并列连词与并列结构

并列连词与并列结构（精选5篇）

篇1：并列连词与并列结构

并列连词

并列连词主要是用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系、因果推理关系等。并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词;短语或句子。

并列连词用法及例句

(1)and与or

and表示顺承，or表示选择时意为“或”，表示解释时意为“即”，在祈使句中意为“否则”

I can speak English and Janpanese.

我会说英语和日语。

注意：and可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件(or也有此用法)，如：

Make up your mind, and you’ll get the chance.=If you make up your mind,you’ll get the chance.

如果你下定决心，你会有机会的。

(2)both…and…

They can both read English and speak it well.

他们既能读英语又能说得很好。

(3) not only….but also….与as well as

She plays not only the piano, but also the guitar.

她不仅弹钢琴，而且弹吉他。

注意：not only….but also….连接两个分句时，否定词位于句首，句子要倒装。如：

Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

他不仅喜欢读故事，而且还可以写一些故事。

(4) neither….nor…

表示既不…..也不……,谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后面的词保持一致。

篇2：并列连词与并列结构

并列连词常考题型及解题要点

1. 并列连词 and but or混淆

解题要点 这类题型当A、B、C、D四项选择中出现单独的and或but 或or 时，它通常就是此题的焦点，应根据句意判断此连词是否用错。

例题要分析

(1) Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of moisture, but both.

[答案] 根据句意，这里并无转折关系。因此but 应改为or。

(2) Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin. Ball clay, feldspar. And silica.

[答案] 此句表达的是一个取舍关系，and应改为but. “not…but”是表达转折含义的固定并列连词搭配。

3. The structure or behavior of many protozoans are amazingly comples for single-celled artimals.

[答案] 根据句中复数谓语动词are 来判断，连词or是错误，它表述的概含是两项之一，应用单数第三人称动词。固而or应改为and。

(4) Cayenne popper comes from the seedpot of the pepper plant which is dried or then ground.

[答案] 根据提示词then，我们可以判断dried 和ground (grind 的过去分词，碾碎)是顺序先后的两个动作，并非取舍选择关系。因此or应改为and。

2. 并列连接词词组

both…and as…as

not only …but also not so…as

either…or the same…as

neither…nor 比较级(more-re) …than

so…that to…to常与so…that

whether…or 混淆搭配

解题要点;上述并列连词词组和短语必须搭配使用，不能承意更换或省略。考题中如出现上述词组的任何一部分，则注意另一部分是否正确。

例题分析

(1) In meteorology. Either formation of clouds and the oreciporddidon of dew rain and snow are known as condensation。

[答案] either改为both，组成both…and词组

(2) The survival of a forest depends not only on amount of annual rainfall it receives. And also on the seasonal distribution of the rain.

[答案] and改为but，组成not only…but also 词组

(3) Lucretia Mott’s influence was too significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United State.

[答案] too改为so,组成so…that结构。

(4) The gorilla, not as curious than the chimpanzee, shows more persistence and memory retention in solving a problem.

[答案] than改为as， 组成not as…as 结构。

(5) Some linguious believe that the earliest languages were no less complex as modern languages。

[答案] as 改为than,组成“比较级…than”的句型。

(6) Whether as statesman, scientist, and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin was destined to gain lasting honor throughout much of the world.

[答案] and改为or，组成whether…or的结构。

(7) Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, they have heavier bodies, shorter tails, and longer bills.

[答案] than改为as，组成the same…as的结构。

(8) Nature not only gave the Middle Atlantic fine harbors, however endowed it with a first-class system of inland waterways.

篇3：并列连词与介词高效备考攻略

在目前的高考备考中, 存在着一个误区, 那就是认为并列连词与介词的用法不重要, 以至于忽略了这方面的备考。实际上, 并列连词与介词现在已经成为语法填空题经常考查的两个考点, 因此考生在备考时, 应该对此重视起来, 科学高效备考。

一、并列连词

连词是用于连接词、短语或句子的词, 常用的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种, 而并列连词是用于连接处于平行并列关系的词、短语或者句子, 如and, but, or, so, for, while, rather than, as well as, neither…nor, not only…but also等。

( 一) 对单一连词的考查

【典例1】But the river wasn't changed in a few dayseven a few months. ( 2014年全国卷Ⅰ)

【解析】根据语境“在几天或几个月以内”可知, or的词义符合题意。

【典例2】Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people, there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable. ( 2014年湖南卷)

