高一英语新世纪版

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高一 doctor.In some countries parents often decide what careers their children will follow---especially their sons.Tchaikovsky(柴可夫斯基，1840-1893，俄国作曲家), the composer of Swan Lake(芭蕾舞剧《天鹅湖》), was asked to study law.He, however, didn‟t take an interest in it.Tchaikovsky made a great decision on his own.He gave up his government service later and started to study music.Some people think the young are probably going to be successful because they are doing the things they most want to do in life.Many people, however, disagree with them.3.Michelangelo Michelangelo(米开朗琪罗，1475-1564，意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的科学家、艺术家)was an Italian artist about 500 years ago.Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.Michelangelo came from a poor family.He was trained at an early age like any other craftsman in Italy.At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop.The workshop belonged to one of the leading masters at that time.In the workshop Michelangelo was able to learn all the skills of sculpture.However, he wasn‟t satisfied, and went on to study the work of the great masters of the past.Michelangelo worked hard and he mastered one problem after another.By the time he was 30, he was generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age.In 1508, Michelangelo was given a task---to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel(位于罗马梵蒂冈的西斯廷教堂).At first, he tried to turn down this job, saying that he was not really a painter, but a sculptor.Finally, he agreed to do it.He then shut himself up in the chapel, let no one come near him, and got ready to work alone.It took him four years to complete the paintings on the ceiling.Any ordinary person would find it hard to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and lonely work.Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint.As a result, he became so used to looking upward that when he received a letter during that period, he had to hold it over his head to read it.Finally, the paintings were completed.The great and huge paintings on the ceiling and walls of the chapel have ever since become a fascination to people in Italy and all over the world.Michelangelo left us with a great number of sculptures and paintings.Today his works are still examples for art students to study and follow.Home and overseas visitors can‟t help but admire these masterpieces.4.Jim Corrigan Jim Corrigan, a well-built man in his late 20‟s, works in a large hospital.Jim is an X-ray technician.It is his job to develop the many X-ray films that are taken of people‟s lungs, stomachs and other body parts.Jim works in a darkroom, a room that is specially equipped for developing film.First he removes the film from the lead plates(金属片)that are used to hold it.Then he feeds the film into a developing machine.It takes about 90 seconds for it to develop.The film is then ready to be examined by a doctor.Jim‟s work is important, and both doctors and patients eagerly, often worriedly, wait for the results of his work.Jim doesn‟t keep them waiting too long.He is quick and orderly at his job.This would not be unusual except for the fact that Jim Corrigan is blind.“In the beginning it was tricky,” Jim explains, “The film comes in five different sizes.And

sometimes I would get them mixed up.But I have never let a mistake get out of the darkroom.” After some time, Jim learned to measure the film by running his fingers over the edges.“I have a system,” explains Jim, “so that I can find things easily in the darkroom.It‟s a simple system.I just keep my materials in order and put them back in the same place after I use them.I don‟t have to search for anything.”

“Jim is quite capable and can be trusted,” says his boss, “I wouldn‟t have him working here if he weren‟t.And that brings me to the question of handicapped people.You can‟t let yourself get upset about them.They want to be treated just like anybody else---and they should be.They don‟t want you to fell sorry for them.”

No one has to feel sorry for Jim Corrigan.5.Starting a conversation with a foreigner in English As you rode on the bus one day, a foreigner sat down beside you.Finally, here was a perfect opportunity for you to practice speaking English with a foreigner, you thought to yourself.But no words came into your head.You were tongue-tied!After 15 minutes, the foreigner got off the bus and you didn‟t utter a word!“What a shame!” you said to yourself.If you have had such an experience, don‟t feel bad.You‟re not alone.What you need is a lesson in small talk.Here are some tips that will show you how to get started.“HELLO”---A STARTER First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting.Watch his facial expression and body language for cues.Having said his “Hello” or “Hi” in return, does he just stare out of the window or keep reading the book in his hand? That‟s the cue for you to stop moving on.Don‟t force a conversation on someone who wants to be left alone.But what if the person stops whatever he is doing and looks back or smiles at you? These are positive cues, indicating you can keep talking and start a conversation!SMALL TALK---THE MAIN COURSE To start a conversation, you should choose a suitable topic.Then, what are the rules for choosing a suitable topic? Perhaps the most universal topic of any conversation is the weather.Everyone has an opinion to share about the weather!Don‟t immediately launch into serious topics like politics or religion.And don‟t talk about personal matters, either.Stick to familiar subjects of a casual nature such as movies, music, sports, favourite things, or one‟s likes and dislikes.Small talk flows naturally.Raise open-ended questions rather than yes-no questions to keep the conversation going.Try to find points of connection between you and the person you are chatting with.Offer short comments on what the other person says, and listen attentively when what you say is being commented on.If you get such comments as “That‟s interesting.”, “I agree.”, or “Me too.” then you know you‟re on the right track.You can have a lot of fun chatting in English with foreigners.They will, too.Try it!Making small talk can be one of life‟s pleasures.6.Never too busy for social manners So you forgot to answer that party invitation you received.Now, the day has come and gone, and you‟re feeling guilty because you never told the host you couldn‟t attend.“Don‟t allow this oversight(疏忽)to ruin your relationship,” says R.Thomas Boone, a US social psychologist.“I would show up with a bottle of wine and say, „I owe(感激，亏欠)you one.I‟m really sorry‟,” Boone says.Send an e-mail, make a phone call or reach out to the host another way.Whatever the method，do it as soon as possible.If guests don‟t answer the invitations on time, the host cannot possibly plan for the correct amount of food and drink.This may lead to hundreds or even thousands of dollars of waste.“Everybody has a busy schedule now,” Boone says.If you know you are forgetful when it comes to making phone calls, try emailing your RSVPs as soon as the invitation arrives.RSVP is the short form of the French phrase “répondez s‟il vous plaît”, meaning “Reply, if you please”.The following are some commonly used terms in invitation letters and their meanings.Be sure to know these and answer invitations properly.RSVP, REGRETS ONLY Only guests who can‟t attend need reply.You need to give a proper reason why you can‟t attend.RSVP BY… Guests should respond with yes or no by the date indicated on the invitation.Setting a date gives guests a deadline.It is also a deadline for the host to connect guests who haven‟t reply.RSVP BY E-MAIL Guests can respond by e-mail.Unlike phone calls, e-mails can be sent without regard to time of day or location.7.Holidays and festivals in the United Kingdom There are many national holidays in the United Kingdom.Among them, Easter, and Christmas are two of the most famous.EASTER The date of Easter varies each year.It usually falls in March or April.During the Easter holiday, people give each other chocolate Easter eggs.The eggs are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday.On Good Friday(the day before Easter, when Christians observe the day on which Christ died), hot cross buns(复活节前一个星期五吃的十字面包)are sold.They are toasted and eaten with butter.Easter Monday(the day after Easter)is a Bank Holiday.On that day, banks and other major businesses are closed;people may enjoy a trip to the seaside or watch an exciting sports game, such as football, or horse-racing.CHRISTMAS For most British families, Christmas is certainly the most important holiday of the year.Families decorate their houses in bright colours.Usually a Christmas tree is placed in the front room, shining with coloured lights and interesting decorations.On the morning of Christmas Day(December 25), many people go to church to celebrate the birth of Christ(耶稣基督).In the afternoon, they stay at home and open the gifts that were gathered around the tree.Later, they may watch the Queen appear on television to deliver her traditional Christmas message to the whole country.In the evening, the families sit down to a big goose(sometimes turkey)dinner.They round off the meal with pudding, a Christmas specialty.Many traditions are connected with Christmas.For children, the most important one is that of receiving gifts.On Christmas Eve(December 24), they usually leave a long stocking hanging by the bed or by the fireplace.They hope that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents.They are usually not disappointed!December 26, Boxing Day, is also a public holiday.This is the time to visit friends or watch football.Students have several weeks off school for Christmas.8.How do different cultures around the world celebrate the New Year? Get ready to say good-bye to the old, hello to the new!What‟s the occasion? The coming of the New Year.Many Western cultures measure their days with the solar calendar.Therefore, they observe the coming of New Year on January 1.Cultures in Asia and Middle East use other calendars, such

as the more ancient lunar calendar.They celebrate the New Year at other times.Events and ceremonies vary from country to country.But in each places, New Year celebrations are a big meal.Most world cultures have been celebrating the New Year for centuries.The earliest New Year celebrations took place during spring or harvest time.With better weather ahead, or plenty of food to eat in winter, people naturally felt like having a party!As the days became longer and as nature renewed itself, people also felt like they could have a new start.Past disappointments could be forgotten.The New Year could bring better fortune, more opportunities and new challenges.Such universal themes remain the same today.Some cultures have unusual New Year traditions.Italians throw old things out of their windows at midnight, symbolizing the departure of the old.Mexicans fire guns into the air to keep away misfortunes.New Year celebrations also involve having fun.Some cultures view the New Year as an opportunity to let off fireworks.In New York City‟s Times Square, thousands gather on December 31 to count down the last seconds of the year.A giant silver ball is lowered at the stroke of midnight.London, England, hosts an annual New Year‟s Day parade that draws nearly a million spectators.The largest parade in Europe, it features bands and enormous balloons.These balloons are so huge that they tower over nearby buildings!How will you celebrate the New Year? Think about the themes you find meaningful during this season.Do you hope for a new start or a chance to turn over a new leaf? whatever the case, we wish you well.Happy New Year!9.Man’s four-legged friend The sun was shining and it was warm.Robin, a shepherd, was lying on the grass, enjoying the beautiful sunshine.His guard, a sheepdog, was standing next to him, looking at the flock of sheep.This is only a scene in a movie, but it does give us a real picture showing man‟s relationship with dogs.For a long time in history, dogs were not only being raised to work as man‟s guards, but they were also being trained to do many other jobs.Some were made to pull carts;others were bred to smell out enemies or track the scent of big animals.In addition to these hunting and working dogs, other breeds came to be used in sports, police work and as pets as well.In a way dogs have become man‟s friends and working partners.If you have a dog you love as a pet, you share some of your life with it.The dog lives in your home, keeps you company and goes on trips with you.Dogs rely on their excellent sense of smell to tell things apart.This sharp sense helps man and dogs themselves get over a lot of difficulties.A detective once trained a dog---Sauer.In 1925 while he was thinking hard about how to catch a thief.Sauer worked alone and tracked the thief after covering a distance of 160 kilometres.Sauer did this by scent alone.In 1923 a couple lost their dog Bobbie while they were travelling.Six months later Bobbie turned up at the family house.He had covered a distance of some 3,200 kilometres.The dog had travelled back through the Rocky Mountains in the depths of winter.Dogs are indeed man‟s best friends.Yet sometimes even the friendliest dog can bring death with its bite!This is not because it has changed in character, but because it has been infected with a terrible disease---rabies(狂犬病).The disease is passed on by a bite from an infected dog at any stage.When an infected person shows symptoms, death is certain to follow shortly after.So, in

order to prevent the disease, a person should go to a doctor at once if he has been bitten by a dog.Dogs remain man‟s best friends, but we should also try our best to guard against the horrible disease that can be carried by these friends.10.Well done, Spotty!We were walking alone when we saw the Wilkins‟ children playing in their yard.The three girls were taking turns pushing a cart.Their one-year-old twin brothers and a big doll were in it.Just as we walked by them, a wheel came off.Freckles, my friend, fixed it for them.Then they all went upstairs to play some games.After a while Mrs Wilkins went out, and left the twins with the girls.Well, it wasn‟t much fun for me, and soon I went to sleep.I must have slept pretty hard and pretty long.All of a sudden I woke up and could hardly breathe.Everybody was gone.The room was full of smoke!The house was on fire!I started down the stairs and stumbled over a gray bunch.“That belongs to Freckles,” I thought.“It‟s the gray sweater that he likes so much.I might as well take it down to him.”

