21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 10

21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 10（精选5篇）

篇1：21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 10

读写译翻译答案

【Unit1】

l 老伴60多岁中风去世时，那位72岁的退休教授不胜悲痛。无人依靠的生活对他来说将是非常困难的。

When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.l 两位业余画家上个月在伦敦举办了一次个人画展。许多人前去参观，其中包括一些著名的专业画家。

Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it including a few celebrated professionals.l 当20世纪80年代中期，7名宇航员在“挑战者”号的灾难中遇到困难时，全世界一下子陷入了震惊与悲痛之中。

When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.l 在结束了其第二届首相任期之后，她仍积极参与政治事务。当政府遇到困难时，她屡次前来帮忙。

After completing her second prime ministry she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.l 大选失败之后，史密斯博士隐退到一个小村庄，在那里尝试工作。

After his failure in the election campaign Dr.Smith retired to a small village where he tried his hand at farming.l 只要你一辈子不停地努力工作，你在回忆里往事时就会感到心满意足的。

As long as you keep working hard all your life you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.l 我们现在必须唤醒人们认识到环境保护的重要性。否则很快就为时太晚了。We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection or it will be too late.l 那位官员因卷入一件政治丑闻而被撤职。如果早知会落到这般地步，他当初也许就会以不同的方式行事了。

That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen he might have acted differently.【Unit2】

l 我们班女生占大多数。相比之下，他们的班级全由男子组成。

Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast their class is made up of males only.l 美国孩子通常每天看三小时电视，而中国孩子必须将放学后的大部分时间用于做家庭作业。

American children can usually watch TV(for)three hours a day whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework most of the time after school.l 他开发的一系列新研究方法使他获得了巨大的成功。他说这一切都得归功于他父母的鼓励。

His development of a series of new research methods led to his great success.He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.l 讨论直接涉及他的未来，而他却被排斥在外，对此他表示愤慨。

He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his

future.l 这些问题连续不断地出现，这表明这台新仪器必须重新调试。

The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new

device has to be readjusted.l 张华是近年来涌入美国一流大学的亚裔学生之一，他说他的许多思想都基于传

统的中国哲学。

As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American

universities in recent years Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on

the traditional Chinese philosophy.l 首先，杨先生如此努力工作并非只是为了钱。他一心为了教育青年人并设法激

励他们在各方面都取得进步。

To start with it is not merely money that makes Mr.Young work so hard.He is

committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.l 我们剩下的时间不多了，于是我们把车开得更快，希望能及时赶到机场。

As time was running out we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it

to the airport in time.【Unit3】

l 当那份临时性的工作结束时，人家给乔治提供了一份永久性的工作，他马上就

接受了。

When this temporary job came to an end George was offered a permanent job

which he accepted at once.l 为了确保他们在日本的合资企业盈利，那些美国公司比之语言翻译来说更需要

文化翻译。

To ensure that joint ventures in Japan are profitable the American companies

need cultural translators even more than language translators.l 作为一名文化翻译，乔治渴望帮助那些就许许多多事情来向他求救的日方雇

员，包括属于他专业知识范围内和之外的问题。

As a cultural translator George was eager to help the Japanese employees who

came to ask his advice on a great many matters both within and outside of his

field of expertise.l 乔治用某种方法说服美方经理接受了日方会计师的决定，从而缓解了两人之间的冲突。

Somehow or other George persuaded the American manager to go along with

the Japanese accountant’s decision thus smoothing over the conflict between the

two.l 美方经理与日方经理之间的确有时会发生冲突和争论。但由于双方都很有见识

进行妥协，才防止了这些冲突和争论激化为感情大战。

Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers

and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to

compromise these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional

battles.l 所有的日方雇员，包括人事经理在内，都很感激乔治在他们遇到的众多问题上

所给予的经常帮助。

All the Japanese employees the personnel manager included appreciated

George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.l 我的日语口语还不足以很好地表达我的思想，所以如果我有时说了些愚蠢的话，请不要生气。

My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don’t

get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.l 张大夫对中医有精深的了解，英语也掌握的不错，所以他完全有资格培训前来

中国学习中医的外国医生。

With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good

mastery of English Dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who

have come to China to study Chinese medicine.【Unit4】

l 庇护孩子不让他们知道自己已经失败对于他们的成长和发展是绝对无益的。

Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but

beneficial to their growth and development.l 爱默生认为在失败和成功之间并无天壤之别。

Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and

failure.l 一个成熟的人是一个善于把失败变为成功的人。

A mature man is one who is good at turning failure into success.l 她醉心于在溜冰方面取得的成功，从未对现实世界的挑战做好准备。