【解析】句意为: 邻居应尽其所能避免打扰别人, 但是有时某种程度的打扰又是不可避免的。根据句意可知, 逗号前后是转折关系, 故空格处应填but。

( 二) 对连词短语的考查

【典例】Be patient! Tai Chi is called“shadow boxing”in English. It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as welstrong. ( 2014年辽宁卷)

【解析】在题干中, flexible与strong是并列关系, 由此结合短语as well as可知, 本空应填as。

( 三) 对连词句式的考查

【典例1】We were told that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, for the week after. ( 2014年广东卷)

【解析】根据语境“我们的房间不是在那一周预订的, 而是在后一周预订的”可知, 题干考查句式“notbut…”, 因此本空应填but。

【典例2】Read this story_, you willrealize that not everything can be bought withmoney. ( 2013年四川卷)

【解析】根据题干语境, 并结合句式“祈使句 + and + 主语 + will + 其他”, 可知该空应填and。

【知识延伸】注意掌握以下常用的重 点句式:

1. 祈使句 + and / or + 主语 + will + 其他。

2. neither…nor“既不……也不……”; not only…but also“不仅……而且……”; either…or“或者……或者 ……, 要么……要 么……”;not…but“不是……而是”。

二、介词

介词的使用虽然灵活, 但是不可单独使用, 往往用在名词、代词等词之前。在高考中, 涉及介词方面的考查包括介词的基本用法及介词相关短语的用法。

( 一) 对单一介词的考查

针对单一介词的考查, 在答题时, 一方面需要结合题干的语境和空格之后的关键词, 另一方面还需要结合好介词的具体用法。

【典例】Chinese proverbs are rich and theyare still widely used in Chinese people's daily life.these proverbs there are often interesting stories. ( 2008年广东卷)

【解析】句意为: 中国的谚语很丰富, 而且广泛用于中国人的日常生活中; 在这些谚语中 ( 或在这些谚语背后) , 经常会有很多有趣的故事。根据语境, 结合介词的用法可知, 该空应填In或Behind。

【知识延伸】介词的分类: 表示时间的介词有after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, until / till等; 表示位置 的介词有above, after, among, at, behind, below, between, from, in, off, on, over, to, under等; 表示运动方向的介词有across, in, inside, into, onto, through, to, towards, out of等; 其他介词有about, against, along, beyond, by, with, without等。

( 二) 对介词短语的考查

针对介词短语的考查, 往往与介词本身的词义失去了直接联系, 因此仅仅依据语境, 难以写出正确答案。在答题时, 需要留意空格处是否在句中与空前或空后构成了短语, 并紧密结合题干的具体语境, 这样才能进一步确定出正确的答案。

1. 空格处与空前构成短语

【典例1】I got a place nextthe window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. ( 2014年全国卷Ⅱ)

【解析】next to为常用短语, 因此介词to与题意相符, 故空格处填to。

【典例2】Don't laughme; I may look funny. ( 2014年辽宁卷)

【解析】laugh at为常用短语, 因此空格处应使用介词at。

【知识延伸】类似的短语很多, 例如: bringabout“引起, 产生”; come about“发生, 产生”;set about“开始, 着手”; stare at“凝视”; apply for“请求, 申请”; send for“派人去请”; stand for“象征, 代表”; result from“起因于”; suffer from“遭受”; break into“破门而入”; bring in“引起, 产生”; carry on“继续开展, 坚持”; get over“克复, 恢复”; go over“仔细检查, 复习”; look over“翻阅, 检查”; push over“推倒”; take over“接收, 接管”; live through“度过, 经受住”; agreewith“同意……意见, 与……一致”; look through“浏览, 翻阅”。

2. 空格处与空后构成短语

【典例1】If neighbors want to get along wellwith each other, they have to show their tolerance. In this way, everyone will livepeace. ( 2014年湖南卷)

【解析】根据常用短语in peace ( 平安地, 和平地, 和睦地) 可知, 介词in与题意相符。故空格处填in。

【典例2】The only reason a man would sell salta lower price would be because he was desperate for money. ( 2013年广东卷)

【解析】句意为: 一个人以更低价格卖盐的唯一原因是因为他非常需要钱。根据题干特点可知, 空格处与空后构成了介词短语, 即at alower price意为“以低价”。故空格处填at。