I took the sweater in my mouth and started down again.It weighed so much.So I dropped it on one of the stairs.Then I went back up to look out of a window.I wanted to see why there was so much noise.The whole town was in the front yard and in the street!In the middle of the crowd was Mrs Wilkins, who was carrying on like a mad woman.Mr.Wilkins was jumping up and down and shouting loudly, “I‟ve got the babies!I‟ve got the babies!” He had a real baby in one arm and the big doll in the other.He was so excited that ha thought he had both babies.Later I heard what had happened.The kids had thought they were escaping with both twins.But one of them had saved the doll and left a twin behind.“Well,” I decided, “I‟d better get out of here fast.This place is really beginning to burn!” As I ran down the stairs, I knocked into the gray bunch again.So I picked it up.I got out the back way with that package swinging from my mouth.I walked round to the front yard and set it down very quickly.It let out a cry!“My baby!” shouted Mrs Wilkins.And she started to kiss me and the babies.“Three cheers for Spotty!” everyone shouted at the top of their voices.The butcher made his way through the crowd and gave me a large piece of hamburger and said, “It‟s got chicken livers mixed in it.”

I liked the way things were, so I wagged my tail.11.Cartoons and comic strips People often find it hard to put their feelings into words.So they keep hunting for new means of expressing their feelings other than words.Cartoons, as such a means, were thus born.Old cartoons, however, did not attract many people until cartoonists had expanded their topics by the end of the 19th century.At around the same time, comic strips came into being.A cartoon is an amusing drawing that deals with something of interest in the news.Comic strips are a set of humorous drawings that tell a funny story.They make a story appear as a picture in the reader‟s mind by showing one or two aspects of an event.There is a cartoon that shows a father and his son.The boy is showing his father his school report, which, unfortunately, gives a very poor grade---2 out of 5.So he does it in a quite unusual way: the report is fastened to one end of a pole while the boy is holding the other and.With the long pole between them, any punishment from the father is out of the question.For the moment, at

least, the son is safe.Readers can‟t help laughing at the cartoon.But they may also find some food for thought in addition to being amused.Reading cartoons and comic strips had long been a favourite pastime for adults until the beginning of the 20th century.Then some business-minded people found that there might be a good market for children, too.With the improvement of printing and drawing techniques, modern cartoons and comic strips had become children‟s favourites by the early 20th(around the 1920s).Since then they have become popular reading materials for people of all ages.Today the characters in cartoons and comic strips range from children to adults, pets to fancy animals, and ordinary people to superheroes.Micky Mouse and Garfield the Cat make children think and imagine actively.Superman and Batman bring villains of all sorts to justice.Father and Son expresses human love and sympathy in lively comic strips.Their names have become household words.They are only a few outstanding products in the field.Today the digital revolution has brought new life to the making of cartoons and comic strips.Therefore many people think that computer-made comics will in the end replace hand-drawn ones.However, just as the human mind will never give way completely to the computer, hand-drawn comics will never die, but will remain a special means of expressing human feelings.12.Rockwell and his works Norman Rockwell was a famous American illustrator and cover artist.Many of his works had become well-known by the middle of the 20th century.Critics spoke highly of his works.For example, according to one critic, “Most artists affect us by surprising us.Rockwell affects us by giving us exactly what we expect.” The following are just a few examples of his magazine covers.Cover one One of the best-known of all Rockwell‟s covers!This painting is made up of two parts: the upper and the lower.Each detail in the lower picture is carefully matched with something in the upper part, so the result is kind of humorous.In this way, the painting presents the children‟s moods in a sharp contrast: very happy when setting out and very tired and bored when coming back.Cover two This painting shows Rockwell‟s skills as a story teller.It tells an ordinary story about a school boy.The boy is busy with his studies.Outside the window a fishing pole is ready, and the boy‟s dog is waiting impatiently.To the boy, these last days of schoolwork before the summer vacation seem the longest.They appear more so as the final examination is drawing near.This is an old story of school children, but Rockwell tells it vividly in a simple way.Cover three In this painting, a young mother is trying hard to make up her mind: to spank or to spare her naughty child.The broken clock on the floor suggests that the child has behaved in an entirely natural manner.When a hammer is within his reach, he breaks something with the hammer!At the time the painting was completed, the Rockwells were already parents.So the cover story perhaps describes the artist‟s own life experience.With this experience, Rockwell could make every detail come alive in this painting.13.A brief look at two metropolises NEW YORK In the 19th century, a businessman predicated that New York was going to become the centre of the world.His prediction has partly come true.Today, New York is often regarded as one of the financial and cultural capitals of the Western World.The United Nations has its headquarters in the city as well.New York, where the world-famous twin towers of the World Trade Center were once located，is known as a city of skyscrapers.There are parks, great museums, art galleries, grand theatres and cinemas for visitors as well.However, like many other cities in the world, New York also has its own problems---noise, air pollution, crimes, traffic jams, and slums.Still, the fast, exciting pace of life in New York City is fascinating and this may be a reason why the city continues to fascinate more and more people.LONDON London was once known as a city of fog.At that time, many Londoners did not expect that their city would change for the better.However, heavy fog is now rarely seen in London.As a city with a long history, London has also gone through many changes.The days are gone when horse-drawn carriages were a common sight in the street.Now London is famous for its excellent underground service and the red double-deckers have become a symbol of the city.The second half of the 20th century saw great changes in the city.Skyscrapers have sprung up;business centres for the 21st century are also growing fast.However, London has kept its heart.People can still enjoy themselves with a cup of tea in Convent Garden(科文特加登广场).Some of the narrow roads that lead to churches are still there, taking people back to London‟s old days.Although there are such concerns as heavy traffic, crowded shops and dirty streets in some areas, to many people, London remains the most interesting and wonderful city in the world.14.The time capsule of Colorado Springs In 1901, the citizens of Colorado Springs(科罗拉多泉市)in the USA decided to collect everyday items and to seal them in a steel box.The box was marked “To be opened after midnight, December 31st, AD 2000”, and was stored in the Colorado College Library.One hundred years later, on the appointed day, 300 people gathered to watch the opening of the box.Many in the crowd were in very good condition.There were newspapers, photographs, diaries, name cards, family trees, books and dozens of letters, including one written by Theodore Roosevelt(西奥多·罗斯福，美国 the proposal was discussed and revised, which resulted in the programme called the World Wide Web.In 1992, its browser software was introduced to the public.The early browsers functioned well but were not “user-friendly”.In 1993, a group of graduated students in the USA created Mosaic---a “browser” programme.Mosaic was pleasing to the eye and easy to use---just point and click.Netscape(美国网景公司)and then Microsoft followed with browsers that greatly simplified the process of surfing the Internet in search of information.Today, the Internet is changing our life style, cultural patterns, business practices, and ways of learning and doing research.It helps people keep up to date on world events, find a cheap flight, play games, and discuss everything from apples to space technology.An increasing number of people shop and bank on the Internet;many do business online.It enables people to browse online hundreds of thousands of magazines and books in libraries worldwide.The Internet is not owned or controlled by any company or nation.People can use the Net at home, in offices, at schools and universities, in public libraries or “cyber cafes”.It connects people in different countries instantly through computers, satellites, and phone lines.It is making our life easier and more efficient.“The Global Village” was coined to describe how radio and television had changed the world in the 20th century.In the 21st century, it seems the Internet is sure to have an even greater influence.16.Hacking By the end of 1946, technology had advanced so greatly as to make the electronic computer a part of life.The year 1976 saw the appearance of a more advanced type of computer, which was performing 100 million calculations a second.This record, however, was quickly rewritten.The fast development of computer speed brings endless benefits to human life.There are always two sides to a thing, though.There are problems with using computers and storing useful data in them.In 1988, a US official said that a German student had been regularly reading their top secret papers.That student had been able to carry out his break-ins without leaving home.That was a typical example of “hacking”.A “hacker” is a highly skilled computer user who spends his free time reading the secret files of others.A hacker needs only to discover the password that gives entry to a network.With clever guesswork, this can be done simply by trying again and again.A lot of hackers are only in it for fun---like Robert Schifreen and Steve Gold, who had read all the data in Prince Philip‟s electronic mailbox before the police discovered the hacking.The possibility for hackers to commit crimes is great.In the 1980s some experts pointed out that American banks were losing up to $5,000 million a year to computer crimes.Once a hacker gained entry to a bank‟s system, he could order it to move large sums of money to another bank in a foreign country---just what a traditional robber would do.Today computers are making life easier and far more comfortable.The evils, however, are also growing with the development of computer knowledge and techniques.It seems that the struggle against computer crimes will continue into the future.高一 Travelling around China can be tiring but fun as well.However, how you travel often determines whether your travel will be a success or a failure.Here is some information about how it can be done.BY TRAIN Most parts of China can now be reached by rail.Generally speaking, the train service is efficient.However, the trains are sometimes overcrowded, especially on national holidays.The kind of ticket you need depends on the distance of your journey.A hard or soft seat is fine for a short journey.For long journeys, a sleeper ticket is a better choice.BY SHIP A number of sea routes exist that can take you from one seaport to another along the coast of China.There are also a few inland waterways.The most attractive one is that from Chongqing to Shanghai.Along this route ships pass through the famous Three Gorges(长江三峡)and stop at many beautiful towns and historic sites.BY AIR This is often the first choice for those who have limited time to spend on a journey.But, of course, this time-saving advantage has to be paid for---tickets are more expensive.While CAAC(中国民用航空总局)used to be the only airline service in the country, there are now a number of regional airlines.The safety record has also improved much over the past decades.Air tickets are available through CITS(中国国际旅行社), at hotel travel desks or in air ticket offices.Most large cities and many popular tourist destinations have their own airports.BY BUS Highway networks in China are developing very fast.There are both inner-and inter-city bus services, they are well managed and cheap.State-owned long-distance bus services operate on schedule and are inexpensive.There are also private buses.They run mainly on local routes, and often will not depart until they are completely filled up.BY BICYCLE Besides what is mentioned above, cycling is also one of the best ways for traveling around town, unless you are in Chongqing---the only city with very few bicycles because of its steep streets.If you plan to stay in China for sometime, buy one as the natives do.Hope you will find this information helpful during your stay in China.18.The Ocean Park---A page from a travel brochure of Hong Kong, China Duration: Approx.(approximately的缩写形式)4 hours or 7 hours(daily morning departure)Not only is it the largest in Asia, but it is also rated as one of the most spectacular oceanariums(海洋水族馆)in the world.It offers the best family outing place to observe marine life as well as to experience a fun ride on a roller coaster(过山车).PANDA HABITAT Loved by many for their unusually cute look, the two darling pandas, An An and Jia Jia, can now be sighted at their permanent habitat in Ocean Park.SHARK AQUARIUM Through the underwater viewing tunnel, you seem to enter the mysterious deep ocean, surrounded by countless sharks and rays(鳐鱼)of over 30 species, all swimming within arm‟s reach.OCEAN THEATRE With a panoramic(全景的)background and hosted by a marvelous master of ceremonies(节目主持人), the Ocean Theatre stages entertaining performances by its great and small marine stars.When time permits, visit a jewelry factory workshop to observe the art of handicraft(手工艺).NOTE This is a half day guided tour.However, passengers may stay behind to explore more features in the Ocean Park.Return trips on our afternoon coach can be arranged with your tour guide.19.The Sydney Harbour Bridge There‟s no feeling quite like seeing Sydney from the top of the Harbour Bridge.There I stood, looking up at Sydney‟s Harbour Bridge---one of the most famous bridges in the world.Located near the magnificent Sydney Opera House, the 40-storey bridge towers over Australia‟s largest city.The bridge was certainly beautiful to look at.But who in their right mind would want to climb it? Me, of course!Climbing the bridge is not such a crazy thing to do, in fact.Tourists started climbing the bridge in 1998.Now it‟s one of Sydney‟s most popular attractions.To prepare for the climb, our group of 12 climbers had to take a special class.First, we stored all our personal belongings and changed into special bridge climbing clothes.Then, the climb organizers showed us how to use the safety belts and climb the steep ladders.We were even given little personal radios to receive instructions from our guide during the climb!Our expectations began to build and our group became excited.One hour later, we were ready to go!We first crossed some catwalks below the road part of the bridge.I was glad I wasn‟t afraid of heights.Looking down through the catwalk I could see the ground 50 meters(164 feet)below!Next we climbed the ladders leading up, up, up to the bridge‟s arch.Cars sped by on the road below.The wind blew more fiercely the higher we climbed.More and more of the city slowly came into view.Soon we were approaching the very top of the bridge!What a scene it was at the top!Clear, bird‟s eye views of the city extended in all directions.Looking south we saw the city skyline, the famous Opera House and the ocean.It was just like looking at a postcard, except that we were really part of the picture!Everyone felt proud of having reached this spot in the city.No one was ready to leave when it was time to go down.The two hours we had spent on the bridge seemed to pass in an instant.But the memory of having seen such a unique scene will stay with us for a lifetime.20.Travelling in the land of smiles Thailand uses the phrase “Land of Smiles” to describe itself in tourist brochures and advertising campaigns---and rightly so.Visitors to Thailand can expect to be greeted with a smile when they leave the airport, get into a taxi or rental car and again when they enter a hotel.What makes it so easy for the Thai people to smile at their visitors? The head of Thailand‟s tourist bureau says that it is “in the nature of the people.” The Thais are naturally happy, he says with a smile, and they are glad to share that happiness with others.This attitude seems to be very much appreciated by the more than five million tourists who visit Thailand each year.The country ranks high on the list of places to which visitors want to return.The reason most often stated is that the people are friendly and polite.Some other Asian destinations are not as well received.Bali in Indonesia ranks high on the list, with Japan somewhere in the middle.These reports raise the question of whether certain nationalities are naturally more courteous than others.People may experience more friendliness in Thailand than in other countries.This may have more to do with the place than the people.Travel writers point out that cities are always stressful, hurried places, with little to offer in the way of smiles and welcome.Bangkok is not as friendly as other places in the surrounding Thai countryside.Remote towns and villages in China, for example, offer visitors a warm welcome, with smiles(and giggles)from children.Perhaps it should also be pointed out that polite, patient, smiling visitors will most often be greeted similarly，no matter which country they are in.21.Using English properly If you don‟t want to offend someone, you‟d better know which English words to use---and which to avoid.Imagine that you‟re in a restaurant in America.You want some water, so you called out “Waitress!” A waitress comes to your table, but she‟s clearly unhappy.What did you do wrong? You may have offended her by calling her a “waitress.” Today, many people prefer the word “server” to “waitress.”

