中级商务英语课程简介

2024-05-04

中级商务英语课程简介(通用6篇)

篇1:中级商务英语课程简介

《中级商务英语》课程简介

本课程采用剑桥大学出版社新开发的一套中级商务英语学习教材,涉及日常工作中多方面的英文沟通需要,使用多媒体系列化材料与交际法教学及情景模拟学习相配合,着力培养学生在实际工作中用英语进行沟通和解决问题的能力。

具体内容如下:

 第一模块 Person to Person

通过本模块学习,使学生了解、掌握在商务活动中,与客户、同事面对面、一对一交流的表达方式。

 第二模块 Phone Calls

通过本模块学习,使学生了解、掌握在商务活动中,如何利用电话与客户、同事交流的表达方式。

 第三模块 Writing 通过本模块学习,使学生掌握商业信函、传真、电邮及简短报告的写作方式。第四模块 Exchanging Information 通过本模块学习,使学生了解、掌握通过问答、安排计划、处理订单来交换工作信息。第五模块 Meetings

通过本模块学习,使学生了解、掌握如何参与会谈与会议,包括单独会谈、小组会议,大型会议、正式与非正式会议以及谈判等。

 第六模块 Entertaining Visitors

通过本模块学习,使学生了解、掌握如何接待来自国外的客户,包括安排餐饮、介绍公司情况以及处理问题,重点在以主人观点安排商务旅行等。

 第七模块 Explaining and presenting

通过本模块学习,使学生了解并掌握如何介绍公司情况、运作程序和步骤,并能进行介绍表达、会说招揽买卖的话等。

篇2:中级商务英语课程简介

英语写作中级(上)课程教案

I 授课题目:Unit One We Learn As We Grow

一、教学目的、要求:

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of exemplication: → Definition → Kinds of examples → Sources of examples

2、To learn to outline expositive essays

知识点: → The definition and introduction of exposition and essay.→ Exposition is explanatory writing.It‟s purpose is to explain or clarify a point.→ An essay is a related group of paragraphs written for some purpose

(二)熟悉: → Practice the basics of exemplification

→ Practice outlining 知识点:→ Patterns of exposition, the choice of examples, the choice of appropriate examples, the organization of an exemplification essay:

→Types of essays, basic structures of an expositive essay, elements of the expositive essay → Types of outline, rules concerning outline

(三)了解:→Patterns of exposition, types of essays, types of outline process analysis, cause-effect analysis, Comparison and contrast, classification, definition and analogy,narrative essays, descriptive essays, expositive essays and argumentative essays

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:Exemplification, types of outline; 难点:Sentence outline and topic outline

三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容 第一課

Exemplification

第一課 Elements of the Essay: Outlining

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次:Read on the subject and write an example paper of 200-250 words on the given topic.第二次:Read on the subject and write an essay of 200-250 words on the given topic, using either a single extended example or two or three short ones to develop your thesis statement.第三次: Ask students to practice outlining

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure →

Prewriting-choosing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting: getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

Editing and proofreading: eliminating technical errors

II 授课题目:Unit Two

I Made It

一、教学目的、要求:

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of process analysis → Definition → Uses → Types → Methods

2、To learn to write thesis statement

知识点:→ The definiton and introduction of process analysis → The function of process analysis

→ The differences between thesis statement vs.topic sentence

(二)熟悉:

→ The areas the process analysis is usually used.知识点: → Functions of process analysis:giving instructions, giving information and giving the history

Major types of process analysis: directive analysis, informative process analysis

Writing an effective thesis statement

(三)了解:The basics of process writing and thesis statement

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:Organization of a process paper, practice of effective thesis statement; 难点:Guidelines on process analysis, writing effective thesis ststement

三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容 第二課

Process Analysis

第二課

Elements of the essay: The Thesis Statement

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次:Read on the subject and write an informative process paper describing how you succeeded in doing something

第二次:Read on the subject and write a directive process paper telling first-year students how to adjust to life at college.第三次:Ask students to practise writing the thesis statement

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure → Prewriting-chossing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting:getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

Editing and proofreading: eliminating technical errors

授课题目:Unit Three College Is Not a Paradise

一、教学目的、要求:

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of Cause-Effect analysis → Definition → Uses → Patterns

2、To learn to write an introduction to expositive essays → What to include in the introduction → How to write effective introduction

知识点:→ The definiton and introduction of cause-effect analysis → The function of cause-effect analysis

→ The writing of effective introduction

(二)熟悉:

→ The functions and areas the cause-effect analysis is usually used.知识点: → Functions of cause-effect analysis: explaining why certain things happen, analyzing what will happen as a result

Major types of cause-effect analysis: focusing on cause and focusing on effects,→

How to start and write effective introduction

(三)了解: the basics of cause-effect analysis and writing effective introduction

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:How to focus on cause or effects, How to start and write effective introduction; 难点:How to focus on cause or effects, How to start and write effective introduction

三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容

第三課

Cause-Effect Analysis

第三課

Parts of the essay: The Introduction

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次:Read on the subject and write an essay on any of the given topics analyzing cause.5 第二次:Read on the subject and write, from your own experience, an essay analyzing the effects of anthing taught in class.第三次:Ask students to practise writing the introduction

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure → Prewriting-chossing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting: getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

Editing and proofreading: eliminating technical errors

授课题目:Four What Makes the Differences

一、教学目的、要求:

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of Comparison and Contrast → Definition → Uses → Patterns → Methods

2、To learn to develop the body of expositive essays → What its structure looks like? → What it includes

知识点:→ The definiton and introduction of Comparison and Contrast → The function of cause-effect analysis

→ The writing of effective introduction

(二)熟悉:

→ The functions and areas the comparison/contrast is usually used., the general structure of the body of an essay 知识点: → Functions of comparison/contrast: clarifying something unknown, bringing one or both of the subject into sharper shape

Three patterns of comparison/contrast: subject by subject, point by point, mixed sequence

Familiarity of the general structure of the body of an essay

(三)了解: The basics of Comparison and Contrast and the general structure of the body of an essay

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:Three patterns of comparison/contrast: subject by subject, point by point, mixed sequence

General structure of the body: Beginning, Body and End

难点: How to organize a comparison/contrast essay, How to develop body paragraphs

三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容

第四課

Comparison/Contrast 第四課 Parts of the essay: The Body

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次:Read on the subject and write a subject-by-subject essay of comparison/contraston any of the given topics

第二次:Read on the subject and write a point-by-point essay of comparison/contraston any of the given topics

第三次:Ask students to practise writing the body of the essay

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure → Prewriting-chossing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting:getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

Editing and proofreading: eliminating technical errors

授课题目:Unit Five It Takes All Sorts to Make a World

一、教学目的、要求:

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of Classification → Definition → Uses → Methods

2、To learn to write the conclusion of expositive essays → What is classification? → What is classification used for?

