需要较长时间用声时，中间要适当休息，每次用声30分钟，应休息20～30分钟。休息时少讲话，使喉头和声带得以放松，减轻或解除其疲劳。

⑤喉音过重

有的人为了追求浑厚的音色，形成了浓重的喉音。所谓“喉音”，是指带有挤压色彩的粗糙声音，容易出现在句尾。这种情况在男声中比较多见，特别是处于青春期的青年人，为了使声音具有“男子气”，常常故意压低声音，带上明显的喉音色彩。

产生喉音的原因在于，发音时舌根用力，喉部张得过大，以致声带过于绷紧，振动不好。而句尾结束时声音一般较低，此时，声门如果收束过早就很容易产生这种音色。气息不足，句尾气息支持不住也容易造成声门闭紧，形成喉音。

其实，把握不好的喉音听起来浑浊、沉重，缺乏弹性，很不自然，同时，也会影响语音的清晰度。喉音过重对嗓子是不利的。这种发声状态，会使气流对声带的冲击过强，加重嗓子的负担，使其很容易疲劳。舌根下压，也使得喉头发挤，很容易引起喉咽腔部位的炎症。

要解决这一问题，首先应了解使声音浑厚洪亮的正确方法。要增加声音的厚度，使之变得浑厚而洪亮，应当通过胸腔和咽腔共鸣的调节，即增加胸腔和咽腔的共鸣，加强胸部支点的着力感和充分打开咽腔，同时削减高声区的共鸣，将声束冲击点调至硬腭中后部;同时还必须保证喉部的松弛通畅，不能去挤压喉部。为了消除喉音，还应改掉舌根用力的毛病，要力求使舌头向前运动，舌头前部着力，舌尖轻抵下齿背，而舌根应当放松，并尽量降低。同时，口腔中的共鸣点也应适当往前调，最好移至硬腭前部，可以用提颧肌的办法来帮助调节，并且要加强舌前部的咬字力量。此外，如果某些字音已形成固定喉音音色，改正时需针对相关字音，从发音角度进行调整。

⑥鼻音过浓

鼻腔共鸣过度形成的音色。语言发声带有适量的鼻音，会显得比较柔和。但如果鼻音过浓就令人听后不舒服了。有的人发声总像患了感冒，鼻子囔囔的，音色暗淡。也有的人发音似乎是用鼻子哼出来的，过浓的鼻音使得字音很不清晰。

鼻音过浓主要是由于软腭无力而下塌、口腔开度不够造成的，口咽与鼻咽之间总有较大的缝隙，发声时气流很容易灌入鼻腔。也有的是因为唇舌较僵，发音图省事，口不张、舌不动，声音便绕近道从鼻子里发出了。鼻韵母元音鼻化过早也是造成鼻音的常见原因。还有的人从小说话喜欢撒娇，老是用鼻子哼哼，久而久之养成了不良习惯，这一点，在女声中时有所见。此外，感冒也可能引起这一问题。

解决此类问题应查明原因，对症下药。比如属于软腭无力的，可以通过挺软腭、打牙关的练习，增强软腭的力量，当发元音的时候，软腭应尽量上抬，堵塞鼻腔通道，使气流只能从口腔通过。同时，还要加强舌前部对字音的牵拉力量，让字音挂于硬腭前部，从口中送出。为使鼻音减小到最低程度，可多做不带鼻辅音的音节练习，并将手指放于鼻梁两侧进行检验。凡发音时鼻翼不振动的，说明鼻音已消除。

如果属于唇舌较僵的，应当多做口部操，加强舌前部和上唇中部的力量，发音时口腔开度和舌头动程都应适当加大。为了让声音少走鼻腔，还可以通过意念进行引导，感觉字音不是顺上腭而是沿舌面送出的。

鼻韵母元音鼻化过早的，应注意鼻韵母中元音鼻化应在元音后部形成鼻化。

对于说话有“撒娇”习惯的，主要应从心理方面调整，使其建立起自己朴实大方的声音形象，同时配合进行加大气息量和加强胸支力量的训练，这样，就能够逐步矫正不良的发声习惯。

至于因感冒等原因造成鼻腔通道阻塞，以致形成阻塞性鼻音，可通过治疗加以解决。

⑦声音闷暗

有的人发声，声音暗淡、沉闷，缺少亮色，不仅不圆润不悦耳，而且字音的清晰度也很低。有时即使加大了气息量和舌头的动程(指舌头伸缩运动的幅度)，问题仍得不到很好的解决。

声音闷暗的原因，可能跟嗓音疾病有关。但大多数的出现这种问题的原因在于：下巴用力、牙关太紧、舌根僵硬。由于下巴用力，牙关太紧，口腔开度受到限制，声音在口腔里得不到充分的共鸣，声音当然不亮。而舌根僵硬，又会将字音局限于口腔后部，送不到硬腭上，字音就显得干涩不清亮。

有这种不良发声习惯的人，首先应通过练习为发音器官“松绑”，经常做一些松下巴、打牙关的口部操，要懂得口腔开度与共鸣之间的关系，注意保持口腔上下自如开合的状态，不要使横劲儿。同时，还要加强舌头前部的力量和灵活度，让舌尖轻抵下齿背，养成舌头向前运动的习惯，多做一些锻炼舌前部的口部操和绕口令练习。在此基础上，通过提颧肌将声音挂于硬腭前部，这样就会增加声音的明亮度和圆润度，字音的清晰度也会得到改善。

总体说来，以上种种发声过度的问题和不良的发声习惯，既不利于嗓音保健，也有碍于思想感情的充分表达。可以说它们具有操作发音器官和影响传播质量的双重危害。因此，这些问题应当引起我们的重视，要尽量避免出现过度现象，矫正不良的发声习惯，使我们的嗓音经常保持最佳的状态。

当然，这是一个主张个性的时代，随着播讲能力深入，很多播音主持和主持人往往会形成自己的语言个性，这种个性和具体问题，有时候需要分别对待。既不能因为个性的存在而忽略了问题，也不能因为问题的存在而忽略了个性。

主持人基本功练习二

四节奏训练

口头语言的节奏，是指因思想感情的起伏而激起的音势强弱、语速快慢的变化。语言节奏的处理，既是播音员(主持人)感情的表露，也是播音员(主持人)思想水平和涵养的表现。实践证明，语言的节奏速度同说话的思想感情是一致的。随着说话时思想感情所呈现出来的不同状态，声音的节奏速度也不断变化显现出不同的特点。有的轻快，有的凝重，有的高亢，有的低沉，有的急促，有的舒缓。

而人们在表达欢乐、兴奋、惊惧、愤怒、激动的思想感情时，语流速度一般较快;在表达忧郁、悲伤、痛苦、失望或心情沉静、回忆往事等心理活动时，语流速度一般较慢。一个优秀的播音员(主持人)，就应该结合思想情感的不同状态，说出语言的不同节奏。

为了更好地进行语言节奏的训练，以下对语言节奏的类型做简单介绍。

①轻快型——语调多扬抑，语音多轻少重，语句多连少停，语流轻快活泼。如孙犁的《荷花淀》中水生与媳妇们嬉戏的一段，就属于这种类型。

②凝重型——语调多抑少扬，语音多重少轻，语句多停少连，语流平稳凝重。如朱自清的散文《背影》就属于这种类型。

③低沉型——语调压抑，语音沉痛，停顿多而长，音色偏暗，语流沉缓。如柯岩的《一月的哀思》就属于这一类。

④高亢型——语调高扬，语音响亮，语句连贯，语流畅达。如茅盾的《白杨礼赞》、闻一多的《最后一次演讲》都属于这种类型。

⑤舒缓型——语调多扬，语音多轻，气息畅达，声音清亮轻柔，语流舒展，如峻青的《秋色赋》就是这种类型。

⑥紧张型——语调多扬抑，语音多重少轻，语气强而短促，语流速度较快。如山东快书《武松打虎》一段就属于这一种。

以上6种即是语言节奏的类型，事实上，训练的方法也蕴涵其中。要掌握语言节奏，首先就要掌握台词的基本节奏，然后再根据台词内容而调整节奏，使节奏同内容和谐一致，以便更好地表达思想感情。

第三节呼吸技巧

人们常用“气乃声之本”来形容气息与声音的关系，这表明呼吸在发音过程中起着提供动力的作用。呼吸状态好，气息流畅，说话的效果自然会好;若呼吸状态不好，气息不流畅，则会造成许多发音和用声上的问题。因此，掌握适当的呼吸知识和呼吸技巧，对播音主持的口才很有帮助。

一电视播音对呼吸的要求

电视播音具有可视性，观众要么可以直接看到说话的播音员和主持人，要么可以看到与话语有联系的画面。它对呼吸的要求与播音主持使用的语言类型有直接关系。

在电视新闻播音中，新闻稿多采用组织严密、简练明确的新闻语言，语句结构较为复杂，句子也往往较长。它要求播音员吐字清晰，并有饱满的气息支持连贯的发音。播音员应有较强的呼吸能力，以提供较强的气息量和较长的呼气时间。另外，电视新闻播音吐字工整，声音起伏不大，要求呼气稳定，气流忽大忽小会使发音飘忽不定。归纳起来，电视播音主持应当在呼吸方面具有这样一些能力：

①呼吸气流量较大，有较大肺活量;

②有较强呼吸控制能力，呼气稳定，持续时间长;

③能够在播音和主持中灵活运用不同呼吸方式。

对电视播音员和主持人来说，除了播报新闻，还应尽可能地参与许多更接近生活的节目。比如采用接近口语的讲述方式主持一些交谈节目。在这类节目中，语言感**彩变化常常很丰富，播讲方式也较为随便。语言的这种特点要求播音员和主持人有灵活变化的语言能力，随之而来的是呼吸方式的多样化和呼吸的灵活性。

二三种呼吸方式

人的呼吸有3种基本方式：腹式呼吸、胸式呼吸与胸腹联合式呼吸。它们各有其特点。掌握它们的特点，特别是胸腹联合式呼吸的特点，对播音主持很有帮助。 1.腹式呼吸

“腹式呼吸”是以膈肌活动带动肺扩张或收缩，形成吸气和呼气动作的呼吸方式。膈肌因其位置处于胸腔和腹腔之间，又被称为横膈或横膈膜。腹式呼吸在吸气时，膈肌收缩。于是，朝胸腔凸起的横膈收缩向下，趋于平直，在横膈带动下，肺被向下拉动扩张，气流吸入。呼气时，膈肌放松，横膈膜回弹，气流在挤压作用下从口鼻腔呼出。这种呼吸在呼吸过程中腹部会有明显起伏，因此被称为腹式呼吸。

腹式呼吸是人的自然呼吸方式，膈肌的活动是不受大脑意识支配的自律性运动，人在出生之后就具有这种呼吸能力。我们在生活语言状态发音时使用这种呼吸方式。由于这种呼吸方式基本上处于自然状态，它在呼吸过程中缺少控制，发音时间不长，气流也不够稳定，但这种呼吸气息放松，声音自然，感**彩较为丰富。再者，由于膈肌有较大的活动余地，因此，腹式呼吸可以有较大的气息变化幅度。

有人认为腹式呼吸吸气量小，在播音中没有使用价值，这种认识是不全面的。生活语言中使用的腹式呼吸，由于话语较短，气息需求量小，呼吸深度不大，有较大的呼吸潜力并未被使用。腹式呼吸放松、自然，且呼吸可有较大范围的变化。因此在语句简短的讲述类节目中经常用到。当然，播音时若使用腹式呼吸，呼吸的气息量要比日常口语大。 2.胸式呼吸

“胸式呼吸”是以胸廓扩张或收缩带动肺部扩大或缩小形成呼气和吸气的呼吸方式。在人体中，除了横膈活动带动肺扩张之外，肺还可以在胸廓的作用下横向扩张。胸廓是指由肋骨和附在上面的肌肉组织构成的桶状结构，它环绕着胸腔。肋骨构成胸廓的框架，附着在肋骨之间的肋间肌肉可以通过不同的收缩方式改变肋骨的位置，使胸径扩大或缩小，以此带动肺向四周扩张或缩小，这种呼吸方式被称为胸式呼吸。

胸式呼吸气息量较小。一般情况下，胸式呼吸往往是腹式呼吸的补充。正常呼吸时，如果横膈的下降没有受到阻碍，应该是先有腹式呼吸。当横膈下降到一定程度，下降阻力变大时，如果还需要进一步吸气，这时，作为对腹式呼吸的补充，胸廓的扩张才能明显。

在正常情况下，人们的呼吸是以腹式呼吸为主，胸式呼吸往往不会单独出现。出现单纯胸式呼吸常常预示着横膈下降严重受阻。这种状态往往是非正常的。对于播音员和主持人，造成以胸式呼吸为主这种非正常呼吸状态的最常见原因是心理紧张。紧张会使身体的各部分肌肉处于绷紧状态，腹部肌肉的紧张收缩，会使腹腔压力增大，造成横膈下降困难。在这种情况下，胸廓作用明显加强，形成以胸式呼吸为主的呼吸状态。消除心理紧张，使身体处于放松状态是避免胸式呼吸的主要方法。除了心理紧张，进食过饱、吸气时收腹过度、不正确的身体姿势等也会造成以胸式呼吸为主的呼吸状态。

胸式呼吸还会出现在某些强烈的情绪状态中，当人们处于兴奋、恐惧、惊喜等状态时，身体的肌肉组织会呈现紧张状态，这时，横膈下降也会受到阻碍。在表现这些情绪色彩时，可以有意识地运用胸式呼吸，以丰富语言的感情表现力。 3.胸腹联合式呼吸

“胸腹联合式呼吸”是横膈升降与胸廓扩张收缩相结合的呼吸方式。这种呼吸方式在日常生活中并不经常使用，对许多人来说，这种呼吸方式需要经过训练才能有意识地使用。胸腹联合式呼吸可以满足播音气息量大、进气快和发音时间长的需要，是播音员和主持人应当掌握的基本呼吸技巧。

胸腹联合式呼吸是胸式呼吸和腹式呼吸相结合的呼吸方式。这种结合并不是简单的相加，它利用腹式呼吸吸气量大和胸式呼吸的补气作用，尽可能加大吸气量，呼气时，则利用适当的控制手段，保持呼气的均匀，增加发音时间。

胸腹联合式呼吸可分为吸气和呼气两个阶段。

①吸气

吸气时，口、鼻同时进气，这样可以提高吸气速度。当发音速度较快时，用于换气的时间常常很短暂，在这种情况下，应尽量缩短吸气的时间，以保持语句的连贯。吸气过程可采用两种控制方式。

一种是，当吸气时间比较充裕时，可采用先腹式、后胸式的吸气方式，运用这种吸气方式，腹部处于相对松弛状态，先利用横膈下降吸入气息，待小腹有膨胀感后，再利用胸廓的扩张进一步吸入气息，这时，两肋有张开的感觉。我们在深吸气闻花香时常使用这种吸气方式。

另一种吸气方式是在吸气时小腹适当收缩，保持腹部略微向上的压力，然后膈肌下降，吸入气息。由于膈肌下降时遇到阻力，胸廓会采取扩大胸径的方式吸入气息加以补偿。于是，腹式呼吸和胸式呼吸同时动作。这种吸气方式如控制得当，可以在很短时间内吸入较多的气息。较为急促的呼吸状态常使用这种吸气方式。

这两种吸气方式可称为“顺序吸气法”和“同时吸气法”。在需要较大气息量，但语言状态较为放松时，我们可以使用“顺序吸气法”;在需要较大气息量，语言状态较为紧张、急促时，我们可以使用“同时吸气法”。这两种吸气方法可以根据播讲的需要灵活使用。播音使用的胸腹联合式呼吸，吸气时腹部肌肉应保持略微收缩，并非完全松弛。腹部适当收缩可为呼气发音做准备。

②呼气

胸腹联合式呼吸的呼气阶段是整个呼吸过程的关键。为了保持较长的呼气时间和提供稳定的气流，通常在呼气时采用肌肉力量对抗方式控制气流的呼出，而不采用单纯膈肌放松回弹方式控制气流。

在人的身体中，常常用两组作用力相反的肌肉控制某一器官的运动，当我们在做微小的精细动作时，两种作用相反的肌肉可以同时产生作用力，利用两种力的力量差控制运动量，使器官做精细的运动。呼气时，可以利用放松膈肌，使横膈回弹的方式产生气流。但这种呼气方式产生的气息不稳定，缺少力度，用于发音不易控制，声音会先大后小。

另一种呼气方式是采用肌肉力量对抗控制呼气。首先，在吸气阶段就让腹部肌肉略微收缩，做好呼气准备。这种收缩力量很小，收缩力量过大会影响膈肌下降和气息下沉，造成吸气量减少。进入呼气阶段时，腹肌收缩力量加大，产生向上挤压力量，与此同时，吸气时膈肌收缩下降的力量并未消除，于是，促使膈肌向上和向下的力量形成对抗，当腹部向上挤压的力量大于膈肌收缩下降的力量时，膈肌回升，气流呼出。需要气息量大的时候，可以通过加大腹肌力量，增大腹腔对胸腔压力或减小膈肌收缩力量，提高膈肌上升力度。需要气息量小的时候，可以用加大膈下压力量或减小腹肌上压力量的方式降低膈肌上升力度。当语句之中停顿，不需要气流时，我们可以用膈肌下压和腹肌上压力量相等的方式使呼气保持静止状态，以节省气流。胸廓也可以利用肋骨之间肋间肌的力量对抗来控制其扩张和收缩。当然，由于胸廓的呼吸作用有限，这种控制远不如横膈那样明显。借助呼气肌肉和吸气肌肉的力量对抗产生的压力差控制呼气过程，可以获得稳定的气息，延长呼气时间，这对播音十分有利。这种呼气方式是播音呼吸的重要方法。它为播音员和主持人提高发音质量打下坚实的基础。

胸腹联合式呼吸依靠肌肉力量对抗完成呼吸过程，因此需要较长时间的体能锻炼，肌肉组织具有一定力量才能显示出效果。需要注意的是，在使用这种呼吸方式时，如果控制过度，反而会造成气息僵死，那样的话，语言的表现力不仅得不到增强，反而会被削弱。

三常用换气方式

“换气”是指在发音过程中，当气息不能满足发音需要时，在句子之间或句子之中补充气息的过程。常见的换气方式有：利用句子之间较大停顿进行的正常换气，在句子中间利用短暂顿挫快速换气的偷气，以及利用吸气声作为表达手段的抢气。发音中用来换气的地方称为“气口”。所谓“气口”，是根据发音过程中语句内容连接的紧密程度和表达需要确定的用于换气的停顿点。不应简单地将气口等同于逗号或句号。有时，气口之间会包含由几个短句构成的句群，也有时在一句话中就会有几个气口。 1正常换气

“正常换气”是指在一段话之后，利用语句之间的较大停顿从容补充气息。一篇稿件或一段话语不可能一口气说完，中间往往伴随多次呼吸，利用话语之中的较大停顿进行换气是语言表达中最自然的换气方式。正常换气根据话语的长度、感**彩及音量等因素确定合适的吸气量，一段话讲完，气息也正好需要补充，于是利用停顿补充气量，语言表达与呼吸节奏相吻合。这样可保持语言的生动、流畅。在语流之中换气是自然进行的，发音人会根据自己的经验，自动调整吸气量，并不需要有意识加以注意。

正常换气应注意吸气量适当，气息吸入过多不容易控制。吸气之后不应屏气。这两种情况都会使声门闭合过紧，造成发音不自然。 2偷气

“偷气”是发音过程中一种无声补充气息的方法。当发音时句子过长或发音速度较快时，一般没有较大的停顿进行正常的换气，这时，人们常利用句子之中词与词之间短暂的顿挫来补充气息，这种换气方式没有明显的停顿间隔作为标志，也没有明显的吸气声，不易被人们察觉。