Why? As society changes, so does our language.Today the word “server” is more appropriate.It gives the person a sense of being respected.Using English properly is an attempt to make language more respectful to all people.Words that put too much emphasis on gender are carefully avoided.These include words that end in “-ess” or “-man.” For example, people who serve passengers on airlines are now called “flight attendants,” not “stewardesses.” In the past, only women could be flight attendants;today, many men have entered the profession.“Flight attendant” is a better expression because it includes both men and women.Many women are entering jobs that were once only occupied by men, so words like “policeman” and “chairman” are being replaced.Now “police officer” and “chairperson” are the preferred terms.Unfortunately, English has no singular pronoun that can be used to replace either “he” or “she.” This creates some problems.How do we treat both genders fairly without such a pronoun? One way is to use the plural structure.So instead of saying “If a person wants to learn English, he should study every day,” many people would prefer “If people want to learn English, they should study every day.”

Using English properly extends further than gender.It also includes issues of race and disability.For example, some people prefer the term “people with a disability” to “handicapped.” The word “handicapped” can be considered disrespectful because it implies that a person is helpless.However, there are people who don‟t like being told what words they have to use.And they insist on not changing their way of talking---they don‟t think they are obliged to make others feel better.But most people agree that making language respectful to all is fair.So people do change with the times.22.Tips for English learning Language letter-boxes in quite a few English newspapers are often filled with letters complaining about such problems as “I don‟t know to improve my pronunciation and intonation.The English vocabulary is too large to handle.” Or “I find my spoken English most worrying.Please tell me how to improve my communication skills!”

At the same time, in some newspapers, there are ads for “Shortcuts in Mastering English,” “A 24-hour Programme of Success in Spoken English” or “Recipe for English Fluency,” and so on.A lot of teachers of English try to help fight learners‟ worries by saying that the road to successful communication is clearly signposted---practise, practice and practice.If there are few such opportunities in your day-to-day life, make them up: form clubs or learning groups, and practise talking to each other.Expose yourselves to an English radio broadcast, a tape recording, a film or a video: let it be a topic or a context for discussion.Even when you are alone, try to have some practice.You can

never lay too much emphasis on the importance of “input” for language learning, so reading newspapers and listening to the radio are good habits to cultivate.One thing, however, is very important: the “input” must be appropriate for your level.Something too difficult is useless, while spending time on something too easy will be pointless.And remember this: there isn‟t a cure-all for all of you.One shortcut may work for some of you, and another probably has a positive effect on others.Only one method works for everybody---and that is, to use English!23.Eye contact Lunch was now over, and I offered to drive James back to his hotel.He said he had walked over to my place but politely accepted the lift.We drove the few blocks back to his hotel and pulled into the driveway.I got out, went quickly to his side of the car, opened the door, and started to lean forward with one hand reaching out.Then my eyes met his.Not a word was spoken, but the message I got was clear, “Don‟t you dare try to help me out of this car!”

I backed off.James got out and then gave me a big smile---his way of saying, “No harm done.All is well.”

If we pay enough attention, we‟ll see our audience is often communicating with us without words.It is important to read these silent signals in one‟s eyes.If you introduce a subject that causes much movement in the audience, you know that you have aroused their attention.They are shifting in their seats or exchanging looks with their neighbours.The reaction from your audience should be your guide.When you continue your talk, you know that to drop, what to revise and what to add, all based on your reading of the eyes of the audience.If you‟ve told a joke or story that hasn‟t gone down well, the audience may be telling you that they want to hear or what they don‟t want to hear.Such information can and should lead to some change in the content, humour and style of what you still have to say.The most obvious display of an audience‟s silent communication is their lack of attention.Yawning, programme studying, chatting in very low voices or dozing, to mention the worst, are warnings.Through eye contact you will be the first to know if you have lost them.An immediate change of attitude is called for.No speaker is ever honoured for going down with the ship.Silent clues, however, may also communicate good news.Smiling, leaning forward, watching attentively---all tell you that the track is clear of obstacles;the signals are green---so go ahead.24.Understanding body language Have you ever met someone and found that you instantly liked them? You just couldn‟t put your finger on it as to why.Deep down inside yourself they gave you a strange feeling.I‟m not going to call myself a body language expert, but I think I can hive you my advice on how to read the most complicated language of all: body language.YOUR MOVES SELL YOU OUT.So for starters, think about yourself.Have you ever stopped for a moment to watch the way that you move your body? Well, believe it or not, the people you are talking to are watching your every move.They watch your eyes, your facial expressions, the way you hold your posture.In fact, the way you move can tell a lot about what kind of person you are … or what kind of person you appear to be.WHAT CAN BODY LANGUAGE TELL? In most Western countries, making eye contact with anyone you talk to is very important.If you don‟t make eye contact, you might be judged as dishonest or even rude.Then there‟s posture.If your actions are very confident, you will appear to be confident to others.And, the rate that you speak can also tell others something.If you talk too

fast, you‟re nervous, while too slow probably indicates that you are unsure of yourself, and that maybe you are shy.I‟M CONFUSED WITH “SPACE” IN CHINA.As a traveler, I have been confused time and time again with every place I visit.This is mainly because I misunderstood the body language of the people.In China, I have had many issues with the concept of “space.” As an American I need “personal space.” So, the first time I came to Shanghai I was constantly apologizing to strangers who I bumped into on the streets or even on the bus, but they just looked at me as if I were strange.Understanding body language is difficult, but it‟s important to become aware of it, and I make an effort to understand it.So my advice, watch your own actions, for they can send a message to someone that you may not even know!And when in doubt, smile!25.Arturo Toscanini

Arturo Toscanini, who conducted the first public performance of many world-famous operas(such as Othello and La Boheme), is regarded as the greatest conductor of the first part of the twentieth century.Toscanini was born in Italy on March 25, 1867.He entered a music school when he was nine and graduated in 1885 with the highest honours in cello and composition.At the age of nineteen, he joined an Italian orchestra on a tour in Brazil.During that tour, the conductor of the orchestra suddenly quit his job.Toscanini was thus called in to fill in as conductor at very short notice.It was not surprising that the audience laughed at him as he leapt onto the stage.His passionate interpretation of Aida was, however, greeted with loud cheers.What was most special about Toscanini was that he did his job without the help of a score.Having read through a score, he could recall every note many years later.However, the fact that he had a marvelous memory alone did not make him a great conductor.It was his energy, strict attitude towards performance, and loyalty to the composer‟s intention that made him outstanding.During rehearsals, to get what he wanted from his orchestra, he would sometimes stamp his feet, snap his baton and tear his store to pieces.He tried to make use of every means to interpret music.Once he found himself at a loss when trying to describe to an American orchestra a very light effect in a passage(his English was poor).After thinking hard for a while, he drew a white silk handkerchief from his pocket and threw it into the air, watching with the orchestra as it floated to the floor.“There!” he said.“Play like that!”