知识点: → The definiton and introduction of classification → The function of classification

→ The writing of effective classification

(二)熟悉:

→ The functions and areas the classification is usually used., the conclusion of expositive essays 知识点: → Functions of classification:

To organize and perceive the world around us

To present a mass of material by means of some orderly system

To deal with complex or abstract topics by breaking a broad subject into smaller, neatly sorted categories.→

The general pattern of classification

sentence patterns in classification

Familiarity of the the conclusion of expositive essays

(三)了解: The functions and areas the classification is usually used., the conclusion of expositive essays

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:some sentence patterns in classification

the conclusion of expositive essays 9

难点: Parts of the conclusion: a summary of the main points, or restatements of your thesis in different work.三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容 第五課

classification

第五課 Parts of the essay: The conclusion

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次:Read on the subject and write a classification essay on any of the given topics 第二次:Write an essay of 200-250 words on any of the given topics.第三次:Ask students to practise writing the conclusion of the essay

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure → Prewriting-chossing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting:getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

Editing and proofreading: eliminating technical errors 授课题目:Unit Six

一、教学目的、要求:

What Does It Mean

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of Definition → Definition → Types → Methods of Organization

2、To learn to write the title of expositive essays → What is definiton → Types of definition

知识点: → The Standard /Formal Definition → The Connotative/Personal Definition

→ The Extended Definition

(二)熟悉:

→ The functions and areas the definition is usually used., the title of expositive essays 知识点:

Functions and patterns of definition:

→ The Standard /Formal Definition is used to explain a term or concept your audience or reader may not know or understand, → The Connotative/Personal Definition is used to explain any word or concept that doesn‟t have the same meaning for everyone.→ The Extended Definition is used to explore a topic by examining its various meanings and implications.(三)了解: How to write an extended definition

How to organize an extended essay

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:Functions and patterns of definition

How to write an extended definition

How to write the title of an expositive essay 难点:How to organize an extended essay

How to write the title of an expositive essay

三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容 第六課

definition

第六課 Parts of the essay: The Title

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次: Read on the subject and write a definition essay on any of the given topics 第二次:Write an essay of 200-250 words on any of the given topics.第三次:Ask students to practise writing the title of the essay

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure → Prewriting-choosing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting: getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

Editing and proofreading: eliminating technical errors

Unit Six

Task One Definition I What is definition?

In talking with other people, we sometimes offer informal definitions to explain just what we mean by a particular term.That is, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open to various interpretations.Suppose, for example, we say to a friend:” Forrest is really an inconsiderate person.” We might then explain what we mean by “ inconsiderate” by saying, “He borrowed my accounting book overnight but didn‟t return it for a week.And when I got it back, it was covered with coffee stains.Definition is the explanation of the meaning of a word or concept, and it is also a method of developing an essay.II.The ways to define a word or term

There are three basic ways to define a word or term

A.To give a synonym For example: „ To mend is to repair.”

Or “ A fellow is a man or a boy.”

B.To use a sentence(often with an attributive clause)For example, ink may be define in a sentence: “Ink is colored water which we use for writing.”

C.To write a paragraph or even an essay But a synonymy or a sentence cannot give a satisfactory definition of an abstract term whose meaning is complex.We have to write a paragraph or an essay with examples or negative examples(what the term does not mean), with analogies or comparisons, with classification or cause-effect analysis.III.When we give a definition, we should observe certain principles: 1.First, we should avoid circular definitions.“Democracy is the democratic process.” And “astronomer is one who studies astronomy” are circular definition.2.Second, we should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one.For example: By imagination, I mean the power to form mental images of objects, the power to form new ideas, the gift of employing images in writing, and the tendency to attribute reality to unreal things, situations and states.(picking up words, expressions from a dictionary , in the hope that one will hit)3.Third, we should avoid loaded definition, Loaded definitions do not explain terms but make an immediate appeal for emotional approval.A definition like:‟ By state enterprise, I mean high cost and poor efficiency.” is loaded with pejorative emotional connotation.Conversely, “ By state enterprise, I mean one of the great blessing of democratic planning” is loaded with favorable emotional connotation.Such judgements can be vigorious to a discussion, but they lead to argument, not clarification, when offered as definition.IV.Types of definition 1.Standard/ Formal definition---denotation is a word‟s core, direct, and literal meaning.2.Connotative/Personal meaning---Explains what you mean by a certain term or concept that could have different meanings for others.On the other hand, connotation is the implied, suggested meaning of a word;it refers to the emotional response stimulated by associations the word carries with it.A.For Americans, Water gate is associated with a political scandal that means dishonesty.And more words are created with the suffix—gate to mean some scandal in English now, thus, Iran Gate, Intelligence Gate B.Dogs, in Chinese culture, may be quite a negative image.It is insulting to call someone a dog.What about the western people? In their eyes, dog is lovely and has good associated meanings.They say “ Love me, love my dog.”

C.Imperialism means to us Chinese quite negative.Some of the western people may be proud of being imperial and imperialism itself.D.People everywhere may also share some connotations for some words.They are general connotations.Mother means love, care, selfless, etc.E.Let‟s get the gang together for a party tonight.(a group)Don‟t go around with that gang or you‟ll come to no good.(degraded group of people or group of criminals)Connotation can make all the difference.It is the mirror of your attitude.3.Extended definition---is an essay length piece of writing using this method of development.V.How to write an extended definition

Follow 4 rules for a good definition:

1.Don‟t use the words “when “„where”, giving a definition.A common practice is to define the noun with a noun, adjective with adjective and so on.2.Remember, that definition is not a repetition.3.Use simple and well-known term in your explanation.4.Point out the distinguishing features of the term.Unit Six

Task Two: The Title I.What is title? A title is a very brief summary of what your paper is about.It is often no more than several words.You may find it easier to write the title after you have completed your paper.A title may be a phrase which can indicate a topic of interest(i.e.your focus)and at the same time point towards a particular kind of discussion(your mode of argument).Accordingly, your title needs not only to indicate what the essay will be about, but also to indicate the point of view it will adopt concerning whatever it is about.II.The purpose of the title To give the reader an idea of what the essay is about To provide focus for the essay To arouse the reader‟s interest

III.How to write a good title Make it clear, concise and precise Use a phrase rather than a sentence Exclude all extra words IV.Other rules to obey Center it at the top of the first page.Use no period at the end or quotation marks Capitalize the first and last words Capitalize all other words except  articles(a, the) the to in infinitives  prepositions containing one syllable  coordinating conjunctions(and, but, or, etc)

A title leads, but a poor title misleads.Be sure that it is appropriate.Besides, be careful with the capitalization.Write an appropriate title for each of the introductory paragraphs that follow.1.Title: _____Reactions to Disappointment___________________

Ben Franklin said that the only sure things in life are death and taxes.He left something out, however: disappointment.No one gets through life without experiencing many disappointments.Strangely, though, most people seem unprepared for disappointment and react to it in negative ways.They feel depressed or try to escape their troubles instead of using disappointments asan opportunity for growth.2.Title: ____Annoying People_____________________

President Richard Nixon used to keep “enemies list” of all the people he didn‟t especially like.Iam ashamed to confess it, butI, too, have an enemies list—a mental one.On this list are the people I would gladly live without , the ones who cause my blood pressure to rise to the boiling point.The top three places on the list go to people with annoying nervous habits, people who talk in movie theatres, and people who talk on car phones while driving.3.Title: ___The Meaning of Maturity______________________ Being a mature student does not mean being an old-timer.Maturity is not measured by the number of years a person have lived.Instead, the yardstick of maturity is marked by the qualities of self-denial, determination, and dependability.4.Title: _____College Stress____________________