偷气一般在气息将要用尽，后面话语不多的情况下使用。偷气的气口通常是在连接不太紧密、可以顿挫的词与词之间，这样不会影响语句的连贯，听者也不易察觉。偷气时，应在准备换气的词之后用较快速度从口鼻同时吸入少量气息，偷气一般是为补充气息，供短时发音用，吸入的气息有限。为了防止吸气声，吸气时声门应适当开大。 3抢气

“抢气”是发音过程中一种带有吸气声的换气方式。当话语的节奏急促或感**彩强烈时，气息消耗很快，往往需要在句与句之间或句子之中急速补充气息。急速吸气会使气流在通过声道时产生较强的气流摩擦声。这种夹杂在语流之中的气流声能够显露出说话人焦急、紧张、感慨等不同感**彩，使表达更富于表现力。抢气不仅是一种换气或补气方式，而且是一种感情表达手段。它常用于感**彩丰富，描写生动的语言中。

抢气时吸气速度要快。由于不再需要顾及吸气声，声门不必开大。应尽量让抢气声成为语流的一个节拍，这可使语言听起来更自然。抢气时不要屏气，抢气的气流强度根据需要灵活使用，有时，抢气出现在句头，这种句头抢气往往出于感情表达的需要，气息量较大。而在句中出现的抢气多带有补气的性质，气息量不大。

上面几种换气方式都是播音员和主持人经常使用的，为了熟练运用这些方法，初学者可以先用文稿作为练习材料，将文稿内容在原有标点符号基础上重新分析，划分为呼吸段落，在需要换气的地方做上记号。抢气常与感**彩相连，可随感情流露顺势而出，不必标记出来。当然，如果一时不习惯，可以用自己设计的符号把所有气口都标记出来。

四播音呼吸练习

对于播音员和主持人来说，播音呼吸不能仅仅停留在认识上，还应将其化为用于语言表达的实际能力。初学者需要经过大量的练习才能完成这一转化过程。下面提供一些简单的呼吸练习供初学者使用。 1.横膈弹动练习

许多播音初学者不了解横膈的位置，感觉不到横膈的活动。这个练习可以帮助你感觉横膈的弹动。同时也可以锻炼膈肌力量。

步骤1：直立，双手垂直于身体两侧，小腹肌肉略微收缩。

步骤2：横膈下降，吸气至八成满。

步骤3：小腹肌肉猛烈收缩，压迫膈肌向上弹动，气流冲出，发“hei”音。

通过这个练习，你可以感觉到腹肌和膈肌的剧烈活动。 2.胸腹联合式呼吸练习

通过这一练习，可以体会胸腹联合式呼吸。

步骤1：双腿直立，两臂侧垂，贴近身体两侧。头部抬起，目光前视，全身放松，小腹前部微收，做好吸气准备。

步骤2：口鼻同时吸气，横膈逐渐下降，小腹有压力感。

步骤3：继续吸气，腹部膨胀，同时胸廓开始扩张，上臂与胸部两侧逐渐贴近，表明胸径扩大。

步骤4：在膈肌仍保持适度收缩的同时，腹部逐渐加大收缩力度，使膈肌匀速上升，胸廓也在肌肉对抗作用下回缩，气流均匀呼出，直至气息用尽。

练习时应当注意，小腹在作吸气准备时不应过分收缩，过分收缩会限制吸气量。 3.扩大吸气量练习

增加肺活量是提高呼吸能力的基础。通过这一练习可逐渐增加肺活量。

步骤1：按照胸腹联合式呼吸的要求，深吸一口气，将气息保持住。

步骤2：用稳定的音量和适当的音高、音色数数：

1、

2、

3、

4、5„„直至气息用尽。

步骤3：重新吸气，重复上面动作。

这一练习可每日连续练习多次，音量、音高、音色都可以变化。随着练习时间的延续，发音时间会逐渐延长，这表明肺活量在增加。

第四节

特殊用气技巧“特殊用气技巧”是一种使言语更富有感**彩的用气方法。正如说话时的技巧可有效地促进人际关系的发展一样，用气技巧的高低，直接影响到思想情感准确生动的表达。气息用得好，对增加言语色彩的浓度、情感表达的深度都能起到很好的作用。

用气技巧主要包括气音、抽气、喷口、托气、笑语、颤音、模拟等7种，以下分别说明。

一气音

这是指渲染言语中感叹、赞叹、悲叹、惊叹、咏叹等有关“叹”的色彩的一种修饰用气。它可以增强紧张等特殊情境中的气氛。运用气音的方法是：吸气时放慢速度，加强深度，吐字时，除实音外，可伴随一定的气音、虚音，将气很舒展地呼出。如——

革命正在胜利前进，红色根据地正在蓬勃发展。机会主义者却把革命的航船引入了歧路，人民的事业又面临着巨大的危险。

抗战8年，蒋介石躲在峨眉山，日本侵略者刚刚投降，这个卖国贼就疯狂地发动了全面内战。

我死了，化作老山上白云悠悠，死，也搂着祖国的山峰不肯放手!

标有“”的语句，如果用气音来读，效果就非常生动。

二抽气

这是指渲染言语骤然紧张的气氛，表现人物异常激动心情的一种修饰用气。运用抽气的方法是：吸气时有意识地吸出声来，要使听众有一种气息很重、很强的感觉。如——

不幸的人啊!你爱凡兰蒂(抽气)——爱那个该死家族的女儿!

这里运用抽气技巧，就是要充分体现基度山对那“该死的家族”的痛恨，显现他那如汹涌波涛似的激动心情。又如——

孔乙己便涨红了脸，额上的青筋条条绽出争辩说：(抽气)“窃书不能算偷„„(抽气)窃书!„„(抽气)读书人的事，(抽气)能算偷吗?”

这里几次使用抽气方法，是为了将孔乙己的精神状态体现出来;另外也可表现孔乙己由于深受封建科举制度毒害，以致被摧残糟蹋成了一个弱不禁风、气息虚浅的病鬼模样。

三喷口

这是指言语者无法控制自己激动的心情，而需要突然爆发的一种修饰用气。运用喷口的方法是：先将口腔里的气息蓄足，而后忽然很有力量地喷射而出。运用喷口技巧可大大加强言语的力度，强化感**彩。如：

死去原知万事空，但悲∧不见九州同。

王师北定中原日，家祭无忘告乃翁。

诗中写出陆游收复中原的壮志未酬。这里的停顿之后吸足气(∧吸气符号)，然后有力地喷出“不见”二字，喷泄出悲愤的感情。

四托气

这是指在言语过程中，极力控制某种情感的一种修饰用气。运用托气的方法是：在吸气时，有意识将气息控制住，然后慢慢用气息将言语托出。如——

部队集合了。妇女们打开竹篮，分赠着礼物。孩子们爬上大炮，把红叶插上炮口。小吉普也被无数的彩纸条和成串的花纸缠成了花束。阿妈妮们、孩子们、姑娘们，他们在做这些事情的时候，统统没有哭。昨天晚上，战士们告诉他们说不要哭。里干部们也告诉说，为了不使志愿军难过，让他们不要哭(托气)。他们很听话(托气)，他们真的制止住了，(托气)在做这些事情的时候(托气)统统没有哭。

朗诵到后面几处就需用托气技巧：少吸气，控制住，以较均匀的不多的气息慢慢将后面言语托出，音量不要大，略感有些憋气。这样利用托气的方法，就可有效地渲染出气氛，更好地体现出朝鲜人民以极大力量控制着自己对志愿军的随时将要爆发的惜别之情。

五笑语

这是指带有弹动的一种特殊用气方法。运用笑语的方法是：口腔、喉、胸要放松，小腹膈肌来弹动，气息直射打软腭，随之发出“哈”“哼”“嘿”等笑语，以表示快乐或讥讽、嘲笑、鄙视、蔑视等。如——

啊，1976年，万众欢呼的10月!爆竹声声相连，锣鼓阵阵相接„„(带笑)不是国庆的国庆啊，不是过节的过节。

后两句用带笑的语调念出，有助于渲染欢乐的情绪。又如——

(笑)哈哈哈，这是何等可卑可笑!何等的不自量力!何等的枉费心机!

这是表达蔑视鄙视的感情，发“哈”时，应让人们听到对敌人犀利的嘲笑声。

六颤音

这是指带有颤抖的一种特殊用气方法。运用颤音的方法是：吸气有如在抖气，呼气同样要颤栗，小腹软腭部位都痉挛。这种用气的方法可表现异常激动，十分悲痛、委屈、难过等心情。这种颤抖声是在有真挚感受的基础上内在感情的真实流露。如：

过了一大会儿，我们才轻轻走近梁三喜的坟前，只见玉秀把头伏在坟上，周身颤栗着，在无声悲泣„„

“小韩，你„„(颤音)哭吧，哭出声来„„”我呜咽着说，“那样，你会好受些„„”

玉秀闻声缓缓从坟上爬起来：“指导员，没„„(颤音)没啥，俺觉得在屋里闷„„(颤音)得慌„„”她抬起袖子擦了擦泪莹莹的脸，“没啥，俺和婆婆快回家了，俺„„(颤音)俺想起来坟上看看„„”

第一次颤音，要表现指导员呜咽时的言语，要强化强忍着的激动情感，在叫出“小韩”后，在向里抽气时，腹肌与横膈膜紧张地颤动起来，发出有节奏短促的颤音;然后呼气时与上相同，使呼气声也发出颤抖声。当气没有呼尽时，突然刹住，屏住不呼也不吸，稍停，然后用剩余气息发“你”，随即感到气息不够，再颤抖着吸气，再说出：“哭吧，哭出声来吧。”这种颤音是双方极力控制着自己万分悲痛的心情，每句话都是在饮泣中进行的。又如——

群山肃立，江河挥泪，辽阔的祖国大地沉浸在巨大的悲痛之中。敬爱的周总理和我们永别了。中国无产阶级失去了伟大的战士，中国人民失去了敬爱的好总理。周总理呀，周总理，全国人民都在哀悼您，都在呼唤您，都在想念您。八亿双眼睛都想看一看您，八亿颗心哪，都在为您哭泣。人们手捧讣告热泪流，千言万语涌在心头，哀思无限，难以诉说。„„泪水模糊了我们的双眼，灵车隔断了我们的视线，敬爱的周总理啊!我们多么想再看一看您，再看一看您啊!„„灵车队，万众心相随。哭别总理心欲碎，八亿神州泪纷飞。红旗低垂，新华门前洒满泪。日理万机的总理呀，您今晚几时回?„„长夜无言，天地同悲。只见灵车去，不见总理归。

打“”表示要发颤音。通过一连串的颤音，表达人民对总理无限崇敬和极其深切的怀念之情。

再如——

看看我们脚下这片土地吧!这才是我们自己(颤音)的土地!她给予我们的是太多太多，而我们给予她的却是太少太少(颤音)。她的贫乏是我的不是，你的不是，他的不是„„当我们明白了这一点，我们就会扑倒在她的怀里，深情地喊一声“妈妈”(颤音)，又怎(颤音)舍得离开她呢?

在播送或演讲中，若能注意其中几处颤音，就可更好地表达对祖国的热爱和内疚的强烈感情，加强演讲的感染力。

需要注意的是，在运用这种技巧时，既要注意情感的表达，也要注意言语的清晰度。不能只听到颤抖，而听不到声音。

七模拟

模拟，即仿效、模仿。就是以情带声地模仿各种音响和腔调。这样可以启发听众的联想，提高效果，增强生动性，给听众以形象逼真的感觉。但要注意保持自己的音色，即声音的个性;还要注意如要转述高声呼喊的话或一种动物可怕的叫喊声时，可用略带夸张的声音，传达出那种情境就行了。

如文艺广播中，模拟某人转述一位姑娘在敌人就要到来之际，紧急向全村报信的呼喊声——

哪里来这么大的力量，雷声也没这样响亮：“来——了——，来——了——!”这声音响遍了全庄。

又如对反面人物的讲话腔调，也是用模拟法来刻画的——

听话会反听，精怪现原形。她说是：“一个普通的党员。”他说是：“一个小小老百姓。”

带有“”部分在读的时候，可以有意识地“模拟”特殊人物的语言腔调。第五节

择语训练人脑是一座天生的潜力很大的记忆仓库，人们有意无意地储存了大量的语言材料。但这些材料的“因子”(词或短语)非常活跃，在脑子里总是呈不规则的游移状态。结果，常常出现这样的情形：当迫切地要用到时，它往往躲躲闪闪不“蹦”出来，或者即使“千呼万唤始出来”，却往往并不适用。这样，表达的速度和准确性就会受到很大的影响。

为了解决这种困境，有必要提倡快速择语训练。这种训练的主要目的，就是增强大脑对评议材料的驾驭控制能力;当然，它对词汇积累也有一定的好处。以下介绍一些快速择语训练的方法。

一“火车挂钩”

“火车挂钩”训练就是用游戏的吸引力，让大家在竞争的气氛中，触机即发，词随口出，培养择词的敏锐反应力。

方法：进行类似“拈连”修辞格的接词游戏，所谓“拈连”就是按照某种规则将词一个一个地“拈”在一起。在进行游戏时，可将一同训练的众人分成若干小组，让大家一个接一个地“挂”，周而复始地进行。如： 1.首字拈——

自以为是、自食其力、自顾不暇„„ 2.末字拈——

前所未有、有始有终、忠心耿耿、耿耿于怀、怀恨在心、欣欣向荣„„ 3.首字数序拈——

一步登天、二龙戏珠、三顾茅庐、四世同堂、五湖四海、六神无主、七窍生烟、八仙过海、九死一生、十恶不赦„„ 4.首字成句拈——

刻不容缓、苦尽甘来、学而不厌、习以为常、为富不仁、四海为家、化整为零——各词首字连在一起就可成为一个句子：“刻苦学习为四化”。

提示两点：一是为了使训练顺利进行，谐音拈连也可放行，比如，题例中的“末字拈”里，“终”与“忠”相拈。二是参赛者可聘请一位“顾问”，脱“钩”时作提示，如仍“挂”不上，可要求“脱钩者”讲一则成语故事，以示惩罚。

二巧接话茬

实践表明，对别人的口语表达能超前预测的人，一般思维比较敏锐，择词速度比较快。将它作为训练形式，能够以动触动，训练出富有适应性的敏捷择语反应力。这种训练方法主要有两种——

一种是主持人先讲两句“半截子话”，然后按序号每人迅速说一句与上句意思相承的话。

这要求简洁生动，接句中最好能嵌入一两个富有表现力的词或短语，因为，在实际主持过程中，你所要做的是如何说出简短而精妙的话，以产生幽默或警醒的效果。而不是“牛头不对马嘴”，或借题发挥，却离题万里。

另一种是主持人讲出一组排比句的前半截，每讲一句就让大家报出可以填入的适应的词(有时不止一个)，最后形成并列句群。

如——

金钱能买到伙伴，但不能买到(友情)

金钱能买到纸笔，但不能买到(文才)

金钱能买到权势，但不能买到(威望)

金钱能买到服从，但不能买到(忠诚)

金钱能买到躯壳，但不能买到(灵魂)

金钱能买到谄媚，但不能买到(崇敬)

三近义语描摹

“近义语描摹”训练就是培养我们用不同的词语或短语去描摹事物的同一状态的能力。在“短平快”的特定表达要求下进行此项训练，具有一定的择语难度，但可有效地催逼着我们去搜寻自己的词语“库存”，并多方摄取生活中或书本里丰富多彩的语汇。

方法：先向大家说明“近义语描摹”的训练要求，即用相近或相类的词或短语，从各个不同的侧面或角度对某一特定事物作具状性描述，要做到言之有物、言之有情，给人如睹其物、身临其境之感。出示话题后，让大家准备1分钟，然后按坐次每人说1～2句话，共说同一事物，语意可不相连贯，但表述不得重复。要接得快，讲得生动、准确。一轮10～15人，讲完后将录音复放，并进行评议。

比如，近义语描摹“冷”——

“北风打着刺耳的忽哨，冷气直钻衣领，彻骨的寒。”

“玉屑似的雪末洒在脸上，冰凉冰凉的。”

“屋檐上挂着一尺多长的冰椎，闪着寒光。”

“一脚踩上硬骨骨的冰凌，滑进雪坑，浑身打着寒战，像泡进了凉水里。”

经常这样训练，你的应对语言无疑会更富有表现力。

四对偶成趣

方法：主持人提出上句，要求限定时间接对，从易到难，由浅入深。单人对或多人抢对均可。如——

本——末;

荣——辱;

山河壮丽——岁月峥嵘;

生姜老的辣——笋子嫩的甜;

门对千竿竹——家藏万卷书;

嘻嘻哈哈喝茶——叽叽咕咕谈心;

柿子拣软的捏——山芋拣硬的烘。

在词语较多、句子较长的情况下，这种训练和我国传统诗学教学“对对子”方法较为接近。作为择语训练，它要训练的是择词反应力，故不宜讲求工对，限制宜适当放宽。

主持人基本功练习三

播音员主持人基本功练习方法

第一阶段：未曾出声先练气

研究资料表明人在正常情况下，每分钟呼吸16—19次，每次呼吸过程约

3、4秒钟，而演唱时，有时一口气要延长十几秒，甚至更长，而且吸气时间短，呼出时间长，必须掌握将气保持在肺部慢慢呼出的要领，所以要先做：

(一)“深吸慢呼气息控制延长练习”。

其要领是：先学会“蓄气”，先压一下气，把废气排出，然后用鼻和舌尖间隙像“闻花”一样，自然松畅地轻轻吸，吸的要饱，然后气沉丹田，慢慢地放松胸肋，使气像细水长流般慢慢呼出，呼得均匀，控制时间越长越好，反复练习4—6次。

(二)“深吸慢呼数字练习”

我们把第一步骤称为“吸提推送’，“吸提”的气息向里向，“推送”的气息向外向下，在“推送”同时做气息延长练习。我们推荐三种练法：

A.数数练习：“吸提”同前。在“推送”同时轻声快速地数数字“12345678910”，——口气反复数，数到这口气气尽为止，看你能反复数多少次。

B.“数枣”练习：“吸提”同前。在“推送”同时轻声：“出东门过大桥，大桥底下一树枣，拿竹竿去打枣，青的多红的少 (吸足气)一个枣两个枣三个枣四个枣五个„„这口气气尽为止，看你能数多少个枣。反复4—6次。 C.“数葫芦”练习：“吸提”

同前。在“推送”同时轻声念：“金葫芦，银葫芦，一口气数不了24个葫芦(吸足气)一个葫芦二个葫芦三个葫芦„„”，这口气气尽为止，反复4—6次。

数数字、“数枣”、“数葫芦”控制气息，使其越练控制越，千万不要跑气。开始腹部会出现酸痛，练过一段时间，则会自觉大有进步。 (三)“深吸慢呼长音练习”

经过气息练习，声音开始逐步加入。这一练习仍是练气为主，发声为辅，在推送同时择一中低音区，轻轻地男生发“啊”音(“大嗓”发“啊”是外送与练气相顺)，女生发“咿”音(“小嗓”咿”是外送)。一口气托住，声音出口呈圆柱型波浪式推进，能拉多长拉多长，反复练习。 (四)“托气断音练习”

