硕士生毕业论文提纲（共6篇）
篇1：硕士生毕业论文提纲
民事共同行为是民事关系同一方复数主体之效力及于全部事实后果，但均不足以导致全部法律后果的同向行为。比较多数人损害同一主体的财产和人身的各类情况，可以得出结论：多数人之债除学界承认的按份关系、连带关系、共同之债关系、不真正连带关系、补充责任关系外，还包括不完全连带关系和不真正按份关系;且补充责任关系又有一般补充责任关系和特殊补充责任关系之分。在此基础上可以发展出多数人责任的一般理论。
一、民事共同行为概念
民事共同行为指民事领域中的共同行为。本文中的共同行为，均指民事共同行为。所谓民事领域，即平等主体之间的财产关系和人身关系，也就是民事关系，或者说民事法律关系。[1]现实生活中存在大量的民事共同行为，如共同购买、共同担保、共同创作、共同侵权，等等。民法学没有共同行为范畴，也没有共同行为定义。民法学论著也未见探讨共同行为的一般理论。
然而，民事关系一方的复数主体的复数行为，可能发生民事法律后果，可能不发生民事法律后果;可能发生同一性质的.民事法律后果(或均取得权利，或均承担义务)，可能发生不同性质的民事法律后果(部分主体取得权利，部分主体承担义务);可能发生同一性质民事法律后果的分配问题，可能不发生同一性质民事法律后果的分配问题。为公平分配多数人行为的法律后果，民法学应建立共同行为理论，明确共同行为的要件，确定共同行为法律后果的分配原则。共同行为理论也是多数人责任理论的基础。民法学至今未能建立多数人责任的一般理论，直接原因就是没有共同行为理论。共同行为必须具备以下条件。
1.复数行为
共同行为必然是复数行为，单数行为无所谓共同问题。
2.复数主体的行为
共同行为必须是复数主体的行为，同一主体的复数行为不发生在不同主体之间分配同一性质民事法律后果的问题。行为是意志的表示，复数主体的行为是复数主体各自意志的表示，是数个行为，非单个行为。
3.有民事效力
民法学提出共同行为概念，目的是分配法律后果。无民事效力的行为，不存在分配法律后果的问题，非共同行为。所谓民事效力，指变更(含延长、限制)或可能变更民事关系，包括：(1)变更民事关系，如设定、变更或终止权利;(2)行为完成时不变更民事关系，但如不撤回或撤销该行为，将变更民事关系，如遗嘱、非即时生效的要约和承诺;(3)延长民事关系的期限，如债务到期，债权人请求债务人给付，引起时效中断;(4)限制民事关系的期限，如限制行为能力人订立合同后，相对人催告其法定代理人，法定代理人在法定期限内未作表示，视为拒绝追认。
4.民事关系之同一方行为
共同行为之复数主体，均为民事关系之同一方。复数主体之行为可因内容同一而发生多方法律关系，如成立合伙，为复数行为。通说视内容同一的复数行为为单数行为(通称多方行为)，与事实不符。多方行为为复数行为，但非民事关系同一方之行为，非共同行为。
5.同向行为
民法学提出共同行为概念的目的，不是区分权利人和义务人，而是在法律关系同一方之复数权利人中分配权利，或者，同一方之复数义务人中分配义务。这意味着，共同行为分配之法律后果属同一性质，或均为权利，或均为义务。因此，共同行为必须同向，即行为人或均取得权利，或均承担义务。如分别发生权利义务，为逆向行为，非共同行为。
合同行为包括订约行为和履约行为。前者包括要约和承诺，后者包括给付和受领，均为复数行为。通说视合同行为为合同双方共同完成的单数行为(通称双方行为)，与事实不符，也无法区分各行为的效力。合同行为属复数行为，但各行为逆向，非共同行为。
希望上面的毕业论文提纲范文对大家有用。
知识扩展：编制论文提纲的方法
(1)拟定标题,即自己给论文起名字。它要求标题能传内容之神,名副其实,使读者看了一眼便知:论文所概括的全文主要内容。
(2)考虑构篇大小和顺序安排,既考虑全篇从哪几个方面,或按什么顺序展开、阐述基本论点(全文的逻辑结构框架);又逐个安排每个下位论点,再依次考虑每个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按构思的顺序标上序码并排列好,以备行文时使用。
(3)全面、反复地检查提纲,作必要的增、减或调整。
篇2：硕士生毕业论文提纲
英语论文提纲-英语硕士毕业论文提纲
Title: Analysis and Case Study of the risk management of Chinese State-owned Enterprises -- Non-financial enterprises view
Related Module: The author will choose the risk management strategy, operational management and corporate strategy modules.