She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice-skating that she never

prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.l 当他得知自己的公司已经破产时，完全崩溃了。

He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company

bad gone bankrupt.l 史密斯先生在谈到他的成功时，往往夸大其辞。

When talking about his success Mr.Smith is very prone to exaggeration.l 这家公司开始只卖收音机，但现在已扩大营业范围，销售电脑了。

The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling

computers as well.l 事实上，失败并不是可怕的东西。一旦我们学会应用它，它就能对我们的成长

和发展做出积极的贡献。

In fact failure is nothing to be afraid.Once we learn how to use it it can make

a positive contribution to our growth and development.【Unit5】

l 这所大学只提供给普里西拉一小笔贷款，余下的钱得靠她自己去筹划。

The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with

the rest of the money herself.l 凭着她在餐馆工作的微薄收入，玛丽几乎无法维持生活。因此，她已在所住的公寓大楼里找了一些清扫大楼的工作做。

With the small income from her restaurant job Mary could barely make(both)

ends meet.That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment

building where she lived.l 在头两个学期她经常熬夜学习，因为她知道必须在班上取得最高的平均积点才

有资格获得那份奖学金。

In the first two semesters she often stayed up late studying because she knew

she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.l 任何人想在那家公司找到工作，即使没有博士学位，至少也得有个硕士学位，不然就不会被录用。

Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at

least a mater’s degree if not a Ph.S.Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.l 只要你全心全意地投身于学习，你终将会达到你成为一名考古学家的长远目

标。

Only if you threw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your

long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.l 在办公室里贝思看上去一直很开心，脸上随时带着微笑。但在内心深处她已厌

倦了做秘书。她想做点有创意的事情。

In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile.But deep down

she was tired of being a secretary.She wanted to do something more creative.l 我父亲是来自墨西哥的农业季节工人。当我被华盛顿大学录取，成为我家上大

学的第一人时，他高兴极了。

A migrant farm laborer from Mexico my father was overjoyed when I was

accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my

family to attend college.l 普里西拉回忆起初艰苦奋斗年月时说，在工作和学习之间取得平衡是不容易的。

When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle she said that it was

no easy job to balance work and study.【Unit 6】

l 专攻理论宇宙学的英国科学家斯蒂芬·霍金被公认为二十世纪末叶最伟大的天

才。

Stephen Hawking a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology has

been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.l 每推出一张新唱片，这位歌手总梦想着它能跻身电台的排行榜前十名之列。

Every time he releases a new record the singer dreams of its earning a place in

the “top-ten” list on the radio.l 位于伦敦西北的牛津大学以其学术成就而闻名遐迩。

Located in the northwest of London Oxford University is noted far and wide

for its academic excellence.l 作为一位智力超群的伟人，爱因斯坦使现代人对于时空有了全新的概念。

An intellectual giant Einstein was responsible for modern man’s new concept

of time and space.l 这项医学研究的目的在于找到医治遗传性血液疾病的新疗法，因为现在使用的药物不能治愈这些复杂的疾病。

This medical research is aimed at finding new treatment for inherited blood

diseases because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.l 今年是我校建校一百周年纪念。我校最初是一家私塾，现已成为一所以理论研

究见长的世界名牌大学。

This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university.A

private school initially it has now become a world-famous university specializing

in theoretical research.l 两年前，鲍勃对他餐馆经理的工作感到厌倦了；幸好他获得了一份州立大学的奖学金。

Two years ago Bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager.Luckily he won a scholarship to the state university.l 当被问及斯蒂芬在大学时是什么样的学生时，当时任物理系系主任的怀特教授

回忆道：“他给我的印象是个非常聪明的学生，具有一种对物理本能的洞察力。”

Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college Prof.White the then

Chairman of the Physics Department recalls “He impressed me as a very”

bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”

【Unit7】

l 他在尝试制订促进思考艺术的新计划时脑子里闪过了一个绝妙的主意。

A brilliant idea flashed into his mind while he was trying to formulate a new

plan to promote the art of thinking.l 不管你怎么看他，都没有理由怀疑他是蓄意造成这一骇人故事的。

Regardless of what you may think of him there is no reason to suspect him of

bringing about this horrible accident deliberately.l 他转过身来正好看见玛丽在聚会中途悄悄离去，因而感到非常不安。