Toscanini drove himself as hard as he did his orchestra.If the orchestra met his demands, he would weep for joy.Otherwise, he would not spare them from punishment.If he himself made a rare mistake, he would slap his own face in front of the orchestra.He would not spare even himself from punishment.Toscanini would shout at anyone who dared talk during the performance or, even worse, arrived late.All through his life, Toscanini was anti-fascist.In1931, he was physically attacked for refusing to play the fascist anthem and for protesting against Hitler‟s ban on Jewish musicians.He dropped his baton in 1954, and died in 1957 at the age of 90.26.An interview with a pop pianist Robin Gordon(RG), a journalist, interviews a very rich and famous pianist, James Newman(JN), who has a way of playing classical music in a wildly romantic manner.He is well known for his strange clothes as well.RG: Actually, you don‟t let the chance slip through your fingers when you chose music as your

career.JN: No, the entertainment world is full of opportunities.When any of them turns up and comes to you, you must be prepared.RG: You started playing the piano as a child, didn‟t you?

JN: Yes.I‟m very competitive---that‟s the way I was brought up.I was raised in a strict traditional family.I was the oldest of us kids.In a family that size, you had to be hardworking to get noticed.My father wanted us to be aggressive, competitive and career-oriented.So, it became very important for me to be number one all the time and I did get straight A‟s at school.RG: Well, when you began as a pianist, you wore traditional clothes, didn‟t you?

JN: I did wear a black suit and a bow tie that made me look like a headwaiter, and I looked serious and miserable when I played!But not for long, I soon developed my own style.RG: Just where…and how did you begin your own style?

JN: Well…I learned the piano at an early age, and after I left music school, I started giving piano performances.Well, anyway, one evening when I was in Wisconsin(威斯康星州), something happened.My audience that evening consisted mostly of rich farmers.They were all sitting like sleeping dummies(模型)…it was really a very hot evening…I was all sweaty.They just weren‟t enjoying Bach(巴赫，1685-1750，德国作曲家)or Chopin(肖邦，1810-1849，波兰作曲家、钢琴家).They were ready to fall off their chairs with boredom.So I stopped playing and stood up.RG: You mean, you stopped in the middle of a performance? JN: Exactly.And I shouted, “Come on, folks.What would you really like to hear?” At first they looked at me as if I had gone mad, then they became all wide awake.They agreed that they wanted a change.So I played something in a kind of wild Bach style.RG: And soon after that you started your new style.JN: Yes.I decided to play Bach and Chopin in a very unusual style.Meanwhile I started wearing fancy clothes.RG: I guess your father didn‟t approve of all this.JN: Right.Dad‟s a bit old.He wanted to make a classical musician of me!He didn‟t understand me.RG: Even though you are so successful? JN: No.Many people don‟t.RG: Perhaps it takes time.Thank you, Mr.Newman.27.Stunts in movies On the screen, the US actor Tom Cruise is throwing himself through a glass window as a large car explodes behind him;the actress Helen Hunt is running from hurricanes as homes and cows are swept up.And, of course, there is Stallone doing…everything.It seems to be popular these days for actors and actresses to do their own stunts in action movies, and the fact is that the big names are indeed doing more stunts.According to a director, some actors do as much as ninety per cent of their own stunts, while the last ten per sent are generally left to stunt professionals.These are the men and women who make a living risking their lives on behalf of the big names in action movies.However, there is an exception.The only actor who does any allow anyone else to do his stunts is Jackie Chan, the Hong Kong phenomenon.He takes pride in doing all the stunts in his action movies.Jackie Chan has been doing his individual brand of dramatic martial arts for fifteen

years.He is no doubt a walking miracle of physical endurance.Of course, along with that heroism are numerous broken bones and a hole the size of a coin in his head.US action filmmakers do not want their movie stars to be injured, so stunt experts are always called in to do dangerous parts that require talent.At the same time, they also try hard to make the audience believe that the famous faces are performing every stunt.Actors and actresses would also like the fans to believe that there are no professionals doing the stunts for them.Many of them insist on doing their own stunts in the movies.Then accidents are inevitable.For instance, Helen Hunt was knocked unconscious when filming one scene---she opened the door of a vehicle and jumped off while it was speeding through a cornfield.Helen later admitted, “I have all the courage of a stunt person, but I don‟t have all the talent.”

As for the audience, there is absolutely no need for you to worry about your favourite stars, who are bragging about performing the stunts on TV talk shows.It‟s entirely possible that someone else took the fall.As Helen said, there is still a lot of work out there for stunt professionals.28.Digital actors Is it real, or is it digital? In many Hollywood movies these days it‟s sometimes impossible to tell what‟s real and what‟s not.Moviemakers create landscapes, cities and even creatures from nothing but pixels.These computer images look just as real as the world we live in.Now moviemakers are developing the final computer creation---digital humans.Developing computer images that look and act just like real humans has long been the dream of many moviemakers.Pixel by pixel that dream is gradually becoming a reality.The first attempts to create prefect digital humans began several years ago.Final fantasy(《最终幻想》), released in 2004, showed the potential and limitations of digital actors.The movie‟s digital characters looked and acted surprisingly lifelike.But somehow they still reminded audiences of cartoons, and their “acting” was less than inspiring.Final Fantasy‟s digital magic also cost moviemakers a fortune.Just creating human-looking hair cost about $20 million.And despite people‟s initial excited reaction, it performed poorly at the box office.The film, which cost $137 million to make, lost about $80 million.Moviemakers have been much more successful at creating non-human characters.The Lord of the Rings(《指环王》)trilogy features a digital creature named Gollum.Though not human, Gollum gives a very moving performance.Surprisingly, this collection of pixels manages to effectively show a wide range of human emotions.The Matrix: Reloaded(《黑客帝国Ⅱ》)features the most perfect digital humans so far.These lifelike digital creations appear widely throughout the movie.In fact, audiences can never be sure which actors are real and which are digital.So should Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman and all their Hollywood friends start looking for another line of work? Not necessarily.Many popular movie directors say digital actors will never “act” as well as humans.Digital actors must also rely on gifted human actors for their voices.29.Front page news Millions of newspapers are sold every day throughout the world.What section of the newspapers on a newsstand catches your eye? Without doubt, it is the front page.Its contents are usually about the most important happenings of the day.Besides that, it is common practice that the front page carries an index to help the reader quickly locate certain sections of the paper.A front page carries a brief weather forecast for the day as well.Much thought goes into the actual headlines themselves.A headline is like a title.People think it important that headlines should aim at being both informative and eye-catching.They should attract the reader‟s attention.The main front-page headline is, of course, the most important one.After all, it can even determine whether or not a person will be tempted to buy a particular newspaper.While the importance of the front page is obvious, there are two schools of thought over the emphasis placed on its contents.There is the school that describes the front page as a paper‟s “shop window” and therefore emphasizes the need for “window-dressing”.The trouble with this approach is that too much concentration on the “shop window” tends to reduce the value of the goods displayed inside.Others take the view that a newspaper is like a store with many windows, each of which should be dressed to the same high standard.It should have a sense of unity.Once the paper has decided the type---the style it will use for headlines---composing the front page is a fairly simple matter.The main story, called the lead, takes the prime position, usually the top left-hand corner of the page.A strong picture occupies the top center of the page;then follows the second-lead, third-lead and other stories in size-graded headings.When there is a big event, the paper uses a headline which runs the full width of the page and which is usually set in a bold type.However, a newspaper has to draw a line between being eye-catching and being sensational.A newspaper which overuses shock methods may lose its reputation.30.Two pieces of news GREAT VICTORY ENDS YEARS OF WAITING Moscow: It was Beijing‟s night yesterday in Moscow.As Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the International Olympic Committee(IOC), announced that Beijing would be the host for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, cheering, applauding and waving of flags broke out to celebrate the victory.“Now the results of the voting---the Games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 is awarded to the city of…Beijing,” declared Samaranch, the most famous sports figure in the world.Beijing won in the second round ballot with 56 votes from the 105 voting IOC members, while Toronto got a distant 22, Paris 18 and Istanbul 9.Osaka, which received 6 votes, was eliminated in the first round.A contract to host the Games followed after the vote.BEIJING WAS SLEEPLESS LAST NIGHT Thousands upon thousands of people gathered in squares, shopping malls, streets and millions of homes to applaud the city‟s success in its bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games.Buildings and streets were brightly lit, and heartfelt cheers and laughter filled the air.Fireworks lit up the night sky, and flags formed a sea of flowing colour.As International Olympic Committee(IOC)President Juan Antonio Samaranch announced that Beijing had won the IOC vote at 10:15 last night, the ancient capital burst into cheers and tears.The China Millennium Monument(中华世纪坛)in western Beijing, the centre of the celebration, was alive with cheerful crowds.Senior Chinese leaders joined university students and local citizens in celebrating the success in the bid with the whole nation.Tian‟anmen Square was also filled with people who poured into the city centre on learning about the news.Chanting “Beijing!Olympics!” at the top of one‟s voice seemed the commonest

means of expressing one‟s feelings.Thousands of cars waited in endless queues along Chang‟an Boulevard(长安街)and other major avenues.Wild with joy, the drivers kept blowing their horns.Messages were sent by cell phones, telephones, e-mails, etc., and popular websites were crammed with visitors.31.An added bonus Anne and Joe King sat back in their easy chairs, watching television in their cozy living-room.Anne used the remote control to find a programme of interest.“Why don‟t we watch The Family Friction(摩擦)?” said Anne.“I hate watching soap dramas,” said Joe.“Especially this one where couples argue over money.”

“Okay,” said Anne, as she switched to Channel 12.“And now,” said a good-looking announcer on the TV screen, “Round-the-World(《环球》), the magazine of the world, is proud to announce its limited offer.For the bargain price of $10, half the newsstand price, you can subscribe to one year, twelve issues, of Round-the-World.Imagine reading unusual stories with colour photos that will surprise you.And as an added bonus, if you subscribe before midnight, June 1st, we will offer, without extra cost, our World Atlas(地图).Remember, this is a limited offer.This atlas cannot be bought in stores.There are maps of every chief tourist attraction in the world, in addition to the metropolises and capitals of the countries.Won‟t it be great to have the world at your fingertips!To get this amazing offer, write to Round-the-World Bonus, Box 666, Reno, Nevada(内华达州)87870.Be sure to enclose your cheque or money order for $10.if not completely satisfied, you may keep the atlas and cancel your subscription.In that case, you can get your money back.”

“That sounds amusing,” said Anne.“In fact, it would be really handy to have an atlas, particularly when I need to locate places I plan to visit or read about in the news.”

They sent a letter of subscription and two weeks later a small package arrived in the mail.They got the atlas.“Is this our atlas?” said Joe in disbelief.“It looks like a big postage stamp.” “It looked tremendous on television,” said Anne.“It‟ll be impossible to find anything in such an atlas,” said Joe.“To find anything, we‟ll need a microscope.”