Abstract:
Risk management is one kind of new management subject. Because theories of risk management are based on the United States commercial companies at the beginning; big gaps of cultures in east and west world as well as the huge differences between China’s state-owned companies background and commercial companies’, there are lots of differences between Chinese risk management, especially the state-owned companies, and western developed countries companies’ risk management. There are increasing number of researches regarding the risk management, however, only few researches is about the differences of the risks management in China and in other countries. These differences have already impacted the Chinese firms’ management and the risk management performances, such as risk identification and forecast.
This dissertation will discuss the differences of risk management in China’s state-owned enterprises and foreign companies first of all. Moreover, the author will try to explore the reasons of these differences and how these differences effect the Chinese national-owned companies’ operations and risk management performances. After that, the author will compare the differences of risk management process. Finally, the author will summary the China’s state-owned companies special features and try to provide some suggestions of amending the risk management tools in the state-owned companies. This dissertation will choose the China Aviation Oil (Singapore) corporation Ltd as the case of China state- owned company.
Section 1: the importance of the research topic(这个不要) and research background
Risk management is one kind of new management tools and conceptions in China, especially in China’s state-owned companies. The risk management entered into(不要) China just around 15 years ago (Xiaobo Wu, ). Like other management theories, totally copying the western developed countries’ risk management theories and experience does not work in China, particularly in some state-owned companies. Because the different cultures and special business circumstances as well as state-owned company’s special backgrounds, the risk management theories have to be amended according toChinese actual situations. In some state-owned companies, bankrupt just started from around 20 years ago and the state-owned companies never bankrupt at all before, because people believed the bankrupt only belonged to capitalist society. Moreover, the China’s state-owned enterprises received the orders from the government and sell the products to special target customers before 1980s. Any lost would be filled by the Chinese central government. While, the risk management researches, usually, are based on the firms, which develop in the competition business circumstances. Therefore, identifying the differences of the business environments, including macro and micro economics, seems to be very important for the risk management effectively using in China’s state-owned companies. Only clearly know the differences of the risk management, we can amend the risk management skills to suit Chinese actual business world. When we clearly know the differences of business environments in China and other developed countries, we can summary the Chinese risk management features.
Moreover, there are limited risk management researches in relation to China’s state-owned enterprises. Most of these limited research focused on the internal financial management or audit. The author prepares to compare the differences based on strategy level and fill this gap. At present, lots of Chinese state-owned firms hope to use the Chinese risk management system to control their risks, no matter on operational risks, politica
l risks or other risks. Many firms are still in risk management conception introduction stage. They wish to have effective risk management tools with low costs. From the research, the author will summary how the state-owned enterprises managers use the risk management tools to forecast and control the risks.
The author can use the risk management course knowledge to evaluate the current Chinese business environments and the advantages and weaknesses of the current risk management process and tools in state-owned enterprises. In addition, the author can use the marketing and strategy knowledge to analyze the Chinese risk management. Culture and social environment are the main sources to form these differences.
Section 2: research and dissertation aims
This dissertation’s goal is to find out the differences of the business environments of risk management between China’s state-owned companies and other developed countries’ firms and summary how Chinese national-owned companies’ managers forecast and control these risks by the amended risk management theories and tools.
In order to achieve this aim, the author has the following objectives.
Aim one: identify the China’s state-owned firms’ special business environment and background as well as some culture differences
Aim two: identify the Chinese state-owned firms’ successful risk management experience and some theories weaknesses which need to be amended
Aim three: summary the successful experience of China’s state-owned enterprises’ risk management and the amended risk management tools.
Section 3: Literature review
Corporate Strategy and Risk Management, which compile by The Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants, described the general risk management conceptions in China and some state-owned companies(概念重复吧!?). This book shows me the risks management general knowledge and some differences between Chinese risk management and foreign risk management. This book also introduces some knowledge in relation to the COSO intern-control framework. However, this book does not pay attention to the using of the kind of theories in practice, especially the risk management in China’s state-owned firms.