Jack‟s heart pounds as he casts panicky looks around the classroom.He doesn‟t recognize the professor, he doesn‟t know any of the students, and he can‟t even figure out what the subject is.In front of him is a test.At the last minute his roommate awakens him.It‟s only another anxiety dream.The very fact that dreams like Jack‟s are common suggests that college is a stressful situation for young people.The cause of this stress can be academic, financial, and personal.5.Title: __How to Complain_______________________

I‟m not just a consumer—I‟m a victim.If I order a product, it is sure to arrive in the wrong color, sixe, or quantity.If I hire people to do repairs, they never arrive on the day scheduled.If I owe a bill, the computer is bound to overcharge me.Therefore, in self-defense, I have developed the following consumer‟s guide to complaining affectively 授课题目:Unit Seven The Insight I Gained

一、教学目的、要求:

(一)掌握:

1、To learn the basics of Analogy → Definition → Uses → Methods of Organization

2、To learn to use transitions → What is analogy → The difference between analogy and comparison

知识点: → The field analogy is used

→ The difference between analogy and comparison

→ The patterns of analogy

(二)熟悉:

→ The functions and areas analogy is usually used., to learn to use transition 知识点:

Functions and patterns of analogy:

→ A comparison explains two obviously similar things and considers both their differences and similarities → An analogy compares two apparently unlike things, and focus only on their major similarities

An analogy is thus an extended metaphor—the figure of speech that declares one thing to be another

(三)了解: How to organize an analogy by the way---subject by subject

How to organize an analogy by the way—point by point

二、教学重点及难点:

重点:Functions and patterns of definition

The differences between comparison and analogy

How to learn to use transition

How to organize an analogy by the way---subject by subject How to organize an analogy by the way—point by point

难点:How to learn to use transition

How to organize an analogy by the way---subject by subject How to organize an analogy by the way—point by point

三、课时安排:共4课时

四、授课方式:讲授、课堂快速阅读练习、课堂提问、写作实践讲解

五、教学基本内容 第六課

definition

第六課 Parts of the essay: The Title

六、参考书目:《英语写作手册》,《美国大学英语写作》

七、作业和思考题:

第一次: Read on the subject and write a definition essay on any of the given topics 第二次:Write an essay of 200-250 words on any of the given topics.第三次:Ask students to practise writing the title of the essay

八、课后小结:Emphasis on the writing procedure → Prewriting-chossing a topic and exploring ideas

Drafting: getting your ideas on paper

Revising: strengthening your essay

篇3:《中级有机化学》课程教学初探

关键词:中级有机化学,教学改革,初步探索

一、课程性质与教学目标

有机化学是高等学校化学及应用化学专业的一门必修课程。在基础有机化学的教学中, 由于开课年级、篇章内容和结构及教学课时的限制, 很难在知识体系的覆盖面与条理性及深度上达到平衡。 为弥补这一不足, 常在化学及相关专业的高年级或研究生中开设 《中级有机化学》这门课程。中级有机化学是一门论述有机化合物的结构、反应、机理及它们之间关系的科学, 对整个有机化学及后续有机合成等课程起着重要的理论指导作用, 是在基础有机化学基础上的深化和提高。通过本课程学习, 学生不仅掌握其理论知识, 同时能使学生学会理论结合实践, 运用所学的机理及其他理论知识, 从本质上分析有机合成问题, 从微观的角度去解释实验中出现的宏观现象, 从而提高高年级本科生的创新能力和独立解决问题的能力, 这有助于将来的科研和工作, 为以后的科研打下坚实的基础。

二、教学内容

中级有机化学是基础有机化学的深化和提高, 既有相对的独立性, 又与基础有机化学知识有着必然的联系。在基础有机化学课程中已经介绍了很多有机化学的基础理论知识, 所以中级有机化学这门课程重点介绍重点介绍基础有机化学未涉及的经典理论, 例如周环反应, 在基础有机化学中, 我们仅略有涉及[4 + 2] 环加成反应, 但在中级有机化学的课程里, 我们就要把周环反应分成三种类型: 电环化反应, σ - 迁移、环加成三种类型, 这些反应是没有中间体产生的协同反应, 仅在光或热条件下进行, 具有高度的立体选择性。同时, 让学生对分子轨道理论进行更深入的了解, 以及用分子轨道理论去解释电环化反应的条件 ( 光或热) 及产物。

介绍完中级有机化学教材中的机理和反应部分后, 我们添加了复杂有机化合物的设计及合成路线讨论。学生们在学过了基础有机化后, 实际上对有机合成及其应用了解不深。有机合成一般是运用有机化学的反应和理论, 将简单的有机物或无机物制备成较复杂的有机物的过程。随着有机理论和方法的进一步完善和发展及新的有机试剂的产生, 有机合成的发展将更迅速。有机合成是一门实验科学, 在开展合成工作前, 必须要有一个合理的计划, 这就是合成设计工作, 它是有机合成设计的灵魂。有机合成设计对学生将来的工作及科研有着重要的作用。

三、教学方法

传统教学中, 教师重知识传授, 轻思维启示, 重教学形式、轻思想内涵, 这样的教学方法不能提升学生的创新能力和发散性思维。由于中级有机课程理论性强, 且授课范围是多个专业, 因此授课对象的学科背景以及他们的化学基础差异较大, 对于不同程度的学生, 增加了教学难度。

第一, 加强教师对学生的引导, 提高学生的自主学习能力。在上课时教师应避免保姆式、满堂灌的教学, 这样不利于调动学生的主观能动性, 不利于学生创新能力的提高。中级有机开设在本科的高年级阶段, 学生已经学过基础有机化学, 具备了一定的理论和实验基础, 因此教师可以探索一些新的教学模式, 比如用问题驱动教学法, 还可以采用 ‘研讨式’教学, 让学生积极参与到知识点的讨论, 提高学生的兴趣和学习效率。

第二, 多用多媒体辅助教学。中级有机化学的许多内容比较抽象难以理解。例如立体化学部分, 在基础有机化学课程中, 教师用一些简单的模型来展示一些简单的化合物, 但对于复杂的化合物, 很难找到合适的模型。故可以制作动画来展示这一过程, 使学生更容易学习和掌握立体化学等内容。

第三, 为了使学生能够及时了解学科的发展前沿动态, 还可以适当增加一些有机化学领域里的一些新成果、新技术、新方法等, 这些都可以图文并茂的形式引入到课堂上, 同时可以精心选择一些近年发表在国外顶级期刊上的相关论文及综述在课堂上讲解, 这既能增加学生的兴趣也能扩大学生科学的视野。

综上所述, 在中级有机化学的课堂教学过程中, 尽量避免单一、教条的理论教学方法, 教学改革的目的在于提高教学质量, 开发更多适合学生学习的教学方法, 能够更好地优化课堂教学结构, 提高教学效率。

参考文献

[1]邢其毅, 裴伟伟, 徐瑞秋, 等.基础有机化学[M].第三版.北京:高等教育出版社, 2005.

