医药市场调查与预测_考试必备_小抄必备_全!

医药市场调查与预测_考试必备_小抄必备_全!（精选4篇）

篇1：医药市场调查与预测_考试必备_小抄必备_全!

第一~七章

1.医药市场调查：

A.一个系统过程，不仅简单地搜集、记录、整理、分析和研究有关市场信息资料。周密组织和策划的，由一系列环节和步骤组成的工作过程.B.是为了解决特定的医药市场营销问题而进行的，有明确目的的活动。

C.采用科学的方法和技术，包括信息搜集的方法和技术，数据资料处理的方法和技术，以及统计分析方法与技术。

D.本质上讲，它是一项市场信息工作，它根据科学的方法和技术，按照一定的工作程序，收集、整理、分析和研究医药市场信息。

2、医药市场调查

狭义：把医药市场定位于医药产品的销售对象，是对医药产品消费者的调查研究。广义:是把市场调查的范围扩展为医药市场营销活动的所有方面，除了对医药产品消费者进行调查研究外，还对构成医药市场的其他要素进行调查研究。

3、医药市场调查的类型：探索性调查、描述性调查、因果性调查、预测性调查。

4、．医药市场调查的特点：专业性强、调查对象特殊、政策性强。

5、医药市场预测的定义：

A.以医药市场调查所获得的市场信息资料为依据。

B.本身不是目的，服务于医药市场营销活动。

C.主要任务是采用科学的方法和技术，对医药市场未来的发展趋势进行估计、预算和判断。

D。根据历史和现状信息资料，探索各种市场变量之间的内在联系，发现医药市场发展的内在规律性。(医药市场预测的基本原理）

6、医药市场预测分类

按性质分：定性预测、定量预测

按时间分：短期预测-----年度、季度、月度-----企业的日常性决策

中期预测-----1--5年---------医药市场潜量、市场供求变动趋势、价格变动

长期预测-----为企业制定长远规划

7、医药市场调查与预测的作用：

A.有利于医药企业进行正确的市场定位。

B.有利于医药企业制定正确的市场营销战略。

C.有利于医药企业制定正确的新产品开发策略。

D.有利于医药企业制定正确的市场营销组合策略。

8、市场营销的宏观环境是指间接影响和制约企业营销活动的各种因素，对企业的影响是全面的，共同的，不会因为企业使命不同而有多大差异。

市场营销的宏观环境包括：政治法律环境、人口环境、经济环境、科学技术环境、社会文化环境。

9、市场营销的微观环境是指医药企业内部、供应商、营销中介、客户、竞争者和社会公众。10.市场营销组合要素是指企业根据其目标市场的需要，全面考虑其任务、目标、资源以及外部环境，加以整合，协调使用的可控制因素。

11．影响价格敏感性的因素：

认知替代品程度、独特价值效应、转换成本、对比困难、支出效应、分担成本、最终成本。

12.医药市场调查设计是医药企业在正式市场调查以前，根据本企业在经营管理过程中发现的问题，并经初步分析研究，制定出一系列的调查方案组合，形成一个全体规划或调查方法，以使市场有目的、有计划、有组织的进行。

13.医药市场调查设计的任务：收集哪些资料、运用数据、说明获得答案的基本原则、从哪里取得资料、估计计划可行性及计算成本的说明、作出调查工作的计划。

△第六章

14.医药市场文案调查是指医药市场调查人员通过阅读、检索、剪辑、购买、复制等手段，搜集医药企业内外部的历史和现状，二手资料，经过甄别，统计分析得到调查者想要得到的各种资料的一种调查方法。