【知识延伸】类似的短语很多, 例如: at risk“处于危险中”; at a bargain“廉价地”; at a loss“茫然, 不知所措”; at a price of“以……的价格”; beyond ( all) question“毫无疑问”; beyond belief“难以置信”; beyond control“难以控制”;by accident“偶然地”; by all means“用一切手段, 当然可以”; by appointment“按约定”; bychance“偶然地”; in detail“详细地”; in dozens“成打地”; in effect“事实上, 在实施中”; inembarrassment“尴尬地”; in English“用英语”; inerror“错误地”; with a smile“微笑着”; with asigh“唉声叹气地”; with ( an ) effort“努力, 尽力”。

三、备考建议

在备考时, 首先需要努力夯实基础, 灵活掌握并列连词的具体用法、并列连词的相关句式、介词的用法及介词短语的构成和含义等; 其次需要选择质量高的专题练习进行针对性地训练, 并不断地进行反思, 总结自己的得失, 以便及时调整复习目标, 进一步提高复习效果。

四、强化训练

( 一) 单句语法填空 ( 在空白处填入适当的内容, 不多于 3 个单词。)

1. You have failed two tests. You'd betterstart working harder_, you won't passthe course.

2. I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged_the reservation.

3. Hundreds of communities have sincestepped in and opened up their own volunteer-runshops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution _these villages without alocal shop.

4. And anyone who took advantage of thatsituation would be showing a lack of respect_the sweat and struggle of the man whoworked very hard to produce it.

5. The new boy looked at the teacher_a few seconds and all the other studentswondered what the boy would do.

6. There were many people waiting at thebus stop_, some of them looked veryanxious and disappointed.

7. I didn't want to be laughed at for talkingto him but I didn't like leaving him _his own either.

8. The young man went home _a happy heart.

9. For example, television sets need not beplayed at full volume ( 音量) _loud popmusic should not be played very late at night.

10. Leaves are found on all kinds of trees, but they differ greatly _size and shape.

11. When Jane got home, with her small butwell-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already_ table having supper.

12. My pen friend and I keep in touch_sending e-mails often.

13. Go to the village and buy some salt, butpay a fair price for it; neither too much_too little.

14. He was very tired _doing thisfor a whole day, but he felt very happy since thecrop did “grow”higher.

15. Cursing my misfortune, I was wonderingwhere I was going to spend the night when Irealized that the villagers who had gatheredaround me were arguing as to who should have thehonor of receiving me _a guest in theirhouse.

16. The Smiths are praised _the way they bring up their children.

17. The football needs no pump_won't wear out, even on rough surfaces.

18. Some people choose jobs for other reasons_ money these days.

19. Let's learn to use the problem we are facing _a stepping stone to future success.

20. You have no idea how she finished therelay race_ her foot wounded so much.

21. Some even write postcards while they areon vacation _send them to friends.

22. People have always been curious_how living things on the earth exactlybegan.

23. Our club is open to everyone regardless_age, sex or educational background.

24. The Scottish girl _blue eyeswon the first prize in the Fifth Chinese SpeechContest.

25. In addition _the school, thevillage has a clinic, which was also built with government support.

26. Over the next several months, my professor taught me why one story was so much betterthan the other. One was rich in metaphor ( 隐喻) and character development, while the other was humorous _too shallow.

27. While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagerswithout asking for anything _return.

28. I have an appointment _Dr.Smith, but I need to change it.

29. Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up themess, as her children are always _the way whenever she tries to.

30. An artist who was recently traveling on aferry to the southern island discovered_chance a long lost antique Greek vase.

31. They sometimes put the note on thekitchen table, the refrigerator, _another place where their children are sure to find it.

32. I am always delighted when I receive anemail from you. _regard to the party onJuly lst, I shall be pleased to attend.

33. _behalf of everyone here, I wishyou a pleasant journey back to your country.

34. English has hurt me a thousand times, _I till regard it as my first love.

35. This new model of car is so expensivethat it is _the reach of those with averageincomes.

36. A serious study of physics is impossible_some knowledge of mathematics.

37. Some animals carry seeds from one placeto another, _plants can spread to newplaces.

38. I tried phoning her office, but I couldn'tget _.

39. Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library _a book about it.

40. Brown said he was by no means annoyed; _the contrary he was glad tobe able to make himself clearly understood.

41. An agreement seems to be impossiblebecause the majority of the committee members are_ it.

42. Don't turn off the computer before closing all programs _you could have problems.

43. When asked about their opinions aboutthe schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer tosee him step aside in favor_ younger men.