32.The history of magazines It was during the mid-nineteenth century that the magazine developed into the main source of popular entertainment for the general public.Instead of speaking mainly to the well-educated upper classes as in the past, the illustrated magazine addressed the general public.The first magazine that was born in 1665 in France was a dry and dull publication.Most publishers did not realize the significance of visuals as tools to educate, shape opinions and entertain.Nor did they know the importance of selling as many copies of their magazines as possible.It was not until the early decades of the 20th century that the magazine industry started to flourish.The main centres of the magazine industry were in America, France, Germany, and Great Britain.Many fancy and unique publications were produced there.Some publishers, such as William R.Hearst, built empires: he employed no fewer than 31,000 people by 1935.Hearst published more than nine magazines and two dozen newspapers in the first half of the century.The atmosphere of the 20th century was good for the growth of fashion and women‟s

magazines.Among them, Ladies‟ Home Journal(《妇女家庭》)and Vogue(《时尚》)in America were the most popular.In America, the biggest impact on the magazine industry in the 1930s was the publication of Life(《生活》)magazine.Its concept of instant news through pictures meant that magazines could compete with the popular electronic media.After World War Ⅱ, the magazine industry changed dramatically.Magazines were forced to become more profit-oriented and generally less attractive.The 1950s witnessed the appearance of magazine for sports, sailing, fishing, cooking, dog breeding, and stamp collecting, to name just a few.Magazines have experienced social pressures, financial and technical hardships.However, they have worked hard to meet the needs of people with a variety of interests.Magazines have indeed become a truly effective and expressive medium for the general public.

篇2：高一英语新世纪版

高一第一学期

1.People from all walks of life When a person grows up, he will take up different occupations in various work places.A society is thus made up of all walks of life.What kind of person do you want to be in the future? The following introductions may give you some idea.TEACHER Teachers are professionals.They work in schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions.They try their best to help students gain new knowledge and become useful people in society.Teachers are involved in many tasks, such as explaining lessons, giving homework and correcting papers.At the end of every term, they mark test papers and give grades to their students.Actually teachers do more.Often their impact on students stays all through their lives.SURGEON Surgeons, like teachers, are also professionals.As a special group of doctors, surgeons operate on sick people and repair the organs that no longer work properly.Hospitals are their work places.After an operation, a surgeon takes care of the patient’s medical treatment until he gets well.The skills of a surgeon sometimes mean the differences between life and death.SECRETARY A secretary works in an office.The job of a secretary often involves writing letters, answering telephone calls, and receiving people.A secretary stores information on a computer and puts papers in good order in file cabinets.As a link between the boss and the visitors, a secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables.Traditionally, more girls than boys work as secretaries.In some countries parents often decide what careers their children will follow---especially their sons.Tchaikovsky, the composer of Swan Lake, was asked to study law.He, however, didn’t take an interest in it.Tchaikovsky made a great decision on his own.He gave up his government service later and started to study music.Some people think the young are probably going to be successful because they are doing the things they most want to do in life.Many people, however, disagree with them.3.Michelangelo Michelangelo was an Italian artist about 500 years ago.Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.Michelangelo came from a poor family.He was trained at an early age like any other craftsman in Italy.At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop.The workshop belonged to one of the leading masters at that time.In the workshop Michelangelo was able to learn all the skills of sculpture.However, he wasn’t satisfied, and went on to study the work of the great masters of the past.Michelangelo worked hard and he mastered one problem after another.By the time he was 30, he was generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age.In 1508, Michelangelo was given a task---to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.At first, he tried to turn down this job, saying that he was not really a painter, but a sculptor.Finally, he agreed to do it.He then shut himself up in the chapel, let no one come near him, and got ready to work alone.It took him four years to complete the paintings on the ceiling.Any ordinary person would find it hard to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and

edges.“I have a system,” explains Jim, “so that I can find things easily in the darkroom.It’s a simple system.I just keep my materials in order and put them back in the same place after I use them.I don’t have to search for anything.”

“Jim is quite capable and can be trusted,” says his boss, “I wouldn’t have him working here if he weren’t.And that brings me to the question of handicapped people.You can’t let yourself get upset about them.They want to be treated just like anybody else---and they should be.They don’t want you to fell sorry for them.”

No one has to feel sorry for Jim Corrigan.5.Starting a conversation with a foreigner in English As you rode on the bus one day, a foreigner sat down beside you.Finally, here was a perfect opportunity for you to practice speaking English with a foreigner, you thought to yourself.But no words came into your head.You were tongue-tied!After 15 minutes, the foreigner got off the bus and you didn’t utter a word!“What a shame!” you said to yourself.If you have had such an experience, don’t feel bad.You’re not alone.What you need is a lesson in small talk.Here are some tips that will show you how to get started.“HELLO”---A STARTER First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting.Watch his facial expression and body language for cues.Having said his “Hello” or “Hi” in return, does he just stare out of the window or keep reading the book in his hand? That’s the cue for you to stop moving on.Don’t force a conversation on someone who wants to be left alone.But what if the person stops whatever he is doing and looks back or smiles at you?

If guests don’t answer the invitations on time, the host cannot possibly plan for the correct amount of food and drink.This may lead to hundreds or even thousands of dollars of waste.“Everybody has a busy schedule now,” Boone says.If you know you are forgetful when it comes to making phone calls, try emailing your RSVPs as soon as the invitation arrives.RSVP is the short form of the French phrase “répondez s’il vous plaît”, meaning “Reply, if you please”.The following are some commonly used terms in invitation letters and their meanings.Be sure to know these and answer invitations properly.RSVP, REGRETS ONLY Only guests who can’t attend need reply.You need to give a proper reason why you can’t attend.RSVP BY… Guests should respond with yes or no by the date indicated on the invitation.Setting a date gives guests a deadline.It is also a deadline for the host to connect guests who haven’t reply.RSVP BY E-MAIL Guests can respond by e-mail.Unlike phone calls, e-mails can be sent without regard to time of day or location.7.Holidays and festivals in the United Kingdom There are many national holidays in the United Kingdom.Among them, Easter, and Christmas are two of the most famous.EASTER The date of Easter varies each year.It usually falls in March or April.During the Easter holiday, people give each other chocolate Easter eggs.The eggs are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday.On Good Friday(the day before Easter, when Christians observe

observe the coming of New Year on January 1.Cultures in Asia and Middle East use other calendars, such as the more ancient lunar calendar.They celebrate the New Year at other times.Events and ceremonies vary from country to country.But in each places, New Year celebrations are a big meal.Most world cultures have been celebrating the New Year for centuries.The earliest New Year celebrations took place during spring or harvest time.With better weather ahead, or plenty of food to eat in winter, people naturally felt like having a party!As the days became longer and as nature renewed itself, people also felt like they could have a new start.Past disappointments could be forgotten.The New Year could bring better fortune, more opportunities and new challenges.Such universal themes remain the same today.Some cultures have unusual New Year traditions.Italians throw old things out of their windows at midnight, symbolizing the departure of the old.Mexicans fire guns into the air to keep away misfortunes.New Year celebrations also involve having fun.Some cultures view the New Year as an opportunity to let off fireworks.In New York City’s Times Square, thousands gather on December 31 to count down the last seconds of the year.A giant silver ball is lowered at the stroke of midnight.London, England, hosts an annual New Year’s Day parade that draws nearly a million spectators.The largest parade in Europe, it features bands and enormous balloons.These balloons are so huge that they tower over nearby buildings!

in the depths of winter.Dogs are indeed man’s best friends.Yet sometimes even the friendliest dog can bring death with its bite!This is not because it has changed in character, but because it has been infected with a terrible disease---rabies.The disease is passed on by a bite from an infected dog at any stage.When an infected person shows symptoms, death is certain to follow shortly after.So, in order to prevent the disease, a person should go to a doctor at once if he has been bitten by a dog.Dogs remain man’s best friends, but we should also try our best to guard against the horrible disease that can be carried by these friends.10.Well done, Spotty!We were walking alone when we saw the Wilkins’ children playing in their yard.The three girls were taking turns pushing a cart.Their one-year-old twin brothers and a big doll were in it.Just as we walked by them, a wheel came off.Freckles, my friend, fixed it for them.Then they all went upstairs to play some games.After a while Mrs Wilkins went out, and left the twins with the girls.Well, it wasn’t much fun for me, and soon I went to sleep.I must have slept pretty hard and pretty long.All of a sudden I woke up and could hardly breathe.Everybody was gone.The room was full of smoke!The house was on fire!I started down the stairs and stumbled over a gray bunch.“That belongs to Freckles,” I thought.“It’s the gray sweater that he likes so much.I might as well take it down to him.”

I took the sweater in my mouth and started down again.It weighed so much.So I dropped it on one of the stairs.Then I went back up to look out of a window.I wanted to see why there was so much noise.1picture in the reader’s mind by showing one or two aspects of an event.There is a cartoon that shows a father and his son.The boy is showing his father his school report, which, unfortunately, gives a very poor grade---2 out of 5.So he does it in a quite unusual way: the report is fastened to one end of a pole while the boy is holding the other and.With the long pole between them, any punishment from the father is out of the question.For the moment, at least, the son is safe.Readers can’t help laughing at the cartoon.But they may also find some food for thought in addition to being amused.Reading cartoons and comic strips had long been a favourite pastime for adults until the beginning of the 20th century.Then some business-minded people found that there might be a good market for children, too.With the improvement of printing and drawing techniques, modern cartoons and comic strips had become children’s favourites by the early 20th(around the 1920s).Since then they have become popular reading materials for people of all ages.Today the characters in cartoons and comic strips range from children to adults, pets to fancy animals, and ordinary people to superheroes.Micky Mouse and Garfield the Cat make children think and imagine actively.Superman and Batman bring villains of all sorts to justice.Father and Son expresses human love and sympathy in lively comic strips.Their names have become household words.They are only a few outstanding products in the field.Today the digital revolution has brought new life to the making of cartoons and comic strips.Therefore many people think that computer-made comics will in the end replace hand-drawn ones.However, just as the human mind will never give way completely to the computer, hand-drawn comics will never die, but will remain a special means of expressing human

3cover story perhaps describes the artist’s own life experience.With this experience, Rockwell could make every detail come alive in this painting.13.A brief look at two metropolises NEW YORK In the 19th century, a businessman predicated that New York was going to become the centre of the world.His prediction has partly come true.Today, New York is often regarded as one of the financial and cultural capitals of the Western World.The United Nations has its headquarters in the city as well.New York, where the world-famous twin towers of the World Trade Center were once located, is known as a city of skyscrapers.There are parks, great museums, art galleries, grand theatres and cinemas for visitors as well.However, like many other cities in the world, New York also has its own problems---noise, air pollution, crimes, traffic jams, and slums.Still, the fast, exciting pace of life in New York City is fascinating and this may be a reason why the city continues to fascinate more and more people.LONDON London was once known as a city of fog.At that time, many Londoners did not expect that their city would change for the better.However, heavy fog is now rarely seen in London.As a city with a long history, London has also gone through many changes.The days are gone when horse-drawn carriages were a common sight in the street.Now London is famous for its excellent underground service and the red double-deckers have become a symbol of the city.The second half of the 20th century saw great changes in the city.Skyscrapers have sprung up;business centres for the 21st century are also growing fast.However, London has kept its heart.People can still enjoy themselves with a cup of tea