He turned round just in time to catch Mary sneaking off in the middle of the

party which greatly disturbed him.l 他那些尖刻的话使我想起了他对足球教练的强烈不满。其实它们纯粹是来自偏

见，并使他自己为大部分队友所疏远。

His sharp words reminded me of the strong resentment he feels toward his

soccer coach.Actually they come from pure prejudice and most of his teammates

shun him for it.l 现在整个书房归乔治独用了，他准备把沙发搬出去以腾出地方来放他的新书

桌。

Now that George has the whole study to himself he is going to move the sofa

out to make room for his new desk.l 他对工作忽视太久了，别说一个星期，就是一个月也不可能赶完它。

He has neglected his work for too long and it is impossible for him to catch up

on it in a month let alone in a week.l 解决他的问题的最好办法是向精神病专家作些咨询。但如果他拒绝这种咨询怎

么办？

The best solution to his problem lies in seeing a psychiatrist for counseling.But

what if he refuses such counseling?

l 虽然他声称是现实主义者，但他好像对他的公司资金正在耗尽且可能很快就会

陷入困境这一事实视而不见。

While he claims to be a realist he seems blind to the fact that his company is running out of funds and will be in serious trouble soon.【Unit 8】

l 不成文的规定比成文的规定更有力地规范着我们的生活和行为。

The unwritten rules govern our lives and behavior more strongly than the written ones.l 在图书馆和教师里当你和某人在交谈时你并不提高嗓门。事实上，我就从没见任何人在那些地方大声尖叫过。

When you are talking with someone in libraries and classrooms you don not raise your voice.As a matter of fact I have never seen anyone screaming at the top of their lungs in those places.l 当他喊过：“该死，西尔维亚”后发现拥挤在餐馆里的所有人都在惊讶地看着他时，弹压的脸涨得通红。

He blushed when he found that everyone in the crowded restaurant was looking at him in surprise after he yelled “Damn it Sylvia.”

l 尽管比赛很激动人心，但坐在看台上的八万名观众却没有一人离开座位。正如鲍勃·格林所说，那道无形的屏障一直是有效的。

Regardless of the emotion of the contest none of the 80000 spectators sitting in the stands left their seats.Just as Bob Green says the invisible barrier always holds.l 每天早晨六点半，运动场上已挤满了跑步和做早操的学生。这本身是一个充满希望的征兆，说明越来越多的学生已认识到身体好的重要性。

By six thirty every morning the playing field is already full of students jogging and doing morning exercises – which in itself is a hopeful sign that more and more students have realized the importance of keeping fit.l 由于某种原因莉莉没有为法语测试做好准备。但作为一个诚实的姑娘，她决不会在考试中作弊，正如她不会说谎一样。

For some reason Lily was not well prepared for the French test.But being an honest girl she would no sooner cheat on an exam than tell lies.l 我认识一个定期给墨西哥的父母寄钱的农业季节工人。他把这看作是理所当然的事。他常说：“你应该赡养自己的父母，是不是？”

I know a migrant farm laborer who sends money to his parents in Mexico on a regular basis.He regards it as the right thing to do.He often says “You’re supposed to support your parents aren’t you?”

l 我们生活在一个由法律、不成文的规定、习俗和传统主宰的社会里，没有它们就会一片混乱。

We are living in a society which is governed by laws unwritten rules customs and traditions;there would be chaos without them.

篇2：21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 10

1.When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.2.Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professors.3.When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.4.After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.5.After his failure in the election campaign, Dr.Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.6.As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.7.We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.8.That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.Unit2

1.Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast, their class is made up of males only.2.American children can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework during most their after-school time.3.His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success.He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.4.He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.5.The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.6.As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on traditional Chinese philosophy.7.To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr.Young work so hard.He is committed to educating the young and tires to motivate them to get ahead in life.8.As time was running out, we drove even faster in the hope that we could make it to the airport in time.Unit3

篇3：21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 10

教材是实现教学大纲的重要保证之一,是教师组织教学活动的重要依据,也是学生获得有关知识、技能和策略的主要来源之一。教材是教学理念的体现,在很大程度上规定着课堂教学的方法和模式。(文旭莫启扬,2013)

关于外语教材的编写原则,学界从各自的视角提出过众多论述。张德禄等(2010)从教材内容、编排方式、激发学生积极性、实用性等维度进行概括,指出体裁要多样,话题要广泛,突出育人的新要求,反映时代的发展;与学习者的知识结构形成互补关系,要有针对性,内容要前后一致、前后呼应,形成一个整体,主要词汇项目和内容要有一定的重复,通过在一定语境中的重现来巩固学生记忆和提高其应用能力,要追踪使用情况;要有趣味性,对学生有吸引力,阅读材料要有可读性,所选的内容要有可操作性,配有录音材料等。文秋芳(2002)提出以范文为主体的选材体系,实现文感、语感、情感的全方位教育。