15.医药市场文案调查的特征：搜集已经加工过的二手医药市场资料、搜集医药市场的文案性信息、搜集的资料包括动态和静态。

16.医药市场文案调查的优缺点

优点：资料来源丰富，不受时空限制；节约搜集资料的时间；调查费用低。

缺点：缺乏针对性；缺乏时效性；准确性有待审核；对调查人员要求高。

17.医药市场文案调查的要求：资料要广泛，全面；资料要有价值，有针对性；资料要有时效性。

18.医药市场文案调查的功能：为医药市场研究提供重要参考依据；可开展经常性的医药市场研究；为医药调查方案设计提供帮助；为医药市场实地调查奠定基础。

19.医药市场文案调查的程序：确定信息需求、评审现成资料、确定搜集途径与方法、实施调查与筛选、综合与汇集、撰写调查报告。

20.医药市场文案调查的原则：相关性、时效性、系统性、效益型。

21.医药市场文案调查的搜集方法：查找法、剪辑法、购买法、索取法、情报联络网法、采集法、互换法。

△第七章

22.抽样调查是指从调查对象总体中选取具有代表性的部分个体作为样本进行调查，并根据样本的调查结果去推断总体的一般特征的调查方法。！

23.抽样调查的特点：经济性强、时效性强、适应面广、准确性高。24.抽样调查的功能：明确数据来源、对数字进行验证。

25.总体：所要调查研究的医药企业或购买药品的消费者的全体。

个体: 组成总体的每个元素。

样本容量：所抽取的部分个体称为样本，样本中所含个体的数量称为样本容量。26.抽样：从市场调查总体中，按一定方式和程序选取一部分调查对象的过程。27.样本：从总体中按一定抽样技术抽取若干个体，所抽取的部分个体称为样本。28.随机抽样：按随机原则抽取样本。

29.非随机抽样：并不按随机原则，而是根据主观判断有目的的挑选，或是依据方便、便捷的原则抽取。

30.简单随机抽样：在调查总体中不进行任何有目的的选择，按随机原则直接从总体中抽取样本的抽样方法。

31.等距抽样：系统抽样，将总体各单位按一定标志排序，根据总体单位数和样本单位数计算抽样距离，然后按固定的顺序和间隔来抽选样本的抽样方法。

32.整群抽样：指调研总体分成若干群体，然后利用简单随机抽样计术，从中抽取某些群体进行全面调查的抽样方法。

33.抽样误差：指样本指标与被它估计的总体相应指标之间数量上的差数。

△第八章

1、问卷：以书面形式了解被调查对象的看法并以此获得信息和资料的载体。

2、问卷设计：根据调查与预测的目的开列要了解的项目，并以一定格式组成调查表的活动过程。

3、问句：询问的句子（提问用的句子，要记录的答案，计算机编号，说明怎样回答

4、态度：一种与周围环境中的某些相关方面的长期感观认知的持久结构，是对某一客体持有的稳定赞同或不赞同的内在心理状态。

5、态度测量：

1.问句设计的原则：目的性原则、可接受性原则、顺序性原则、简明性原则、匹配性原则。2.问卷的结构：问卷标题、问卷说明、调查主题内容、编码、必要的注明和被调查者基本情况。

3.问卷设计流程：确定调研目的、确定资料收集方法、确定问题、问题评估、获得各方认可、问卷的测试、问卷的排版和布局、定稿和印刷。

4.测量：根据预先确定的规则，用一些数字或符号来代表某个事物的特征或属性。

5.态度测量：是市场调查与预测人员根据被调查者的可能认识或认知态度，就某一问题列出若干答案，设计态度测量表，再根据被调查者的选择来确定其认识或认知程度的行为和过程。6.量表：是为了便于记录某种程度而设计的区分标准，其作用是调查者对被调查对象的某些特征的数量或强度的测量。

7.量表的基本特征：特指、比较性、差距程度。

8.量表的类型：类别量表、顺序量表、等距量表、等比量表。

△第九章

1.观察法：是指调查者凭借自己的眼睛或摄像、录音等各种记录工具，在调查现场进行实地考察，在被调查者未察觉的情况下，直接观察和记录被调查者行为，以获取各种原始资料的！一种非介入式调查方法。

2.观察法的使用原则：客观性、全面性、持久性、法律和道德原则。

3.实验调查法：是指市场调查者有目的、有意识地改变一个或几个影响因素，来观察市场现象在这些因素影响下的变动情况，以认识市场现象的本质也在和发展规律的一种方法。4.实验设计方法包括：实验前后无对比实验、实验前后有对比实验、所罗门四组设计、实验后有对比实验。

第十章

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1、编码：将原始资料转化为易被计算机判读的数字规则，即用不同的数字代表不同的回答或资料。