这是声、气各半练习。双手插腰或护腹，由丹田托住一口气到额咽处冲出同时发声，声音以中低音为主，有弹性，腹部及横膈膜利用伸缩力同时弹出，我们介绍三种练习：

A.一口气托住，嘴里发出快速的“噼里拍啦，噼里拍啦”(反复)到这口气将尽时发出“嘭一啪”的断音。反复4—6次。

B.一口气绷足，先慢，后快地发出“哈工哈)—(反复)(加快)哈，哈，哈„„”锻炼有进发爆发力的断音，演唱中的“哈哈„”大笑、“啊哈”、“啊咳”常用。

C.一口气绷足，先慢后快地发出“嘿—厚、嘿—厚”(反复逐渐加快)“嘿厚，嘿厚„„”加快到气力不支为止，反复练习。

经过这一阶段练习，气为声之本，气为声之帅的气息，已基本饱满，“容气之所”已基本兴奋、活跃起来，而声音一直处于酝酿、保护之中，在此基础上即可开始准备声音练习了。

第二阶段：气、声、字的练习

戏曲演员尤其京剧演员包括戏曲爱好者在喊嗓练声上容易犯急于求成的毛病，恨不能很快地就能喊出又高又亮的嗓音来，急着喊高音，猛喊甚至瞎喊乱喊，这往往是事与愿违的。我们在研究喊嗓练声时，有意地先练气息不急于发声，是利于发声练习，要大家明确一个循序渐进的规律和持之以恒的毅力。在这第三阶段，我们建议还是不急于爬音阶喊高音，而从气、声、字结合练起。这三者关系应排成这样一个顺序：气为音服务，音为腔服务，腔为字服务，字为词服务，词为情服务。从这个顺序中，我们可以看到字的位置居于中心，前面牵着“音”和“腔”，后面联着“词”与“情”。当中一塌，满盘皆输。字音的真切，决定着声音的圆润，“以字行腔”正是这个理儿。在喊嗓练声中的字、音、气的关系，应是托足了“气”，找准了“音”，咬真了“字”。具体方法是：用汉语拼音的方法把字头、字腹、字尾放大放缓，以字练声，然后加快，同时练嘴皮子和唇齿牙舌喉的灵活性。

第三阶段：吟诗、吟唱练习

把吟诗、吟唱放在第四阶段目的是练习和挖掘“低音宽厚,中音圆润，高音坚韧"的嗓音素质，不盲目拔高、爬高，而是巩固中音、低音，使其音色华美、音质纯正，保住一条好听好用的嗓子，同时锻炼高音的坚韧有弹性。此时的念白练唱都是无伴奏的，演唱更难，要求更高，在第三阶段练，有气、音、字垫底，是一个台阶一个台阶爬上来的，嗓音并不疲劳，练习有实效，把握性大。

①吟诗一般选各个行当的定场诗，因为角色刚刚上场，要给观众留下第一印象，并使他们停止议论，安静下来，所以定场诗应是声调较高，不急不慢，是角色自己兴趣志向的自我剖析，韵律性极强，必须好好练，又适合于喊嗓、练声、练习。比如《击鼓骂曹》祢衡的定场诗，“口似悬河语似流，全凭舌尖压诸侯，男儿何得擎天手，自当谈笑觅封侯”;再如《挑华车》中岳飞的定场诗“明亮亮盔甲射人斗牛宫，缥缈缈旌旗遮住太阳红，虎威威排列着明辅上将，雄纠纠胯下驹战马如龙”。在万物苏醒，万象更新的清晨你可以尽情发挥练嗓。

②吟唱：具有念白吟诵相夹，半唱半念交相辉映的特点，比吟诗更难，其情感更宜抒发，其音律更宜舒展，正好用来喊嗓发声。

半吟半唱如引子，例如，《宇宙锋》赵艳容上半吟(念)“杜鹃枝头泣，(吟唱)血泪暗悲啼。”再如阳平关》曹*(半吟念)“只手(吟唱)独擎天，奇勋已早建，(半吟念)虚名扶汉祚，(吟唱)时势魏将迁”。直接吟唱如《秦琼卖马》“好

汉英雄困天堂，不知何日回故乡”，再如《清风亭》“年纪迈，血气衰，年老无儿绝后代”，“听妈妈高声唤悲哀，想必是为姣儿失却了夫妻恩爱”。

③京白(普通话)吟诗：为现代戏表演念词而练习，如用吟诗的旋律，念《毛主席诗词》“天高云淡，望断南飞雁，不到长城非好汉”等。再如念现代戏一些经典道白，“久旱的禾苗逢甘霖，点点记在心”，“千枝万叶一条根，都是受苦人”等，都是喊嗓练声的好素材。传统大段念白及一些贯口练习也可在这一阶段锻炼气息和发声。

第四阶段：弧形气声练习

这是京剧里非常独特的一种发声技巧，它像舞蹈里的弹跳，跳起来蹲下去又弹起来，也像体育里的掷铅球，转起来，缩回来，再掷出去，气息和声音推出形成一条/型，抛物线，拉回来，再抛出去。如武生：啊/咳/

老生：马/来/

花脸：酒/喔啊来/

丑：啊/哈/

青衣：苦/哇/

容⌒禀/

这类双弧形气、声，如不好好练，极容易出“岔音”，“转”或“呲花”。一般要领是：运好气——托好字(像“汉语拼音”一样分解字音)——抛出去——收——再抛出去，控制好气息、音量，选出最佳音色，一环扣一环，相得益彰。尤其程派吟诵的“容——禀”似断不断、细若游丝、欲断又起至饱满地送到家。归音归韵更是需要努力练习和掌握的。

第五阶段：爬音阶及高难音练习

“嘎调”、“翻高”、“高腔”是演唱中不可缺少的，我们称其为高难音。在喊嗓练声中练习这路音，注意不可多练，关键是找方法找位置，如果拼命去喊去叫，前面练习的会全部做废，还会伤及嗓子。练习这路音最忌挤、卡、捏、压、强努、硬拼横气。老先生说“如字要高唱不必用力反呼(使拙劲去喊)，惟将此字做狭做细，做锐，做深，则音自高矣„„，凡遇高扬之字照上法将气提起送出„„则听者已清晰明亮，唱者又不费劲。”这里有窍门，有方法，要根据自己的实际条件，去摸索，去探求。

播音主持基本功练习四

第七节

心理训练技法主持人是一种在众人面前讲话的职业。它要求任何一个主持人都得具备良好的心理素质。很多主持人，特别是年轻的主持人，在台下试验效果很好，但是一旦站在舞台上，或者，仅仅是面对镜头，他就会不自觉地紧张，出现声音发颤、语无伦次等等不自然的现象。这自然有多种原因，但最主要的莫过于心理素质不过关。

事实上，大凡不善于在众人面前讲话的人，诸多原因中，最主要、最根本的原因也是由于心理上的障碍，缺乏临场的心理训练。为了解决心理素质不稳定的问题，下面介绍一套简单易行的训练方法。

第一步：站立不语练习——练心。

练习者可互为听众轮流上场，也可让自己的几位朋友、同学、同事、家人做自己的听众。练习者站在高于听众之处，目视听众而不开口。此时，练习者心理要进入讲话的感受之中，进行心理体验。

这第一步练习是练“心”不练“口”，每次站立5～10分钟，由于可以不开口讲话，会减轻练习者的心理负担。这步练习直到练习者不觉得紧张，能坦然地面对众人的注视为止。

第二步：随便说话练习——练口。

练习者在适应了人前站立之后，也即在众人面前站立时已经基本上没有心理障碍了，就可进入说话训练。这时，讲话从内容和形式上，不要给予任何规定和限制。练习者要随心所欲，讲自己最熟悉的话。这时的练习者虽然在心理上已初步适应，但开口讲话还缺乏适应性锻炼，此时的大脑或紧张或混沌一片，所以这一步练习要达到的主要目的就是要求练习者能开口讲话，至于他讲的是什么，那是下一步训练要做的。

这一步是在练“心”的基础上练“口”，讲话时间以3～5分钟为宜。练习者和听众可现场交流对话，轮流演练，直到练习者可在人前自如流利地讲话为止。

第三步：命题主持练习——表达练习。

在前两步训练的基础上，练习者即可进入命题主持练习。练习者和观众之间要反复交流，推敲练习者的有声语言、态势语言的力度、速度、表情等。

此步练习以练习者在“台”上让观众听不出练习者是在背讲稿，也不是在“演”为目的，而是要求练习者达到能够真实自如、从容不迫地讲自己的心里话。

第四步：即兴主持练习——全面练习。

练习者的临场心理和讲话能力都有了一定的提高后，便可进行较高层次的即兴主持练习。练习者以抽签来确定主持的题目和内容，抽签后，可给予练习者5～10分钟打腹稿的时间。

此时，练习者的思维处于高速运转状态，这对于提高练习者的快速谋篇、遣词、炼句是很必要的。由于此时练习者的心理处在“排练”的气氛中，所以对“失败”并不十分惧怕，相反，他往往敢于充分地表现自己，将他在正式主持时难以全面发挥的内在潜力发挥出来——而这，无疑可以反过来促进他在正式主持中的发挥。

以上四步练习法侧重于实践。初学者如果再辅以一定的理论指导，科学地辨明心理的生理基础，同时对心理活动与注意力、记忆力、情绪情感、思维想像、行为动机、能力技能、个性意志、气质性格等等之间的关系有较为清晰的认识，心理训练的效果就更为显著。

第八节

听力训练在武打小说当中，我们常常看到武林高手可“眼观六路，耳听八方”。这表明，听，作为一种重要的能力，就像是中国武术一样，有着很高的境界等待着我们去追求，去完成。而在绝大多数的情况下，武林高手都是通过有效的训练一步步产生的。听力训练同样如此。在听力训练中，首先自然要做的是保持注意力。要做到仔细地、不遗漏地听取对方谈话的内容。实践证明，只有在保持注意力的基础上，才能做到排除无意注意力干扰，加强有意注意力的自控能力，切实提高自身完整接受信息的能力，以及最终准确地反馈信息。

但实践又表明，保持注意力固然是听力训练的基础。但在口语表达中，往往又会出现一些无法预料的情况，它要求采访主持者在保持注意力的基础之上做更多的工作。比如以下这三种情况——

①由于事先并没有非常充分的准备，或者，由于镜头所带来的紧张感，谈话内容往往会存在杂乱无章、重复嗦、中心不明的情况。在这种情况下，采访主持就需要在听的时候剔除无用部分，整理筛选有价值的东西。

②由于谈话内容过长，涉及的内容过多，听到的东西不可能全部记下来。在这种情况下，采访主持就需要边听边概括对方谈话内容的要点。

③由于说话人往往会运用“双关”、“影射”、“比喻”等旁敲侧击的方法，来曲折地传递信息，听到的东西往往是不明确的。在这种情况下，采访主持需要从对方谈话中鉴别、提示出暗含其中的弦外之音。

这些情况表明，听力训练是一个比较复杂的过程，它不仅仅是耳朵在起作用，更牵涉到思维的运用、语言的表达、训练材料的筛选等问题。

听力训练的方法很多，最主要的也就是要针对自己的薄弱环节实施目标分解训练。而无论是加强整理筛选对方谈话内容能力，还是努力提高在听取对方谈话的过程中及时捕捉要点的概括能力，还是细心鉴别，排除假像，把握要旨，它所要达到的最终目的都是提高采访主持自身的听力能力，以更好地把握谈话要旨，灵活地、有针对性地反馈信息。

需要强调的一个问题是听，是建立在说的基础之上的;而说，也和听话人本身的态度紧密相关。这表明说与听之间具备有一种双向关系。这种双向关系落实到听，就意味着听，不仅仅和听话人(即采访主持)本身有关，同时也关系到对面那个正在说话的人，他的思路，他的态度，他的兴致等等。

有的人不注意这一点，以为提出问题谈话就可以进行下去。在听话过程中，只是很被动地听，缺乏积极参与谈话的交流愿望，毫无言语或神态上的反应，这往往会使得说话对方失去与之交谈的兴致，或者，使得对话草草了之。因此，在听力训练中，播音、采访、主持应有意培养下列几个方面的良好习惯—— 1.热情、专注

在认真听讲的同时，还要热诚地看着对方的眼睛或做其他的态势表情，始终保持专注的精神和入神的姿态。

在对方的话引起你感情上的共鸣时，应作适当的点头、微笑，表示接受、同意、赞赏;或沉默不语、专心致志，表示思考、支持、同情，尽量给对方精神上的酬谢和慰藉。 2.不随便打断别人的谈话

不因为对方所讲的内容自己不感兴趣，或不符合自己的观点，就表示反感、不满，更不能心不在焉或随意离开。 3.言语上应作积极的反应

或应答，或提问，或讨论，或承接，或提醒，或要求重复。如“对”、“是吗”、“嗯，是这么回事”、“后来呢”、“不错”、“再谈谈看”等应对语言，可根据听话内容、场合、气氛作灵活的插入。

事实上，有礼貌地听人说话，是尊重人、尊重自己的道德行为。而从谈话的效果看，它已经超出了礼貌本身。

第九节

记忆训练在主持时，有讲稿的讲话毕竟是不多的，无讲稿的即兴讲话倒是常有。面对这种情况，怎么办?俗话说，“机遇，只会垂青有准备的头脑”。播音主持过程中必然会出现的种种即兴的、始料不及的情况，要解决它，最好的办法只有一个，那就是事先做好充分的准备工作。

所谓充分准备，主要是指对节目内容的熟悉。而熟悉，就不可避免地涉及记忆。记忆是人脑的一种功能，是经历过的事物在人脑中的反映和再现。人的大脑是一个空间巨大的仓库。人在无意的情况之下，往往都会记住很多东西，更不用说有意识的记忆了。通过记忆，可以储存信息，把有准备的讲话材料和无准备的素材知识铭刻在脑子里。

这种记忆训练可分为两个层次。一个层次是有意识地将大脑中储存的有关知识组织起来，为自己所用。也就是说，应在平时有意识地记下大量至理名言、作家作品、科学术语、成语典故、寓言故事、史地常识、奇闻轶事等素材知识。这种东西构成了节目的素材、语言。另一个层次则是，记忆你精心设计的讲话结构。因为在具体播音主持过程中，除了即兴的情况外，还会有节目过长或者工作太多，无法将节目内容全部记下的情况，这就要求你记下贯穿讲话始终的那条线、那个纲。只有从内容到形式都记熟了，即便没有稿子或抛开稿子主持，说话也能如行云流水，滔滔不绝，又有条不紊，脉络分明。

因此，良好的主持口才是可以借助于记忆得以实现的。以下介绍几种常用的记忆方法。 1.诵读法

记忆台词时，一遍一遍地念，大声地读，直至倒背如流，烂熟于胸。人们接受外界信息时，由于接收的感觉器官不同，记忆的保持率也不同。专家实验证明：在接受知识时，如果用眼耳结合的“视听法”，三小时后，能保持85%;三日后，仍可保持65%。可见，诵读法能明显提高记忆力。

2.纲目法

如果台词较长，可从主题和结构入手，列出纲目，即首先抓住主题，然后围绕主题，列出有逻辑联系的内容纲目，并用简明扼要的语言按顺序标出来，使之一目了然，以便进行提纲挈领的记忆。 3.机械法

这主要是针对那些缺乏内在联系的事物，比如说，记忆人名、地名、书名、日期、电话号码、门牌号码、数学公式等，除了靠简单重复和强记等机械记忆方法外，很难有什么捷径。

当然，在机械记忆中，也并非全无捷径，可以自创一些办法，借以提高记忆的效果，如对照法、顺序法、抓特点法等;还可以运用谐音、押韵、会意等方法，缩小记忆对象的信息量，灵活巧妙地进行记忆。 4.口诀法

就是把本身互相联系很少的材料，根据其内容要点，编成整齐对称、偶句押韵、朗朗上口、便于记忆的语句，使之富于趣味性。这种口诀记忆方法应用广泛，如许多农谚、节气谚语、珠算口诀、九九乘法表等，都是采用此法。运用这种方法，可使人们快速、方便地记忆，又不易忘记。 5.重复法

强记固然有明显的效果，但实践证明，时间一长，遗忘就会发生。遗忘使记忆痕迹不断淡漠或消失。为了有效地避免遗忘，可采用重复记忆法。从用脑的角度看，重复可加深大脑皮层的痕迹。从实际效果看，复习不仅有修补、巩固记忆的作用，还可加深对知识的理解，并能逐渐达到知识的条理化、系统化。

总之，记忆的方法很多，主持人要提高语言表达能力，就要不断加强记忆力的训练。而实践证明，良好的记忆能力除了促进口才之外，还可有效地促进主持形象。比如你是球迷，你可以发现，一个拙劣的解说员总是在说几号几号，而一个优秀的解说员总是可以在传球的一瞬间就知道了那个号码为7号或9号队员是什么名字，他有哪些特点，取得过哪些成绩。

“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”。这种形象差别不是一天两天就产生的。

第十节

其他技巧

及训练这里所要谈到的眼神运用、体姿语言、手势运用及服饰运用虽然与口才没有直接的关联，但对播音主持口才和播音主持形象也会有一定的促进作用。以下略作介绍。

一眼神的运用

人的面部是情感变化的“寒暑表”。丰富的面部表情能使有声语言获得更佳的表达效果。在整个面部表情中，最鲜明、最突出、最能反映深层心理的是眼神。人的眼睛有近万条神经联结大脑，它们受大脑中枢神经的控制，是大脑从外部获取信息的渠道，同时，也是情感的图画、思想的荧光屏。人的喜怒哀乐、爱憎好恶都能从眼神中表现出来，甚至能表达出用言语难以表达的极其微妙的思想感情。所以意大利艺术大师达·芬奇说得好：“眼睛是心灵的窗户。”

学会用眼睛说话，把自己真实的感情流露在眼睛里，随时运用眼神与听众交流感情，这对主持是很有帮助的。运用眼神来注视现场的方法主要有五种—— 1.注视

注视的方法主要有以下5种，5种的含义各不相同。

①前视法

即视线平直向前流动的方法。它要求主持人的视线平直向前流动，统摄全场。一般来说，视线的落点应放在全场中间部位，观众的脸上。同时，又适当变换视线，照顾到全场观众，并用弧形的视线在全场流转，不可忘掉任何一个角落的观众。这样，既有利于主持人保持端正良好的姿态，随时注意及调节现场气氛和观众情绪，又可使每个观众都感到主持人在关注自己，从而提高注意力及兴趣。

②环视法

即用眼睛环视观众的方法。要求主持人的视线，从现场的左右前后迅速来回扫动，不断地观察全场，与全体观众保持眼光接触，增强双方的情感交流。将前视法与环视法结合起来，既可观察到观众的心理变化，还可检验表演效果，控制全场的情绪。

③专注法

即把视线集中到某一点或某一方面的方法。要求主持人的视线，有重点地观察个别观众或现场的某个角落，并与之进行目光接触，同观众个别交流感情。这种方法既可启发、引导观众，也可批评、制止不守纪律的观众。

④斜视法

即眼珠向左或向右移动的方法。既可表现对左右观众的关注，同时配合面部表情，又可表现欣喜或鄙夷的情感。

⑤虚视法

即似看非看的方法。这种视而不见的方法，可减轻主持人的心理压力，还可表示思考，把观众带入想像的境界。 2.交流

需要注意的是，眼睛除了用来注视之外，还应用来交流。如果说注视是为了体现主持人应有的身份，那么，交流则是亲和力的表现。眼神交流技巧一般有以下3种。

①一上台就抬头张望，环视四周，扫视全场，或点视、凝视某物某人。这样，通过或明亮有神或热情友善或充满智慧或正直博大或坦荡敏锐的眼神，告诉观众你是一个坦诚、灵活、自信的人，一个修养良好的人。 ②在主持过程中，注意用眼神的变化来表达自己内在的丰富感情。主持人的思想感情总是随着内容而起伏变化的。比如说到高兴处，应睁开眼，让它散发出兴奋的光芒;说到哀伤处，可让眼皮下垂，或让眼睛呆滞一会儿，使感情显露出来;说到愤怒时，可瞪大眼，固定眼珠，让眼睛射出逼人的光芒;说到愉快处，可松开眉眼，让眼神充满令人喜悦的光彩;如果希望得到观众的认同、重视，你可无声地、冷静地用期待的目光注视着你的观众。