515.The growth of the Internet The Internet began as a tool to connect universities and government research centres through a nationwide network.It would allow a large number of computers to exchange information and share resources.Its development was pushed forward by ARPA---the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was established in the United States in 1958.In 1969 ARPA began to focus on communications technology.Then in the early 1970s, the ARPA net came into being.This network laid the foundation for the Internet.In 1972, electronic mail was introduced.At the same time in Europe, researchers were struggling with their own computer networking problems.In 1989, a scientist proposed the World Wide Web project.Over the next year or two, the proposal was discussed and revised, which resulted in the programme called the World Wide Web.In 1992, its browser software was introduced to the public.The early browsers functioned well but were not “user-friendly”.In 1993, a group of graduated students in the USA created Mosaic---a “browser” programme.Mosaic was pleasing to the eye and easy to use---just point and click.Netscape and then Microsoft followed with browsers that greatly simplified the process of surfing the Internet in search of information.Today, the Internet is changing our life style, cultural patterns, business practices, and ways of learning and doing research.It helps people keep up to date on world events, find a cheap flight, play games, and discuss everything from apples to space technology.An increasing number of people shop and bank on the Internet;many do business online.It enables people to browse online hundreds of thousands of magazines and books in libraries

7read all the data in Prince Philip’s electronic mailbox before the police discovered the hacking.The possibility for hackers to commit crimes is great.In the 1980s some experts pointed out that American banks were losing up to $5,000 million a year to computer crimes.Once a hacker gained entry to a bank’s system, he could order it to move large sums of money to another bank in a foreign country---just what a traditional robber would do.Today computers are making life easier and far more comfortable.The evils, however, are also growing with the development of computer knowledge and techniques.It seems that the struggle against computer crimes will continue into the future.高一第二学期

17.Travelling around China Travelling around China can be tiring but fun as well.However, how you travel often determines whether your travel will be a success or a failure.Here is some information about how it can be done.Most parts of China can now be reached by rail.Generally speaking, the train service is efficient.However, the trains are sometimes overcrowded, especially on national holidays.The kind of ticket you need depends on the distance of your journey.A hard or soft seat is fine for a short journey.For long journeys, a sleeper ticket is a better choice.number of sea routes exist that can take you from one seaport to another along the coast of China.There are also a few inland waterways.The most attractive one is that from Chongqing to Shanghai.Along this route ships pass through the famous Three Gorges and

9and Jia Jia, can now be sighted at their permanent habitat in Ocean Park.SHARK AQUARIUM Through the underwater viewing tunnel, you seem to enter the mysterious deep ocean, surrounded by countless sharks and rays of over 30 species, all swimming within arm’s reach.OCEAN THEATRE With a panoramic background and hosted by a marvelous master of ceremonies, the Ocean Theatre stages entertaining performances by its great and small marine stars.When time permits, visit a jewelry factory workshop to observe the art of handicraft.NOTE This is a half day guided tour.However, passengers may stay behind to explore more features in the Ocean Park.Return trips on our afternoon coach can be arranged with your tour guide.19.The Sydney Harbour Bridge There’s no feeling quite like seeing Sydney from the top of the Harbour Bridge.There I stood, looking up at Sydney’s Harbour Bridge---one of the most famous bridges in the world.Located near the magnificent Sydney Opera House, the 40-storey bridge towers over Australia’s largest city.The bridge was certainly beautiful to look at.But who in their right mind would want to climb it? Me, of course!Climbing the bridge is not such a crazy thing to do, in fact.Tourists started climbing the bridge in 1998.Now it’s one of Sydney’s most popular attractions.To prepare for the climb, our group of 12 climbers had to take a special class.First, we stored all our personal belongings and changed into special bridge climbing clothes.Then, the climb organizers showed us how to use the safety belts and climb the steep ladders.1Thailand’s tourist bureau says that it is “in the nature of the people.” The Thais are naturally happy, he says with a smile, and they are glad to share that happiness with others.This attitude seems to be very much appreciated by the more than five million tourists who visit Thailand each year.The country ranks high on the list of places to which visitors want to return.The reason most often stated is that the people are friendly and polite.Some other Asian destinations are not as well received.Bali in Indonesia ranks high on the list, with Japan somewhere in the middle.These reports raise the question of whether certain nationalities are naturally more courteous than others.People may experience more friendliness in Thailand than in other countries.This may have more to do with the place than the people.Travel writers point out that cities are always stressful, hurried places, with little to offer in the way of smiles and welcome.Bangkok is not as friendly as other places in the surrounding Thai countryside.Remote towns and villages in China, for example, offer visitors a warm welcome, with smiles(and giggles)from children.Perhaps it should also be pointed out that polite, patient, smiling visitors will most often be greeted similarly, no matter which country they are in.21.Using English properly If you don’t want to offend someone, you’d better know which English words to use---and which to avoid.Imagine that you’re in a restaurant in America.You want some water, so you called out “Waitress!” A waitress comes to your table, but she’s clearly unhappy.What did you do wrong? You may have offended her by calling her a “waitress.” Today, many people prefer the word “server” to “waitress.”

3people do change with the times.22.Tips for English learning Language letter-boxes in quite a few English newspapers are often filled with letters complaining about such problems as “I don’t know to improve my pronunciation and intonation.The English vocabulary is too large to handle.” Or “I find my spoken English most worrying.Please tell me how to improve my communication skills!”

At the same time, in some newspapers, there are ads for “Shortcuts in Mastering English,” “A 24-hour Programme of Success in Spoken English” or “Recipe for English Fluency,” and so on.A lot of teachers of English try to help fight learners’ worries by saying that the road to successful communication is clearly signposted---practise, practice and practice.If there are few such opportunities in your day-to-day life, make them up: form clubs or learning groups, and practise talking to each other.Expose yourselves to an English radio broadcast, a tape recording, a film or a video: let it be a topic or a context for discussion.Even when you are alone, try to have some practice.You can never lay too much emphasis on the importance of “input” for language learning, so reading newspapers and listening to the radio are good habits to cultivate.One thing, however, is very important: the “input” must be appropriate for your level.Something too difficult is useless, while spending time on something too easy will be pointless.And remember this: there isn’t a cure-all for all of you.One shortcut may work for some of you, and another probably has a positive effect on others.Only one method works for everybody---and that is, to use English!

5the ship.Silent clues, however, may also communicate good news.Smiling, leaning forward, watching attentively---all tell you that the track is clear of obstacles;the signals are green---so go ahead.24.Understanding body language Have you ever met someone and found that you instantly liked them? You just couldn’t put your finger on it as to why.Deep down inside yourself they gave you a strange feeling.I’m not going to call myself a body language expert, but I think I can hive you my advice on how to read the most complicated language of all: body language.YOUR MOVES SELL YOU OUT.So for starters, think about yourself.Have you ever stopped for a moment to watch the way that you move your body? Well, believe it or not, the people you are talking to are watching your every move.They watch your eyes, your facial expressions, the way you hold your posture.In fact, the way you move can tell a lot about what kind of person you are … or what kind of person you appear to be.WHAT CAN BODY LANGUAGE TELL? In most Western countries, making eye contact with anyone you talk to is very important.If you don’t make eye contact, you might be judged as dishonest or even rude.Then there’s posture.If your actions are very confident, you will appear to be confident to others.And, the rate that you speak can also tell others something.If you talk too fast, you’re nervous, while too slow probably indicates that you are unsure of yourself, and that maybe you are shy.I’M CONFUSED WITH “SPACE” IN CHINA.As a traveler, I have been confused time and time again with every place I visit.This is mainly because I misunderstood the body language

7During rehearsals, to get what he wanted from his orchestra, he would sometimes stamp his feet, snap his baton and tear his store to pieces.He tried to make use of every means to interpret music.Once he found himself at a loss when trying to describe to an American orchestra a very light effect in a passage(his English was poor).After thinking hard for a while, he drew a white silk handkerchief from his pocket and threw it into the air, watching with the orchestra as it floated to the floor.“There!” he said.“Play like that!”

Toscanini drove himself as hard as he did his orchestra.If the orchestra met his demands, he would weep for joy.Otherwise, he would not spare them from punishment.If he himself made a rare mistake, he would slap his own face in front of the orchestra.He would not spare even himself from punishment.Toscanini would shout at anyone who dared talk during the performance or, even worse, arrived late.All through his life, Toscanini was anti-fascist.In1931, he was physically attacked for refusing to play the fascist anthem and for protesting against Hitler’s ban on Jewish musicians.He dropped his baton in 1954, and died in 1957 at the age of 90.26.An interview with a pop pianist Robin Gordon(RG), a journalist, interviews a very rich and famous pianist, James Newman(JN), who has a way of playing classical music in a wildly romantic manner.He is well known for his strange clothes as well.RG: Actually, you don’t let the chance slip through your fingers when you chose music as your career.JN: No, the entertainment world is full of opportunities.When any of them turns up and comes

9JN: Yes.I decided to play Bach and Chopin in a very unusual style.Meanwhile I started wearing fancy clothes.RG: I guess your father didn’t approve of all this.JN: Right.Dad’s a bit old.He wanted to make a classical musician of me!He didn’t understand me.RG: Even though you are so successful? JN: No.Many people don’t.RG: Perhaps it takes time.Thank you, Mr.Newman.27.Stunts in movies On the screen, the US actor Tom Cruise is throwing himself through a glass window as a large car explodes behind him;the actress Helen Hunt is running from hurricanes as homes and cows are swept up.And, of course, there is Stallone doing…everything.It seems to be popular these days for actors and actresses to do their own stunts in action movies, and the fact is that the big names are indeed doing more stunts.According to a director, some actors do as much as ninety per cent of their own stunts, while the last ten per sent are generally left to stunt professionals.These are the men and women who make a living risking their lives on behalf of the big names in action movies.However, there is an exception.The only actor who does any allow anyone else to do his stunts is Jackie Chan, the Hong Kong phenomenon.He takes pride in doing all the stunts in his action movies.Jackie Chan has been doing his individual brand of dramatic martial arts for fifteen years.He is no doubt a walking miracle of physical endurance.Of course, along

1released in 2004, showed the potential and limitations of digital actors.The movie’s digital characters looked and acted surprisingly lifelike.But somehow they still reminded audiences of cartoons, and their “acting” was less than inspiring.Final Fantasy’s digital magic also cost moviemakers a fortune.Just creating human-looking hair cost about $20 million.And despite people’s initial excited reaction, it performed poorly at the box office.The film, which cost $137 million to make, lost about $80 million.Moviemakers have been much more successful at creating non-human characters.The Lord of the Rings trilogy features a digital creature named Gollum.Though not human, Gollum gives a very moving performance.Surprisingly, this collection of pixels manages to effectively show a wide range of human emotions.The Matrix: Reloaded features the most perfect digital humans so far.These lifelike digital creations appear widely throughout the movie.In fact, audiences can never be sure which actors are real and which are digital.So should Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman and all their Hollywood friends start looking for another line of work? Not necessarily.Many popular movie directors say digital actors will never “act” as well as humans.Digital actors must also rely on gifted human actors for their voices.29.Front page news Millions of newspapers are sold every day throughout the world.What section of the newspapers on a newsstand catches your eye? Without doubt, it is the front page.Its contents are usually about the most important happenings of the day.Besides that, it is common practice that the front page carries an index to help the reader quickly locate certain sections of the paper.A front page carries a