2、汇总：按照调查的目的和要求，对资料进行计算汇总，使之成为能系统，完整简明地反映调查对象情况的材料。

3、双向交叉列表：同时将两个或以上有一定联系的变量及其变量值按顺序交叉排列在一张统计表内，使各变量值成为不同变量的结点，从中分析变量之间的相关关系，进而得出科学结论的一种数据分析技术。

4、三向交叉列表：在双向交叉列表基础上，加入第三个变量作分析的方法。

5、对缺失值的处理：A：利用一个样本统计量的值去代替缺失值。B：利用统计模型计算值代替缺失值C:将缺失值个案整个删除D:将缺失值个案保留，仅在相应分析中作必要排除。

第十一章

1、顺相关系判断法：指两个现象间的变动方向一致，可以由相关现象的增加或减少推断预测目标的发展趋势。

2、逆相关系判断法：指两个现象间的变动是相反的，可以由现象的增加或减少来判断预测目标会向相反的方向变动。

3、专家集合意见法：指医药企业的经营人员根据自己的经验判断，对医药产品进行发展预测的方法。

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4、专家议会法：通过议会形式邀请专家对预测对象和前景进行评价，在此基础上对医药市场未来变化趋势做出预测的方法

4、因素分解推断法：将预测目标分解为若干因素指标，分别研究变动方向和结果，最后综合得出变动趋势。

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5、德尔菲法：又成专家小组法，以背对背通信方式征询专家成员对市场的预测意见，经过几轮反复征询是判断趋于一致的预测方法。

5、德尔菲法的特点：匿名性，反馈性，综合性，统计性

6、德尔菲法的缺点：操作过程复杂，花费时间较长，多用于历史资料和历史数据的长期预测

7、定性预测法：主观判断预测法，通过直观材料和判断，对事物发展趋势进行分析预测

8、定性预测法包括：因素分析预测法，专家意见集合法，专家会议预测法，德尔菲法

第十二章

1、趋势延伸法：按照时间系列呈现的趋势变动规律，建立相应数字模型预测发展趋势的方法。

第十三章

1、市场需求：产品在在一定区域和时间内，在一定营销环境和方案下，特定顾客群体所！!愿意购买的总量。

1.在市场调查问卷的设计中，容易犯下列错误：

① 选择的问题对实现调查目的不太必要 ② 选择的问题不符合被调查者的能力和愿望

③ 选择的问题不符合市场现象在特定条件下的客观表现 ④ 问题的表述太笼统 ⑤ 问题的内容不单一

⑥ 问题的表述带有倾向性或诱导性 ⑦ 问题的答案不完备 ⑧ 问题的答案不互斥

⑨ 问题不适合采用多项单选的形式 ⑩ 问题不适合采用两项选择的形式

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2、市场营销组合要素调查包括：产品、价格、销售(分销渠道）、促销调查 △

3、医药市场调查与预测报告的格式

前文：标题扉页、标题页、授权信、提交信、目录、图表目录、摘要

正文：引言、调查方法、结果、局限性、结论和建议

附录

！

1、市场占有率：是指生产或营销企业的某种商品销售量或销售额在市场同类商品的总销售量或销售额中占的比重。

2、实验调查法：是指市场实验者有目的、有意识地通过改变或控制一个或几个市场影响因素的实践活动，来观察市场现象在这些因素影响下的变动情况，认识市场现象本质和发展变化规律。

3、定额抽样：也称配额抽样，是指按市场调查对象总体单位的某种特征，将总体分为若干类型，按一定比例在各类中分配样本单位数额，并按各类数额任意或主观抽样。

4、消费者市场：是由为满足个人生活需要而购买商品的所有个人和家庭组成的市场。

5、非随机抽样：也称立意抽样，是指在抽样中不将随机性作为抽样原则，而是根据市场调查者的主观分析判断抽取样本。

7、产业市场：是由为了满足向社会提供其他产品或服务，或是为了转卖商品而购买商品的所有组织团体组成的市场。

8、个案调查：是从总体中选取一个或几个单位对其进行深入调查。其主要作用在于深入细致地反映所选取单位的具体情况，而并不是想以此调查来推断总体。

9、主观概率：预测者根据自己实践经验和判断分析能力，对某种事件未来发生可能性的估计值。

10、市场典型调查：是在对市场现象总体进行分析的基础上，从市场调查对象中选择具有代表性的部分作为典型，进行深入、系统的调查，并通过对典型单位的调查结果来认识同类市场现象的本质及其规律性。