Coso report：Framework, which compiled by Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) is one of my major source of the risk management theory. This report describes the whole internal control theories and some conceptions. In order to control the internal risks effectively, there must be five supporting factors; Control environment, Risk assessment, Control Activities, information and Communication and Monitoring. This book assisted me with more internal control knowledge and stimulate my interesting to explore the Chinese internal controlling management. But, this report is just the principle of the risk management. How we can connect the risk management principles with the practice, particularly state-owned enterprise risk management seem to be discussed by the author.
Risk Management Can international journal was edited by Denis Smith, Dominic Elliott and Alan Irwin. This book gave me a general framework on how to analyze the Chinese risk management environment and the risk management differences among different countries. Moreover, some of the new risk management points in the state-owned firms gave me a lot of helps to understanding(去掉) the dissertation topic.
Corporate Risk Management, (Tong Merna and Faisal F.Al -Thani) showed me the risk management from corporate aspect. At the beginning, the risk management research focused on finance and insurance industries. There are some books using the finance and insurance industries experiences and research results to describe the corporate risk management, which lack of workableness for the companies. However, this book disclose the internal risk forecast, assessment, planning, monitoring and controlling aspects of the corporate risk management. It is also describe the risk management in corporate level
, strategic business level and project levels. This book stimulates my interesting in exploring Chinese national-owned companies risk management.
Here is a chinese book, called Thirty Years of China Business, gave me lots of assistance. This book showed me the Chinese state-owned companies reforming and development history after 1970s, including state-owned companies’ development history. The author used ty///picpanies and their managers in some special years to describe their successful experiences and their failure reasons. Because there is no special China’s state-owned enterprises development history books in China, the author will adopt some of this books points in the dissertation. In addition, the author will also summary some typical China’s state-owned companies’ common features in risk management.
Except the books mentioned above, www.51lunwen.org a number of studies have attempted to provide a clear picture of risk management. For instance, Gleason; wiliams and smith()focus on the facts and process of risk management. JerryMiccolis,RobertSchneier();JerryMiccolis,SamirShah(2000);Doherty(2000)study this issue from the aspect of risk management intergration. Belk and Glaum(1990); Mellor and Wan(1993); Switzer and Tang(); Ali Fatemi(2000)provide profound insights into the practice of risk management within the coporate sector. Yet, none have expain risk management differences between Chinese stated-owned enterprises and deveolped countries’ companies.
Section 4: Methodology
General speaking, the author will use my (什么意思啊!?加上own) research method----combine history research, statistics and data research and theory study together.
a)Secondary resources
1)Official reports and statistical data from the companies and outside of the companies
Because of the different owners of the data and different statistics approaches, I decide to use information and resources from inside of the companies and outside of them. Inside of the companies, that means data from companies, such as company annual report. Outside of the company, that means the data or reports from other worldwide organization or other countries’ statistics data, such as from IMF, WTO, OECD or other magazines’ reports.
2)Books and other research results
The author will use official magazines’ reports and some relevant books research results. Other scholars and people’s research results are also very important for my research. The author will mainly focus on English books and journals’ research results; However, because the author decided to use the China Aviation oil (Singapore) corporation Ltd as the case of Chinese national owned company, the author may use some Chinese reports or books’ researching results or data.
b)Research the typical historical events
The author will mention some mile-stone events in Chinese national-owned company’s development history and risk management in Chinese history, because the Chinese government play a critical role in Chinese national-owned companies’ development. These events also show us the importance of the Chinese government and the political risks.
c)Theory studies
The author will focus on some theories studies both on risk management and strategy management theories. I may use Geert Hofested’s five factors, such as Power distance, individualism, long term Orientation and Masculinity, to evaluate the difference of cultures between Chinese culture and American cultures in order to find the critical factors to influence the risk attitude.
Section 5: Detailed plan of research.
The author will use the following three approaches to obtain the relevant information.
First of all, the author will search for the relevant information from Internet. Although the Internet is academicals resources, the author can obtain some general ideas and other peoples’ comments regarding the risk management in state-owned firms. After all, the author has no working experience in the stated-ow
ned companies, especially in the risk management department. The internet can provide some general knowledge regarding the risk management and other relevant information in the state-owned companies, especially the China aviation Oil (Singapore) company.