③在主持过程中，目光一般是平视。但根据内容需要，视线可近可远，或闪烁不定，或轮转环视，或用询问的眼光与某一观众交流，或用亲切友好的目光寻求观众的支持。

总之，你可依据现场情况，选择具有特定含义的眼神。也可几种方法配合使用，同时，注意与观众之间的眼神交流，以求在语言表达之外获得更多的信息和更多的支持。二手势的运用

手势是主持人运用手掌、手指、拳和手臂的动作变化来表达思想感情的一种态势语言。它是一种特殊的语言，它的方向、位置、速度和力度都与情感有关。在主持中，恰当地运用手势，对于加强语言的不足，构成主持人的体态形象，增强主持人的吸引力、说服力和感染力以及丰富的表现力，都有着重要的作用。

先说说手势的活动区间及其涵义。手势活动的范围可分上、中、下三个区域。另外，还有内区和外区之分。

上区指肩部以上。手势在这一区域活动，一般表示理想、希望、喜悦、祝贺等。手势向内、向上(手心向上)，一般表示积极肯定的意思。中区指从肩部到腰部。手势在这一区域活动，多表示叙述事物和说明整理，一般不带有浓厚的感**彩。下区指腰部以下。手势在这一区域活动，一般表示憎恶、反对、批判、失望等。手势向外、向下(手心向下)，一般表示消极否定的意思。

这种区分是非常粗略的。事实上，手掌、手指和拳以其运动的不同方向和不同形式表示着不同的意义。由于篇幅，下面仅仅谈谈手指的运用。

伸右手拇指：表示大、强;

伸右手小指：表示小、弱;

伸右手食指：表示

一、

十、百、千、万„„

右手手指扳左手一个一个指头：表示数数;

伸其余手指：表示其他不同数字;

伸右手食指齐肩平划：表示直线;

伸右手食指在空中划弧线：表示弧形;

伸右手食指在空中划半圆：表示半圆形;

伸右手食指在空中划圆：表示圆形;

伸左右食指向中间靠拢：表示成双成对。

由于手具有丰富的涵义，因此，在播音主持中，手势决不可乱用。一般而言，手势的运用要遵循这样几个原则。

①要根据内容和情感的需要。正所谓“凡出一手必有所指，凡出一脚必有所因。手莫乱动，脚莫乱行”;

②要富有鲜明的个性，这种个性由主持人不同的性别、年龄、身材、气质、性格所决定;

③要准确、鲜明。所谓“准确”，是指手势要能恰当地传情达意。所谓“鲜明”，是指手势要明朗化;

④要简练、适度;

⑤要自然、雅观。

三体姿语言

体姿语言是利用人的身体姿势变化来传情达意。俗话说：“站有站相，坐有坐相”，要“坐如钟、站如松、走如风”，“抬头挺胸”、“站得正”、“立得直”、“坐得稳”等，即指人们平日交际时应有正确的体态。主持人的体姿语言主要有站姿、坐姿和步姿三种。 1.站姿

主持人要想站直立稳有精神，就必须站稳脚跟。这通常用“平分式”，即两脚自然平分，两脚间保持一只脚的宽度，脚跟不离地，这样身体重量就平均分散在两只脚上了。身体站稳了，还可通过肩、腰、腿、脚等动作变化来传情达意。 2.坐姿

坐姿可分为严肃坐姿、随意坐姿和半随意坐姿三种。身体挺直、双腿并拢或略为分开(女性常为双膝并拢或脚踝交叉)，即正襟危坐，为严肃坐姿;背靠沙发或坐椅，两手置于沙发坐椅扶手上，或双手交叉靠在头后，两腿自然落地或一只脚架在另一只腿上(俗称“二郎腿”)，为随意坐姿(这是一种相当随意的坐姿，往往在一些非常随意的谈话节目中出现。但也应注意尽量少用，其他主持场合则应尽量避免)。介于二者之间，身体斜靠沙发或头部微微后仰，一只腿架在另一只腿上，为半随意坐姿。

在主持时，选用什么样的坐姿，主要应考虑节目因素。如内容为新闻、科教类节目，一般宜采用严肃坐姿，以示庄重和对公众的尊重;在文艺、生活类节目的主持时，一般宜采用随意坐姿，这有益于营造融洽和谐的气氛，缩短主持人和观众的心理距离。 3.步姿

步姿亦称移动，是通过行走的步态来传情达意。主持人在移动脚步时，应注意，一般而言，向前表示勇敢、热爱、前进;向后表示恐怖、惊讶、避让，左右移动表示主持时不同情绪的变化。在移动时还要注意：脚步的移动必须符合内容的需要;脚步移动的方位、幅度、节奏、快慢等要保持一定规律，这样，既能活跃气氛，又能稳定听众的情绪;应根据主持的需要确定稳定的适当范围。

总而言之，主持人各种体姿语言的选择和运用，既要有所节制，还要有所变化，以准确而适度地反映出自己的思想感情。同时，各种体姿语言还要相互配合，整体协调、连贯，从而表现出优美自然的风度美、气质美和韵致美，在观众面前塑造美好的主持形象。

四服饰运用

从传播学的角度看，播音主持作为新闻传播领域的从业人员，是一种权威、可信象征的模式，其服饰不单是本身业务活动的需要，也为社会所关注。他们一方面在工作中要真实地展示自我，富有个性;另一方面又要体现电视台的意志，并受社会责任感的制约。这种身份的双重性决定了在服饰上主持人不能过于随意主观、随心所欲。播音主持的服饰选择应遵循一些原则。 1.根据自然条件合理选择

每个播音主持的年龄、性格、体形、肤色各有不同，审美心理的差异也较大，选择服饰时应注意这些特点。 2.适合栏目的特点和风格

电视节目一般分为新闻评论类、社教服务类、综艺娱乐类和谈话交流类等几种类型，不同类型的风格定位都不尽相同、各有区别。一般而言，新闻节目要求播音主持的服饰应庄重、朴实、大方。而文艺娱乐性节目的主持人，对服饰的选择相对而言就比较广泛、自由、随意一些，主持人可根据节目的特定场合和气氛合理选择，较多地展示自我的个性与魅力。 3.佩戴小饰物的注意事项

佩戴小饰物是一种关注细节的表现。观众对这些注重细节的主持人在节目中所做的分析往往更容易相信。常用的饰物有项链、眼镜、发卡、胸针、徽章、耳环、耳钉、耳坠等。使用饰物时应简单、明确。

服装和饰物在塑造屏幕形象时，确有不可忽视的作用。如果“衣服造就人”这种说法有点言过其实，那“服装可以改变风度”;“衣服可以使人振作”;以及“穿着得体，会使自己感觉良好”这样一些经常听到的话语还是有一定道理的。而服饰过于花枝招展、艳丽妖娆的主持人，往往会让人产生轻浮玄虚、华而不实的感觉，也就无法使人对他(她)产生足够信赖感，甚至，还会拉大传播者与受众的距离，因而影响节目的传播效果。

最后，要说的是，这一章从多个方面对基本功进行了讨论。要检验这种基本功表现得怎么样，不妨自己坐在电视机前，像观众一样看看自己的模样。这一点，第一次主持《正大综艺》的杨澜深有体会——

„„播出的时候，我正坐在家里的沙发上，听见片头的音乐，手里捏出了冷汗。那是我生平最紧张的一次。周围的一切都模糊不清，爸爸妈妈说了些什么也听不见，只有电视、电视、电视„„

„„

我从未发现自己有那么多的小毛病。比如，眨眼太多。

连姜昆都发现了。

节目播出后的一天，他在电梯里对我说：“杨澜，电视会把你的一切毛病放大，所以你得学会控制自己的形体，特别是眨眼的习惯要改改。从现在到演播室这一段路上，你强迫自己一次都不眨眼试试。”

我很听话。一路上果真圆睁双目，不敢让上下眼皮有任何接触。5分钟的路程在我看来足有半小时。我浑身冒汗，眼睛发酸，眼泪在眼眶里打转。“当电视主持人真是活受罪。”我在心里诅咒着。更要命的是旁边姜昆还时刻“监视”着我。“坚持住!别眨!”——还让不让人活了?!

初习播音主持的人需要这么检验自己，那些自我感觉良好的播音、主持更应如此。

播音员主持人基本功练习方法

第一阶段：未曾出声先练气

研究资料表明人在正常情况下，每分钟呼吸16—19次，每次呼吸过程约

3、4秒钟，而演唱时，有时一口气要延长十几秒，甚至更长，而且吸气时间短，呼出时间长，必须掌握将气保持在肺部慢慢呼出的要领，所以要先做：

(一)“深吸慢呼气息控制延长练习”。

(二)“深吸慢呼数字练习”

我们把第一步骤称为“吸提推送’，“吸提”的气息向里向，“推送”的气息向外向下，在“推送”同时做气息延长练习。我们推荐三种练法：

A.数数练习：“吸提”同前。在“推送”同时轻声快速地数数字“12345678910”，——口气反复数，数到这口气气尽为止，看你能反复数多少次。

B.“数枣”练习：“吸提”同前。在“推送”同时轻声：“出东门过大桥，大桥底下一树枣，拿竹竿去打枣，青的多红的少

(吸足气)一个枣两个枣三个枣四个枣五个„„这口气气尽为止，看你能数多少个枣。反复4—6次。

C.“数葫芦”练习：“吸提”

同前。在“推送”同时轻声念：“金葫芦，银葫芦，一口气数不了24个葫芦(吸足气)一个葫芦二个葫芦三个葫芦„„”，这口气气尽为止，反复4—6次。数数字、“数枣”、“数葫芦”控制气息，使其越练控制越，千万不要跑气。开始腹部会出现酸痛，练过一段时间，则会自觉大有进步。

(三)“深吸慢呼长音练习”

经过气息练习，声音开始逐步加入。这一练习仍是练气为主，发声为辅，在推送同时择一中低音区，轻轻地男生发“啊”音(“大嗓”发“啊”是外送与练气相顺)，女生发“咿”音(“小嗓”咿”是外送)。一口气托住，声音出口呈圆柱型波浪式推进，能拉多长拉多长，反复练习。

(四)“托气断音练习”

A.一口气托住，嘴里发出快速的“噼里拍啦，噼里拍啦”(反复)到这口气将尽时发出“嘭一啪”的断音。反复4—6次。

C.一口气绷足，先慢后快地发出“嘿—厚、嘿—厚”(反复逐渐加快)“嘿厚，嘿厚„„”加快到气力不支为止，反复练习。

第二阶段：气、声、字的练习

第三阶段：吟诗、吟唱练习

②吟唱：具有念白吟诵相夹，半唱半念交相辉映的特点，比吟诗更难，其情感更宜抒发，其音律更宜舒展，正好用来喊嗓发声。

汉英雄困天堂，不知何日回故乡”，再如《清风亭》“年纪迈，血气衰，年老无儿绝后代”，“听妈妈高声唤悲哀，想必是为姣儿失却了夫妻恩爱”。

第四阶段：弧形气声练习

这是京剧里非常独特的一种发声技巧，它像舞蹈里的弹跳，跳起来蹲下去又弹起来，也像体育里的掷铅球，转起来，缩回来，再掷出去，气息和声音推出形成一条/型，抛物线，拉回来，再抛出去。

如武生：啊/咳/

老生：马/来/

花脸：酒/喔啊来/

丑：啊/哈/

青衣：苦/哇/

容⌒禀/

第三篇：大学英语自学教程(上册)

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程(上册)”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业(英语专业除外)专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。

本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A. 客观题部分：1.单项选择10%;2.完型填空10%;3.阅读理解30%;B. 主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%;5.词形转换10%;6.汉译英15%;7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：

第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义;

第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段---复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasn’t built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它;

第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。

英语学习不是一句两句就说的完的，今后我会在教学中逐步让大家感受到学英语的乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我将四个英文字母以及一句谚语送给我们每一位自学者：IIpp----Interest, Intention, patience and persistence. Where there is a will, there is a way!(有志者事竟成!) Good luck! 下面我们开始上课。我想在第一课开始之前对大家提几点要求：1.每人都必须有课本，即高远主编的《大学英语自学教程》(上);2.每讲后必须要复习、做作业;3.最好能提前看看下讲的课文;4 .每5个单元有测验，请大家务必认真完成; 5有问题随时问，学习上不要害羞。

本教程共计25个单元。每单元分A，B两篇文章，一般A 位重点文章，精讲;B为培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

Unit one: Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner?

Ⅰ.New Words: 1.successful: a 成功的;

succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功; success n; successfully ad (*) a.She wished him success_ in his new job. b.Were you successful in finding a new house? c.I finished my training successfully. d.He succeeds in finding a good job.

2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致), n disagreement, a disagreeable;反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable e.g. I always disagree with him.

3.guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修

e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee. (n保修) 2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year. (v 保修) 4.intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧 5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的

6.similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*) e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气) to her mother. 7.independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，(*) 字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠 ;dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的 a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence. b.Children depend on their parents for food. c.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult. 8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something 9.adult: n 成年人;a 成年的、成熟的

a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now. b.His behavior isn’t adult. 10.conclusion: n 结论、推论;v conclude. decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心

11.communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语： ①communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人; ②communicate with sb: 同某人交流

名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星;

a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信， China telecommunication中国电信

12.inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete 13.purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的， purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*) a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful. b.We should use the language purposefully. c.She did it on purpose. 14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地， regular: a 定期的

15.technique: n 技术、技巧，

16.outline: v 概括;n 轮廓、大纲

a.You should outline the story before you write it. b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.

Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with;宾语为：this statement ②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语) / He bought a book which is interesting.(定语从句)。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, (一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析!

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come. b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner. c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party. d.I live in the room whose window faces south. e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? ③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g. He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son. 2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g. five hundred people; hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. (*) 译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field; succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„) 这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. (*) 译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。

①本句主语Language learning research;谓语：shows;宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语;are是系动词;similar in many ways是表语

②重要短语be similar (to sb/sth) in sth在„方面与某人/某事相似

7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. (*) 译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。

①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they;谓语：try to find;宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves ②介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting ③短语：instead of sth; wait for sb to do sth; try to do sth; 8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. (*) 译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。

①这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistake ②correct: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误

9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things. 译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。 ①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth; be afraid to do sth; be afraid that 从句 a.She is afraid to go out alone at night. b.I am afraid of snake. c.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.

10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. 译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。

本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。

11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. (*) 译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。

①it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word. 用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。 e.g. For many people to learn English well is very difficult. =It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well ②短语：learn to do sth学会做„; more important than „更重要

12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. = For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth; communicate with sb; learn from sb:向„学习 13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。 ①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it. ②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day. (4段2行) 14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. (*) 译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。 ①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。 15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above. 译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。 ①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。 ②短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说; less than successful: 不太成功; might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„. e.g. You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.

That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time. Don’t forget to review what we have learnt. ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone! Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.

Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A. Useful phrases: 1.disagree with „(2段1行); 2.hundreds of(2段3行); 3. be different from„(3段1行); 4. succeed in sth„(3段3行); 5. as much as you can(4段2行); 6. practice doing sth(4段2行); 7. try to do„(4段4行); 8. similar in sth„(5段2行); 9. first of all(6段1行); 10. depend on(6段2行); 11. instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行); 12. wait sb to do„(6段3行); 13. learn from sth/sb(6段7行); 14. make a mistake(7段4行); 15. be afraid to do(7段5行); 16. be willing to do„(7段6行); 17. be interested in sth(8段2行); 18. in order to(8段4行); 19. communicate with sb(8段4行); 20. on the other hand(9段3行); 21. might do well to do sth(9段4行)

B. Some important words: 1.successful; 2. disagree; 3.statement; 4. guarantee; 5. intelligent; 6. conversely; 7. similar; 8. independent; 9. conclusion; 10. communicate; communication; 11. purpose, purposefully; 12. regularly; 13. technique; 14. outline.

C. Key to part exercises: (from page 8 to 12)

一、课文练习： Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d; Ⅱ. 1.task; 2.intelligent; 3.tudy; 4.clue; 5.conclusion; 6.repeat; 7.communication; 8.purpose; 9.probably; 10.outline Ⅲ. 1. Instead of; 2.therefore; 3. more„than; 4.even; 5.first of all; 6.because; 7.on the other hand; 8.finally; 9.looking for; 10.conversely Ⅳ.1.见课文;

2. Language learning is active learning. Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language. 3. Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful. 4.见一讲作业。

5. The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.

二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分; 3. cover: v 覆盖; uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词;discover: v 发现，同义词：find, 习题答案为：covered; uncover; discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact; 2.technique; 3.outlined; 4.communicate; 5.regularly; 6.clue; 7.intelligent; 8.incomplter; 9.similar; 10.statement Ⅲ.1.disagree; 2.independent; 3.incomplete; 4.inexact; 5.uncover/discover Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5. We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.

Ⅱ. Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。

A. Some new words: 1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，

常用短语for instance，例如。

2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)， waitress女服务员、女招待

3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp. to a far away place travel: v 旅游

4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man 5.exact 反义词inexact 6.consist; v 短语： consist of 组成 e.g. My class consists of 20 students. 7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的

B. Some language points: 1.not only„but also„不但„而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分) e.g.⑪ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend. ⑫ „, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. 2.neither„nor:既不„也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。

e.g. ⑪ Autumn is a good season. It’s neither hot nor cold. ⑫ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. 3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁) 4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法

e.g. I learn English by myself. In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major. 5. The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad. a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止; not at all根本不„

6. Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. 译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。 Key to the part exercises: page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.

Unit 2 Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world. Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things. There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes; they are for the federal government, state government, and city government. Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.

A. New words: 1.tax: n 税;vt 对„征税

a. Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country. b. My income is taxed at source. (我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking, general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类;v 打字

a. What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea. b. She typed the letter quickly and well.

4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的 5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率; percent n 前用数词(*) a. More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today. b. A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures. c. I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.

7.vary: v 变化、改变; varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*) a. Holiday jobs are many and varied. b. people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法) c. prices of fruit vary from season to season. 8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售 9.charge: v 收费、控告

a. How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b. He was charged with the guilty of murder.

10.addition: n 加法、附加物; add v 增加; additional adj 额外的、增加的(*) a. She always adds sugar to her tea. b. He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary. c. We will need additional help to do the work.

11. confuse: v 使混乱、混淆;confused, confusing adj; confusion n (*) a. If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused. b. This is a confusing word because it has two meanings. c. Do you think this will cause much confusion? d. They confused me by asking so many questions.

11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about. complaint: n 抱怨、投诉(*) a. Students always complain about too much homework. b. She complained that the exam was too hard. c. He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory. (诉说有病) d. There is no reason for complaint.