11、抽样误差：是指随机抽样调查中样本指标与总体指标之间的差异。

12、送发问卷：也称留置问卷，是调查者将问卷送发给被调查者，被调查者按规定填答后，再由调查者取回问卷。

13、实验设计：是调查者进行实验活动，控制实验环境和实验对象的规划和方法。

14、市场重点调查：是从市场调查对象总体中选择少数重点单位进行调查，并用对这些单位的调查结果反映市场总体的基本情况。

15、等距随机抽样：又称机械随机抽样或系统随机抽样，是先将总体各单位按某一标志顺序排列，编上序号；然后用总体单位数除以样本单位数求得抽样间隔，并在第一个抽样间隔内随机抽取一个单位作为组成样本的单位；最后按计算的抽样距离作等距抽样，直到抽満n个单位。

16、实验组与对照组对比实验：是选择若干实验对象作为实验组，同时选择若干与实验对象相同或相似的调查对象作为对照组，并使实验组与对照组处于相同的实验环境之中；实验者对实验组给予实验活动，对照组不给予实验活动；根据实验组与对照组的对比，得出实验结论。

18、市场普查：是对市场调查对象总体的全部单位无一例外地逐个进行调查。

19、消费结构：是指居民居民消费支出中，用于不同类别商品形成的消费支出比重。20、完备性原则：是指所排列出的答案应包括问题的全部表现，不能有遗漏。

篇2：医药市场调查与预测_考试必备_小抄必备_全!

1.市场调查

市场调查是指企业根据调查的目的，运用科学的方法对用户及其购买力、购买对像、购买习惯、未来购买动向和同行的情况等方面进行全部或局部的了解过程。

2.产品市场生命周期

指产品从进入市场到退出市场都要经过一个从产生、成长、成熟直到淘汰的循环过程。

3.促销活动

凡是企业人员或非人员的方法通过宣传产品的优点，帮助或说服顾客购买某项商品或劳务而采取的各种行为。

4.销售渠道

产品由生产领域向消费领域运行过程中所经过的各种环节。

或者：一条销售渠道是指那些配合起来生产、分配和消费某一生产的货物或劳务的所有企业或个人。

5.心理定价策略

这是运用消费者对商品价格的心理承受特征来制定价格的一种策略。

四、判断改错题。

1.销售渠道中只经过一个层次中间商的为长渠道。(×)

应改正为：销售渠道中只经过一个层次中间商的为短渠道。

2.企业要扩大产品的销售量，就应把产品的价格订得低一些，以达到“薄利多销”的目的。(√)

五、简答题。

1.简述企业在进行促销组合时应考虑的因素。

解：（1）促销目的；（2）产品性质；（3）产品市场生命周期；（4）市场特点；（5）促销预算；（6）适用的其他条件

2.简述直接渠道的优缺点。

解：（1）直接渠道是指企业将产品直接销售给消费者的一种销售渠道；（2）其优点是节约交易时间；（3）缺点是有销售量大或用户多时，一方面使企业工作量增大，另一方面又限制了企业的范围。

3.新产品定价有哪几种策略?

解：（1）高价策略；（2）低价策略；（3）满意策略；

4.市场营销观念的中心思想是什么?

市场营销学试卷

解：（1）要达到一个企业的目标，关键在于判断目标市场的需求；（2）比竞争者更有效地满足消费者的需求。

六、论述题。

1.产品生命周期的成长期的主要市场策略。

①成长期的市场特点；

②寻找新的市场空间；

③努力提高了产品质量；

④拓宽销售渠道。

2.适合采取广告推销为主的促销策略的条件是什么?

①产品市场很大，且多属便利品；

②需以最快速度告诉消费者产品的信息；

③产品已占据市场的一定份额并有继续扩大的态势；

④产品具有一定的特色；

⑤产品的特殊品质不易被消费者发现；

⑥产品具有唤起顾客感情购买的可能。

一、名词解释题

1、微观市场营销

2、营销市场

3、需要

4、惠顾动机

5、产业市场

6、营销环境

7、市场细分

8、市场调查

9、市场预测

10、营销战略

11、营销渠道

12、产品组合13、品牌

14、营销谈判

15、广告

16、营销计划控制

五、简述题

1、简述消费者购买决策过程的阶段。

2、简述市场营销战略决策程序。

3、新产品进行商业性投放时，企业应作出哪些决策?