[2]荣国斌, 袁覆冰, 王全瑞, 等.高等有机化学[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2007.

[3]陈乐培, 董玉环, 韩雪峰, 等.中级有机化学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004.

[4]孙宾宾.有机化学课程产学研合作服务地方经济发展研究[J].科技与企业.2012 (15) :298+300.

[5]韩宁娟, 方欢乐, 牛睿.有机化学实验教学改革与实践研究[J].中小企业管理与科技 (上旬刊) .2015 (01) :244.

篇4:中级商务英语课程简介

摘 要:

中级财务会计课程是会计专业必修的核心专业课程,该课程在专业建设上,在培养学生职业能力上都起着重要的作用。因此,结合目前高校中级财务教学中教学目标、教学内容、考核方式等存在的问题,提出了一些中级财务会计教学改革的设想,旨在通过教学改革的一些举措促进学生专业知识和专业技能的提高。

关键词:

中级财务会计;教学目标;案例教学;会计岗位

中图分类号:G4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:16723198(2016)04019401

1 前言

《中级财务会计》课程是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程,是会计学专业必修的一门专业课,本课程在会计的学科体系中处于承前启后的作用。中级财务会计课程既是《基础会计》课程内容的延伸和细化,又为学习《高级财务会计》等课程作了铺垫。本课程要求教学内容在理论内容充實的同时,将理论与实践结合,强化学生的实务操作技能和复合型会计人才能力的培养,因此,本文将结合目前高校中级财务会计教学中的问题提出解决措施。

2 《中级财务会计》教学中存在的问题

(1)课程目标定位偏笼统。目前中级财务会计一般的教学目标是:本课程以企业的资金运动为研究对象,以会计信息系统的四大环节(会计要素的确认、计量、记录和报告)为主线,全面阐述企业财务会计中的基本理论和方法。通过本课程的学习使学生在以前学习会计学基础知识的基础上进一步深化会计知识体系,掌握企业经济业务过程中存货、应收款项、金融资产、长期股权投资、非流动资产、负债、所有者权益、和反映企业经营成果的核算等内容。通过调查我们发现,目前很多高校对于《中级财务会计》课程目标的设置和定位不够细化、缺乏针对性和对课程与社会的衔接反映的不够具体,这直接影响学生会计相关职业综合素养的提高。

(2)目前教学中以会计要素为主,相对知识点分散的知识体系架构。目前的授课内容存在以下的问题:①内容着重于理论的讲解、分录的编制,但是缺少与实际的经济业务的衔接,就是为了理论而讲理论。②目前的教材主要以会计要素为主,展开教学内容,导致教师授课过程中知识点分散,对于经济业务的核算过程不够连贯。

(3)重核算,轻管理,不注重知识与岗位的联系。目前中级财务会计的授课主要介绍以制造企业为例各项相关经济业务的核算,缺少与业务活动相关的职责、制度等内容的介绍,这样的教学内容安排会导致学生只懂做账,而缺少与账务处理相关的管理、岗位制度等知识,最终会影响高校会计人才综合素质的培养质量。

此外,教师在教授过程中,由于以会计要素展开教学内容,忽略了岗位技能和岗位知识与所教内容的联系,使学生无法将理论知识与实际岗位具体联系,到实际工作中无法将知识转化为实际的操作能力。

(4)重理论,轻实务的考试模式。目前一般高校中级财务会计考试模式一般由平时考核和期末考核构成,平时考核所占比例在30%左右,期末考核所占比例在70%左右。平时考核主要根据学生出勤、上课提问回答情况、预习作业、课堂练习和课后作业情况给出平时成绩。由于很多高校采取大班上课,人数较多限制了点名和上课回答问题的次数,此外平时作业形式以客观题和业务题等传统作业形式进行,形式单一,导致教师根据这些给予的平时成绩无法反映学生实际情况,同样的期末考试考核形式也存在一些限制性,大都设置考题为单选题、多选题、判断题和业务题,考题设置很难考核出学生掌握和运用知识的综合能力。

3 《中级财务会计》课程教学改革设想

(1)通过调研,了解与会计相关的职位的任职要求,确定本课程的教学目的。对于《中级财务会计》教学目标的确定,可以通过对企业调研,将本课程目标定位为培养学生会计业务核算能力,即系统掌握与财务会计相关岗位的基本理论、基本方法和一般过程,具有熟练进行财务会计相关内容的实务操作业务的处理能力,加强学生的会计职业素养和团队意识的培养,为进一步学习后续其他专业课程打下基础。

(2)整合教学内容,使知识系统化。现有《中级财务会计》教学内容比较分散,分为资产、负债、所有者权益、财务报告等内容,缺乏系统的知识结构,学生不易对本课程内容形成系统认识。因此,本文认为可以采取两种方式整合教学内容:第一种方法,把课程内容按照经济业务的循环设置,分为筹资活动、采购活动、生产活动、销售活动等,同时每一部分内容都体现与财务报表相关项目的联系,增强知识的系统性。第二种方法,基于会计职业导向设置课程内容,课程可根据涉及的内容分为出纳岗位、存货岗位、往来款项岗位等,通过岗位要求设置理论知识。

(3)在原有内容基础上,增加与岗位相关的职责和制度等内容。在《中级财务会计》课程中,可以在每个循环或者每个岗位之前或者之后以实际案例的形式增加岗位职责和制度:某循环或者某岗位人员和机构设置,职责分配等关键内控点;循环或者岗位相关的流程、凭证、制度等。通过补充案例的加入使会计学生在掌握与中级财务会计课程相关的岗位知识和技能的同时,了解与岗位相关的职业素质。

(4)改进考核方式,增加平时考核比重。第一,增加平时成绩占有比重,教师对学生实行全方位的过程动态考核,加强对学生平时知识、素质和技能等多方面的考核力度,可设置阶段性考试,比如期中,分岗位考核等,并把学生的传统作业、平时小考成绩纳入到全方位过程动态考核的范围。在总成绩中平时成绩所占比例可适当加大,比如增加到50%,其目的是更好地对学生的学习进行过程管理和评价。第二,改革期末考试题型,删减客观题,以岗位实际经济业务考核为主进行题型的设置。第三,将整个《中级财务会计》的考核方式分为三种形式:知识考核、技能考核、职业品德考核,知识考核主要是传统作业、回答问题、期末闭卷考试;技能考核主要在平时的岗位阶段性测试中;职业品德考核主要是在小组作业中的团队合作意识、创新精神的体现,这一方面考核可以通过自评、互评和教师评价联合进行,阶段性岗位技能测试成绩纳入平时成绩,占平时成绩的20%-30%。

(5)培养学生职业灵敏度和职业品德。财务会计主要是对外会计,其目标是向财务报告使用者提供有用的信息,因此,财务会计对外披露的信息的优劣、真实度直接影响报告使用者经济决策的质量,甚至成败,因此,一方面,在课程教学过程中应有意识的培养学生的职业灵敏度和职业品德;另一方面,在考核内容中加入对学生职业灵敏度和职业品德的考核,还应借助校外实习基地,组织学生进行参观、见识、实习,使学生通过对企业真实工作流程的亲身体会,深入掌握会计的核算,这也有利于培养学生的职业灵敏度和职业道德。

4 结语

中级财务会计是高校会计类专业的一门核心专业课程。该课程在专业建设上,在培养学生职业能力上都起着重要的作用,因此,我们应结合目前高校中级财务会计教学中存在的问题,从根据调研设置课程教学目标定位、根据岗位进行课程内容设置、通过重视过程考核进行考核方式改革、通过案例教学方式和校外实习基地的参观学习进行职业素质和职业道德教育等多方面进行调整和改革,以体现会计职业素养要求,促进学生专业知识和专业技能的提高。

参考文献

[1]余毅.中级财务会计[J].课程教学改革探讨企业导报,2011,(17).