12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful; careful→careless; helpful→helpless; hopeful→hopeless etc. 13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical; practice v 实践、实际 14.program: n 计划、节目、程序;v 编程序

15.tend: v 易于、倾向于， tendency n 趋势、倾向 a. people tend to get fat as they grow older. b. prices continue to show an upward tendency. (物价呈持续上升趋势。)

B. Intensive reading: 1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*) 译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。

分析：主语：Americans;谓语：say;that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things. 当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

e.g. 1>. The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.(why?) 2>. The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister. 请试着翻译句子：

1你一直在找的那个人来了。

2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。 Answer: 1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come. 2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen. 短语;be sure of:对„确信、确定 e.g. We can be sure of his honesty.

2. Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*) 译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。

短语：have a corner on something:垄断„; lead with因„领先 e.g. China leads the world with her silk products. 3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due. 译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。

分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于„, when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。

Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。

a. This is the house where I was born.(where = in which) b. I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)

c. please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which) 另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*) 译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*) 译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item. charged to表示“向„征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.

6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*) 译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+) e.g. We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet. raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. 译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。

短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用„, spend sth on sth在„花费，或spend sth in doing sth. e.g. Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.

8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*) 译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对„有不同观点，tend to 通常， agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb; 同意做某事：agree to do sth.

Ⅲ. Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行); 2.have a corner on sth(1段2行); 3.lead with(1段4行); 4.consist of(2段1行); 5. depend on(3段3行); 6.that is(3段4行); 7.be similar to(4段3行); 8.in addition to(4段10行); 9.public works(5段4行); 10.municipal buildings(5段5行); 11.complain about(6段3行); 12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行); 13.spend„on(6段4-5行); 14.tend on(6段6行); 15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ. Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ. 1.due; 2.depends on; 3.diverse; 4.consisted of; 5.similar; 6.tends to; 7.complaining about; 8.i addition to; 9.issue; 10.agree on Ⅳ. 1. How much do you charge for a haircut? 2. We are trying to raise funds for the Red Cross. 3. He earned a good reputation for honesty. 4. We pay taxes in exchange for government services. 5. An open letter protested government’s foreign policy.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。

Ⅱ.1. charge; 2.department; 3.due; 4.diverse; 5.earns; 6.vary; 7.property; 8.leading; 9.fund; 10.tends

Ⅱ.Text B: It’s about advertisement. In such a society, we can see advertisement every day. Some are from TV, some are from radio, some are from newspaper, and others are from magazines and even Internet. When you find so many ads have penetrated into all the corners of our life, then do you think it’s good or bad? Now let’s find something from our text.

A.New words: 1. advertise: v 做广告、登广告;advertisement: n 缩写ad; advertising company广告公司;advertiser: n 登广告的人

2. attract: v 吸引;attraction: n 吸引力;attractive: adj 吸引人的 3.design: v 设计; designer 设计师

4.persuade: v 劝说，常用习语：persuade sb to do sth 5.leisure: n 空暇、悠闲，at leisure有空，清闲。 6. classified: a 分类的;classify v 分类 7. edition: n 版本，a paperback edition(平装版), a rare edition(珍藏版), a deluxe edition(精装版), a revised edition(修订版);edit: v; editor: n 8. entertainment: n 娱乐、款待 9. audience: n 观众、听众。

10. characteristic: a 典型的; n 特性、特征

11. commercial: adj 商业的; n 商业广告; commerce n 商业。 12. responsible: a 有责任的; responsibility n 责任 13. particular: a 特定的

14. estimate: n / v 估计、评价

15. management: n 管理、经营; manage: v 管理; manager: n 经理 16. approve: v 赞成、同意、批准; approval: n 17. involve: v 牵涉、卷入，be involved in sth; involvement: n

B.Some difficult sentences: 1.Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it’s the part that attracts the most attention. 译：广告仅仅是整个销售活动的一部分，但就是这部分最能吸引人们的注意力。

注意本句的主语advertising是动名词作主语，表示登广告。再如： playing football is my favorite sport. 短语：attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力。

2. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.(*)

译：色彩和画面配上声音和音乐，既好看又好听。

重点掌握短语：1>.add sth to sth加„到„, e.g. I don’t like add milk to/into my coffee.

2>. catch the ear, catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，吸引眼睛 3>. as well as:也 ,除了„还有„ (+) e.g. I like Chinese as well as English.

3.Television ads are short, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.(*) 译：电视广告时间很短，但它们被反复播放，可以使观众看听许多遍。

短语：over and over again一遍又一遍; so that = in order that表目的;

audience:称作集体名词，当单形集体名词被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念;被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc. a.His family is a big one in our city. b.His family are very friendly to us. c.The audience is quiet when the concert is on. d.The audience like Harry portter very much.

C. Useful phrases: 1.attract one’s attention(1段2行); 2.natural enough(1段2行); 3.for the most part(1段6行); 4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行); 5.a large amount of sth(3段1行); 6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行); 7.catch the eye(3段8行); 8.no more than(3段9行); 9.idebtity with sth(3段10行); 10.add to(4段2行); 11.catch the ear(4段3行); 12.over and over again(4段4行); 13.so that(4段5行); 14.put up with(4段7行); 15.millions of(4段8行); 16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行); 18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行); 19.be involved in sth(5段6行);20.as well as(4段3行); 21.carry over(4段1行)

D. Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F. 词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ. e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts; 2.leisure; 3.available; 4.limited; 5.estimate Ⅲ. 1.decided on; 2.approved; 3.estimate; 4.carried over; 5.put up with; 6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.

Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean. The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual. Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important. A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海员; sail: v 航海， n航海、帆(*) a.He has sailed for New York. b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea. c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„; 副词：unwillingly, willingly; 名词：will意愿、意志。(*)

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay. b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress. c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.

3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*) a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes. b.He went to town as usual with his father. c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.

4.salty: a 咸的，salt: n 盐;salted用盐腌的 a.The sea water is salty. b.The salted beef is delicious.

5.average: n/a/v平均数、平均的、平均常用短语：on the average(*) a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3. b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen. c.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey.

6.range: n 山脉、范围;v 变化，排列成行 a.She has a wide range of interests. b.He ranged the books by size.

7. peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反义词：off-peak peak hour = rush hour 8.eastward, westward, northward, southward: adj adv 9. crew:集体名词

10. becalm: v become calm; calm: a 平静的、安静的, please keep calm.

11.current: n 水流、电流;adj 流行的

a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river. b.Turn off the current while making repairs. c.of all her dresses, only one is still current.

12.affect: v 影响、打动;effect n 影响，have an effect on sth; affecting adj 动人的;effective adj 有影响的、有效的。(*)

a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children. b.Music can affect some people very strongly. c.The law is no longer effective. 13. furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture.

B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠词的用法

please look at the following sentences from the text: a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that „. b.The narrowest place is between the bulge of „. c.The Azores are the tops of the peak „.

1.冠词(articles):是一种虚词，放在一个名词前，帮助说明该名词的含义。它分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。 2.定冠词the的用法如下： ①重复上文提到过的人或物：

e.g. There is a refrigerator in the kitchen. The refrigerator is white. (第一次提到用不定冠词，第二次用定冠词，表特指。) ②特指谈话双方都知道的人或物。 e.g. How do you like the film? ③指世界上独一无二的事物。

e.g. The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. ④常用在乐器前：

e.g. I want to play the piano/ the violin. ⑤用在一些公用事业名称前, e.g. I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema. ⑥用在序数词和形容词最高级之前， e.g. the first time, the biggest. ⑦用在某些专有名词前，

e.g. the people’s Republic of China, the great wall, the white house ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊，

e.g. the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake ⑨和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人, e.g. the rich, the poor, the dead, the young ⑩用在姓氏的复数形式前，表一家人, e.g. The Greens are watching TV. 另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left. Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.

The 4th lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A: 1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new. 译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。 He is the best person that always helps others 2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。 He is the last person that I want to see. 3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost? 4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。 We should hand in all that you have found. 5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class. 短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel. 另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa; the New World: the Americas.

2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.(*) 译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*) 译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析：主语：many wrong ideas;谓语：made; 宾语：the early sailors; 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth; sail far out into it: 远航驶入;make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a. That the earth is round is true.(主语从句) b. All of us know that we must study hard.(宾语从句)

c. The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.(同位语从句)

d. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.(表语从句) 4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*) 译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours. b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.

5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.

译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。

基数词 + 形容词→作度量状语。 a.He is only five years old. b.The river is three meters deep. c.The classroom is five meters long.

6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands. Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean. 译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。(这是大西洋最大的两大特点。)

7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is. 译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。

So„that引导结果状语从句。(so + adj / adv) It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.

8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. 译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。该语法放到text B中进行详讲。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up. 译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work. 10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。

短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和so„that„比较。

a.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much.

b.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much. seem to 仿佛、好像

Ⅱ. Brief summary about the useful phrases: 1.separate„from„(1段1行); 2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行); 3.make sb do sth(2段1行); 4.boiling hot(2段5行); 5.so„that„(5段1行); 6.no more(5段2行); 7.on the average(5段4行); 8.pile up(10段2行); 9.such„that„(11段1行); 10.seem to(11段2行); 11.be unwilling to do„(2段1行)

Text B:做一般了解。 A. New words: 1. observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察;observer: n 观察者

2. continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的 3. merely: adv 同义词only 4. absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly. 5. uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably; uncomfortable, comfortable 6. inhabitant: n 居民(不是永久的)，永久的resident, inhabit; v 居住 7. occasionally: adv 偶尔地; occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会

B. Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。 a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：(1)

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice. b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early. c.If I should fail, I would try again.

为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词

should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C. Further notes on some sentences: 1. Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. 译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。 except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that. a.all the articles are good except yours. b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes. c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed. 总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2. We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*) 译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun„

3. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. 译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事;light up:点亮、照亮

4. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark. 译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。

这是一个难句，隐含有一个虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark. That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark. 短语：in the same way用同样的方式; reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到„; be able to do 能做„

D. useful phrases: 1.except for(2段1行); 2.face towards sth(3段4行); 3.face away from sth(3段4行); 4.keep sth in mind(3段6行); 5.light up(3段6行); 6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行); 7.speak of(4段3行); 8.know sth well(4段5行); 9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行); 10.in the same way(4段7行);

homework: 从所给词中选择恰当的填入空格内; boil narrow unusual salty average spot peak crew affect highway 1. The ___ hours of traffic means the times when the traffic is highest. 2. All the ____ members on the ship are ready for sail. 3. Jack’s work at school is well above the ____, but he is still not happy with himself. 4. When water ___, it changes into steam. 5. His ____ ideas surprised everyone. 6. The information super ____ makes the world smaller and smaller. 7. He road was too ___ for trucks to pass. 8. He wants to know why sea water is _____. 9. He showed the police the very ____ where he was beaten. 10. He said that the climate ____ his health. Key: 1.peak; 2.crew; 3.average; 4.boils; 5.unusual; 6.highway; 7.narrow; 8.salty; 9.spot; 10.affected 汉译英：

1、这座山有泰山的一半高。

2、这所学校平均每个班有45人。

3、昨晚他过了好一会儿才入睡。

4、电视里的广告太多，无法记住到底有多少。

5、许多错误的想法导致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。 Key: 1. The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai. 2. on the average, there are 45 students in each class in this school. 3. Last night it took him quite a long time to fall asleep. 4. There are so many ads on TV that it’s impossible to remember the exact number. 5. Many wrong ideas made people in the days of Columbus unwilling to sail westward. Homework for 2nd lecture: 1. He is not only a teacher, _____ also a friend. however but as and 2. Deaf and dumb people “talk” to each other with the help of their ____ fingers eyes faces mouths 3. Music is different from languages. It can be ____ by people from different countries. spoke understood known taken 4. An Italian entered a restaurant and sat down ____ a table. on in to at 5. Moving one’s head up and down generally _____ “yes”. means says brings makes 6. He was just going to give up _____ another chance came. when while although however 7. We have ____ people to finish the job today. seldom little enough much 8. His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next. exciting inexact exact exactly 9. Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences. in for of on 10. A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man. as like with into 汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。 2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。 3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。 4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。 5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。 Key: 1. Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax. 2. China leads the world with her silk products. 3. Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought. 4. people are always complaining about the rising prices. 5. paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.

The 5th lecture of College English one Hi, everyone! Today we’ll learn Unit 4. It is about memory. We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory. Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all. So many times I am asked how to memorize those words. Then I think after we learn this text, you will get something useful to help you improve your memory. please listen carefully and intensively.

Unit 4 Text A: Improving Your Memory Ⅰ.New words: 1.psychological: adj 心理学的; psychology: n 心理学; psychologist: n 心理学家; psychologically: adv 心理上地 (*)

a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer. b.psychology is a study of mind. c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts. 2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ;n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus. b.Focus your attention on your work.

3.basic: adj 基本的;base: n 基础; basically: adv 基本上、根本上

4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义; mean: v 意思是; meaningful: adj 富有意义的; meaningless:adj 无意义的; meaning: n 含义(*) a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless. c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories. We learn a lot from her.

5.organization: n 组织、团体;organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ; organizer: n 组织者(*) a.They organized a trip to the South last month. b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy. c.The United Nations is a world organization.

6.association: n 联合、协会; associate: v 把„同„联系起来;n 同伙;adj 副的 a.NBA means National Basketball Association. b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland. c.John and paul are associates. d.Mr. Liu is an associate manager in this company.

7.visualize: v 想象、设想;visualization: n想象、设想 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。 9.ability: n 能力，短语：to the best of one’s ability,尽力而为。同义词capacity; able: adj有能力的，短语：be able to do sth, 反义词：unable.

10.random: adj/n 胡乱的、随便，常用短语：at random,随便地。 He took a book at random.

11.categorize: v 分类;category: n 种类

12.needless 不需要的,不必要的;needful 需要的，必要的 13.refer: v 涉及、参与;reference: n reference book please refer to the dictionary if you come across a new word.

14.relate: v 有关联，叙述，讲述;related: adj 有关联的;relation: n 关系、关联 a.I can’t relate what he said with what he did.(我不能将他所说与所做联系起来。) b.This part relates to the current situation.(这部分指的是目前的形式。)

15.accurately: adv 准确地，同义词：exactly;accurate: adj; accuracy: n 16.memorize: v 记住;memory: n 记忆力;memorandum(memo)备忘录 17.improvement: n 改进、增进;improve: v 18.image: n 形象、印象;imagery: n 肖像的总称，意象; imagine: v 想象 19.repetition: n 重复、反复;repeat: v; repeated: adj a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem. b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns. c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、维持;preservation: n保护、维持; preservative: adj 保护性的，保存的

Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.physical research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory. 译：心理学研究集中在一些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰basic principles. 短语：focus on sth; a number of = many 许多;basic principles: 基本原则 a.please focus your attention on your work. b.A number of students are studying English. c.The number of students studying English is increasing.

2. It’s useful to know how these principles.

本句的主语为：to know how these principles;it为形式主语。通常由于动词不定式作主语、主语从句作主语、动名词作主语太长，使句子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于形式主语。

a.To have a good sleep before the exam is very necessary. It’s necessary to have a good sleep before the exam. b.playing with fire is dangerous. It’s dangerous playing with fire. c.That the earth is round is true. It’s true that the earth is round.

3.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. 译：对你毫无意义的信息是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为： It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you. 短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义 a.What you said makes no sense. b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense? 4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.(*)

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. 译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。分析：主语Association; 谓语：refers to;宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material; we remember accurately修饰something. 短语：refer to sth指„; relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. 译：与通过反复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人记住了80%到90%。分析：using imagery现在分词作定语。短语：compare with拿„与„对比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard. b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.

7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行) 译：如果一个图书馆的图书陈列得杂乱无章，那么这个图书馆会有什么用呢? 这句话需注意：虚拟语气.in„order以„顺序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1.合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2.转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc. 3.缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

如：bicycle缩为bike; examination缩为exam; the United Nation缩为UN etc. 4.派生法：在词根上加上前缀或后缀构成新词，这是四种方法中最为常见、较难掌握的一种。我将分几讲用表格的形式介绍给大家，请注意平常学习时的总结、记忆!

主要的名词后缀：

后缀例词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer; teach→teacher; visit→visitor; act→actor; beg→beggar etc.

-ese China→Chinese; Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian; music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism; social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist; piano→pianist; communism→communist etc.

-ment achieve→achievement; agree→agreement; govern→government etc

-ness busy→business; ill→illness; kind→kindness etc.

-ship friend→friendship; citizen→citizenship etc

-th deep→depth; true→truth; long→length etc.

-tion, -sion decide→decision; invent→invention; organize→organization etc.

-ty safe→safety; difficult→difficulty; active→activity etc.

-sure, -ture create→creature; please→pleasure, mix→mixture etc

Ⅳ. Brief summary about the phrases: 1.focus on(1段1行);2.a number of(1段1行); 3.basic principle(1段1行); 4.make sense(2段2行); 5.for instance(2段4行); 6.make a difference in sth(3段1行); 7.be kept in random order(3段2行); 8.for example(3段5行); 9.as follows(3段10行); 10.needless to say(3段11行); 11.refer to(4段1行); 12.relate sth to sth(4段2行); 13. associate sth with sth(4段3行); 14. compared with(5段6行);

Text B: There are two kinds of memory: long-term memory and short-term memory. And information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating it over and over again while information in long-term memory may be kept for days or weeks. So I think when you learn English, the long-term memory is welcomed by everyone.

A.New words: 1.short-term, long-term: 是合成形容词。

2.contrast: n/v,两个词性发音不同。短语：in contrast with; contrast with sth; 3.release: n/v 释放、解放，release sth from sth; 4.reward: n/v 奖赏、报答

5.proficiency: n proficiency at/in sth; proficient: adj熟练的

B. Grammar point: passive Voice (被动语态) please look at the following sentences from text B: 1.Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. 2.The information may be kept for days or weeks. 3.The two experiences here show how short-term memory has been studied. 以上每句话中都含有被动语态。接近于中文中的“被”字句。

1.语态是表示主语和谓语的关系的。若主语是动作的执行者，动词要用主动语态;反之若主语是动作的承受者，则要用被动语态。

2.英语中共有16中时态，其中常用的10中存有被动语态。为了便于大家学习，我将被动语态列为6个公式，请大家套用。

1>.s + be + p.p(动词的过去分词)(一般现在时、一般过去时)

a.Her room isn’t cleaned today. b.Her room was cleaned yesterday.

2>.s + be + being + p.p(现在进行时、过去进行时) a.White Snow is being told by the teacher. b.White Snow was being told by the teacher yesterday afternoon.

3>.s + has/have/had + been + p.p (现在完成时、过去完成时) a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship. b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.

4>.s + will/would + be + p.p (一般将来时、过去将来时) a.She will be sent to Harvard. b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.

5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p (现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时) a.Thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008. b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态) a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once. b.The window can’t be opened now.

C.Important phrases in the text: 1.in contrast(1段5行); 2.over and over(1段7行); 3.look up(1段7行); 4.be unable to do(1段10行); 5.turn on/off(3段4行); 6.be released from sth(3段6行); 7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行); 8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises: (page 68 to 72) 课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d. Ⅱ.1.long, wide; 2.deep; 3.across; 4.around; 5.high Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling; 2.average; 3.take; 4.runs; 5.suppose 词汇练习：

Ⅲ. 1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather. 4. Climate affects the growth of plants. 5. My work is piling up. Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T. p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e; Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.

The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c. p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth; 2.similar; 3.mental; 4.municipal; 5.meaningful; 6.useful; 7.familiar; 8.single; 9.striking; 10.difficult. p97:Ⅱ.1.ability; 2.accurately; 3.focus; 4.needless; 5.meaningful; 6.random; 7.repetition; 8.preserve; 9.improvement; 10.image; 11.associated with; 12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2. It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases. 5. memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences. p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T. p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept; 2.contrast; 3.human; 4.released; 5.intermediate. Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.