纵观各家所述外语教材的编写原则,至少交汇于一点:科学性原则。何为科学性原则?这又是一个没有定论且难以简单定论的问题。张德禄等(2010)指出,科学性是首先要考虑的原则,要适合人类认知的基本规律,包括内容的编排要注重循序渐进性:由易到难、由低到高、由浅入深,要尽量避免跳跃性太大。文旭等(2013)指出,对材料的难易程度进行科学的监控,利用语料库等方法对文章各单元进行排序。

但是科学性不止于此。笔者以为语言规范性是外语教材科学性的重要组成部分。编写教材过程中,根据教学目标编辑修改语料是常规步骤。语料处理不当会损害教材质量,降低甚至丧失教材功能。

基于范文主体说,课文对学习者的影响力是不言而喻的。他们以课文为范例,感受认知目的语,记忆模仿课文的语言现象。课文是学习者学习目的语的主要途径,是甄别遴选语料的主要依据。因此,语言规范与否对学习者学习效果的影响是不言而喻的。语言规范性问题涉及句子和篇章两个层次。句子层次包括语法结构和遣词造句,篇章层次包括谋篇布局和衔接连贯。

《21世纪大学英语读写教程》是普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材,自1999年正式出版以来,几经修订,数度再版,“深受全国广大师生的欢迎和认可”,获2002年全国优秀教材二等奖,已经成为大学英语课程的经典教材。这套教材贴近《大学英语课程教学要求》,力求信息性、趣味性、可思性和实用性,题材丰富,具有时代气息、人文精神和开放意识,既注重大学英语的工具性,着力培养语言技能,又突出大学英语的人文性,做好强素质、拓视野这篇大文章。

《21世纪大学英语读写教程》由8个单元24篇课文组成,并配有多种语言技能练习。根据教学实际情况,本文仅分析《21世纪大学英语读写教程》第二册A篇课文和B篇课文编辑修改引发的语言规范性问题。

二、外语教材中语言规范性问题的主要表现

1.句子层次

(1)动词时态一致。构成上下文的所有谓语动词以及部分非谓语动词应根据显性或隐性的时间指示保持时态一致。时态一致既可看成句子层面的问题,也可视作篇章结构问题。

以下三例取自第五单元A篇课文“Holding Onto a Dream”。

例1:“My family was making enough money to get by,but not enough to pay that much for me to go to school,”she said.(段落2)(例中下划线为笔者所加,下同)

例2:“Hearing this,I was totally stunned,”Priscilla recalls.(段落3)

例3:“They taught me various office skills and word-processing programs.I also learned to answer the phone in an office setting,and write proper business letters,”she said.The program helped Priscilla find employment as a secretary with a small company.“It was my first decent job,”she says.“I was nineteen years old,living on my own,and making$15,000 a year.”(段落6)

课文两个起始段落均以一般过去时叙述,且引述动词也使用一般过去时(例1),但从段落3起引述动词的时态变成一般现在时(例2)。令人费解的是在段落6中,前后两个引述动词使用了两个不同时态(例3)。关于引述动词的时态选择,既可以使用一般过去时,也可以使用一般现在时,但是必须保持时态一致。类似情况只会降低学习者对时态一致的敏感性,加剧他们对动词时态选择的困惑。

(2)代词的使用。代词在上下文中应有明确的所指对象。从狭义上说,上下文是句子或语篇,从广义上说,上下文是语言使用环境或习惯。代词的所指通常体现在狭义上下文中,习惯性使用有其特殊的环境。下例取自第二单元A篇课文“Why They Excel”。

例4:It was a hard journey for the little girl,and full of risks.(段落2)

此例是段落2的首句。除形式主语前照应外,代词it与所指对象形成后照应关系。在段落1的尾句(It was a heartbreaking and costly sacrifice for the family,placing Kim-Chi on the small boat,among strangers,in hopes that she would eventually reach the United States,where she would get a good education and enjoy a better life.)中找不到代词it的指代对象。“虚义it”指代时间、日期、距离、天气等,例中名词journey不等同于距离。稍加改动(The little girl had a hard journey full of risks.)既可避免代词it的误用,又可使段落主题(the little girl)回归主位。

(3)词汇的选择。为尽量减少超纲词而修改原文本无可厚非,但前提是要保证替换词使用正确且符合本族语使用者的使用习惯,不破坏原意,不加重理解负荷。下例取自第二单元A篇课文“Why They Excel”。

例5:…feeling that this is reverse discrimination by white Americans–a contrast to the laws that excluded most Asian immigrants from the US until 1965,but prejudice nevertheless.(段落6)