Secondly, the author will read and adopt some ideas from some books and e-journals(去掉e-). They are the main resources of this dissertation. Based on other scholars’ research results, the author can summary their points’ merits and weaknesses and build the author’s own theory. All the other people’s points and their ideas will be referred by the author in the dissertation.(会那么全面吗?建议去掉all) The author will obtain this kind of resources via the university library. However, some e-data(去掉e-) still need to be paid.
Finally , after searching the relevant information and data,the auther will start to write the dissertation. This dissertation will contain five parts: introduction, literature review, relevant theories analysis of risk management, case study of China aviation Oil (Singapore) company and conclusion.
The dissertation timetable:
Stage one: the author will collect information, including reviewing the dissertation structures and the theories. This stage will be finished in the middle of July.
Stage two: the author will start to write the dissertation and plan to finish the introduction, literature review and Chapter one. The totally words will be around 4000 words. This work will be finished at the beginning of August.
Stage three: the author will finish the first draft and send it to the professor to review it. This stage will be finish at the end of August. The author will amend the dissertation, after receiving the feedbacks from the tutor.
Stage four: the author will finish the whole dissertation and other relevant documents. Before the deadline, the author will double check the dissertation English(为何加一个english,不知道什么意思，删掉) and structures and then, print it and submit it.
Time line:
Figure 1 Dissertation time line
Section 6: Short statement on ethical considerations
First of all, during the research, the author will not discuss which culture is better or the managers’ personalities, although the managers personalities may influence the enterprises’ risk management. Moreover, the author will do (去掉)not discuss any political issues, especially evaluate the government behaviours.