Unit 5 Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day. people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good. Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right. Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.

A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质;quantity; n 数量 3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et. 4.savage: a 野蛮的;n 野人; v 残害

5.bravery: n 英勇、勇敢; brave: adj 勇敢的

6.eager: adj 渴望的，常用短语：be eager to do sth, be eager for sth. eagerly:adv(*) aShe is eager for knowledge. b.He is eager to know if he has passed the exam.

7.civilized: adj 文明的，反义词savage; civilize: v 使„文明;civilization: n 文明(*)

a.Education can help people civilize themselves. b.We are living in a highly civilized society. c.In China, Marco polo found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.

8.magical: adj 魔术的、不可思议的;magic: n 魔术; magician: n 魔术师 9.poisonous: adj 有毒的;poison: n/v 下毒、毒药 our children are poisoned by violent TV program.

10.overseas: adj/adv海外的、在海外

a.There are many overseas students in Britain. b.We are used to living overseas.

11.widespread: 合成形容词

12.digest: v 消化，n 文摘;digestion: n 消化;digestive: adj 消化的;digestible: adj 易消化的;indigestible: adj 不易消化的 (*)

a.Some foods digest more easily than others. b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer. It was not very digestible. c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion. d.Water makes the digestive juices flow more freely and makes the food more digestible. e.We often read Reader’s Digest.

13.foundation: n 根据、基础;found: v 奠定基础 14.mixture: n 混合物;mix: v 混合

15.belief: n 信念、信仰;believe: v 相信 16.combination: n 结合、联合;combine: v combine sth with sth 17.protein,carbohydrate, fat, vitamin:食物的主要养分。

18.contain: v 包含、包括

A kilometer contains one thousand meters.

19.sustitute: n 替代品， v 代替

a.Vegetable oil is a good substitute for animal oil. b.She substituted for the professor who was ill.

B. Intensive reading: 1. Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. 译：许多原始人相信通过吃某种动物，他们就能获得它的某些长处。

分析：主语Many primitive peoples;谓语believed;that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves是宾语从句，其中by eating an animal是方式状语;peoples:指不同的种族。

2. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as deer. 译：例如，他们认为吃鹿肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。 Eating deer是动名词作宾语从句得主语。短语：make sb do sth; as + adj/adv + as

3. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.(*) 译：西红柿被称作爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠入爱河。

注意被动语态的用法：were called被称作„，were supposed to被认为„.; fall in love 短语.

4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous. 本句包含有一个同位语从句the idea that they were poisonous,它属名词从句的一种.它所表达的意思就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思.通常同位语从句前的名词必须是表事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc. The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.

(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.) that在该从句中虽不作任何成分,但一定不能省略. 同位语从句和定语从句经常是貌似,请加以区分. a.The news that the leader will come here is not true. b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true. 分析:第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句.根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断,若that在从句中不担任任何成分,则是同位语从句,反之为定语从句.

5. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*) 难句!!! 译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊! 分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句的主语是the people;谓语would be; who thought tomatoes poisonous是定语从句修饰the people; if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是条件状语从句.本句还含有一个语法点:虚拟语气,对现在假设的虚拟. 短语:be supplied to/for sb„供应给„; supply sb with sth供应„ a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes. c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor. 6. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. 译:喝水将食物冲下而代替咀嚼不是一个好办法,但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的. 动名词Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主语. as a substitute for chewing介词短语,作为„的替代品. 短语:substitute for sth

7. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*) 译:几年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能饮用的这种看法变得十分普遍. that引导同位语从句,修饰belief. should never be drunk是情态动词得被动语态.

8. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk. 译:不要同时吃肉和土豆,这种看法是愚蠢的,就像说不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样. 正常语序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主语太长用形式主语it.还要注意英文中讲究balance the sentence.即,主语是不定式,表语也要是不定式.

C. Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行); 2.be eager to do sth(1段6行); 3.be supposed to do sth(2段4行); 4.fall in love(2段5行); 5.be supplied to sb(3段4行); 6.a great many(4段1行); 7.substitute for sth(6段2行); 8.have sth to do with(7段2行); 9.have no foundation(7段1行); 10.as a matter of fact(7段5行); 11.in the same way(8段4行); 12.think of sth as sth(8段3行)

Text B: Do Animals Think? A. New words: 1.engage: v 从事, engage in sth, His father engages in politics. 2.arrange: v 安排,筹划; arrangement: n, arrange sb to do sth. 3.creature: n 生物; create: v 产生 4.imitate: v 模仿; imitation : n 5.instinct: n 本能,直觉, by instinct The birds can fly by instinct. 6.variety: n 变化; vary: v 变化

7.unlike: prep 不像; dislike: v 不喜欢

B. Important phrases: 1.a great deal(1段2行); 2.be true with/of(1段3行)(3段4行); 3.as well(1段4行); 4.engage in(2段5行); 5.search for sth(4段2行); 6.in some respects(5段2行); 7.a great many(5段3行); 8.connect with(5段4行); 9.take care of(5段7行); 10.make improvement in sth(6段1行); 11.by instinct(7段3行); 12.speak of(8段1行); 13.a great variety of sth(8段3行); 14.no use doing sth(8段8行); 15.have no knowledge of sth(9段7行)

C. Grammar point: 倒装句

1. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. 2. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports. 3. Nor is this all. 我们知道,通常主语应该在谓语之前,这是自然语序,但有时出于某种需要,会对主谓的有特殊的要求,出现部分谓语或全部谓语置于主语之前,这样的语序称作倒装.今天介绍几种常见的倒装的情况. 1.当表示否定意义的词放在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即将助动词,情态动词或be提至主语之前.常见的这样的词有:never, hardly, little, not only, rarely, scarcely etc. e.g. Hardly had he said anything before he left. 2.only引出的状语放在句首时. a.only after class did he go home. b.only when you finish your homework can you watch TV. 3.句首为so, nor, neither等副词,表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句. a.He can speak fluent English. So can I. b.I can’t play computer games. Nor can he. 4.在as引导的让步状语从句中. 1>. adj + as + 主语 + be: Young as he is, he knows a lot. 2>. n(不带冠词) + as +主语 + be: King as he is, he is unhappy. 3>. adv + as + 主语 + 动词: Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with her. 4>. 动词 + as + 主语 + 助动词: Try as she does, she will never pass it. 5.当句子主语过长或需要强调某些词时. More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, and even death. 6.在非真实条件句中,若从句有had, should, were时将它们倒装到主语之前. a.If I had left earlier, I would have caught the train. = Had I left earlier, I would have caught the train. b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic. = Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic. 7.当here, there, then, thus等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为come, go, be等不及物动词时. a.Here is a book for you. b.There goes the bell. c.Here comes the bus! 8.用在may + 主语 + 动词原形„句式中,表示祝愿,希望. a. May you succeed! b. May you be happy! 该语法可参阅课本p569. The 7th lecture of College English one Key to exercises: p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c; p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery; 2.eager; 3.civilized; 4.overseas; 5.substitute; 6.foundation; 7.combination; 8.belief; 9.protein; 10.contain p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins; 2.firemen; 3.data; 4.deer; 5.potatoes, tomatoes Ⅳ.1. During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes. 3. It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food. 4. Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast. p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free; b. freedom; c. freely; 4.a. scientists; b. scientific; c. science. p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture; 2.poisonous; 3.suppose; 4.digest; 5.widespread; 6.overseas; 7.similar; 8.foundation; 9.eager; 10.substitute p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion; 2.mixture; 3.belief; 4.civilization; 5.combination Ⅳ.4. Some stories are very widespread, while others are not. 6. people often think of a school as a small society. p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T,, T, T, F, T

Unit 6 Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、难得的(不是数量少，而是物种稀有，区别于scarce),rarely: adv 同义词：unusual 2.sustance: n material 物质 3.slight: small adj 轻微的

4.extreme: a 极端的;n 极端;adv extremely 5.pressure: n 压力;press v 压住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受欢迎的 be popular with/among; popularity: n; popularize: v 使„流行、普及(*)

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity. b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming. c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.

7.handful: n 一把;hand: n 手;v 递给(*)

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question. b.please hand me that model plane. c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.

8.formation: n 形成、构成;form: n 表格;v 形成(*) a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army. b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits. c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.

9.volcano: n 火山;volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有点

I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior. 11.elevator: n 同义词：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的;impress: v 留下深刻印象;impression: n 印象(*) a.What was your first impression of Beijing? b.We listened to a very impressive speech yesterday. c.I was deeply impressed by his noble deeds.

13.experienced: adj 有经验的;inexperienced 无经验的;experience: n 经验、经历; v 经历(*) a.She has much experience in teaching, so she’s an experienced teacher. b.I had a funny experience in Africa last year.

14.miner: n 矿工;mine: n 矿，gold mine 15.immediately: adv 立刻，at once

B.Intensive reading: 1.They are the hardest substance found in nature. 译:它是被发现的自然界中最坚硬的物质。 found作定语，短语：in nature

2.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.(*) 译：人们发现的金刚石主要产区只有四个。 where引导一个定语从句。

3.Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe. became popular with sb:在„受欢迎，流行。

4.India’s supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2500years of mining the stones. 译：2500年的开采终于使印度的金刚石资源枯竭。 run out 用尽、枯竭; We are running out of our fresh water.

5.These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago. 译：这些金刚石可能是在两万年前，随着覆盖于地球表面的冰川，从它们的形成漂移至印度的。这句话注意它的从句：where they were formed作介词from的宾语从句，词性相当于后面的India，不是定语也不是状语;that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago是定语从句修饰great sheets of moving ice。

6.Diamonds, as they are found, don’t look very impressive. 译：金刚石刚采出时，并不十分吸引人。

7.But some people have carried around an unusual pebble for weeks before finding out that they had got a diamond. 译：而有的人数周后才发现带在身边的不寻常的鹅卵石原来是一颗金刚石。 finding out that they had got a diamond作介词before的介宾。

find out与find不同，find out强调通过努力之后的发现，而find含有偶然性。 a. I found my lost pen on the floor. b. I found out that he is a cheat.

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.in nature(1段2行); 2.be made from/of(2段1行); 3.chang sth into sth(3段2行); 4.be popular with(5段4行); 5.run out(6段3行); 6.pick up(8段2行); 7.sort out(8段3行); 8.so that(9段8行); 9.stick to(9段10行); 10.find out(10段4行) Text B: We all know that plants are different form animals. What’s their difference? Most of us will say that plants have leaves and roots and flowers, but animals haven’t them. But have you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.

A.New words: 1.beneath: prep 和某物接触并在下面，反义词是on; under:强调垂直在下，反义词over. 2.aside: adv 在旁边，短语：put sth aside 3.magnify: v 放大、扩大;magnifying glass:放大镜

4.puzzle: v 迷惑;n 智力测验 jigsaw puzzle智力拼图;puzzled, puzzling: adjl; puzzlement: n a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.

b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.

5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao. The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.

6.inorganic: adj无机的，organic:有机的 7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences: 1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant. 译：你可能会看着树下的一群奶牛，或者当你捕捉牵牛花里一只正早起采蜜的蜜蜂时，若有人问你能否区分哪是动物，哪是植物，你会觉得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的宾补，类似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc; you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虚拟语气，对将来某种情况的假设。其中tell sth from sth:区分某事物。I can’t tell her from her twin sister.

2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object; and they see many things which most people would fail to see. 译：大自然的研究者不满意于猜测，而是日复一日地观察物体所发生的变化;他们看到了大多数人没能看到的东西。

分析：这是一个并列句，用;隔开。有很多短语需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:对„满意; ②day after day: 日复一日地;

③take place: 发生(偶然); ④fail to do sth:没有作成„

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.

译：很长一段时间，人们认为动植物的主要差别是前者能移动而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主语;真正的主语是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一个表语从句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.这两句话的连词that均不能省略。

短语：the difference between sth and sth; move about/around.

4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.

译：如果不是先出现植物把地球变为适应更高一级生物生存的地方，就没有鸟，没有鱼，也没有其他动物。

分析：本句含有两个语法点：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定词在句首需倒装;虚拟语气，对过去某种情况的假设，条件从句if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings，结果主句No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth。

D.Summary about the phrases: 1.neither„nor(1段5行); 2.seem to(1段6行); 3.look up/down(2段1行); 4.a matter of some difficulty(2段5行); 5.tell sth from sth(3段4行); 6.turn aside from(4段1行); 7.be satisfied with sth(5段1行); 8.not„but(5段1行); 9.day after day(5段2行); 10.take place(5段2行); 11.fail to do sth(5段3行); 12.lie in(5段5行); 13.hold good(6段5行); 14.whether„or(7段1行); 15.live on(7段2行); 16.fit for(8段4行); 17.take in(9段3行); 18.suck up(10段3行); 19.take up(10段4行); 20.dissolved in sth(10段4行); 21.be different from(11段1行)

Grammar knowledge:句子的分类

英语中的句子按其结构可分为四种：简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句。

1.简单句：只有一个主语(或多个并列主语)和一个谓语(或多个并列谓语)的句子称为简单句。

a.We learn English. b.My father and mother go to work at 8a.m. and come home at 6p.m.

2.并列句：由两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句构成。它们中间常用等立连词，或用分号、冒号、逗号等连接。

a.I help him and he helps me. b.I’ve just got a piece of good news: I was accepted by Xi’an Foreign Language University.

3.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是句子的主体，从句只是整个句子的一部分，不能单独作句子。如：我们经常见到的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。

a.We should never pretend to know what we don’t know. b.The boy whose father is a pilot has come. c.What I want to say is that you shouldn’t give up, even if you have failed again.

4.并列复合句：在一个并列句中的一个或更多的分句中，包含有一个或更多的从句称为并列复合句。

a.Last year I met a boy who is an orphan, and now we have become good friends. b.They always help those who are in trouble and they are respected by them. 详情见p135

The 8th lecture of College English one

Unit 7 Text A: Families We know that family is the basic unit of a society. There are many kinds of families nowadays: nuclear families, extended families, DINK families, the single parent families, remarried families etc. so let’s study families from our text.

A:New words: 1.definition: n 定义;动词，下定义：define 2.marriage: n 婚姻，marriage certificate, marry: v; 反义词：divorce 3.descend: v 遗传、下来;后裔：descendant,反义词：ancestor 祖先

4.household: n 家庭 adj家庭的 a household name;householder: n 家长、户主;

5.relative: n 亲戚，adj 相对的;relate: v relate to; relation: n 关系(*) a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives. b.There is no relation between those two events. c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 传统的;tradition: n; traditionally: adv(*) a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition. b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children. c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.

7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理会，security guard保安 8.basically: adv, basic: adj; base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心;nuclear energy核能;nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area无核区

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family; extend: v 延伸;extension: n; extensive: adj 广泛的、广阔的(*)

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen. b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history. c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.

11.agicultural: adj 农业的;agriculture: n 农业

12.industrial: adj 工业的;industry: n 工业、行业;industrialize: v 工业化;industrialization: n (*) a.These cities are highly industrialized. b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution. c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.

13.earner: n 赚钱者;earn; v 赚钱; earnings: n 赚得的钱 14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax. b.There is a split in the blackboard.

15.social: adj 交际的、社会的;society: n 社会;socialize: v 交往、交际;socialism社会主义

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.„, having a family simply means having children.(*) 译：有家意味着有孩子。

主语是动名词，为了平衡整个句子宾语也是动名词。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. 译：无论年轻还是古老，大还是小，传统还是现代，每个家庭都有自己对其理解和感受。No matter„引导让步状语从句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing. 译：那是共同居住、彼此帮助、互相分享而产生的归属感，互爱感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*) 译：家庭大致有两种类型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*) 译：孩子们在核心家庭中生活一直到长大结婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.(*)

译：随着农业社会向工业社会的转变，许多核心家庭为了寻找工作而从家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.(*)

译：由于父母都愿意要更少的孩子，核心家庭日趋缩小，而无子女家庭日益增多。注意：the number of sth后用单数谓语动词。

8.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house and the children.(*)

译：传统上，核心家庭由父亲挣钱养家，而母亲照看家庭和孩子。短语：care for = take care of

9.Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again„ (*)

译：大多数单亲父母发现独自一人照料一个家庭很难，于是很快他们再婚。。。分析：it是形式宾语，短语take care of sth照料、照看。

C.Brief summary about phrases: 1.and so on(1段5行); 2.think of sth as sth(1段5行); 3.far away from(1段8行); 4.in order to(4段4行); 5.care for(5段5行); 6.take care of(5段9行); 7.split up(5段10行); 8.talk of (6段2行)

Text B: The Changing American Family

A.New words: 1.generation: n generation gap代沟

2.customary: adj 习惯上的;custom: n 习惯、习俗;customer: n 顾客; customs: n 海关 3.similarity: n 相似、类似;similar: adj 相似的;similarly: adv 4.emotional: adj 感情的;emotion: n 感情

5.provider: n 供应者;provide: v 供应，provide sb with sth; provide for sb. 6.preparation: n 预备、准备;prepare: v 准备

7.primary: adj初级的，primary school. primary colors 8.preschool: adj学龄前的，pre前缀，反义词post, prewar, postwar. 9.baby-sitter: n 临时看小孩的人;baby-sit: v 帮人照看小孩

B. Important phrases in text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行); 2.all over the world(1段1行); 3.provide for(2段4行); 4.be expected to do(2段5行); 5.on the other hand(3段1行); 6.in addition(3段8行); 7.share sth with sb(3段10); 8.in contrast(3段12行); 9.give up(4段4行); 10.instead of(4段7行); 11.be busy doing sth(5段9行); 12.in conclusion(6段1行); 13.help sb with sth(3段11行)

Grammar knowledge: Tenses时态

这是英语

(一)考试的重点，无论选择、完形填空、词类转换、翻译都会出有关时态的题目。因此这部分语法很重要。请大家一定要100%掌握。见课本p159 1.时态实际是指：时间和体。英语中共有16种时态，我们着重讲考试的6种。

2.它们分别是：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时。其余的书上写得很详细，大家自己看。

1>.一般现在时的用法有6点：经常或发生的动作行为;主语的特征、性格、能力;客观事实或永久不变的真理;计划或安排好的事情;用在某些从句中;用于某些惯用表达语中;

a.He often goes home at four o’clock every afternoon. b.Light travels in straight lines. c.I like any kind of fruit. d.The train leaves at 6a.m. and arrives at 10p.m. e.I’ll thank you if you give me a lift. f.There goes the bell.

2>.一般过去时的3种常见用法：过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态;过去接连发生的一系列动作;用于某些从句中。并且常和时间状语连用。

a.I was born in 1971. b.They got married last year. c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work. d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.

3>.现在完成时有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。该时态指动作开始在过去，但对现在留下某种结果和影响。这是它区别于一般过去时的主要特点。

a.He has turned off the light. b.I have taught English for 6 years.

4>.过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经完成的动作。即我们常说的“过去的过去”。它也同样分为“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang. b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.

5>.将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。请注意该时态的时间状语。 a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper. b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.

6>.现在完成进行时可以表示一个动作开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到说话时刻未结束，还可能继续进行;也可表示到说话时刻为止该动作已结束。

a.It has been raining for three hours. b.I have been waiting for you for five hours. 另外，还有一个考点就是“时态呼应”，即，当主句有过去时出现的时候，从句必须要用过去的某种时态进行时态呼应。但有几点除外;

1.所说的是真理或客观事实。

The teacher told us that the earth is round. 2.说话者强调动作正在进行或将发生。 He told me the train leaves at three. 作练习p169.