[2]何建华,宋孟宁.新准则体系下高校《财务会计》课程教学改革探析[J].天水师范学院学报,2009,(4).

篇5:素描初、中级、高级课程规划

一、初级阶段重点解决基本的线条、画面黑白灰、造型问题,塑造对象包括由简单到复杂的单个石膏体、静物组合等。

二、中级侧重于石膏头骨解析、石膏头像、真人头像临摹等。

三、高等水平侧重真人半身像、全身像速写的塑造和造型艺术审美。

初级阶段分为AB两个时段,分别以线条和单个石膏体写生为主,培养学生对素描造型手段的基本控制能力,熟悉素描造型的规律和对光影的灵敏感受,懂得控制画面,熟悉从最基本的构图到塑造基本型到最后对整体画面效果的控制,以致对最后的画面的艺术性的创造,初级阶段要解决学生素描入门的艰巨任务,需要老师通力协作去完成。

初级课程安排

A注:1个教学日为4个教学课时

第一单元 基本造型能力训练

(一)教案要求:

通过对静物素描的教学,讲解素描的基本知识和素描中光影的变化规律;讲解素描造型中最基本的观察方法,引导学生一开始就养成良好的观察和绘画习惯。

结合不同的静物让学生深入理解构图、透视、形体结构、比例、空间位置关系、明暗关系等知识点。掌握不同固有色、不同质感物体的表现方法,学会物体间黑、白、灰层次的比较。

一方面通过系统的训练更好的掌握绘画规律和技巧为下一阶段的素描训练打下坚实的基础,另一方面,通过素描静物的研究和理解,为色彩静物做必要的铺垫。教学内容:

1.构图知识,透视规律

一般静物构图要求:主次分明,远近、疏密有变化;高低、大小、形状不同,力求空间变化丰富;位置大小合适,重心稳定;物体之间色调深浅有变化 2.学习塑造复杂的静物形体和静物组合。作业内容:静物写生(10天)

以各种坛子,啤酒瓶等常见静物为主搭配黑白灰不同的衬布和简单的水果和小的饰物,如水果盘,小碟,金属勺等,构成黑白灰和空间关系明确的静物组合。作业尺幅:8开 作业量:10-15张 单元小结:

从构图是否合理、画面是否整体角度分析学生作品,使学生对画面整体性和构图的重要性有根本的认识。

第二单元基本造型能力训练

(二)(40课时)教案要求:

本单元继续解决构图和画面完整性的问题,画面构成物体的刻画应分主次虚实,并统一在完整的素描大关系中,同时深入静物中的素描造型技巧,引导学生对基本光影关系的认识和审美塑造能力。教学内容:

(1)学习表现不同材料物体的质感。(质感的表现:物体的物质属性带给人的视觉感知即为质感)其中不同静物质感的区分和表现方法例如: 陶瓷和瓷器

——陶器质地粗糙,无釉光,颜色单纯,或深灰或浅灰。明暗色阶变化柔和,无明显高光。与桌面接触处的线要有深浅粗细的变化,一般来说用较粗重的线,这样才有重量感。瓷器色泽明亮、强烈,有强烈的高光,反光也互相映衬,变化复杂。画时即要表现出极为复杂的光影变化,又要注重整体关系,受光、背光和中间色部分都要控制在一个基本色调中,否则就会支离破碎,乱成一团。布纹

——质地不同特点亦不同,如棉布皱折较硬直,丝织品质薄软,皱折柔和,有光泽;呢绒质地较厚,褶纹圆厚,有弹性等等。但不论任何知底,表现时有其共同规律。如画背景衬布,则要明确其作用是衬托主体物,造成空间,使整个画面效果突出,所以画时要有主次取舍,不能过分刻画,以致喧宾守主。金属

——金属制品光影变化复杂而强烈,尤其是新的或经抛光处理过的制品,往往有眩目的高光;反光强,对环境非常敏感;表面如镜,能清楚反映四周的物体;明暗变化大,有时在高光边上就是很深暗的颜色,明暗变化呈直条状。画时留出不同形状的高光,分出亮部和暗部,加深高光边上的颜色,按照条状变化画明暗关系,对反光的刻画即要强烈,有不要跳出其应在的位置。玻璃器皿

——玻璃器皿光影变化复杂,高光特殊强烈而暗部又往往特殊深暗。高光变化很多,有时又很刻板,在高光旁边有时就是很深的颜色,易受周围环境影响,无明显规律可循。玻璃是透明的,但又不能画得虚掉,而要表现出它的体积和重量。画时先具体观察周围的色彩,因为往往背景及周围的色彩就是这玻璃大概的色彩,尤其无色玻璃器皿与背景的颜色关系更是密不可分的。至于深色玻璃器皿则较易表现,只要画出深色调,空出高光,再仔细观察其光影的细微变化,并加以深入刻画就行了。

(2)不同明度物体产生的丰富明暗变化。在素描中我们需要通过黑白灰色调的明度变化来表现物体的色彩感觉,也就是利用物体明暗变化的三大面五调子的规律,在相对范围内区分物体的固有色。作业内容:静物写生(10天)

以金属,纸等常见静物中刻画难易程度中等的物体为主,质感强烈的金属,废旧物品等,锻炼学生的深入塑造能力,并兼顾画面的构图和最后画面的完整程度。可加入1-3张长期作业的课程。作业尺幅:8或4开 作业量:5张 单元小结:

分析学生作品在基本问题解决的前提下是否具有美感,引导学生对画面的深入程度有进一步的认识,并能从讲解和老师范画中汲取新的技巧和知识。第三单元基本造型能力训练

(三)(40课时)教案要求:

巩固一、二单元 的教学成果,进一步培养学生对素描造型艺术的认识,并能从中提炼出自己对素描的独特认识并应用到绘画中。

通过对一、二单元的学习,能完整的掌握静物素描的绘画步骤,并且能熟练运用 完整的绘画步骤包括(参考):

1.观察构思:分析认识构图的组合形,静物形体的比例、前后、整体的明暗变化。(可以从多个角度观察物体,加深认识和理解)