44. At the last moment, Tom decided to put_a new character to make the story seemmore likely.

45. I was glad to meet Jenny again, _I didn't want to spend all day with her.

46. Armed with the information you havegathered, you can set _preparing yourbusiness plan.

47. We'd better discuss everything_detail before we work out the plan.

48. It's not easy to change habits, _with awareness and self-control, it is possible.

49. Apart_ good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujiandished.

50. My father warned me_ going to theWest Coast because it was crowded with tourists.

51. Briggs will take _as generalmanager when Mitchell retires.

52. I agree to his suggestion _the condition that he drops all charges.

53. Find ways to praise your children often, _you'll find they will open their hearts toyou.

54. John became a football coach in SealionMiddle School _the beginning of March.

55. At the railway station, the mother wavedgoodbye to her daughter until the train was out_sight.

56. Tom tried to talk his manager_accepting his plan.

57. Everything was perfect for the picnic except_ the weather.

58. She came _an old friend ofhers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store.

59. You have to move out of the way_the truck cannot get past you.

60. I like Mr. Miner's speech; it was clear and_ the point.

( 二) 语篇型语法填空 ( 在空白处填入适当的内容, 不多于 3 个单词。)

A

Once there lived a rich manwanted todo something for the people of his town.first he wanted to find out whether they deservedhis help.

In the centre of the main road into the town, he placedvery large stone. Then he ( hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an oldman came along with his cow.

“Who put this stone in the centre of theroad?”said the old man, but he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty hepassed around the stone and continued on his way.man came along and did the samething; then another came, and another. All ofthem complained about the stone but not tried to remove. Late in the afternoon a young mancame along. He saw the stone, ( say) tohimself: “The night ( be) very dark. Someneighbors will come along later in the dark andwill fall against the stone. ”

Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his ( strong ) to move it. How great was his surprise at last!thestone, he found a bag of money.

B

After finishing their shopping at the mall, a couple discovered that their new car ( steal) . They filed a reportthe police station in a hurry and a detective drove them back to the parking lot ( look) for evidence.

To their ( amaze) , the car had been returnedthere was a note in it that said, “I apologize to youtaking your car. My wife was havingbaby and I had to rush her tothe hospital at once. Please forget theinconvenience. There are two tickets for tonight'sMania Twain concert. ”

Their faith in humanity restored. The coupleattended the concert that night. But when they returned home, they ( immediate) found thattheir house had been ransacked ( 洗劫) .the bathroom mirror wasnote, “I have toput my kid through college somehow, don't I?”

参考答案与解析:

( 一) 单句语法填空

1. or。句意为: 你已经两次考试不及格了, 你最好开始更加努力地学习, 否则你这门课程还会不及格。根据句式“祈使句 + or + 主语+ will + 其他”, 并结合语境可知, or与题意相符。

2. for。根据题干语境, 并结合短语chargefor ( 要价, 索价, 为……收费) 可知, 介词for与题意相符。

3. to。在题干中, 名词solution常与介词to搭配使用。

4. for。respect for为常用短语, 意为“尊重, 对……的尊敬”, 故空格处应用介词for。

5. for。根据语境“新来的男孩看了老师几秒钟”, 并结合空后的a few seconds可知, 介词for符合题意。

6. and。句意为: 有很多人在公交车站等车, 其中一些人看起来很焦虑和失望。根据语境可知, 并列连词and符合题意。

7. on。on one's own为常用短语, 意为“独立地, 独自地”, 故空格处应用介词on。

8. with。根据语境“那位年轻人怀着愉快的心情回家去了。”可知, 介词with符合题意。

9. and。由句意可知应用and连接两个并列句。

10. in。根据语境“叶子在大小和形状方面非常不同”, 由此结合短语differ in可知in符合题意。

11. at。at table为常用短语, 意为“在吃饭, 在进餐”, 故空格处应用介词at。

12. by。根据语境“通过发送电子邮件保持联系”, 并结合by的用法 ( 表示方式, 意为“通过”) 可知, by符合题意。

13. nor。根据语境及句式“neither…nor…”可知, nor符合题意。

14. after / from。根据语境“这样干了一天后, 他非常累”可知, 介词after符合题意。另外, 此处也可认为是考查固定短语be tired from ( 因……而疲劳) 的用法, 因此空格处也可使用介词from。