The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B; 2.D; 3.D; 4.C; 5.B; 6.A; 7.C; 8.C; 9.D; 10.A(讲解) p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c. Ⅱ.1.rare; 2.substance; 3.slight; 4.pressure; 5.crystal; 6.crack; 7.gem; 8.elevator; 9.crush; 10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to; 2.change„into; 3.stick to; 4.running out; 5.pick up; 6.changed into; 7.ran out; 8.picked up; 9.sorting out; 10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced; 2.extreme; 3.formation; 4.pressuer; 5.blasted; 6.handful; 7.crystal; 8.destroyed; 9.unusual; 10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5见课后作业。

2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected. 3.These designs are very popular with / among young people. p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T. p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve; 3.aside; 4.magnifying; 5.latter; 6.observes; 7.beneath; 8.broad p169:这部分练习讲解。(*) Ⅰ.1.died; 2.doesn’t guarantee; 3.advised; 4.is looking; 5.comes; 6.was going; 7.will have left; 8.would help; 9.will be sitting; 10.were playing; 11.will go; 12.had helped; 13.would be; 14.will have locked; 15.had been getting; 16.had been helping; 17.had happened; 18.will tell; 19.had finished; 20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B; 2.B; 3.D; 4.D; 5.B; 6.B; 7.D; 8.A; 9.D; 10.A Ⅲ.1.invented; 2.offer; 3.have been sitting; 4.brought; 5.has not paid; 6.had seen; 7.was making; 8.has been working; 9.am preparing; 10.has happened Ⅳ.1.The students of a medical school are observing an operation. 2.The wind in March blows hard. 3.Where are you going to hang that picture? 4.She fell when she was going downstairs. 5.How many years has Henry been learning the cook from Miss Smith? 6.The history teacher said that the first World War ended in 1918. 7.Mary has been waiting for you this morning. 8.My sister told me that the programs weren’t interesting at all. 9.You can see him at the office if you come at eight tomorrow morning. 10.--- Have you seen this movie? --- Yes, I have. I saw it in Nanjing. p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c. Ⅱ.1.divorce; 2.single; 3.extended; 4.together; 5.traditional; 6.increase; 7.result; 8.like/love; 9.earn; 10.usually p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives; 2.extend; 3.marriage; 4.desended; 5.nucleus; 6.traditional; 7.social; 8.definition; 9.security; 10.basically Ⅲ.1,4, 8见课后作业。

2.She is a teacher while her brother is an engineer. 3.Traditionally, Chinese young people live with their parents until they grow up. 5.In some families, both parents work and take care of their home and children. 6.The group was split into two, for it’s too big. 7.They plan to extend their research in this field. p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, T. p189.Ⅰ.1.d; 2.a; 3.b; 4.c; 5.d Ⅱ.1.dependent; 2.primary; 3.structurd; 4.similarities; 5.role; 6.partners; 7.customary 关于语法：被动语态，前面已经讲过，大家自己看看书，今天讲解练习。

Ⅰ.1.are being printed; 2.are guaranteed; 3.will be pulled; 4.were developed; 5.will be built; 6.was praised; 7.have been translated; 8.had been sent; 9.would be given; 10.is being done. Ⅱ.口头练习。

Ⅲ.1.is spoken; 2.can’t be kept; 3.was turned off; 4.were believed; 5.shouldn’t be eaten; 6.were let out; 7.were taken care of; 8.can be remembered; 9.would be becalmed; 10.are lit up. Ⅳ.1.Was the United Nation founded in 1945? 2.It’s said that he was badly injured.

3.The building will be designed by Dr. Ford. 4.Where was the last meeting held? 5.Was America discovered by Columbus in 1492? 6.The task must be performed by you. 7.The patient should be treated with care. 8.She was warmly welcomed at the railway station. 9.He’s called Lao Wang, though he’s not old at all. 10.The gate was closed when I went back.

Unit 8 Text A: Telecommunication via Satellite We live in a highly developed society. Everybody knows telecommunication, which can not only transmit television broadcasts, but also telephone calls and printed materials. So do you know it also has shortcoming? If you want to know the answer, you must read our today’s text. This is a very important text.

A.New words: 1.telecommunication: n 电信,communication 通信，tele表示远距离的、电的 telephone, telegraph etc.

2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,经由

3.transmit: v 播送、发射，transmit sth to sth. 名词：transmission 4.photograph: n 简称photo, photos.

5.establish: v 建立、创立，同义词：found; established: adj; establishment: n(*) a.The university was established 150 years ago. b.You should not break the established rule. c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.

6.signal: n/v信号，发信号。sign: n 标识;signature: n 签名(*) a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night. b.The traffic signal turned red. c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.

7.orbit: v 绕轨道运行，n 轨道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun? b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.

8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity. be capable of doing, be able to do, 9.broadcast: n/v 广播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation 10.theory: n 理论，theoretic adj理论的，短语：in theory = theoretically 11.access: n 进入的机会，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短语：have access to sth可接近，可进入

12.unlimited: adj无限的，反义词：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*) a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited. b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit. c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.

13.entertain: v 娱乐、招待;entertainment: n; entertainer: n 供人娱乐者 a.A cinema is a place of entertainment. b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer. c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.

14.demonstrate: v 说明、演示;demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的;education: n 教育;educate：v 使人受教育 a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year. b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.

16.remote: adj 遥远的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔离、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的;isolation: n

18.instruction: n 教学、指示;instruct: v; instructor: n 指导者

19.conversation: n 谈话，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法) 20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile

21.risk: n风险;v 冒„的风险，risky: adj有危险的

risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck

22.privacy: n 隐私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短语：make contact with与„接触，结识 a.I don’t have much contact with her family. b.I will contact you next month.

24.harm: n/v伤害、损害;harmful, harmless 25.expert: n 专家;adj熟练的。expert in/at sth 26.application: n 申请、应用;apply: v B.Intensive reading:

1.By the middle of the century, both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures. 译：到二十世纪中叶为止，广播和电视已成为公认的传送声音和/或图象的工具。

分析：由于用了时间状语：by the middle of the century,因此要用完成时态。若时间是过去的，用过去完成时;若时间是将来的，用将来完成时。

a.By the end of 2000, we had learned 50 texts. b.By the end of 2003, we will have learned 100 texts. means: n 单复数同形，方法、手段。

2.In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo became the first to be transmitted via satellite. 译:1964年，东京奥林匹克运动会是第一次通过卫星传送的节目。 to be transmitted是动词不定式作定语。

3.The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information, will change ever home into an education and entertainment center. 译：卫星传送信息，电脑储存信息，电视播放信息，把三者结合起来能使每个家庭成为一个教育娱乐中心。

分析：虽然句子长，但成分简单。the combination是主语，will change是谓语。从satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information是介词of的宾语。每个词都包含有一个非限定性定语从句。

短语：change sth into sth

4.In theory, every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.(*) 译：从理论上讲，人们都能获得无限量的信息。

短语：in theory, have access to sth, amount of sth (un)

5.The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been for transmitting telephones calls. 译：然而，通信卫星最广泛的用途还是电话的传送。注意该句的时态。

6.Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily. 译：电信使得人们能快捷方便地使用来自世界各地的信息。注意：短语make sth available to sth使„被获得

7.It’s important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.(*) 译：同一技术既可助人也可害人，认识到这点很重要。

to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是真正的主语，it是形式主语。that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是宾语从句;

that helps us是定语从句修饰the same technology.

8.It’s the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success.(*) 译：只有明智地运用技术才能获得成功。这是一个强调句式。正常的句子应是：The intelligent application of technology will lead us to success. 强调句的基本公式：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that(who) + 其余成分。请注意该句式不能强调谓语部分，只能强调主语、宾语、状语。

Ann had a heavy cold last week.我们可强调主语、宾语、状语。 a.It was Ann that/who had a heavy cold last week. b.It was a heavy cold that Ann had last week. c.It was last week that Ann had a heavy cold.

C. Brief summary about the phrases: 1.at the beginning of(1段1行); 2.by the middle of(1段3行); 3.in order to(2段1行); 4.such as(2段1行); 5.pick up(2段5行); 6.be capable of(2段7行); 7.change„into(3段3行); 8.have access to(3段4行); 9.in remote areas(4段3行); 10.for the first time(4段4行); 11.provide sth to sb(5段1行); 12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行); 13.care for(5段5行); 14.at the same time(6段7行); 15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行); 16.pay for(7段5行); 17.isolate from(8段1行); 18.as well as(8段4行); 19.prevent from(9段2行); 20.lead to(9段5行); 21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live. It’s like fish couldn’t live without water. But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.

A.New words: 1.obvious: adj 明显的，obviously: adv 2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇护;shelter from sth 3.atmosphere：n 大气;atmospheric: adj大气的

4.electrical: adj 电的、电气的;electricity: n 电;electrician: n 电工 5.existence: n 存在;exist: v存在 6.lightening: n 闪电，thunder:打雷; 7.unending: adj不尽的、不停的;ending 8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆发;explode: v 爆炸;explosive: n 炸药、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood (2) 第一讲中介绍过在非真实条件句中的虚拟语气的主要用法，难点在于句子的时态比真实条件句的时态后退一步。即：现在时→过去时;过去时→过去完成时;将来时→过去将来时;在今天这讲中将继续将它在一些从句中的用法介绍给大家。

1在宾语从句中的用法：

1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建议、命令等语气的宾语从句中。(*) 句型：主语 + should(省略) + 动词原形

a. I suggest that we (should) do it at once. b. I insist that he (should) give up smoking.

2>.在wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而其时态的用法与非真实条件句一样。(时态后移) a.I wish I were you.(与现在事实相反的愿望) b.I wish I had learned more. (与过去事实相反的愿望) c.I wish I would have another chance. (与将来事实相反的愿望) 注意区分：wish + 从句：表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气;而hope + 从句：表示可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him. b.He wishes we would go there with him.

3>.在would rather后的从句中. 句型：主语 + would rather + 从句(用一般过去时) I would rather you stayed at home.

2.在主语从句中的用法。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语必须用虚拟语气。见课本p542。考试的考点时should的省略。

3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

当宾语从句中那些使用虚拟语气的动词的名词形式出现在表语从句和同位语从句中时，必须用虚拟语气。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc. a.My suggestion is that we (should) try again.(表语从句) b.My suggestion that we (should) try again is accepted by them.(同位语从句)

4.在定语从句中的用法。

It is time + that + 主语 + 动词的过去时。 It is time that you left. = It is tome for you to leave.

5.在含蓄条件句中的用法。

有时一个假设的情况并不是用条件从句表示，而用其它方式表示，称含蓄条件句。 1>.用with, without介词结构代替条件从句。

We might have died you without your help.= We might have died if you hadn’t helped us.

2>.用相当于if的其它连词表示虚拟结构。常见的连词有：otherwise, in that case, on condition that, provided that, but for, etc. a.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. = I as very busy last week. If I hadn’t been busy, I would have come to see you. b.But for the storm, we should have arrived early. = If we hadn’t met the storm, we should have arrived early.

6.在错综时间条件句中的用法。

有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件句中的谓语动词不是同时发生，这时可按照需要来调整各自的时间。

a. If you had followed the doctor’s advice then, you would have be all right now. 主句与从句发生的时间不同，进行调整。

b. If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would have been all right then. 主句和从句的动作同时发生。

请注意：碰到这种从句要特别注意它的时间状语，必须明确给出时间，否则按同时发生使用。

7.虚拟语气的倒装与省略。

符合下列条件，可以省略if,并进行倒装。 ①必须是非真实条件句。

②只有当从句中出现were, had, should时，才可省略if，并把这些词放在主语之前。 a.If I should meet her, I would tell her. = Should I meet her, I would tell her. b.If I were in your position, I would do it better. = Were I in your position, I would do it better. 请阅读课本p539-p545，并完成课后练习。看看本文中出现的虚拟语气句：

1. Without air, we could not exist. 2. If we didn’t have air, there would be no sound. 3. Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.

C. Important phrases in the text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行); 2.be forced to do(3段3行); 3.shelter from(3段3行); 4.consist of(5段1行); 5.rest upon(5段4行); 6.gazt at sth(6段5行); 7.in wonder(6段5行); 8.not„until(6段6行); 9.large amounts of(7段3行); 10. the same„as(8段3行); 11.learn to(9段1行); 12.in the meantime(9段3行); 13.pay attention to(9段4行); 14.add to(9段6行); 15.in order to(2段4行); 16.protect„from„(3段4行)

D.本文在写作时有一个非常明显的特点，运用了大量的同根词，即在这句话中出现的是动词，在下句中就出现它的名词或形容词。我们总结一下：

1.exist→existence; 2.atmosphere→atmospheric; 3.pressure→press; 4.weigh→weight; 5.electric→electrical,electricity

Unit 9 Text A: Learned Words and popular Words In fact, every language has the similarity. For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu. In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu. So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word. So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary. Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words. A. New words: 1.learned: adj 有学问的，博学的;learn: v; learner: n 2.cultivated: adj 耕种的、有修养的;cultivate: v 耕种、培养;cultivation: n 耕种、培养;cultivator: n 耕种者 (*)

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land. b.Cultivated people should have good manners. c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.

3.concern: v 涉及、使关心、挂念;n 关心、挂念; concerned: adj 担心的、焦虑的

常用的短语：so/as far as „ concerned:至于，对„而言;be concerned for/about sth/sb:对人或事关心、挂念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness. b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.

4.stock: v 储备、储存;n 库存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有库存/没有库存

5.possession: n 所有、拥有;possessions: n 所有物; possess: v 所有、拥有; 6.relatively: adv 比较而言;relate: v; relation: n; relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知识的;educate: v 受教育;education: n 教育; educational: adj教育的 (*) a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life. b.She has been doing educational work for forty years. c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work. d.our society needs more educated people.

8.acquaintance: n 认识、熟人;acquaint: v 使„熟悉/通晓 9.formal: adj 正式的，反义词：informal; formally: adv(*)

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary. b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party. c.He formally presented his application form.

10.highly: adv 非常、高度地;high: adj 高的;height: n 高度(*) a.She spoke highly of his discovery. b.He is 1.76 meters in height. c.The church tower is 20 meters high.

11.elevated: adj 提高的、高贵的;elevate: v 提高; elevation: n 提高; elevator: n 电梯

12.importantce: n 重要性; important: adj 重要的;unimportant, unimportance. 13.grown-up: n 成年人;adj 成熟的;adult.

14.apply: v 申请、应用;application: n;applicant: n 申请人(*) 常用习语：apply to sb for sth:向某人申请某物;apply to sth:适用某物; apply sth to sth:将„运用到„中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree of Master of Arts. b.What he said applies to us all. c.We should apply what we have learned to our work.

15.absolute: adj 绝对的、完全的;absolutely: adv

16.popularity: n; popular: adj;popularize:

17.clssification: n 分类;classify: v 分类;classified: adj 分类的

18.convenient; adj 方便的, convenience: n ;反义词：inconvenient, inconvenience

19.avoid: v 后用动名词;avoidance: n;avoidable: adj 可避免的;unavoidable: 不可避免的。

I am trying to avoid meeting him.

20.misconception: n 误解，反义词：conception. 前缀：mis-含有“错误地”，mistake, misunderstand, misapply etc.

21.presence: n 出席、存在;present: adj到场的

22.literature: n 文学;literary: adj文学的

B. Intensive reading: 1.First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.(难句!!!) 译：首先是那些我们在日常交谈中逐渐熟悉的词语，即我们从家人、朋友那儿学来的和那些即使不会读写也应该知道和会用的词。

分析：主语：those words,在它之后有三个定语从句修饰它，①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, ②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and ③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.看出这一点对于理解整个句子是至关重要的。下面分别看看这三个定语从句。①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation,掌握短语：become/be familiar with sth对„熟悉。

注意：在定语从句中若介词置于关系代词之前，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人，其余的关系代词都不能用。这是考点!

a.This is the hero of whom we are proud. = This is the hero who/that/whom/省略 we are proud of. b.I want to find the pen with which I finished my papers. = I want to find the pen that/which/省略 I finished my papers with.

②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends,掌握短语：that is to say = that is所作成分属插入语; Learn from sb向某人学习。We should learn from LeiFeng at any time. ③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write 本句包含一个让步让步状语从句，even if„即使„.

2.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language. 译：这些词和生活中的普通事情相关，是所有使用这门语言的人的常备词汇。短语：stock in trade: 库存、常用手段。

3.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. 译：这些词可以被称为“普通词”，因为它们属于广大的普通百姓，而不只为有限范围内的一个阶层所有。

since为因为，短语：belong to: 属于„; at large: 普遍地、逍遥法外地 a.These books belong to me. b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy? c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.

4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起) 译：我们初识这些词不是从母亲的口中或同学的话中，而是从我们所读的书中，所听的课中，或从对某一特殊话题进行严肃的讨论的受过高等教育的人们的较正式谈话中首词次了解到的。本句的难点实际上是名词的修饰语多。

分析：主语our first acquaintance with them;谓语：comes; 剩余部分为宾语部分。在该部分中有一个大结构：not„but不是„而是。books, lectures, conversation三个名词后有很多的修饰关系，请大家注意。

C. Summary about the phrases: 1.learned words; 2.popular words; 3.make up(1段2行); 4.be familiar with(1段3行); 5.that is to say(1段4行); 6.even if(1段5行); 7.stock in trade(1段7行); 8.belong to(1段8行); 9.at large(1段8行); 10.on the other hand(2段1行); 11.a large number of sth(2段1行); 12.be known to(2段3行); 13.acquaintance with(2段4行) 14.not„ but„(2段5-6行) 15.come up(4段6行); 16.as to(4段6行); 17.as a whole(4段11行); 18.be due to(4段14行); 19.rather than(4段15行)

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:(讲解)

Ⅰ.1.knew; 2.were; 3.were; 4.would have been; 5.would eat; 6.could build; 7.hadn’t come; 8.earn; 9.didn’t have; 10.would be; 11.apply; 12.go; 13.would be; 14.were; 15.had been; 16.bought; 17.be put off; 18.would get; 19.had been caused; 20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C; 2.B; 3.B; 4.D; 5.A; 6.D; 7.A; 8.A; 9.A; 10.D Ⅲ.1. If only the Englishman had spoken Italian. 2. If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3. I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day. 4. It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health. 5. Without water and air, all living things would die. 6. If I were you, I would join the army. 7. If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease. 8. If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9. It’s suggested that each class give a performance.

10. If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help. Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c; 2.a; 3.b; 4.d; 5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit; 2.access; 3.remote; 4.demonstrate; 5.instruction; 6.simultaneously; 7.travel; 8.available; 9.privacy; 10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed; 2.theory; 3.established; 4.remote; 5.visual; 6.signal; 7.access; 8.channel 9.transmitted; 10. transportation Ⅲ.1. Satellites are capable of transmitting not only TV broadcasts, but also telephone calls. 3. You should follow the doctor’s instructions on how to take this kind of medicine. 4. Computer systems can transmit sound as well as pictures at the same time. 6. This patient should be isolated from the other patients. 7. The soldier displayed courage and skills. 8. His experiments fully demonstrated that principle of psychology. p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, F, T, T, T, F. p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, a Ⅱ.1.atmosphere; 2.existence; 3.thorough; 4.radar; 5.elements; 6.protect from; 7.created; 8.rest on p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b, a Ⅱ.1.to concern; 2.possession; 3.situation; 4.acquaintance; 5.lively; 6.grown-up; 7.classification; 8.principle; 9.convenient; 10.presence p240.Ⅱ.1.style; 2.occasions; 3.highly; 4.concern; 5.possessions; 6.topics; 7.formal; 8.cultivated; 9.convenient; 10.absolute Ⅲ.2. After he arrived in that country, he found there few occasions to speak Chinese. 4. No two leaves are exactly the same in the world. 5. When I say they’re friends, I don’t mean they share everything. 6. The meeting concerns trade and agriculture. 7. Serious problems may come up if the situation becomes worse.