2.起稿构图:定位找出整物体上下左右的范围。(上紧下松、左右均衡、构图完整合理)定物体的位置、画出基本形及台面与空间的关系。——退远观察,推敲比较

3.画出物体的剪影形、明确结构和透视变化。——退远观察,推敲比较

4.根据光源找出明暗交界线,结构转折及投影。不要一下子涂死,也不能抠局部,应与整体关系同时入手。——退远观察,推敲比较

5.围绕明暗交界线强调转折,统一暗部,明确物体的受光面与背光面,概括整的体块关系。要留意物体间最暗的部分至最亮的部分之间的黑白灰层次关系,同时也要留意同一物体在光线作用下明暗强弱的过度变化。——退远观察,推敲比较

6.从明暗交界线入手,塑造体积关系,拉开明暗对比,深入刻画主体的出色细节。(学生既要从实物中看到几何形体共通的规律,又能看到丰富微妙的变化,强调大的体面关系)——退远观察,推敲比较

7.整体调整。把握好画面的空间、透视、主次、虚实,根据物体不同的材质及固有色表现出丰富的明暗变化。——退远观察,推敲比较 作业内容:静物写生(10天)

较为复杂的静物组合与难度适中的静物组合穿插练习,可安排1-2张长期作业。作业尺幅:4或2开 作业量:3张 单元小结:

考察学生作品是否具有成熟的构图和熟练的整体把握能力,画面是否呈现出一定的艺术欣赏价值和比较独特的风格。考生是否掌握了一定的造型技巧等。

初级课程安排(120课时)

B 这一阶段对素描教学的要求:

(1)使学生初步认识人物头部的基本结构、比例,学会发现不同人物特征的变化,表现不同头部动态透视等人物造型的基本规律,为人物肖像写生打好基础

石膏头像学习的意义:石膏写生是真人写生的辅助性学习,因为石膏像是静止的,固有色是单纯的白色,明暗关系清楚,便于学生在作画过程中反复研究和深入理解(2)教学目的和任务:

第一单元 石膏像写生训练

(一)(40课时)教案要求:定大形

首先讲解石膏像的作画步骤,刻画方法等最基本的问题,通过完整的范画、教学视频等能让学生在进行石膏像训练一开始就理解正确的绘画思路、步骤和石膏像画面的评定标准,并引导学生将知识点运用到绘画中。

这阶段的考察要点,构图和起形,能在短时间内完成对所刻画石膏像的简单准确的构图和大形概括。4开纸一般构图要求:构图完整合理,头顶部离纸边约一指头宽,底座离纸边约两指头宽,左右空间适当,正面居中,面朝向的那边空间略多于后脑勺朝向所留空间。起大形的时候要注意头、颈、肩的动态及比例关系。作业内容:石膏头像写生写生(10天)

伏尔泰,海盗,阿格里巴、罗马青年,老农像和等几个基础石膏利用较多时间去练习。肌肉头像,块面头像作为辅助石膏需在写生练习的时候教师结合其他石膏多讲解。

石膏五官,石膏头骨,石膏解剖头像,石膏块面头像及不同动态特征的石膏头像 作业尺幅:8开 作业量:10张 单元小结:

石膏像素描作为学院素描的传统课程,是造型训练的有效方法。通过石膏像素描的长期作业,把整体观察,整体理解和整体技能的把握作为一个系统的方法,从而对素描有一个系统的方法,从而素描有一个严谨和艺术的认识,并达到应该的目的。

石膏像素描作为基础素描的一个单元课程,有着它的特殊性,既从已被艺术家的创造艺术形象中进行再创造,用平面造型方式的表达,把构图、比例、透视、形态、体积、形象中进行再创造,用平面造型方式的表达,把构图、比、透视、形态、体积、空间等具体的造型问题进行学习和训练,提高基础造型方面的理解和技能。

通过课堂写生的方式,结合头骨结构和肌肉解剖的生长规律,综合培养学生对规律性的普遍认识,以此获得捕捉形象的准确性,理解形体的准确性和表现形体在空间的准确性,把握学生敏锐的造型感受 第二单元 石膏像写生训练

(二)(40课时)教案要求:

学会在基本形准确的前提下依据光影进行明暗的大块面划分,并能为下一步的深入刻画打好基础。能相对准确的把握石膏头像的人物特征,三庭五眼,头部及五官大体块关系,人头部的基本结构及透视规律

这个阶段需要强调石膏像的绘画步骤:

1.观察构思,分析人物动态及特征,酝酿构图。

2.起稿构图(先确定上下左右的构图范围,再找出头、颈、胸、底座的位置及剪影形,明确人物的比例、动态及外形特征)

3.利用剪影法和坐标法画出石膏头像的形体结构,注意动态透视及整体的体块关系(用长直线、切削法,侧锋用笔,宜松不宜紧,宜整不宜碎,宜轻不宜重。)

4.根据光源找出明暗交界线,结构转折及投影,注意用线的轻重变化。——退远观察,推敲比较

5.围绕明暗交界线强调人物的结构转折,统一暗部,不要一下子涂死,也不能抠局部,加深理解认识立体造型规律,明确物体的受光面与背光面,概括整的体块关系。要注意对象在光线作用下明暗强弱的过度变化。——退远观察,推敲比较

6.从明暗交界线入手,塑造体积关系,拉开明暗对比,深入刻画主体的五官,突出五官部分。——退远观察,推敲比较

7.整体调整。把握好画面的空间、主次、虚实。——退远观察,推敲比较。作业内容:石膏像写生(10天)

选择阿格里巴、伏尔泰、海盗、荷马、小卫、马赛等石膏像作为训练,注意对石膏基本塑造方法的教

学:

(1)整体观察

对于石膏像素描的难度来说,把形画准是一个难点,把形画准首先要把形“看”准,而怎么“看”是绘画训练中的主要方法。整体与局部的比较是主要手段,直接用眼睛去判断形体的比例、高低、深度、大小的准确性,也可以借助工具去测量这些形体的基本关系。(2)解剖结构的塑造

正确形体是外部结构与内部结构结合而成。对骨骼与肌肉的生长规律的研究是画准形体必要的手段。要放弃依据光线来表达形体的准确性。(3)透视与动态的刻画

根据近大远小的原理,透视关系随着视点的不同而变化,透视的准确表达能更好的塑造空间。(4)表现技巧

表现力是作品的艺术感染力,一种艺术素质的表现。挖掘学生因人而宜的某种艺术素质而进行传授。作业尺幅:4开 作业量:5张 单元小结:

点评学生作品在不同角度对石膏观察的适应能力,看是否按照步骤练习,防止出现局部推着画,死抠等现象。

第三单元 石膏像写生训练

(三)(40课时)教案要求:(1)深入刻画

在画面上大形基本准确,明暗大关系基本到位的前提下,对结构和细节进行深入刻画,同时注意体积塑造及画面的整体效果。学会控制画面效果,避免出现“脏”,“灰”等问题。对一二单元掌握的知识能熟练运用到画面中,能养成良好的观察和绘画步骤,并能按照步骤一步步刻画,画面要整体推进,画到任何阶段画面都要保持相对完整。学生绘画的同时注意讲解和示范石膏头像的表现技法与技巧(2)更高水平的形体和表现