15. as。根据语境“接待我作为客人”可知, 介词as与题意相符。

16. for。句意为: 史密斯夫妇因教育孩子的方式得到赞扬。由此结合短语be praised for ( 因……受到赞扬) 可知, 空格处应用表示原因的介词for。

17. and。根据语境“这种足球不需要打气, 而且在高低不平的地面上不容易磨破。”可知, 空格处表示并列关系, 故and符合题意。

18. besides。句意为: 如今一些人选择工作时, 除了钱还有其他原因。besides有“除了”之意, 表示包括在内, 符合题意。

19. as。根据语境“让我们学会使用我们面临的问题, 作为未来成功的敲门砖。”可知, 此处考查动词短语useas ( 使用……作为) 的用法, 故空格处填as。

20. with。根据空后可知, 此处为with复合结构, 即“with + 宾语 + 形容词/ doing / done /to do”。

21. and。由题意可知and与题意相符。

22. about。be curious about为常用短语, 意为“对……感到好奇”, 由此可知, 介词about与题意相符。

23. of。regardless of为固定短语, 意为“不管, 不顾”, 故介词of符合题意。

24. with。介词with有“具有”之意, 可与名词构成的短语做后置定语, 与题意相符。

25. to。in addition to为固定短语, 意为“除了”, 故空格处应填写介词to。

26. but。根据语境“另一个故事幽默但是太肤浅”可知, 空格处在句中表示的是转折, 因此but符合题意。

27. in。句意为: 当住在那个村子时, James无私地和村民们分享他拥有的一切, 不要求任何回报。in return为固定短语, 意为“作为回报”, 故介词in符合题意。

28. with。have an appointment with sb为固定短语, 意为“与某人预约或约会”, 故with符合题意。

29. in。根据句意, 结合短语in the way ( 挡道, 妨碍) 可知, in符合题意。

30. by。由题意并结合短语by chance ( 偶然地, 意外地) 可知, 空格处应填介词by。

31. or。由句意可知, or符合题意。

32. With。根据语境“至于7月1号的聚会, 我非常高兴参加”, 结合短语with regard to ( 关于, 至于) 可知, 空格处应填With。

33. On。句意为: 我代表这儿的所有人, 祝你返回祖国的旅途快乐。结合短语on behalf of ( 代表, 为了) 可知, on符合题意。

34. but。在题干中, 空格处在句中表示的是转折的语气, 因此but符合语境。

35. beyond。句意为: 这种新型车太贵了, 超出了一般收入人的购 买能力。beyond thereach of为固定短语, 意为“超出……的能力之外”, 故空格处填beyond。

36. without。句意为: 如果没有一点数学知识, 要认真研究物理是不可能的。根据语境及空格处在句中的作用可知, 空格处应填without。

37. so。分析题干语境可知, 空格处前后是因果关系, 因此so与题意相符。

38. through。句意为: 我试着给她办公室打电话, 但没有打通。get through为固定短语, 意为“接通, 打通”, 故空格处填through。

39. for。句意为: 在你去参观名胜前, 可在当地的图书馆找一本相关的书。结合句意可知, 空格处与空前的动词look构成了动词短语look for, 故空格处应填for。

40. on。句意为: Brown说他一点儿都不恼火, 相反他很高兴能够被充分理解。on the contrary为固定短语, 意为“相反地”, 故空格处填on。

41. against。句意为: 达成协议似乎是不可能的, 因为该委 员会的大 多数成员 反对。against有“反对”之意, 符合语境, 故空格处填against。

42. or。句意为: 不要在关掉程序前关电脑, 否则你可能会遇到问题。空格处前后是两个并列句, 结合句意可知, or符合题意。

43. of。句意为: 当被问到对这个学校的校长的看法时, 许多老师宁愿看到他闪到一边而支持年轻人。in favor of为固定短语, 意为“支持, 赞成”, 故空格处填of。

44. in。根据句意可知应用pot in, 意为“插入, 放入”, 故空格处填in。

45. but。句意为: 我很高兴 再次见到Jenny, 但我不想整天都和她在一起。由句意可知空格处在句中表示转折关系, 故but符合题意。

46. about。句意为: 拥有你所收集的信息, 你可以着手准备你的商务计划了。动词短语set about意为“开始, 着手”, 后接名词、代词或动名词, 符合题意, 故空格处填about。