Reference:
篇3：硕士生毕业论文提纲
体裁分析主要是研究语篇的宏观结构及其交际功能,它有助于更深层面地剖析语言特征。在应用语言学领域,体裁分析主要有三个流派:新修辞学派的体裁分析、澳大利亚学派的体裁分析和专门用途英语(ESP)体裁分析。其中,ESP体裁分析主要是分析学术英语语篇的写作情况,因此常被用来分析学术性和专业性较强的语篇结构特征及交际功能,旨在给非英语本土研究者提供一种结构性的语体特征,使他们能更好的阅读和撰写学术论文。学术论文,作为一类学术语篇,对其进行体裁分析已吸引了广大学者的兴趣。
普遍来说,硕士研究生有十多年的英语学习经历,并大部分已通过了大学英语四、六级考试,理应可以正确无误的用英语表达自己的想法和观点。但从他们的学术论文英文摘要来看,还存在很多缺陷,很难写出有效、规范、符合标准的英文摘要,因而在很大程度上影响了他们的学术交流和学术发展。在本论文中,笔者将采用ESP体裁分析的研究理论对高等教育学专业的硕士论文英文摘要进行体裁分析。
一、学术论文体裁分析的现状分析
硕士毕业论文能够反映作者掌握所学专业理论知识的程度和水平,能反映作者是否具有独立的科研能力和学术理论的应用水平,并帮助作者构建更完整的知识体系。其中,英文摘要不仅是论文的缩影,更是科研成果走向国际的通行证,是独立于学术论文存在的二次检索文献,与论文一样,属于同一类语篇结构且具有特定的交流对象和交流目的。因此,学术论文摘要的体裁分析已得到广泛的应用。
20世纪80年代开始,国外学者逐渐加强了对摘要的体裁分析。Graetz(1985)通过研究87篇论文归纳了论文摘要的结构为Problem-Methods-Results-conclusions四个语步;Salvager-Meyer(1990)总结概括了77篇医学英文摘要得出的摘要结构为Statement-Purpose-Corpus/Methods-Results-Conclusion-Recommendation六个部分;Bhatia在1993年提出了IMRD模型,即Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion模型。从事摘要体裁分析的学者很多,如Hyland、Martin、文秋芳、秦秀白等。在众多研究当中,巴希尔(Bhatia)在1993年提出的IMRD模型最受欢迎。他在《体裁分析:专业领域的语言应用》一书中强调学术论文摘要应包括四个语步,即介绍语步、方法语步、结果语步和讨论语步。并有不少研究学者基于巴希尔提出的IMRD模型对不同学科领域的学术论文摘要进行了宏观结构和微观语言特征的研究。但是,针对学位论文摘要进行体裁分析研究的较少。我国学术论文摘要写作也有其特定的要求并广泛被人接受,从GB7713-87[7](科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式)得知,该要求与巴希尔提出的IMRD模型非常相似。
Hyon(1996)提出,ESP体裁分析主要研究两个方面:一方面是对特殊语篇的结构研究,另一方面是对特殊语篇的语言特征研究,如时态、语态以及人称代词的用法。本论文的研究目的是基于ESP体裁分析理论,对30篇高等教育学专业硕士毕业论文英文摘要语料进行宏观结构分析及微观语言特点分析。就宏观结构而言,笔者基于巴希尔提出的IMRD模型进行分析,试图找出中国非英语专业硕士研究生毕业论文英文摘要在多大程度上符合此模型,找出结构上的不足。就微观语言特征而言,主要是从时态、语态和人称代词的用法着手找出摘要中的不足。Cooley and Lewkowicz(2003)提出,如果学者把摘要看成是论文本身的一个缩影的话,在撰写摘要时要用一般现在时,而如果学者把摘要看成是研究过程的一个缩影的话,在撰写时要用一般过去时和现在完成时。已有的研究结果也表明,这三种时态是论文摘要中出现最多的时态,所以作者试图验证本数据库中的论文摘要是否符合这一规律。就语态而言,采用主动还是被动语态应根据表达的需要,因为摘要很精简,不要随便混用语态。薛欢(2008)和夏德敏(2010)的研究结果表明英美本土学生在撰写论文摘要时主要采用了主动语态,而笔者则考察中国学生撰写论文摘要时时态的应用情况。就人称代词而言,GB6447-86要求在摘要中应使用第三人称单数形式,笔者依此要求对语料进行研究,检查摘要是否符合该要求。
二、语料库构建
(一)初始语料库构建
为了保证此次研究的信度和效度,采用了分层抽样的方法,从300多篇发表在万方电子资源数据库上的高等教育学专业的硕士毕业论文中有规律的选出了30篇论文中的英文摘要,以期待通过对语料的分析概括,进一步认识我国研究生在摘要写作中存在的具体问题。