为避开超纲词reversal和discriminatory,教材编写者使用大纲词汇创造出reverse discrimination的搭配,并补充but prejudice nevertheless,力求保持原意,却破坏了原文(…feeling that it is just another form of prejudice by White A-mericans,an ironic reversal of the discriminatory laws that excluded most Asian immigrants to the US until 1965.)的通顺,且设置了新的理解障碍。reverse discrimination–a contrast to the laws是否与an ironic reversal of the discriminatory laws同义值得商榷。

下例取自第七单元A篇课文“Thinking:A Neglected Art”。

例6:One problem is that to most of us,thinking looks suspiciously like doing nothing.(段落6)

也许原文的loafing有超纲之嫌,教材编写者以大纲词汇doing nothing替代,但是两者在意义上差异较大。loafing逃避劳作、闲掷光阴,暗示着一种消极的生活态度,可表现为doing nothing,也可通过其他方式表现。loafing必会doing nothing,而doing nothing并非唯一指向loafing。此处的改动以偏概全,也造成上下文意义不通顺。下文有“Besides,he’s leaving all the hard work for us!”一说。此句旨在弥补替换loafing后留下的意义缺失。笔者以为:以besides引导补充信息略显唐突。在缺乏loafing内涵支撑的前提下,何以证明“he's leaving all the hard work for us”?结论武断,没有说服力。loafing还与段落7的laziness形成照应关系,替换后这层关系被弱化。

从上两例不难看出:破坏原意的词汇替换实为失败之举,远不如注释法便利有效。

2.篇章层次

(1)谋篇布局。编写课文时应充分理解原文,给予原文信息足够的重视。在充分理解原文的基础上教材编写者可以重新组织信息布局篇章,但是切忌出于自身编写的便利需要而随意删减拼凑,否则呈现给教材使用者的只会是一堆杂乱无序、矛盾丛生且不能自圆其说的无用信息。下例取自第五单元A篇课文“Holding Onto a Dream”。

例7:When the North Dakota project ended,Priscilla moved to California…And she decided to enroll at a local communitycollege where the tuition was much cheaper.(段落10)

Priscilla took some art classes…In the spring of 1994,she graduated from Wenatchee Valley College with a two-year Associate of Arts degree.(段落11)

此处上下文提供的信息是:Priscilla于1994年春毕业于Wenatchee Valley College,这是一所位于California的local community college。笔者不禁产生这样的疑问:Wenatchee Valley College什么时候从华盛顿州搬到加利福尼亚州?如果教材使用者足够细心,这样荒唐的错误不难发现。但是,通常情况下,教材使用者出于对教材的信任或缺乏敏感或出于惰性,很少会质疑课文所提供的信息的真实性,Wenatchee Valley College位于加利福尼亚州这样一个荒谬的信息,自然就会成为他们所拥有的关于美国的知识的一部分。教材没有传授正确的知识,却传递错误的信息,不得不说这是教材变身“教错”的典型实例。

教材的选材当极尽认真科学,绝非母语人士的文章都可用,也绝非专家的话语都可信,编写者应该形成自己的逻辑判断,不为片面观点或荒谬论点左右。下例取自第二单元A篇课文“Why They Excel”。

例8:…Nearly 90 percent of Chinese youngsters said they actually enjoy school,and 60 percent can’t wait for school vacations to end.…One reason may be that students in China and Japan typically have a break after each class…(段落18)

且不说文中所述现象可信与否,其因果关系已显牵强。试想:课间休息足以让90%的学生爱上学校?课间休息足以使60%的学生迫不及待结束假期尽快返校?再者,教材使用者对这样的信息会作出什么样的反应,对传递这种可笑信息的教材形成何种评价?笔者不认为这是教材编写者增加教材趣味性之举。根据课文上下文,这个发现出自著名的心理学家Harold Stevenson博士的研究。笔者无缘拜读博士的研究报告,不敢妄加评论。即便原文如此,教材编写者也有选材不当之责。

重新组织信息布局篇章有时是必需的,但是不能随意删减拼凑信息,不然会破坏原文的布局。下例取自第一单元B篇课文“Little Sister of the Poor”。

例9:With a will of iron and a heart of love,Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate in India and around the world.(段落1)

When she died last week in Calcutta—just days after her 87th birthday—she was known the world over as Mother Teresa…(段落2)