47. in。in detail为固定短语, 意为“详细地”, 符合题意, 故空格处填in。

48. but。句意为: 改变习惯不容易, 但是如果是有意识和有自我控制能力的话, 还是有可能的。根据语境可知, 空格处前后为转折关系, 故空格处应填but。

49. from。句意为: 除了优质的服务外, 这个饭店还提供不同种类的传统福建菜。apartfrom为固定短语, 意为“除……以外”, 故空格处填from。

50. against。句意为: 我父亲警告我不要去西海岸, 因为那里挤满了游客。根据短语warnsb against doing sth ( 警告某人不要做某事) 可知, 空格处应填against。

51. over。短语take over意为“接手, 接管”, 符合语境, 故空格处填over。

52. on。on the condition that意为“条件是, 如果”, 用于引导条件状语从句, 符合题意, 故空格处填on。

53. and。根据句式“祈使句 + and + 主语 + will + 其他”, 并结合语境可知, and与题意相符。

54. at。at the beginning of为固定短语, 意为“在……之初/开始”, 故空格处填at。

55. of。句意为: 在火车站, 那位母亲挥手向她的女儿告别, 直到火车看不见为止。out ofsight意为“看不见, 在视野之外”, 故空格处填of。

56. into。句意为: 汤姆试图说服他的经理接受他的计划。talk sb into doing sth意为“说服/劝说某人做某事”, 故空格处填into。

57. for。except for为固定短语, 意为“除了”, 故空格处填for。

58. across。句意为: 昨天在百货商店购物时, 她碰到了她的老朋友。come across意为“ ( 偶然地) 遇到, 碰到”, 故空格处填across。

59. or。句意为: 你必须让开路, 否则那辆货车过不去。空格处前后是两个并列句, 结合句意可知, or与题意相符。

60. to。to the point为固定短语, 意为“中肯, 切题”, 故空格处填to。

( 二) 语篇型语法填空

A

【文章导读】从前有位富翁为了考验家乡的人是否值得帮助, 他便在路中央放了一块巨石, 路过的好多人都绕路而行。后来一位年轻人移走巨石后, 在石头下发现了一袋钱。

1. who / that。考查定语从句。先行词man在从句中做主语, 故who / that符合题意。

2. But。考查连词。根据语境可知, 空格处表示的是转折, 故空格处填But。

3. a。考查冠词。空后的名词stone表示泛指, 故之前应填不定冠词a。

4. hid。考查动词时态。空格处与空后的waited是并列谓语, 故应用一般过去时。

5. Another。考查代 词。根据第4空后“Soon an old man came along with his cow”可知, 此处指的是另一个人走了过来, 故Another符合题意。

6. it。考查代词。根据语境可知, 空格处指代的是空前 的名词stone, 故代词it符合题意。

7. saying。考查非谓语动词。空格处在句中做伴随状语, 且与主语是主动关系, 故应用现在分词一般式的主动形式。

8. will be。考查动词时态。根据下句话“Some neighbors will come along later”可知, 空格处应用一般将来时。

9. strength。考查名词。空格处做介词with的宾语, 故应用提示词的名词形式。

10. Under。考查介词。根据空后内容可知, 他在石头下发现了一袋钱, 故介词Under符合题意。

B

【文章导读】一对夫妇的汽车被盗, 后来车被还回来了, 并附有两张音乐会的票。然而夫妇俩看完音乐会后, 发现家里被洗劫一空。

1. had been stolen。考查动词时态。空格处的动作发生在discovered之前, 且与主语是被动关系, 故应用过去完成时的被动语态。

2. at。考查介词。根据语境可知, 此处指的是在警察局, 故空格处填at。

3. to look。考查非谓语动词。空格处在句中作目的状语, 故应用提示词的不定式形式。

4. amazement。考查名词。根据固定短语to one's amazement可知, 空格处填amazement。

5. and。考查并列连词。空格处连接的是两个并列句, and与题意相符。

6. for。考查介词。根据动词短语“apologyto sb for sth / doing sth”可知, 空格处填for。

7. a。考查冠词。根据语境可知, baby在句中表示泛指, 故之前应用不定冠词。

8. immediately。考查副词。空格处在句中做状语, 故应用提示词的副词形式。

9. On。考查介词。此处指的是在浴室的镜子上, 故空格处应用介词On。

10. another。考查代词。结合第5空后的“there was a note”可知, 此处指的是另一张便条, another可表示三者或三者以上的另一个, 符合题意。