01体积感

建立对体积的一种造型意识。能够对其空间形态中的高低起伏的体块关系有准确的认识,并对其在塑造上有较强的表达能力,包括对质感、神态等有较深入的把握。

02空间感

对石膏像而言,头颈肩胸之间的关系是空间形态中前后上下的深度关系,那么空间层次的有序表达,是塑造空间感的主要方式。虚实的对比是空间表达中的主要手段。作业内容:石膏像写生(10天)作业尺幅:4开 作业量:3张 单元小结:

(1)期末打分、总结,以考试要求为标准,例如对构图、塑造技巧等方面的评判: A、构图合理、形体比例、透视关系准确。

B、注重“形体”内在结构和外部形体特征的分析和把握。C、注重形体的塑造和空间的塑造,具有较强的视觉表现力。

中级阶段素描教学总要求:

作业以真人头像写生为主,让学生纯熟掌握人物头像的动态特征,比例结构,骨骼肌肉和五官的解剖知识;让学生熟练运用正确的作画步骤表现出特征鲜明,造型生动的人物形像。素描头像不只是半身人像的基础,也是众多单招学校必考的科目,所以学生必须高度重视素描头像阶段的学习。

中级课程安排(120课时)

A 第一单元 真人头像基本训练

(一)(60课时)教案要求:

指导学生了解真人头像的构图,起稿审美标准。例如:4K纸真人头像构图的一般要求:头顶部离纸边约两到三个指头宽,下巴过纸一半两指宽,略带衣领,正面头像居中,侧面像面朝向的边距略宽于后脑朝向的边距

引导学生能在尽量短的时间内勾勒出人物头部轮廓,并能对五官进行简单的概括,熟悉三亭五眼等基本的造型规律,开始了解颧骨等重要结构的简单表现方法。作业内容:男青年真人头像写生(一周)作业尺幅:4开写生 作业量:4张

单元小结:从形体塑造角度点评学生作品,同时关注解剖知识在真人头像中的初步运用。第二单元 真人头像基本训练

(二)(60课时)教案要求:

着重教导真人头像头部大块面概括和五官形体的块面概括,真人头像写生中对头颈肩内部结构的联系和画面的协调感。

能引导学生养成良好的作画步骤和对画面开始直到刻画完成的整体把握能力,并能对整体的作画步骤有个完整的概念:例如:

1.观察构思,分析人物动态及特征,酝酿构图。

2.起稿构图(先确定上下左右的构图范围,再找出头、颈、肩的位置及剪影形,明确人物的比例、动态及外形特征)

3.利用剪影法和坐标法画出头像的形体结构,注意动态透视及整体的体块关系(用长直线、切削法,侧锋用笔,宜松不宜紧,宜整不宜碎,宜轻不宜重。)

4.根据光源找出明暗交界线,结构转折及投影,注意用线的轻重变化。——退远观察,推敲比较

5.围绕明暗交界线强调人物的结构转折,统一暗部,不要一下子涂死,也不能抠局部,加深理解认识立体造型规律,避免真人肤色的干扰,明确物体的受光面与背光面,概括整的体块关系。要注意对象在光线作用下明暗强弱的过度变化。——退远观察,推敲比较

6.从明暗交界线入手,塑造体积关系,拉开明暗对比,深入刻画主体的五官,突出五官部分。——退远观察,推敲比较

7.整体调整。把握好画面的空间、主次、虚实。——退远观察,推敲比较 作业内容:男女青年真人头像写生(二周)作业尺幅:4开或对开

作业量:4张 单元小结:

期末总结、打分。

中级课程安排(120课时)

B 第一单元 真人头像写生训练

(二)(40课时)教案要求:

加强对头部的运动和透视规律的指导训练,教导学生如何将人物画的生动自然,五官协调,比例舒服。

注意不同年龄阶段的人物头像特征的变化并加以刻画,能明显体现出不同年龄的肌肉等内部结构特点和整体头部体量变化。

作业内容:中年男女真人头像写生(10天)作业尺幅:4开或对开

作业量:8张

第二单元 真人头像写生训练

(二)(40课时)教案要求:

注意中年人同青年精神面貌的变化,通过深入的刻画努力能表现出人物不同时段的心理特征和内心世界。对于画面实践的要求也同样重要,需要注意强调对画面主次虚实的把握,同时注意对画面中物象中不同质感区分刻画,注意不同特征的生动表现,并能将不同的表现统一在整体画面中。作业内容:中年男女真人头像写生(10天)作业尺幅:8开或4开 作业量:5张 单元小结:

从教案要求的几个方面点评学生作品。第三单元 真人头像写生训练(40课时)

教案要求:

注意年龄变化带来脸部肌肉,皮肤张弛程度的变化,注意人物精神状态因为年龄变化而产生的不同变化,注意老年人头像整体画面气氛的营造和渲染,结合优秀作品分析脸部脸部、头发、衣服的刻画方式和画面所有物象细节共同形成的黑白灰关系。并能训练形成一定的塑造技巧和绘画风格。

通过对不同年龄阶段和不同性别的、不同长相特征的模特的刻画更深刻的理解人物头部结构,并熟练掌握以应对各种复杂角度的刻画。

作业内容:老年人头像写生(10天)作业尺幅:8开或4开 作业量:5张

单元小结:期末打分、总结。

高级阶段考前巩固提高期教学总要求:

高级阶段素描教学围绕升学考试,结合各学校各个专业的特点进行针对性的强化训练,真人头像写生、默写交替进行,以短期作业为主,尺幅在4开以内,开始训练真人半身像等较为复杂和难度较高的对象训练,作业应体现出前两个阶段训练的成果,并能体现出高级阶段学习应该具备的扎实基本功。加强人物写生训练的同时增加模拟考试和试卷的评分、点评、总结。

高级课程安排(120课时)

第一单元(40课时)教案要求:

引导学生了解和掌握人体的基本比例与结构,熟知头、颈、胸、手臂的运动规律和透视规律并能组织到画面中,对画面的控制能力包括构图完整、合理,例如:头离顶部约一指宽,手离纸边约两指宽,正面居中,侧面面朝向边距略宽于后脑朝向的边距,注意画面中人物的特征、动态、比例、结构及透视关系的表现。

同时通过初期的完整教学范画,正确引导学生对绘画步骤正确认识: 例如:1.观察构思,分析人物动态、比例及特征,酝酿构图。

2.起稿构图,做到完整合理(先确定上下左右的构图范围,再找出头、颈、肩、背、肘、手的位置及相互关系,注意人物的比例、动态及外形特征。)

3.利用剪影法和坐标法画出头、躯干、胳膊、手的剪影形及整体的结构关系,注意人物特征、动态、透视角度、颈与领子以及手与袖子的关系。——退远观察,推敲比较。

4.根据光源找出明暗交界线,结构转折及投影,注意用线的轻重变化。——退远观察,推敲比较。

5.围绕明暗交界线强调人物的结构转折,统一暗部,明确体块关系,不要一下子涂死,也不能抠局部。——退远观察,推敲比较。

6.从明暗交界线入手,塑造体积关系,拉开明暗对比,深入刻画主体部分头与手,注意衣纹与身体结构的内在联系退远观察,推敲比较。——退远观察,推敲比较。

7.整体调整。把握好画面的空间、主次、虚实。注意衣纹与身体结构的内在联系。作业内容:男女青年真人半身像写生(10天)作业尺幅:4开 作业量:4张 单元小结:

第二单元(40课时)教案要求:。

着重引导学生对手的结构与造型方法的了解,能将手的塑造与头部塑造水平达到协调,同时注意衣纹的结构,变化规律及表现方法,并能通过对衣服和表面转折的刻画,体现出对人物半身动态结构的塑造。注意不同衣服不同质感的表现,注意画面中各种质感的画面协调性。作业内容:男女中年真人半身像写生(10天)作业尺幅:4开 作业量:5张

单元小结:

第三单元(40课时)教案要求:

要求学生掌握正确的观察方法和熟练的造型技巧,正确生动地表现人物的动态,比例、特征、形体、结构,同时注意画面元素的主次关系。注意画面大的黑白灰色调的表现和控制。作业内容:男女老年真人半身像写生(10天)作业尺幅:4开 作业量:6张 单元小结:

从高考角度全方位点评学生的作品。

附:

素描评分标准(分为五个档次):

1)88—100分:造型正确,构图完整,刻画深入,空间感、体积感、质感的把握能力较强,作品富有感染力。

(2)80—87分:造型准确,构图完整,刻画较深入,能力较好,作品有一定的感染力。

篇6:中级商务英语

Unit 1

Project Reporting

Tense Review

Focus: Two colleagues discussing the progress of a marketing campaign

1. Listening

1.1 Information transfer

Listen to the dialogue in which two colleagues discuss the progress of a marketing campaign. As you listen, complete the key for the project planner below.

请见附图1-1

1.2 Communication

In the listening extract, the speakers had a clearly defined relationship-boss/subordinate. What made this so clear?

2. Presentation

In the dialogue, the speakers used a range of tenses to talk about different events:

l The Past Simple

l The Present Perfect

l The Present Simple

l The Present Continuous

l Future forms with ‘will’ and ‘going to’.

We can position the tense usage on a time continuum:

请见附图1-2

Look in detail at how these tenses are used:

2.1 The Past Simple

This tense can be used to describe a state, or an event or a series of events which took place clearly in the past.

For example:

We ran the market test for 2 months, until the middle of November.

What were the results like?... sales reached their target.

2.2 The Present Perfect

This tense is used when we refer to an event or time period which is unfinished. It is not used when a past time (e.g. last week/last year/when we started/at the beginning) is stated.

For example:

So what has gone wrong? (e.g. since then/in the meantime/recently)

Basically we ’ve had problems... scaling up for the national launch has been much more difficult... e.g. until now)

2.3 The Present Simple

This tense is commonly used when we refer to states, events or activities which are characteristic of the present but which do not take place in any defined time period. Here, it is often used with verbs of perception (e.g. to think, to feel, to look, etc.).

(Note that verbs of perception are rarely expressed using the Present Continuous.)

For example:

It seems that they’ve run into difficulties...

2.4 The Present Continuous

This tense is used when we refer to an event which is current or temporary.

For example:

At the moment, we’re working on some new promotion literature,...

We’ve having to update it.

2.5 Future forms

There are several verb forms which are used when we refer to future events.

For example:

We’re going to hold both national and local press...

... promotion literature, which will be used in...

[color=red]Listening Task

A: OK, let’s go back to the original plan and see where we have got to. The preliminary market test was due to start last September, is that right?

B: Yes, that’s right. We set up a small-scale trial in the North. We ran the market test for 2 months, until the middle of November.

A: And what were the results like?

B: Very encouraging. Sales reached their target and generally consumer reaction was good.

A: So what was the next step?

B: Well, as you know, the plan was to move to a national launch fairly quickly. We had planned January this year for a major TV advertising campaign.

A: So what’s gone wrong?

B: Basically, we’ve had problems in production. It seems that scaling up production for a national launch has been much more difficult than expected.

A: That’s ridiculous. We had no problems with production during the test market phase.

B: I know, but that was on a much smaller scale. It seems that they’ve run into difficulties with the tooling for the machines-you’ll have to talk to Brian about that.

A: I don’t want to talk to Brian. I want you to tell me where we stand.

B: Of course. We now have a launch date for early next month-May 5th. The TV advertising will start the weekend before on 2nd May. At the moment, we’re working on some new promotion literature, which will be used in the shops.

A: I thought you finished that ages ago.

B: Yes, that’s true. But because of the delay on the launch date, we’re having to update it.

A: I see.

B: So, besides the launch advertising and promotion campaign, we are going to hold both national and local press conferences so that we maximise the media coverage during the launch phase.

A: When are they due to take place?

B: Next week actually, on 15th and 16th April.

A: Right, I must go now, but keep me up-to-date with developments.

B: I certainly will.[/color]

3. Controlled practice

Complete the following dialogue by putting the verbs in brackets in the right tense.

A: When _____________ the project ____________ (start)?

B: It ___________ (begin) at the end of last year.

A: What _______ the results _______ (be) like so far?

B: Rather disappointing. We _________ (hope) to reach our targets before now.

A: How ___________ you ________ (account) for these results?

B: It ________ (be) difficult to say. The retailers ___________ (think) the product is over-priced.

A: Really?

B: Yes. As you ______ (know), this product ______ (target) at the 30-40 age group. I ______ not ______ (think) it _______ (reach) them.

A: So what ___________ you _________ (do) about it?

B: We ______ just _________ (commission) some new research into our target consumer group.

A: Surely we _________ not _________ (need) more research!

B: I’m afraid so. We _______ simply not _____ (reach) our target and we _______ (need) to know how to get to them.

A: Of course, but we _____ (carry out) pretty exhaustive research before the project ____ (begin).

B: True, but we obviously _____ (reach) the wrong conclusions, so it _______ (mean) we ________ (have to) go back to square one.

4. Word study

Match the words on the left with their closest equivalents (synonyms) on the right.

1. preliminary

2. to run (a test)

3. to reach (a target)

4. to scale up (production)

5. to work on (something)

6. a phase

7. on a small scale

8. (keep me up to date

9. to hold (a press conference)

10. (tell me) where we stand

a. to prepare…

b. in limited quantities

c. to have…

d. …informed

e. a stage

f. initial

g. to increase…

h. to carry out

i. to achieve

j. … what the position is

[color=blue]Key to 3[/color]

A: When did the project start?(When was the project started?)

B: It began at the end of last year.

A: What have the results been like so far? (What are the results like so far?)

B: Rather disappointing. We (had) hoped to reach our targets before now.

A: How do you account for these results?

B: It is difficult to say. The retailers think the product is over-priced.

A: Really?

B: Yes. As you know, this product targeted at the 30-40 age group. I do not think it reaching/has reached them.

A: So what are you do about it?

B: We have justcommissioned some new research into our target consumer group.

A: Surely we do not need more research!

B: I’m afraid so. We are simply not reaching our target and we need to know how to get to them.

A: Of course, but we carried out pretty exhaustive research before the project began.

B: True, but we obviously reachedthe wrong conclusions, so it means we ________ (have to) go back to square one.

Key to 4

1. f

2. h

3. i

4. g

5. a

6. e

7. b

8. d

9. c

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