原文作者从Mother Teresa的逝世切入叙述其一生的主要经历,但是教材编写者为了突出Mother Teresa对人类的贡献,特别是她投身慈善事业的壮举,改动了篇章的结构,用一句话为读者归纳了Mother Teresa的一生(段落1)。为了加入段落1,教材编写者删除了原文第一句的前半部分(She was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu,daughter of an Albanian building contractor in what is now Macedonia,but…),虽然这为添加段落1创造了条件,但是破坏了原文的叙述结构。段落2这句话留下的疑问是Mother Teresa的原名是什么,而删除了原话前半部分后这个疑问成为无解。原文如同一根珠链,以人物名号(Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu、Sister Teresa、Mother Teresa)为主线串联起全部信息,形成一个连贯的整体。教材编写者忽视原文的结构特征,为重构篇章任意删减信息,结果是:经过教材编写者之手,珠链已不复存在,只有一盘散落的珠子,因为串联起珠子的那根线被抛弃了,而抛弃串联线的目的就是添加具有“提纲挈领”作用的段落1。以一个段落的局部损害其余十个段落连贯的大局,这种因小失大的处理方式无疑是课文编写的大忌。

谋篇布局的另一个重要原则:每个段落围绕一个主题展开,即每个段落处在一个主题句的掌控之下。不论词语多么华丽,表达多么地道,如果偏离主题句就应该忍痛割爱。下例同样取自第一单元B篇课文“Little Sister of the Poor”。

例10:As her fame grew,so did her honors.…and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize.At her request,the Nobel committee skipped the usual lavish dinner for the prizewinner,and gave the money to the poor.(段落10)

显而易见,此段落讲述Mother Teresa所获得的荣誉,尾句却隐含了Mother Teresa对待奖金的态度,偏离了主题句(As her fame grew,so did her honors.)。原文是:…and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize.(Skip the lavish dinner,she asked the Nobel committee,and give the money to the poor.)这里显示出标点符号的作用。原文与课文的差异仅在有无括号,看似不起眼,不过括号里是补充信息,脱离括号则是主要信息,会对整个段落的主题产生影响。

主题句之于段落,如同标题之于篇章。第三单元B篇课文虽以“A Multicultural Person”为题,却通篇谈论a multicultural salesperson,典型的文不对题。

(2)衔接连贯。将文章成功改编成课文要求教材编写者具有较强的语言掌控力。随意替换改动文章关键词会引发一连串形式连贯与意义连贯问题,破坏作者原意,造成以偏概全的失误。即使教材编写者关注到形式连贯,但是以意义连贯为代价的形式连贯必将导致衔接上的逻辑缺失。下例取自第七单元A篇课文“Thinking:A Neglected Art”。

例11:Another reason why we distrust thinking is that it seems unnatural.Human beings are a social species,but thinking is an activity that people do best when they're alone.Consequently,we worry about people who like to think.It disturbs us to meet a person who deliberately chooses to sit alone and think instead of going to a party or a soccer match.We suspect that such a person needs counseling.In addition,such people can sometimes appear unfriendly―and that makes us deeply uneasy.(段落9)

Our concern is misplaced.Intelligence is just as much a part of human nature as friendliness.(段落10)

段落9中people do best when they're alone替换了原文的requires solitude,段落10中friendliness替换了原文的sociability。前一处替换有表述不到位的欠缺,给后面的错误修改以至破坏作者原意留下了隐患。后一处替换不仅大费周章,增加了“In addition,such people can sometimes appear unfriendly―and that makes us deeply uneasy.”一整句话,且引发关于sociability、friendliness与human nature的逻辑关系问题。段落9尾句的添加完全是出于连贯的需要,与段落10的friendliness形成词汇衔接关系,此时形式连贯已实现。那么,缺乏friendliness是否是所有喜爱思考的人的共性呢?即便如此,缺乏friendliness是否就是作者所说的unnatural的表现呢?虽然friendliness与sociability部分同义,但是不能任意相互替换。原文的solitude和sociability构成关于human nature的意义集合。换言之,“与人不友善”并不违背人性,而“不愿甚至畏惧与人交往”则是病态,抑或是一种心理障碍,病态或心理障碍是与人性相悖的表现。再者,教材编写者在新加的尾句中使用表可能性的情态助动词can和表频度的副词sometimes,从而弱化了“喜爱思考的人不友善”这个立论,给人以“喜爱思考的人可能有时不友善”的印象。这里产生了一个逻辑问题:如何从关于部分的表现(喜爱思考的人可能有时不友善)推导出关于全体的特质(思考是一项违背人性的活动)?

三、结语

语言规范性关乎外语教材的质量,是外语教材的生存之本。失去语言规范性的教材,名头再大,其名头不过是无源之水;荣誉再多,其荣誉只能是无根之木,终将沦为反面教材。任何一种外语教材,不论属于哪一代,也不论基于哪种教育理念,首先应该具有科学性,其语言必须是规范的,足以为学习者提供可模仿、可复制的范例。教材编写是人的创造性活动,教材质量取决于人,要求教材编写者具备健康的原动力、强烈的责任心、敏锐的鉴别力和高超的掌控力。

摘要：科学性是外语教材的编写原则之一,而语言规范性则是外语教材科学性的重要组成部分。文章以《21世纪大学英语读写教程》第二册A篇课文和B篇课文为例,从句子和篇章两个层次简析语言规范性问题在语法结构、遣词造句、谋篇布局和衔接连贯等方面的具体表现,指出语言规范性关乎外语教材的质量,是外语教材的生存之本。

关键词：教材,大学英语,《21世纪大学英语读写教程》,语言规范性

参考文献

[1]文秋芳.编写英语专业教材的重要原则[J].外语界,2002,(1).