篇4：并列连词与并列结构

关键词：认知语法；并列连词；英汉对比

“人同此心，心同此理，人的认知心理不仅古今相通，而且中外相通。”（ 沈家煊1998）人类在身体构造和感知器官方面都是一样的，因此在面对同样的外部世界时感知能力也可以说是相同的。人们都能发现事物的共性，但是在对个性的认知方面，尚有差异。共性是研究个性的基础，知同方能求异。本文对英汉语言中并列连词的对比研究，建立在并列连词在两种语言中都有同义这一“同”的基础上，然后展开深入的分析，从而发现在“同”的基础之上存在的“异”。

一、从语义上对比分析英汉并列连词

英语中最基本的并列连词是我们所熟知的“and”、“or”和“but”：“and”一词在英语中使用时表示并列项之间的语义叠加；“or”一词在英语中使用时表达的意思是在具有并列关系的各项之间做出选择；；“but”一词在英文中表达的意思则是并列连词之间存在着一种对照和转折的关系。同英语中的并列连词类似，汉语中的“和”、“又”“并且”等词语也有并列相加的意思；“否则”、“或者”等表示意义选择；“而”表示对照或转折。我们可以看出，英汉语中的并列连词在表示并列项之间的逻辑关系时具有高度统一性，即英汉两种语言的并列结构所具有的关系都包括相加、选择和对照或转折。

英语中的“both…and…”、“either…or…”、“not…but…”、“not only…but also…”等关联并列连词是以“and”、“or”、“but”为基础衍生出来的；汉语中的“既 ……又……”、“不但……而且……”、“或者……或者……”、“不是……而是……”等关联并列连词也是由“又”、“而且”、“或”、“而”等变化而来，随着语符形式变长，其含义也就扩大了。语言单位的数量与所表示概念的量和复杂程度成正比象似，与可测度成反比象似。两个词总比一个词表达的意义要多，两个分句总比一个分句传递的信息要大。（王寅1999）

以下面两个英语句子为例：

He speaks English and Japanese.（1）

He speaks both English and Japanese. （2）

句（1）是只是在客观上说明“他”会说英语和日语两门语言，但句（2）则不然，这句话除了在告诉听者“她”会英语和日语两门语言这一信息外，“both English and Japanese”还重点强调了一种主观态度，即能说两门语言很了不起。相同的情形也存在于汉语中，例如下面的例子：

绿是美的标志，又是科学、富足的标志。（3）

绿既是美的标志，又是科学、富足的标志。（4）

句（3）中表现的语义特征是：绿是“美的标志”和“科学、富足的标志”都是说话人意图要传达的新信息；而句（4）则存在两层意思：首先是众所周知的意思“绿是美的标志”，其次就是告诉听者一层新的意思“绿是科学、富足的标志”，也就是说新信息在后面。由此可见，在英语和汉语中，为了增强语义两者都采取了在形式上增加数量的方式达成目的，因为这是符合人的认知心理的。

二、从结构上对比分析英汉并列连词

Langacker 抛弃了传统语法中的十大词类划分方法，将词汇分为两大类：事体类和关系类。传统语法中所划分出的名词、代词、冠词、指示词、数量词等，主要突显事体性，属于事体类；动词、形容词、副词和介词主要突显各种不同的关系性（包括动作、过程、性质、状态、关系等），属于关系类。

英语并列连词都可以连接各种词性、各种层级的结构，既可以连接事体类的结构，也可以连接关系类的结构，既能连接词、短语，也能连接句子。汉语并列连词的用法就比较复杂了，“和”类连词只能连接事体类的词和短语，关系类结构则由“又”、“并”、“而”、“而且”、“并且”、“或者”等来连接，这种分工正好与认知语法对词类的划分相匹配：“和”类连词的使用突显了并列结构的事体性；“又”、“并”等连词的使用则突显了并列结构的动作性。只要能被“和”类连词连接，就是事体类结构，能被“并”等连接，则就是关系类的结构，这和英汉两种语言分属分析语和孤立语有关，英语的词性大多要体现在词形变化上。汉语没有词形变化，而是以语义突显来确定词性。