(二)预料标注
笔者根据IMRD模型,对所收集的语料进行编码,用数字01~30来代表每一篇摘要。首先,运用wordsmith软件对所有语料进行关键词检索,例如I语步中的关键词有:“purpose”、“aim”、“background...”,M语步中的关键词有“method”、“way...”,R语步中的关键词有“result”、“indicate”、“show”、“find...”,D语步中的关键词有“discuss”、“suggest”、“implication...”。然后,笔者再自己一篇篇阅读,查漏补缺。
三、研究结果
因为数据资料不是很多,笔者在wordsmith软件的帮助下,逐一阅读并且做好每一个语步的记录,分别用I、M、R、D表示。在标记过程中,如果一个句子中包含了两个语步的话,就标记最明显的那个语步,如果分不清哪个语步最明显就标记成两个不同的语步。
摘要的宏观结构特征如下:I和M语步出现频率是最高的;50%的摘要给出了R语步;42%的摘要给出了D语步。所有的学生都有呈现I语步,但是只有极少几篇摘要指出了前面研究的缺陷。大部分学生花了大量的笔墨在介绍背景及研究意义上。其实研究的意义就在于找出前人研究的缺陷,然后弥补缺陷发现新的问题。所以即便I语步出现频率较高,但仍然需要掌握写作技巧。Martin(2003)指出作者在M语步中应简单的介绍相关的实验过程及研究方法等。此语步在摘要中出现的频率较高,并且学生们用到了以下几种常用的研究方法,如:文献评论法、问卷调查及对比研究等。这说明学生们在写摘要的时候知道研究过程中所采取的方法至关重要,阐明研究相关数据及研究方法能使论文更有说服力。R语步能够告知读者该研究得出的具体结果。据笔者统计,只有50%的摘要中体现了结果语步。其原因是学生们喜欢在摘要中阐述论文的大纲,所以具体的研究结果大多都省略了。其实此语步很好表达,写的时候可用上一系列关键词:如表明、体现、找出、结果为……等。D语步一般涉及作者对此次研究结果的一些想法及建议等。30篇摘要中只有13篇大概涉及到了此语步,这表明学生得出研究结果后,忽略了对结果的进一步总结。该结果表明学生在撰写摘要时在宏观结构方面有待提高。
笔者在分析摘要宏观结构的同时,对语篇的语言特征研究也有标记,如时态、语态以及人称代词的用法。笔者想考察摘要中的时态是否与Cooley and Lewkowics(2003)提出来的一致。被动语态和主动语态都可以出现在摘要里,但是在英语本土人写的文章中,主动语态出现的频率较高,笔者想找出是否符合这一规律并找出人称代词的用法是否符合GB6447-86的要求。
时态通常被当作一个重要的语言特征来进行研究。英语中一共有16种时态,但是以前的研究结果表明,以下三种时态常出现在摘要中:一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。但是在本研究中还出现了现在进行时和一般将来时,具体结果如下:一般现在时在摘要中出现的频率最高,其次是一般过去时和现在完成时。就时态而来,该数据库的30篇论文摘要基本符合Cooley and Lewkowics提出来的观点。但是研究结果表明学生写摘要的时候,时态的运用有些混乱,笔者建议在写摘要时尽量使用简单的时态来实现自己摘要的交际功能。笔者认为,摘要中用一般现在时是最好的选择,因为摘要是整篇论文的一个缩影,用一般现在时的话可以给读者留下深刻的印象,使研究的时效性得到了体现。
语态的运用通常被当作另外一个重要的语言特征来进行研究。薛欢(2008)和夏德敏(2010)的研究结果表明主动语态和被动语态均可出现在摘要中,但是在英语为母语的作者中用主动语态居多,在方法语步中,被动语态出现的频率也比较高。所以在本文中,笔者想调查一下,高等教育学专业的中国学生在写摘要时是否也遵循这一规律。具体研究结果如下:主动语态占绝大多数,这一研究结果与薛欢和夏德敏的研究结果相当,但是方法语步中被动语态出现的频率较低,这与他们的研究结果有点不同。主动语态的盛行是因为能更好的实现其交际功能,如介绍语步、主动语态能使读者更信服作者提出的研究缺陷并且能够体现研究的本质意义。在方法语步中,作者想表明该研究或实验的客观性,通常用非人称主语,所以这样一来被动语态占主流,但从该研究来看,高等教育学专业的学生写摘要时没有遵循这条规律。总的来说,我们在写文章时最好遵循以下原则:在介绍、结果和讨论语步中尽量用主动语态,而在方法语步中,为了体现研究的客观性最好用被动语态。
就人称代词而来,GB6447-86有明文规定,不要用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语,应采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等表述方法。而在我们的语料中可以发现,大多数用的是第三人称单数做主语,如作者、本文、本研究等,所以这得引起广大学生的注意,在撰写文摘时一定要遵循中华人民共和国国家标准文摘编写规则。