[2]文旭,莫启扬.大学英语教材:问题与思考[J].外语学刊,2013,(6).

[3]翟象俊,郑树棠,张增健,等.21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)(修订版)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005.

篇4：21世纪 大学英语读写教程第二册Unit 10

2认错人（改编）

马克•吐温

几年前的一天，我来到萨拉曼卡——纽约附近的一个火车站。我计划在那儿搭乘卧车。站台上都是人，他们涌入长长的卧车，把列车挤得满满的。我问售票处的人能否买两张票，但他厉声回答说：“没票！”然后冲着我的脸关上了窗。这真是对我尊严的莫大打击，然而我又需要这两张车票。我找到一位地方官员，问他能否在卧铺车厢的某个地方找个可怜的小角落；但他猛然打断了我，厉声说道：“没有，找不到。每个角落都挤满了。好了，不要再来烦我了。”说完，他便不理我而走开了。我没料到他会这样对待我，我的尊严处于一种难以描述的状况。我对同伴说：“他们这样对我讲话是因为他们不知道我是谁。”可我的同伴却说:“别说这种傻话了。即便他们知道你是谁，你觉得这能帮你在没有空座的火车上搞到座位吗？”说完他也不理我了。这太过分了。我找到刚才那个官员，非常有礼貌地告诉他我叫马克•吐温，我是否能——但他又一次打断了我：“我已经告诉过你不要再来烦我了。”接着又不再理我了。我无助地环顾四周，发现我的同伴目睹了整个经过。我感到的耻辱无法用语言形容。我说：“或许他没有听到我的名字。”但我的同伴却不这么认为，他说：“他肯定清楚地听到你的名字了，只不过他不在乎罢了，就是这么回事。”

我不知道接下去会发生什么，但就在这时候,我注意到一个年轻的卧车行李搬运工正在跟列车员窃窃私语，并朝着我点头。那个列车员随即转过身，毕恭毕敬地向我走来。

“我能为您效劳吗，先生？”他说道，“您要在卧车上找个空位吗？”

“呃，当然，”我回答说，“可我问过站台上那个人，他说每个角落都塞满了，还叫我不要烦他。”

“不会吧，先生，我简直不敢相信他说了这样的话。简直无法想象有人竟然这样对您说话，先生！我很抱歉，先生，但您一定是误会他了。我们什么空地方都没了，只剩下那个大的家庭包房，里面有两个铺位和几把扶手椅，但这一切都供您享用。过来，汤姆，把这些箱子搬上车！”

搬运工拿了我们的小提箱，我们则上了车。在豪华包房把我们舒舒服服安顿好以后，汤姆满脸堆笑地说:“哦，您还需要什么吗，先生？”

“呃，这盏灯吊得太高了。能不能在我的床头再给我安一盏灯，好让我看起书来舒服点？” “可以，先生，可以。我会亲自给您安上。您需要什么只管说，我们就是把整条铁路里里外外查个遍也要帮您找到。”说完他便离开了。

我微笑着对同伴说：“咳咳，现在你怎么说？”

我的同伴看起来很羞愧。“唔，”他说，“你是对的。我为刚才在站台上对你说过的那些话感到抱歉。这么看来犯傻的是我，不是你。能跟你一起来我很高兴。假如没有你，我永远也不会搞到车票。但我还是不明白。”就在这时汤姆的笑脸再次出现在门口，接着说了这样一句话：“喔，先生，我一下子就把您给认出来了。接着我就告诉了列车员。”

“是这样吗，小伙子？”我问道，“那我是谁呢？”

“您是纽约市长麦克莱伦先生。”说罢他又离开了。

答案

1.bother, bother

notice

6.recognized

describe

1.cut short

in „ face

around

1.must have seen the tickets for tonight’s play

2.must have been here many times

3.may have gone bad

4.may not have received the present

1.Nancy was glad to have quit her part-time job before her final exams.2.Aren’t you ashamed to have eaten all the fruit in the basket?