Text B: How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary? I think this is a question concerned by anyone. You can find some best ways in this text to give you some help, I am sure. We can get more words through context and through word parts. Maybe you have more of your ways. No matter which, I just hope you can succeed in English studying!

A.New words: 1.vocabulary: n 词汇表

2.context: n 上下文，from context; through context; contextual: adj 上下文的 3.securely: adv 安全地;secure: adj; security; n 4.intend: v 打算，intend to do sth; intention: n 意图 5.preference: n 偏爱,用介词for; prefer: v 用介词to. a.I prefer to do it myself. b.She has a preference for blue.

6.prefix前缀，suffix后缀

7.apparently: adv 同义词：obviously，明显地。

8.consult: v 请教、查阅;consultation: n; consultant: n 顾问;常用短语： consult with sb:讨论谋事;consult sb about sth:向某人请教谋事 9.personally: adv = in person; personal: adj; 10.heighten: v 提高、加高;high: adj; highly: adv; height: n 高度

11.maximum: n 最大量;反义词：minimum:最小量

12.effectiveness: n 有效性;effective: adj 有效的;effect: n 影响;affect: v 13.sharpen: v 削尖;sharp: adj尖的

14.awareness: n 意识、觉悟;aware: adj有意识的，be aware of sth; 无意识的：unaware 15.accuracy; n 准确性;accurate: adj准确的

16.ease: n 舒适、安逸，feel at ease with sb; v 缓和; easy: adj 容易的。 The aspirins eased my headache.

B.Some important sentences in the text: 1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive. 译：当问大学生阅读时遇到生词时该怎么办，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，这么做，你就会打断最富有成效所需的思维进程。

短语：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday. ②look sth up in„在„中查阅

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books. ③make sth + adj使„如何 please make the room warm.

2. It all depends. (*) = It all depends on the situation.(金牌口语句)

依情况而定。

3. That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context. 译：这就是为什么我们得从上下文入手。

why引导表语从句。make such good sense:有充足的理由;begin with从„开始

4. only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.

译：只有在你经过一番脑力活动想出一个推测性的定义后，才应该打开字典来看看你的猜测是否正确，。

注意：由于only+时间状语从句放在句首，用了部分倒装。短语：①go through:仔细研究或检查，

I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys. ②come up with:想出、提出

He came up with a new suggestion.

5. Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary. Use it! the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease. The result will be like money in the bank. 译：好，你的新公式—上下文，构词成分，字典。运用它!随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐察觉到上下文提示，学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松地使用字典。其结果就像你在银行里存了一笔钱。

这是本文的最后一句总结全文的句子，它给大家最好的提示：如何最有效地记住单词。请大家参照着做。但也应因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank. Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.

在这里我也把这句话送给大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非谓语动词) 英语中的动词根据它是否能单独做句子的谓语分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。不能单独作句子谓语的称作非谓语动词。它又分三类：动词不定式，分词，动名词。今天先介绍动词不定式。

A.不定式(Infinitive)：大多数是由不定式标记to加动词原形构成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出现的。

B.在句中它除了不能作谓语外，可担任其他句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、宾语补足语。在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。

1.不定式作名词时在句中充当主语、宾语和表语. a.He likes to play basketball. b.For him to learn English well in such a short time is not easy. c.His job is to clean all the windows.

注意：1>.当作主语的不定式较长时，常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语放在谓语后，将上面b可改为：It’s not easy for him to learn English well in such a short time. 2>.在这种情况下我们常用for sb.或of sb.来做不定式的逻辑主语，但是有区别的。

for sb.常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：easy, difficult, hard, important, interesting, impossible etc. of sb常用表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, foolish, clever, etc. a.It’s important for us to say something directly. b.It’s clever of him to leave that country.

3>.不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数。

4>.不定式作宾语时，若宾语有自己的表语，常用it作形式宾语。 I know to finish the work so soon impossible. I know it impossible to finish the work so soon.

2.不定式作形容词的用法：通常在句中担任定语。，并且放在它所修饰的名词后面。 He always has a lot of meetings to attend. 注意：1>.有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具，不定式后应该加上必要的介词。

please pass me some paper to write on.

2>.当一句话中既有形容词又有不定式修饰something, anything, nothing这三个词时，请注意词序：something/anything/nothing + 形容词 + 不定式

Do you have anything interesting to read?

3>.不定式作定语时有时用主动语态表示被动含义。 a.There is a letter to write. b.There is no time to lose. c.Mary has three babies to look after.

3.不定式作副词的用法;在句中担任状语

a.He is lucky to get there on time.(原因状语) b.He came here to help me with my math.(目的状语) c.After that day they were separated, never to see each other.(结果状语)

请注意以下固定句型中不定式的用法： 1>.too + adj/adv + for sb + to do sth The book is too hard for the boy to read.

2>.enough的用法：

a. He is old enough to go to school. b. The road is wide enough for three horses to go. 3>.不定式在句中作为独立成分：

a.To tell you the truth, I don’t like this film. b.To be frank, you are lying. c.To make matters worse, it began to get dark.

4.不定式作宾语补足语。

a.I don’t want her to leave here so quickly. b.We allow you to enter the room.

注意以下省去to的情况：

1>.在某些感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时省略to，但在被动语态中不可省略to. a.I hear someone sing this morning. b.The workers were made to work day and night. c.please let the dog go out!

2>.当介词but, except, besides前面有实义动词do时，可省to. The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.

3>.在下列固定词组中：

①had better do sth; ②would rather do sth than do sth; ③can’t but do; a.You had better not go now. b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework. c.I can’t but think so.

C.不定式的否定形式：not + 不定式

My father told me not to skate on the lake.

D.连接代词或副词+不定式，相当于一个名词短语，一般充当宾语。 a.Mr. Li taught us how to work out the difficult problem. b.please decide as soon as possible when to start.

E.不定式的常用时态有：一般式，进行式，完成式三个. a.He has decided to give her some money. b.He pretended to be studying when his father came in. c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

F.不定式的被动语态：to be done; to have been done a.It’s an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting. b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.

见课本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one:

Review some important phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段2行); 2.look sth up in„(1段3行); 3.at top speed(2段4行); 4.after all(2段6行); 5.make good sense(2段8行); 6.begin with(2段9行); 7.provide sb with sth(3段2行); 8.preference for sth(3段3行); 9.come up with(5段5行); 10.find out(6段3行); 11.lead to(6段4行); 12.in black and white(6段6行); 13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth. Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime; why the sky is blue; why we have four different seasons etc. then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science. So I think its very necessary for us to learn them. A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科学的; scientifically: adv 科学地; science: n 科学; scientist: n 科学家

2.attitude: n 姿势、态度，常用介词：to, towards 3.environment: n 环境;environmental: adj环境的，environmental protection环保(*) 4.curiosity: n 好奇心;curious: adj好奇的,常用短语：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力;imagine: v想象;imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓励;stimulation: n刺激、鼓励;stimulant: n 刺激物、兴奋剂

7.phenomenon: n 现象，phenomena(复数) 8.unknown: adj未知的，反义词：known被人所知的，know: v; 短语：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知; be known as被认为是„ (*) a. He was known as a successful writer b. That actor was almost unknown before he played that part. c. You never know what the result is till you finish the test.

9.open-minded: adj无偏见的，open-mindedness: n minded是形容词，表示具有某种心智、头脑的，如：strong-minded; feeble-minded; narrow-minded; absent-minded etc.

10.regardless: adj/adv 不留心的、不关心的，不顾、不惜;regard: v 注视、认为，n 问候;regarding: prep关于;常用短语：regard sth as sth; regardless of sth(*) a.please give my kind regard to your grandparents. b.His experiment is always regarded as a dig success. c.He tried again and again regardless of the failure.

11.previously: adv 在前地、早先地;previous: adj 12.disagreeable: adj让人讨厌的，反义词：agreeable另人愉快的、宜人的 13.failure: n 失败;fail: v 失败，fail to do sth; fail in sth Failure is the mother of success.

14.solution: n 解决办法，solution to/for/of sth 15.adapt: v 适应、改编 adapt to sth 适应„;adapt for sth:适用于„; adaptation: n; adaptable: adj适应的，(*) a.She found it difficult to adapt herself to the life in a foreign country. b.He is not adapted for this job. 16.perfect: adj完美的，反义词:imperfect No one is perfect.人无完人。

17.acceptable: adj可以接受的，accept: v 接受;acceptance: n 接受; acceptability: n 可接受性

a.Is this program acceptable to you? b.The acceptability of the proposal is under discussion. c.He asked her to marry him and she accepted him.

18.frequently: adv usually; frequent: adj; frequency: n 频繁(*) a.He has written to me frequently since I went abroad. b.Rains are very frequent here in summer. c.The frequency of her visit surprised him.

19.determine: v 决定，determine to do sth; determined: adj; determination: n 20.growth: n; grow: v

B:Intensive reading: 1.Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment. 译：科学源于人们/人类开始对周围事物提出疑问的时候。

Starting asking„动名词作start的宾语。ask question about sh

2.Not all his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know. 译：并非所有的答案都正确，但至少那时的人们确实想了解他周围的世界。

当not放在all, both表示半否定，若要表示全否定两者间用neither,三者用none. a.They both are my friends. b.Not both of them are my friends. c.Neither of them is my friend. d.They are all good students. e.They are not all good students. f.None of them is good students. 3. Curiosity and imagination are important qualities which help stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science. 译：好奇心和想象力是帮助发现新的事实并推动科学发展的重要素质。 help do sth, help to do sth,

4. Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship. 译：具有科学头脑的人们相信因果关系。短语：believe in sth相信

5. Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*) 译：像这些容易被人观察到的变化称之为现象。

这句话包含有两个被动语态，一个出现在定语从句中，另一个出现在主句中。

6. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered. 译：对于一些人们不知其解的现象，科学的观点是必有其因，只是尚未被发现罢了。分析：主语the scientific point of view;系动词：is;后跟表语从句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是状语。In cases:在„情况下，后跟定语从句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻译：尚欠缺的唯一条件。

7. This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought. 译：这指的是面对现存的事实而不管自己原来想法的能力。分析：to face the facts是动词不定式作定语修饰the ability; as they are表示按照它们的实际情况;regardless of常用短语，不管、不顾。what one has previously thought作介词of的介词宾语。

8. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.(*) 译：托马斯。爱迪生失败了成千次才成功制造了第一盏电灯。

注意本句的几个考点：thousands of times; succeed in producing; 连词before

9. The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*) 译：实际问题的解决方法是不能事先预见的。

注意考点：the solutions to sth; can’t be seen ; in advance短语：事先。

10. Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered. 译：科学家们必须能改变思路，调整自己的理论，使之于新发现的事实相适应。

分析：change their thinking改变思路;adapt their theories to new facts使„适应„; as they are discovered状语从句。

11. This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.(*)

译：这是人的理解总是不尽完美的另一种说法。考点：动名词saying;短语less than

12. A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time. 译：科学的真理提供了一种解释，这种解释为人们所接受，使相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定语从句修饰an explanation; what is known at a particular time作介词of的宾语。注意：in the light of sth按照、根据 = according to; be known; at a particular time.

13.区分下面两句话中的被动语态用法：

⑪. Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. ⑫. New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted. 当碰到hard, difficult, easy时后面的不定式用主动表被动，除此外其他的形容词要用过去分词表被动。

14. It may take time for new acts to become available. 译：新事实的发现、获得使需要时间的。

基本句型：It takes sb some time to do sth;

C. Summary about all the phrases: 1.start doing(1段1行); 2.at least(1段5行); 3.lay aside sth(2段1行); 4.be curious about sth(2段3行); 5.take apart sth(2段3行); 6.wonderabout sth(3段1行); 7.combine sth with sth(3段1-2行); 8.carry out(3段2行); 9.believe in(4段1行); 10.cause and effect; 11.in case(4段7行); 13.point of view(4段8行); 14.regardless of sth(5段2行); 15.be willing to do(5段6行); 16.thousands of(5段6行); 17. succeed in doing(5段7行); 18.in advance(6段1行); 19.adapt sth to sth(6段2行); 20.once and for all(6段4行); 21.make a change in sth(6段4行); 22.in the light of sth(6段8行); 23.respect for(7段1行); 24.come up(7段3行); 25.be laughed at(8段2行); 26.in all fields of knowledge(8段4行). Text B: 1.arouse: vt 引起、唤起，区别：rise: vi; raise: vt; arise: vi出现、呈现(*) a. His behavior aroused my suspicion. b.A new difficulty has arisen. c.The sun rises in the ease and sets in the west. d.He raised his voice to make everyone hear. e.once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge„

f.problems arise in a variety of ways.

2.obtain: v 得到，get, gain. 3.biological: adj 生物学的;biology: n 生物学;biologist: n 生物学家 4.account: n 叙述、帐户;v account for sth说明„的原因; accountant:会计 a. I have 2000 yuan in my account. b. His illness can account for his absence.

5.logical: adj 符合逻辑的，反义词：illogical 6.analysis: n 分析;analyze: v; analyst: n 分析者 7.indicate: v 指示;indicator: n; indication: n 8.inference: n推论;infer; v ;类似的词还有：refer, reference; prefer, preference 9.prediction: n; predict: v 预计

10.confidence: n 信心;confident: adj有信心的; self-confidence自信 11.unreliable: adj 靠不住的，反义词：reliable. 12.accurate: adj; accuracy: n

The 13th lecture of College English one: A. Intensive reading Text B: 1. please look at the second paragraph on page 275. I’ll read and then I’ll translate it, especially pay attention to those phrases。

译：首先要认识问题。只有问题找对了，才能得出正确的答案。解决问题始于透彻的理解。问题的出现有各种情况。它们有时产生于偶然的观察，有时可能出自于阅读、实验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于新的发展或人类新的不同的需求。例如：今天，许多问题产生于核物理、生物工程和微电子领域的新发现。工业的发展也已经带来了大量的必须被解决的问题。

短语：⑪first of all首先;⑫only if除非;⑬grow out of=arise from产生于;⑭result from产生于;⑮bring about导致;⑯large number of大量的

2. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段) 译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。注意在这句话中suggest不是“建议”而是“暗示，显示”，因此不用虚拟语气。 a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气) b.His face suggested that he was angry.(非虚拟语气)

短语: in need of sth需要„

3. Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. (8段) 译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。

通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是： If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。短语：turn out 结果是„

He turned out to be a cheat.

4. Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.(*) 译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。

考点：under carefully controlled conditions.

B. Important phrases: 1.first of all(2段1行); 2. only if(2段2行); 3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行); 4.result from(2段5行); 5.bring about(2段10行); 6.large number of(2段10行); 7.build a firm foundation(4段5行); 8.in need of sth(5段5行); 9.build up(6段1行); 10.turn out to be(8段1行); 11.give up(8段4行); 12.check with(9段1行); 13.a variety of sth(2段3行); 14.carry out(7段2行)

C. Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs (2) Gerund and participles：(动名词和分词) Ⅰ. Gerund: 动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点;在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语) b.His job is teaching computer at college.(表语) c.I enjoy sleeping.(动宾)

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.(介宾)

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.(定语)

动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。 a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry. b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.动名词作主语：

a.Seeing is believing. b.Talking too much is no use. 注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为： It’s no use talking too much.

常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth; it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk. b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.

2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。 a.What he likes best is making jokes. b.Making jokes is what he likes best.

3.动名词作宾语：既可作动词宾语，也可作介词的宾语。有些动词后面必须用动名词，请记住下列常考动词：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, deny, mind, practice, risk, suggest, postpone, miss, can’t help, put off, give up, keep on etc. a.She denied stealing her money. b.I tried my best to avoid meeting him in the street. c.You’d better put off having the meeting because of SARS. d.If you want to make great progress, you must practice speaking every day. e.I am considering doing it again.

动名词常跟在一些固定的词组后面，如：

insist on, look forward to, be used to, succeed in, be interested in, be engaged in, depend on, be busy doing, stick to, devote to, etc

注意：有些动词后面既可用不定式作宾语也可用动名词作宾语，且差别不大，如：continue, begin start, prefer etc. a.I prefer making a plan before I go over my lessons. b.I prefer to make a plan before I go over my lessons 但有些动词区别却很大，如：remember, forget, regret, go on, try, etc.(*) a.I remember giving money to him. (表示give这个动作已在remember 前发生过了。) b.I remember to give money to him. (表示give这个动作还未在remember 前发生。) c.I regret accepting your advice. d.I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice. e.They went on talking about it. f.They went on to talk about it. g.They stopped talking. h.They stopped to talk.

4.动名词作定语：一般表示所修饰词的用途，如：drinking water, writing desk, reading room, etc.

5.动名词的否定式：not + 动名词

I’m sorry not getting there on time.

6.动名词的时态和语态：

1>.一般时表示一般性的动作，发生的时间不明确。而完成时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。 a.I am looking forward to seeing you soon. b.Thank you for having helped me so much. 2>.当动名词逻辑上的主语是它所表示的动作的对象时，要用它的被动语态。 a.He insisted on being sent to hospital. b.He insisted on sending her to hospital. 3>.当句子谓语是want, need, require, deserve时，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。 a.The radio needs repairing. (= The radio needs to be repaired.) b.The babies require examining. (= The babies require to be examined.) 4>.主语 + be worth doing / 主语 + be worthy + to be done/of being done. a.The book is worth reading. b.The book is worthy to be read. c.The book is worthy of being read.

Ⅱ.participle:分词也是非谓语动词的一种，它有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。分词可以有自己的宾语和状语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中担任表语，定语，状语和宾补。

a.The story is interesting. I’m interested in it.(表语) b.This is a moving film.(定语)

c.She came in, singing and dancing.(状语) d.He saw that man jumping off the wall.(宾补) 1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动;从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom? b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country. d. Look! The falling leaves are yellow. Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.

2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有“令人„” ;当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示“感到„”. a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies. b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.

第四篇：43G PS高手必备自学教程

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Photoshop实战技巧视频教程:

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Photoshop.CS5经典案例视频教程

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Photoshop.CS4数码照片处理与精修完全学习手册

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Photoshop.婚纱与写真实用技术精粹

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文字版教程

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第五篇：proe多套视频自学教程下载地址

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8.PROE4.0视频教程(零件建模与装配)

9.ProE5.0 中文版入门与提高

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10.proe5.0 多媒体学教程.iso 3.5G (原价48元)

11.PROE5.0 高级实例教程.zip

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17.ProE4.0 模具设计专家实例精讲 4G

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20.proe5.0 中文版钣金设计.pdf

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22.PROE5.0 动力学与有限元分析从入门到精通.iso 2G

23.PROE5.0 产品造型设计与破面修补.iso 2.5G

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25.ProE5.0 4.0 机械结构分析实战视频教程.iso 3.2G

26.ProE5.0 高级设计视频教程.iso 2.7G

27.ProE5.0 机构运动分析视频教程.zip 1.4G

28.PROE5.0 中文版入门教程与手机实例.zip 2.1G

29.proe4.0从零开始完全自学视频教程.iso 1.9G (原价189元)

30.proe4.0钣金完全自学视频教程

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31.proe4.0 塑料模具完全自学视频教程

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32.机械设计资料

15.7G

33.机械设计软件

1.7G

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