四、结语
研究结果表明,无论从宏观结构还是从微观语言特征而言,高等教育学硕士研究生在撰写英文论文摘要时存在着很大的不足,其原因可能是很多高校并未开设论文写作课程,学生只是在模仿中撰写论文。希望本研究可让读者注意到论文英语摘要的具体宏观结构及微观语言要求,从而帮助他们进行有效的摘要写作,并提高毕业论文质量。同时,笔者建议在当今如此激烈的学术竞争下,高校应该开设论文写作这一门课程,教师作为一名引导者根据ESP体裁分析理论指导学生按规范写作。另外,我国学生在学习英语时,应该要注意学习英美文化及总结归纳东西方文化的差异,更好地掌握语言的运用。
本项研究的局限性在于研究的数据库不够大,选择的专业有限。此研究只能算是通向研究顶峰阶梯中的一级,还需要其他学者添砖加瓦。
摘要：毕业论文是体现读研期间所做研究的载体,它对每一名硕士生来说都至关重要。作为研究报告的一个缩影,摘要是交流精髓内容的桥梁,也是呈现研究的最简单且最便捷的方法。运用ESP体裁分析理论,基于Bhatia提出来的IMRD模型以及GB 7713-87,采取数据库研究方法对30篇高等教育学专业的硕士毕业论文摘要进行了体裁分析。研究结果表明:只有30%的摘要遵循了4语步模型,时态、语态的使用基本符合写作要求。基于宏观结构缺陷,探讨其原因,希望能引起广大学生的重视。
篇4：国内首位香港扬琴硕士毕业
在当晚的音乐会上，赖应斌演奏了多首风格迥异的扬琴作品，由扬琴和弦乐合作的《潘诺哈尔玛舞曲》和《钦巴龙查尔达什》两首都出自匈牙利作曲家之手，具有浓郁的东欧风格。两首现代作品分别是刘月宁和龚晓婷合作的《亭月竹》以及谭盾创作的《双阙》，而两首传统作品则是《连环扣》和《平湖秋月》。赖应斌的演奏挥洒自如，台风沉稳大气，颇富感染力，表现了扎实的基本功和更丰富的表现能力。
下半场两首扬琴协奏曲分别是由桂习礼编曲、张翰书编配的《凤凰于飞》和作曲家房晓敏的《莲花山素描》，由张列指挥中国广播艺术团民族乐团担任协奏。这两首作品气势宏大，如果说上半场赖应斌带给观众的是扬琴纤巧灵动的一面，那么下半场的则充分展现了扬琴恢宏大气的一面。
赖应斌在香港自幼接受中西方教育，曾蝉联三届香港校际音乐节比赛扬琴专业的冠军和“雨果中乐独奏奖”的总冠军。2001年，赖应斌考入中央音乐学院民乐系，师从刘月宁教授，专攻扬琴演奏艺术。2005年考入中央音乐学院研究生部，全面历练其演奏技艺与音乐修为。从本科到研究生的七年学习期间，赖应斌在国内外举办了多场不同主题的个人独奏音乐会，受到广泛赞誉。
音乐会后赖应斌表示：“今天的音乐会更多的是一种感恩，有幸跟随刘月宁老师学习七年，感觉收获颇多。刘老师对我既有提携之恩，又有知遇之情。从刘老师身上所看得、听得、习得的一切，已经远远不是‘扬琴’二字所能涵括。”对于即将踏上音乐之旅的学生，刘月宁也送上了自己的祝福：“作为阿斌的老师和朋友，祝福他在即将返港扬起人生新风帆的同时，永远心存真善和感激，恪守信念，继续前行，用他来自心灵的音乐，传播更多的美好”。
篇5：硕士毕业论文提纲
Abstract 6-7
第1章 导论 11-34
1.1 研究缘起 11-12
1.2 研究意义 12
1.2.1 理论意义 12
1.2.2 实践意义 12
1.3 文献综述 12-27
1.3.1 婚姻消费研究 12-17
1.3.2 农村彩礼研究 17-26
1.3.3 研究不足与趋势述评 26-27
1.4 概念界定 27-28
1.4.1 婚姻消费 27
1.4.2 彩礼 27
1.4.3 嫁妆 27-28
1.5 理论基础与研究框架 28-30
1.5.1 理论基础――婚姻策略理论 28-30
1.5.2 研究框架 30
1.6 研究方法与研究对象 30-34
1.6.1 实地研究 30-31
1.6.2 主要的调研方法 31-32
1.6.3 研究对象的选取 32-34
第2章 内容与形式――M村彩礼的现状 34-50
2.1 M村概况：地方性知识与话语 34-39
2.1.1 调查地点的选择与概况 34-35
2.1.2 M村婚嫁习俗 35-39
2.2 M村彩礼数额 39-41
2.3 M村彩礼类型 41-44
2.3.1 彩礼名目由单一走向多元 41-42
2.3.2 由基本生活用品到耐用消费品到奢侈品的出现 42-44
2.4 M村彩礼的支付形式 44-47
2.4.1 从以实物为主到以货币为主 44-46
2.4.2 全面干折形式的出现与兴起 46-47
2.5 M村彩礼的性质 47-50
2.5.1 见面礼：新郎家给新娘的礼物 47
2.5.2 大礼：表达性和工具性的统一 47-48