3.We are really grateful to have received so much care during our visits here.4.Henry was foolish to have trusted such a liar.9

1.The public noticed that since that local official left, his position had been vacant for a couple of months.2.Seeing the girl looking around helplessly on the platform, the young porter asked politely if she needed any help.3.I recognized your companion the minute he appeared at the door.He looked just as you had described.4.We didn’t bother to find a hotel, for my good friend invited us to stay in her house and put a luxurious car at our disposal.5.While the professor was turning the suitcases inside out to find his glasses, his wife was sitting comfortably in an armchair watching the whole scene.6.I turned my back on her because she expected me to treat her like a queen.10

1.seeing a doctor as soon as possible

2.working for another hour

3.buying a new car

4.going to the cinema

5.having been to New York

6.quitting my job2.at their disposal 6.a couple of3.at the same time4.2.companion 7.vacant3.Shame 8.scene4.officials 9.politely10.5.5.turn your back on 7.turned „ inside out 8.Look

7.speaking it

8.being recognized

9.spending all that money

10.losing my job

但愿

保罗•莫纳汉

我在一家7-11商店里已经工作了两年，自以为很善于处理我们经理所说的“与顾客的关系”了。我坚信，一个友好的微笑和脱口而出的“先生”、“女士”和“谢谢”就足以让我应付任何可能出现的情况，无论是安慰缺乏耐心或难缠的顾客，还是为找错零钱而道歉。但是几天前的那个晚上，一位老妇人却动摇了我的信念： 乖巧的回答并不能消除与他人打交道时遇到的磕磕绊绊。

老妇人一进来，就与我们灯火通明、货架整齐、亮堂堂的店铺形成了鲜明的对照。老妇人似乎每走一步都十分痛苦。她慢慢地推开玻璃门，蹒跚地走向最近的通道。在气温只有华氏40度的晚上，她只穿着一件褪了色的连衣裙和一件薄薄的、淡褐色的、小得连纽扣都扣不起来的羊毛衫，还有一双破旧的黑拖鞋。她那青筋暴突的腿上既没有穿长袜也没有穿短袜。老妇人在店里转了几分钟后，在罐装蔬菜前停了下来。她拿起一罐玉米，盯着标签看。此时，我决意做一个有礼貌的好雇员，便问她是否需要帮助。

对我清晰宏亮的“您要买点什么?”老妇人轻声回答说：

“我要一些吃的。” “太太，您在找玉米吗？”

“我要一些吃的，”她重复道。“哪种都行。”

“哦，罐头玉米是95美分，”我用最乐于助人的口吻说道。“或者，如果您愿意的话，我们今天有特价面包。”

“我付不出钱，”她说。

有那么一刹那，我真想说：“把玉米拿去吧。”但雇员守则却涌入我的脑海：保持礼貌，但不要让顾客占你便宜，让他们知道是你在控制局面。曾有一刻我甚至认为这是某种考验，老妇人是总部派来考验我的忠诚的。于是，我尽职尽责地回答说：“对不起，太太，我不能免费送您任何东西。”

老妇人的脸似乎“塌陷”得更厉害了（如果有这种可能的话），她双手颤抖着把罐头放回货架，然后从我身旁慢慢地走向门口，破旧而又肮脏的羊毛衫勉强遮住她佝偻的背。

她离开后不久，我便拿着那罐玉米冲出门去，可是老妇人已经无影无踪。在余下的当班时间里，老妇人的形象一直浮现在我的脑海中。我年轻、健康、沾沾自喜，而她却年老多病，身处绝境。我真心希望我当时能表现得像一个人而不是“机器人”，但意识到我们保持自身良好本性的力量是多么的脆弱，又令我感到悲哀。

1.automatic2.apologize3.situation4.sort5.arises

6.impatient7.response8.rushed9.customers10.relations

1.for free2.get the best of3.see through4.in sight5.be dealt with

篇5：21世纪读写第二册参考句子翻译

Unit 1

1.When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.2.Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals.3.When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.4.After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.5.After his failure in the election campaign, Dr.Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.6.As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.7.We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.8.That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.Unit 2

1.Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast, their class is made up of males only.2.American kids can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to do their homework most of the time after school.3.His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success.He said that he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.4.He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.5.The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device must be readjusted.6.As one of the Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on the traditional Chinese philosophy.7.To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr.Yang work so hard.He is committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.8.As time was running out, we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it to the airport in time.Unit 3

1.When the temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.2.To ensure that their joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translator.3.As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside his field of expertise.4.Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.5.Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.6.All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.7.My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.8.With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who have come to China to study Chinese medicine.Unit 4

1.Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.2.Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.3.A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.4.She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.5.He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.6.When talking about his success, Mr.Smith is very prone to exaggeration.7.The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.8.In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of.Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.Unit 5

1.The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the