3GREAT VICTORY ENDS YEARS OF WAITING Moscow: It was Beijing’s night yesterday in Moscow.As Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the International Olympic Committee(IOC), announced that Beijing would be the host for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, cheering, applauding and waving of flags broke out to celebrate the victory.“Now the results of the voting---the Games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 is awarded to the city of…Beijing,” declared Samaranch, the most famous sports figure in the world.Beijing won in the second round ballot with 56 votes from the 105 voting IOC members, while Toronto got a distant 22, Paris 18 and Istanbul 9.Osaka, which received 6 votes, was eliminated in the first round.A contract to host the Games followed after the vote.BEIJING WAS SLEEPLESS LAST NIGHT Thousands upon thousands of people gathered in squares, shopping malls, streets and millions of homes to applaud the city’s success in its bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games.Buildings and streets were brightly lit, and heartfelt cheers and laughter filled the air.Fireworks lit up the night sky, and flags formed a sea of flowing colour.As International Olympic Committee(IOC)President Juan Antonio Samaranch announced that Beijing had won the IOC vote at 10:15 last night, the ancient capital burst into cheers and tears.The China Millennium Monument in western Beijing, the centre of the celebration, was alive with cheerful crowds.Senior Chinese leaders joined university students and local citizens in celebrating the success in the bid with the whole nation.5your cheque or money order for $10.if not completely satisfied, you may keep the atlas and cancel your subscription.In that case, you can get your money back.”

“That sounds amusing,” said Anne.“In fact, it would be really handy to have an atlas, particularly when I need to locate places I plan to visit or read about in the news.”

篇3：高一英语新世纪版

根据二期课改制定的新《课程标准》编写的上海市新世纪教材，与牛津教材参照国家教育部新《课程标准》确定的教学目标、教学内容和教学要求，在培养目标上，更强调对学生全面素质的培养：增加了输入量，扩大了信息量，提高了各学段听、说、读、写能力的教学要求。上海英语教学二期课改后要求，初中毕业时累计能认读词汇2100～2800个，预备年级第一学期以550个单词为起点。

本研究的研究思路为：采用文献研究法，调查研究，比较分析以及实验法来推进课题研究的开展。通过文献研究了解当前国内外在英语词汇学习策略方面的研究现状与发展，了解上海地区所使用的牛津版初中英语教材的引进、改编及使用，了解新世纪版初中英语教材的编写及使用;以预备年级第二学期为例，根据前一学期的各班英语成绩均分，选取比较实验班和对照班，初步了解运用词汇学习策略后的效果;最后对收集到的数据，对比分析实验班与对照班的差异，从而印证策略与英语词汇学习之间的正相关。

二、文献综述

1. 学习策略定义及主要分类。

目前，不同的研究者从不同的角度定义学习策略。Wenden and Rubin认为，“学习策略是一种直接推动学习者构造的语言体系和影响学习效果的对策。”Oxford在她的参考资料中写道，“学习策略是指学生在发展技能中，促进学习者学习进步而使用的具体的行为、步骤或技巧，它被认为可以促进学习的内化、存储、提取或使用。”

大多数策略分类的目的是为了反馈学习策略范畴中或多或少相同的而不是完全不同的内容。Cohen将策略分为语言的学习策略和使用策略;Oxford将策略分为直接策略和间接策略;O’Malley和Chamot将策略分为元认知策略、认知策略和社会/情感策略。

2. 国内外英语词汇学习策略研究现状。

国外学者Cohen, Nation, Oxford等人详细论述了关于词汇学习的各种策略，并作了详细的分类说明;还有一些学者如Gairns&Redman, Sanaoui均重点研究了作为词汇记忆策略之一的关键词法在不同层次的学习者使用过程中的有效程度;Stern, Allen，等探讨了上下文策略和猜测策略在词汇学习(习得)中的重要性。O’Malley&Chamot认为死记硬背法也应该是一种有效的记忆单词的方法。

国内学者吴霞、王蔷研究了202名北师大非英语专业二年级学生学习词汇的策略及其对词汇知识的影响;此外，近三十年里我国许多学者如王文宇、易晓明、韩凯、张文棚、范琳、王庆华、李炯英、郑巧、李宋昊等都对此有不同研究。通过研究发现，学习者在学习词汇时或多或少地使用词汇学习策略，不同阶段、不同类型的学习者使用的策略也有所区别。

3. 牛津版教材的改编、新世纪版教材的编写及其使用。

1999年起，上海市部分中小学将使用由上海中小学课程教材改革委员会引进、改编的牛津英语教材。牛津英语教材的编写体系为Building Blocks (模块建筑体系) ，学生是英语学习的主体。通过教学，使学生的语言概念、语言实践活动和语言能力在原有的“模块”基础上得到拓宽和加深，持续发展。教材十分重视鼓励学生学习使用规范的英语，在各种情景中积极参与“任务”和“活动”，从而体现语言学习的激励性、工具性和交际性功能。

《新世纪初中英语》于2001年开始陆续在上海市杨浦区、崇明县的全部学校以及其他区县的部分学校试用。《新世纪初中英语》保持了原统编教材的优点，即在重视语法结构的同时重视语言功能： (1) 采用主题教学法、结构———功能法和任务型教学法相结合的编写体系。 (2) 在培养目标上，更强调对学生全面素质的培养。教材增加了输入量，扩大了信息量，提高了各学段听、说、读、写能力的教学要求。

如今在上海地区初中学校，牛津版英语教材与新世纪版英语教材并行使用，其语法知识点类似但传授主题不同，中考取其共同之处。

三、实证研究

1. 学习策略训练目标。

通过策略训练明确地教给学生如何形成他们各自的策略体系，策略训练的意图是能帮助学生探究方法来更有效地学习目标语言。策略训练的一个更重要的目标是通过加强学生的策略意识来提升学生的自我管理和自我指导，扩大学生策略的选择范围，训练和培养他们自我监督和自我调控的能力。策略训练可以帮助学习者达到学习的自动化和语言的自动化。

2. 教师词汇教学信念。

年级组宋老师认为，新课程给我们所带来的新理念：学习方式的变革———合作学习。“合作学习”是一种以学习为主体，以活动形式组织学生通过互动、合作来完成某一任务的学习活动。它需要小组成员相互依赖、相互支持、共同合作来提高个人的学习成效和达成共同的学习目标。它非常强调学生与学生之间、老师与学生之间的互动和交流。

年级组罗老师在其英语教学过程中总结了对英语词汇记忆法的方法，最主要的有三种： (1) 词根词缀法：最科学是最通用的方法，但有弊端。 (2) 联想法：运用发音字形等来联想，比如谐音法，这种方法有局限性。 (3) 语境法：把单词放在特定语境中来讲，如电影或老师的亲身经历等等，也可以通过编一些小故事记住单词的含义和用法，实用性强。

拥有二十年英语教学经验的洪老师认为，牛津教材的词汇量较多，学生颇为头疼。而词汇是语言的基本材料，离开词汇就无法表达思想，没有足够的词汇就不能有效的进行听、说、读、写，就无法用英语进行交际。她在课堂上使用的词汇教学方法为：拼读法、直观教学法、构词法、英语解释法、语境教学法、单词重现法、联想法、自主学习法等。

3. 词汇学习策略步骤。

根据笔者在实习学校的考察，笔者所在的班级制定了更为科学的学习策略，并运用到实验班的日常词汇教学中，认知步骤的强化体现在以下几个板块：

(1)初识新词。词汇学习的第一个最基本的步骤是接触生词。根据词汇的语法信息特征，学习者可通过读书、看电视等来寻找一定的语境，也可利用个体的策略出去与英国本地人操练英语，这样每天就能遇到大量的生词。另外一个接触生词的办法就是看教科书或老师指导布置的生词表。如牛津英语6B Unit 1 Great Cities in Asia中的相关地名Asia, Japan, Tokyo, Bangkok以及方位词“north-east, south-east等词，在本单元Listen and learn中就已经有所呈现了，学生初步了解了这些词的意思，但是还没有形成深刻的印象。

(2)学习形意。如果学生认识这个单词，那么他们就必须通过语言结构知识对单词意思进行推测，使用参考书、实物、情景、同义词、反义词等办法对单词意思进行推测或通过询问别人来获知单词的意思。而在6B Unit 1 Great Cities in Asia中的Look and read、Read, ask and answer板块的内容紧紧围绕地理、方位内容展开。这就进一步巩固了词汇的用法。同时，在日常生活情景中往往有一连串的动作或相关动作，而描述这些动作的单词往往有相似之处。例如，在学完新世纪6B Unit 3Geography in English这一单元，同样是讲述英语中的地理词汇，教师可以引导学生通过动作联想记忆单词和短语。

(3)有效记忆。即在教学中引导学生利用记忆规律，开发记忆潜能。科学研究表明，联想记忆远比孤立记忆快而且牢固，因此，在教学中应充分让学生联想，如新世纪6B Unit 3 Geography in English学习geography这个词，可以联想到maths, history, chemistry等学科词汇，也可以联系到kilometre, capital, population等地理用语，这样学生通过联想把一些意义相关的词记住。同样提高学生的记忆效率也要巧用方法，比如学习本单元的数量词million, billion及其用法时，就要教给学生“点三杠四”法来高效转换数量词的表达方法。

(4)反复运用。单词的运用是种“温故知新”的复习。测试的形式一定要多样，有测试拼写的，有测试句法功能的，也要有测试交际功能的。在学完整个Unit 3的Progress Check 3板块测试中，测试的词汇也紧紧围绕本单元学习话题的中心词汇展开。课堂上尽可能用英语，由于英语动词的意义与汉语解释的对等关系是相对的，用英语解释单词即能够使学生准确理解单词的真实含义并增加英语的信息量。

总之，记忆方法多种多样，可以多种方法混合使用，交叉记忆。只要我们积极动脑、动口，有意识地去学习词汇、熟悉词汇，就一定能够突破词汇学习的难关，积累相当可观的英语词汇量。

4. 成效反思。

在英语词汇的学习过程中，实验班在教师的引导下接受一定的学习策略培训，但是学生并不知道他们在进行词汇策略的训练。

词汇学习策略和词汇测试成绩之间有很大的联系，在原始均分类似的班级，通过词汇学习策略培训，实验班词汇测试成绩均分高于对照班4.8分，这就使学生对学好词汇更有自信，使越来越多的学生使用词汇学习策略。中学生在英语词汇学习中主要使用元认知策略，认知策略和社会/情感策略三种词汇学习策略模式，认知策略使用最为广泛;中学生采取的一定词汇学习策略和他们词汇成绩之间有密切的关系，词汇策略培训并在很大程度上对词汇测试的成绩产生了影响，在接受培训后，词汇测试成绩有了很大的提高。(表1)