三、英汉并列连词在功能上的对比

英汉并列结构各项在语义内容和结构式上都是独立的，并列项之间的语义联系体现在认知域上，这种语义联系，也就是并列项的罗列，是并列项之间最原始的关系，人类最初使用符号记事就是采取的这样一种方式。比如人们记录一天打猎的收获，在树干上畫出一个个并列的线条，每画一个线条就是一次增加，然后在对这些猎物进行处置的过程中又必定要做出选择和对照，比如哪些猎物分配给哪些人，从而在这样的认知背景下形成了并列结构项之间三种最基本的逻辑关系：相加、选择和对照。在语言出现之前，这些逻辑关系只能体现在人们的具体行为之中，而当不得不用语言来描述这些关系的时候，就必定要出现能够表明并列项之间逻辑关系的功能词，英语和汉语中的并列连词正是起到了这样一种作用。

结论：通过以上分析，我们可以总结出英语和汉语的并列连词语义基本相同；结构上两者都起到连接作用，但是汉语的并列连词可以省略并将并列项的词性；除此之外就是，在汉语中，并列的两个连词功能室单一的，放在一起只是表示一种并列的关系，而在英语中，并列的连词除了并列关系之外，还可以表示一种从属的关系，而且根据不同的语境甚至还可以使它具有临时性的功能。从总体上看英语和汉语中的并列连词，前者使用并列连词形式上的需要占据更多的成分，而汉语中并列连词的使用更多的是在表达一种强调的意思。（作者单位：湖北科技学院外国语学院）

参考文献

[1]黄伯荣、廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2002.

篇5：浅谈并列连词的使用

一、表示联合意义的并列连词

1. and. (1) (用来连接语法作用相同的词语或句子) 和;与;并且。

You and Tom must get down to your English study at once.

I often help him with his English and he often helps me with my history.

(2) (用来连接两个在时间上有先后关系的动作) 然后。

She finished her homework and went to bed.

He went into the meeting hall, found a seat and sat down.

(3) 表示动作的反复或程度的加深。

He laughed and laughed.

The garden is becoming more and more attractive.

(4) 和go, come, stop, run, try等词连用表示目的。

Let's go and play football after school.

Try and get here before 4 o'clock.

2. both…and…双方都……;又……又。both…and…连接两个并列的主语时, 谓语动词用复数。

Both Kate and her sister are admitted to the famous university.

The girl can both sing and dance.

3. neither…nor…既不……也不……。neither…nor…连接两个并列主语时, 谓语动词应与邻近的主语在数上保持一致。

Neither the parents nor the child is watching TV in the room.

To be honest, I have neither time nor money.

二、表示转折关系的并列连词

1. but. (1) 但是;可是

He would like to go to cinema, but he can't.

It's not cheap, but it's very good.

(2) 用于客套语后, 无实在意义。

I'm sorry, but I have no other choices.

I may be wrong, but it seems that I've seen you before.

(3) but for若不, 若非 (表示虚拟语气)

But for your help, we couldn't have finished the work in time.

I wouldn’t have bought the dress but for you advice.

2. yet. (1) 单独使用, 表示“可是;却”之意, 比but语气弱。

He is young, yet he knows a lot.

You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kept me waiting for a year.

(2) yet与and或but连用。

It's strange, and yet it is true.

It's fine today, but yet I don't want to go out.

(3) yet可以与though (although) 连用:

Though it was very late, yet he didn't want to go home.

3. while.while用作并列连词, 表示转折对比, 意为“可是;却”。

You are rich while I am poor.

Our country has plenty of oil, while theirs has none.

4. when.when用作并列连词, 意为“这时, 正在这时”, 前一个分句中常用过去进行时, 后一个分句中用一般过去时。

1 was wandering through the street when I caught sight of an old schoolmate.

He was reading a novel when his father came in withou knocking the door.

三、表示因果关系的并列连词

1. so.so用作并列连词, 意为“因此;所以”, 不能与because同时使用。

He coughed badly, so he went to the doctor.

误:Because it was late, so 1 went home.

正:It was late, so I went home.

正:Because it was late, I went home.

正:It being late, I went home.

(2) 注意so与therefore的区别:

therefore是副词, 单独使用时, 前后的两个分句要用分号隔开;与and连用时, 用逗号隔开。

It rained;therefore the match was put off.

She is nice, and therefore popular.

2. for.for意为“因为”, 用于对上文的一种补充说明, 因此它不能放在句首。它与because不同, because是个从属连词, 用来表述why的原因, 试比较:

I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.