2.5.3 上下轿礼：新娘争取财产的手段 48
2.5.4 小结：彩礼的性质变迁特征 48-50
第3章 协商与互动――彩礼中的婚姻策略 50-62
3.1 M村彩礼的协商 50-55
3.1.1 彩礼协商的沟通者和调解人――媒人 50-52
3.1.2 彩礼协商的社区情境――彩礼标准 52-54
3.1.3 彩礼协商失败――彩礼返还 54-55
3.2 彩礼协商中男方家庭的婚姻策略 55-57
3.2.1 “虚假承诺”：减少彩礼的一次性支付 55-56
3.2.2 “以退为进”：充分显示家庭和家族的物质资本和象征资本 56-57
3.2.3 “高额彩礼”：弥补自身缺陷的策略性选择 57
3.3 彩礼互动与协商中女方家庭的婚姻策略 57-59
3.3.1 以男方家庭未满足女方某条件要求男方折现 57-58
3.3.2 “要好”中推脱商量的婚姻策略 58-59
3.3.3 同村“示范效应”的说辞 59
3.4 彩礼互动与协商中媒人促成双方婚姻关系的策略 59-62
3.4.1 “避重就轻”：避开或弱化双方矛盾的焦点 60
3.4.2 “两面吹嘘”：夸大双方优点的说话艺术 60-62
第4章 博弈与优势――女方当事人在彩礼协商中话语权增强 62-70
4.1 女方当事人在彩礼协商中话语权增强的表现 62-66
4.1.1 彩礼要价：从“无语”到“发声”到“狮子大开口” 62-63
4.1.2 彩礼用途、受益者和支配权与女方当事人话语权的增强 63-64
4.1.3 女方家庭在彩礼议价中的主动权 64-65
4.1.4 择偶标准与女方当事人话语权的增强 65
4.1.5 悔婚的“习俗”与“司法规定”：保护女性 65-66
4.2 女方当事人在彩礼协商中话语权增强的原因探析 66-70
4.2.1 女性经济上的独立 66-67
4.2.2 婚姻市场女性资源的短缺 67-68
4.2.3 农村生育观念的转变 68
4.2.4 姻亲关系重要性的凸显 68-70
第5章 困境与压力――男方家庭彩礼支付问题的凸显 70-78
5.1 男方家庭彩礼支付的经济压力 70-73
5.1.1 婚前男方家庭彩礼支付：存与借的交织 70-71
5.1.2 婚后父辈一代的压力：“节衣缩食”的还款之路 71-72
5.1.3 彩礼纠纷：彩礼支付问题的“升级” 72-73
5.2 男方家庭彩礼支付的心理压力 73-78
5.2.1 家庭内部：父辈一代的“任务”观念 74-75
5.2.2 社区情境：村民舆论对订婚和结婚年龄的限制 75
5.2.3 同辈群体：“脸面”与“竞争”压力 75-78
第6章 结论与思考――传统与现代交织下的彩礼 78-85
6.1 结论 78-80
6.1.1 彩礼的内容、形式与性质 78
6.1.2 彩礼协商是双方家庭婚姻策略的博弈 78-79
6.1.3 女方当事人话语权的增强加重了男方支付彩礼的困境 79
6.1.4 彩礼变迁和协商中个体本位的凸显 79-80
6.2 思考：乡村场域下彩礼存在的意义 80-85
6.2.1 彩礼是对传统文化的教育和传承 80-81
6.2.2 彩礼是婚姻契约、信用的担保 81-83
6.2.3 彩礼是对新婚夫妇的资助 83-85
参考文献 85-91
致谢 91-92
附录1 92-93
附录2 93-95
篇6：硕士毕业论文提纲
一、重大环境污染事故罪主观方面观点述评…………………2
(一)重大环境污染事故罪主观方面观点概述………………2
(二)重大环境污染事故罪主观方面诸观点评析……………2
二、本罪主观方面：排除故意…………………………………3
(一)本罪主观方面案例………………………………………3
(二)本罪主观方面案例评析…………………………………3
三、本罪主观方面：过失和推定过失…………………………4
(一)过失：本罪的主观方面…………………………………5
(二)推定过失…………………………………………………5
四、严格责任于本罪之适用……………………………………6
(一)严格责任和绝对责任之辨析……………………………6
(二)本罪适用严格责任之争议………………………………6
五、严格责任适用本罪之限制…………………………………9
(一)辩护理由对严格责任的限制……………………………9
(二)证明标准对严格责任的限制……………………………9
(三)刑罚适用对严格责任的限制……………………………9
(四)罪刑法定对严格责任的限制……………………………10
结语………………………………………………………………10
参考文献…………………………………………………………11
附录………………………………………………………………12
附件一……………………………………………………………12
附件二……………………………………………………………17