在认知策略中，情景法、分类法、联想法这三种策略使用频率最高，尤其是情境法，学生在带有课文的情境下，最容易记住出现在本课中的单词;而机械法即死记硬背，也是学生不得不用的一种方法，也是一种比较有效的方法，在使用频率上甚至超过了生词本策略及词典法。生词本的出现并使用，是学生思想转变的一个过程，他们有意识的将不认识、记不牢的单词写在生词本上，然后再借助字典、词典查阅。从总体上来说，词汇策略培训对词汇策略学习的使用起着积极的作用，即使是死记硬背也是一种没有选择而不得不使用的方法。

四、结论和启示

通过本次对学生词汇学习和策略运用之间关系的研究，证明了策略运用有助于词汇学习，尤其是认知策略在词汇学习效果中起着最基本的作用，因此，有效的使用策略对学习的成功起着重要作用，有效的词汇学习策略训练能提高词汇学习的效率，进而提高学生的语言能力。在此，有以下几点需要注意：

首先，教师要本着“词汇积累首先应以课本为本”的思想。把词汇教学与课文内容的学习、句型结构和语法的学习结合起来。其次，要教给学生科学的词汇记忆方法，如：循环记忆、归纳记忆、联想记忆、读音记忆等，同时还要教给学生一定的构词法知识，如前缀、后缀。最后，教师要告诉学生一些基本的记忆理论，要根据学生记忆和遗忘的规律，建立严格的词汇检测制度，不定期地对已学单词、词组或固定搭配进行检查，并给学生以一定的压力。检测是督促学生重视词汇学习的有效手段。

篇4：高一英语新世纪版

一、语法有误

江苏凤凰出版传媒集团译林出版社出版的《牛津高中英语》模块一（2010年7月第3版，2010年7月第1次印刷）Notes中第61页Unit 1注释1：

Going to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me.（Page 2，Lines 1—2）

在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。

句中going to a British high school为动名词，作主语。

具有一般英语语法知识的人士都知道，“going to a British high school”不是动名词，而是动名词短语。“going”才是动名词。

二、翻译有误

江苏凤凰出版传媒集团译林出版社出版的《牛津高中英语》模块一（2010年7月第3版，2010年7月第1次印刷）Notes中第62页Unit 1注释11：

When he returned to Britain two months ago，he brought back from China many interesting books， dictionaries，paintings and photographs.（Page 9）

两个月前他回到英国，从中国带回了很多有趣的书籍、字典、图画和照片。

很明显，编者把“paintings”译成了“图画”，这是很不应该的。painting的汉译应为“水彩画，油画”，根据文中意思，这儿我们可以写作“Chinese paintings”，因此，原句中的“paintings”应译为“中国画”，而不是“图画”[1]。

三、次序不当

江苏凤凰出版传媒集团译林出版社出版的《牛津高中英语》模块二（2010年7月第3版，2010年7月第1次印刷）第97页D2 Translate the following sentences into English.Use the words in brackets.中第2小题“她热衷于打羽毛球，正在组织一次学校联赛。（enthusiastic about，organize）”此句中文设计很好，但所考查的重点单词与词组“enthusiastic about，organize”均出现在第一单元，编者把它们放在第二单元考查，似乎不够理想。理应放在第一单元的第89页D2中才恰当。

四、动词遗漏

江苏凤凰出版传媒集团译林出版社出版的《牛津高中英语》从模块一到模块四（2010年7月第3版，2010年7月第1次印刷）的附录中都有“Irregular verbs”一项，不规则动词的过去式、过去分词的列出，极大地方便了师生的查阅，对教学很有利。但在模块三Unit 1中出现了一个不规则动词panic（惊慌，恐慌），其过去式、过去分词分别是“panicked，panicked”。因此，建议在各模块的“Irregular verbs”一项中的overcome之下将panic一词的过去式及过去分词列进。

参考文献

[1] 席玉虎.英语常用词用法·详解大词典（L—Z）.北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司，2007.

篇5：高一英语新世纪版

Travelling around China can be tiring but fun as well.However, how you travel often determines whether your travel will be a success or a failure.Here is some information about how it can be done.BY TRAIN

Most parts of China can now be reached by rail.Generally speaking, the train service is efficient.However, the trains are sometimes overcrowded, especially on national holidays.The kind of ticket you need depends on the distance of your journey.A hard or soft seat is fine for a short journey.For long journeys, a sleeper ticket is a better choice.BY SHIP

A number of sea routes exist that can take you from one seaport to another along the coast of China.There are also a few inland waterways.The most attractive one is that from Chongqing to Shanghai.Along this route ships pass through the famous Three Gorges and stop at many beautiful towns and historic sites.BY AIR

This is often the first choice for those who have limited time to spend on a journey.But, of course, this time-saving advantage has to be paid for—tickets are more expensive.While CAAC used to be the only airline service in the country, there are now a number of regional airlines.The safety record has also improved much over the past decades.Air tickets are available through CITS, at hotel travel desks or in air ticket offices.Most large cities and many popular tourist destinations have their own airports.BY BUS

Highway networks in China are developing very fast.There are both inner-and inter-city bus services.They are well managed and cheap.State-owned long-distance bus services operate on schedule and are inexpensive.There are also private buses.They run mainly on local route, and often will not depart until they are completely filled up.BY BICYCLE

篇6：高一英语新世纪版

Teaching material: Unit 1 Cultural Relics (listening and speaking part)

Teaching aims:

1、To improve students’ listening ability, such as global and detail listening; and the ability to get useful information from the listening material.

2、To improve students’ organization, creation and speaking ability; and urge them to use what they have learnt in daily life.

Teaching methods:

1、Review before listening to stimulate students’ memory and interests ;

2、To do the global, detail and global listening in turns with practices;

3、To stimulate students to discuss which person gave the best evidence, using the information in the formal section;

4、To let the students to judge the truth or lie in their daily life.

Teaching focus: to improve students’ listening and speaking ability;

Teaching aids:

1、video

2、diagram

3、pictures

Teaching Procedure

Ⅰ. Listening

1. Presentation

1.1 Lead in

T: Good morning boys and girls. How are you today?

S: Fine, thanks.

T: Look! What’s this?

S: The amber room.

T: Right! It’s the amber room. Last class, we have learnt an article named “in research of the amber room” do you still remember it?

S: Yes.

T: Good! Today we are going to listen to another story about the amber room. Do you want to know?

S: Yes.

1.2 Guessing

T: Ok! Please look at the blackboard, there are three WH-words: who, when and what. When we say the three WH-words what can you think about?

S: Some people’s names

T: Yes. What else?

S: Time words and something will happen.

T: Good! Let’s check your guessing. Before listening, you should keep the three WH-words in your mind and write it down when you hear the answer. Ok?

S: Ok.

2. Listening

2.1 Global Listening

T: but, before listening, I will give you some new words to help you. The first one is Czech Republic, it is a country like the People’s Republic of China, means捷克共和国. The second one is explode. Look at the picture and try to guess the meaning of it. What’s it.

S: Boom.

T: Yes. It’s boom, but when we fire it, it will bang, explode. Now do you know the meaning of it?

S: 爆炸。

T: Yes. Now let’s do our global listening. (Do the global listening)

T: Ok! I think you have got your answer. Who would like to share your answer with us? You please. Who?

S: Jan Hasek

T: Good! Who can tell me when? You please.

S: In April 1945.

T: Excellent. How about the what? You please.

S: He heard something and saw some soldiers.

T: Good. Good!

2.2 Detailed Listening

T: Next, I’d like you to fill in the tables. Let’s look at it. What he heard? Just as what you answer me just now, he must hear something. Right?

S: Right.

T: But what’s it? The second one is what his reflection when he heard something? How about you? Try to guess what you will do when you hear something? Lily?

S: Maybe I’d like to see what it is.

T: Good guessing. Let’s check it latter. The last one is what he saw? Just now you answer me he saw some soldiers. Guess, what the soldiers did? Who would like to share your opinion? You please.

S: Maybe they were doing their commissions.

T: Good guessing. Please keep the three questions in your mind and write down the answers when you hear it. Am I clear?

S: Yes.

(The teacher leads the students do the detail listening and stop in one segment.)

T: Who would like to share your opinion with us? You please the first question.

S: He heard something explode at midnight.

T: Well done! Did you guess correctly? Who’d like to answer the next question? You please.

S: He got up and ran outside.

T: Good job! Who would like to try the last question? You please.

S: They saw some German soldiers were taking wooden boxes from trucks and putting them in the mine.

T: Excellent! Please give her a big hand. You all have really done a very good job.

2.3 Global Listening

T: Now please keep all the questions and answers in your mind. And we will listen to the whole story again that you can have a general review on it.

Ⅱ. Speaking

2.1 Showing directions for discussion

T: Good morning, class!

S: Good morning, teacher!

T: And next, we will do a speaking exercise. What I need you to do first is to use the information in the formal section and to discuss in pairs which person gave the best evidence. Are you clear?

S: Yes!

2.2 Showing the useful expressions

T: Before your discussion, I will give you some useful expressions. The first one is “Do/Don’t you think that…?” The second one is “Are you sure that he/she was telling the truth?” The third one is “What are your reasons for saying that?” And now who can give me more expressions about this discussion? Yes, you please!

S: I think someone is telling the truth because…

T: Very good, thank you very much! Now, I need one more useful expression, who would like to try? You please!

S: Sorry, I don’t agree with you.

2.3 Group discussion

T: Excellent, thank you very much! Next, two students a group, you can begin your discussion. Don’t forget to use the useful expressions here. Five minutes later, I need one of your groups to present your discussion to the class! Clear?

S; yes!

T: Now, ready, go!

(Five minutes later)

2.4 Demonstrating the students’ dialogues

T: OK, the time is up! Who want to show your discussion? Yes, you two please!

S: …

T: Very good! Big hands for them! Next, we have a competition. At the very beginning, I need one of you to tell a short story about yourself. You can tell a lie or tell the truth. And after your story, I need one student to analyze what you have said is a lie or the truth, then to give the reasons. And at the same time I will record everyone’s right judgments, which will determine who is the winner of this competition. Are you clear?

S: Yes!

T: Now, who want to tell a short story? Very good, you please!

S: I was washing my clothes at five o’clock yesterday.

T: Now who can judge what she said is the truth or a lie! Ok, you please!

S: She has told a lie, because I saw her in the library at five o’clock yesterday!

T: Is her judgment right?

S: Yes!

T: OK, very good! Now, who want to tell another short story? Very good, you please!

S: I was playing computer games at eleven o’clock last night.

T: Now who can judge what she said is the truth or a lie! Ok, you please!

S: She has told a lie, because I saw her doing her homework in her dormitory at eleven o’clock last night!

T: Is her judgment right?

S: Yes!

2.5 Summary

T: OK, very good! Now, the competition is over. We can see that the Lisa’s flowers rank the number one. Certainly, she is the winner of this competition. Now, Lisa, congratulations to you! Let’s give big hands for her. After exercise, who can make a conclusion about what we have learnt today? OK, you please!

S: We have learnt how to discuss and judge who is telling the truth or telling a lie.

T: Very good! You really did a very good job today. I think we must stop here. No homework today. Good-bye!