4、选择广告媒体时应考虑哪些因素?

5、国际营销中存在哪些主要风险?

6、简述营销绩效评估的内容。

六、论述题

1、试述在产品成熟期，企业应采取怎样的市场营销策略。

2、试述企业的目标市场营销战略。

参考答案

一、名词解释题

1、微观市场营销是一个企业或组织通过预测消费者或用户的需要，引导满足需要的货物或劳务从生产者流向消费者或用户，以实现企业或组织目标的过程。

2、营销市场是指具有购买欲望和货币支付能力的消费者群体。

3、需要是指客观刺激通过人体感官作用于大脑所引起的某种缺乏状态。

4、惠顾动机是基于感情与理智的经验，对特定的商店、产品或品牌形成信任和偏好，促使消费者习惯性地重复购买的一种动机。

5、产业市场是指一切购买产品或劳务，并将其用于生产其他产品或劳务，以供出售、出租或供应他人的个体和组织。

6、营销环境是指冲击企业管理当局发展及维持与目标顾客成功交易的能力的各种因素的总和。

7、市场细分是指企业根据消费者的需求差异，将整体市场划分为两个及两个以上消费者群的过程。

8、市场调查是为了研究市场需求的发展变化，而对市场所进行的考察。

9、市场预测是在市场调查的基础上，利用过去和现在的已知因素，有目的地运用已有的知识、经验和科学方法，分析研究和判断未来一定时期内市场的需求变化及其发展趋势。

10、营销战略是企业在现代营销观念指导下，为实现稳定的市场营销目标而设计的长期、稳定的行动方案。

11、营销渠道是指产品从生产者向消费者转移时所经过的路线，是联结制造商、中间商和消费者的纽带，反映着他们的经济关系和利益。

12、产品组合是指一个企业生产经营的全部产品的结构，它通常由若干产品线组成。

13、品牌是指打算用来识别一个(或一群)卖主的产品的名称、术语、符号、设计，或以上四者的组合。

14、营销谈判是指不同的人们为了各自经济利益的需要，通过协商而争取达到意见一致的行为过程。

15、广告是一种借助大众传播媒介，采用付费方法，向目标市场的顾客和社会公众传递信息的行为。

16、营销计划控制，就是指企业在本内实施控制的步骤，检查实

篇3：医药市场调查与预测_考试必备_小抄必备_全!

乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧

2009年12月大学英语六级考试真题

Part Ⅰ Writing(30 minutes)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班

2.对这种做法有人表示支持，也有人并不赞成3.我认为……

Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes?

Part ⅡReading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D).For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Bosses Say “Yes” to Home Work

Rising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office—all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.For the small business, there are additional benefits too—staff are more productive, and happier, enabling firms to keep their headcounts(员工数)and their recruitment costs to a minimum.It can also provide competitive advantage, especially when small businesses want to attract new staff but don’t have the budget to offer huge salaries.While company managers have known about the benefits for a long time, many have done little about it, sceptical of whether they could trust their employees to work to full capacity without supervision, or concerned about the additional expenses teleworking policies might incur as staff start charging their home phone bills to the business.Yet this is now changing.When communications provider Inter-Tel researched the use of remote working solutions among small-and-medium-sized UK businesses in April this year, it found that 28% more companies claimed to have introduced flexible working practices than a year ago.The UK network of Business Links confirms that it too has seen a growing interest in remote working solutions from small businesses seeking its advice, and claims that as many as 60-70% of the businesses that come through its doors now offer some form of remote working support to their workforces.Technology advances, including the widespread availability of broadband, are making the introduction of remote working a piece of cake.“If systems are set up properly, staff can have access to all the resources they have in the office wherever they have an internet connection,” says Andy Poulton, e-business advisor at Business Link for Berkshire and Wiltshire.“There are some very exciting developments which have enabled this.” One is the availability of broadband everywhere, which now covers almost all of the country(BT claims that, by July, 99.8% of its exchanges will be broadband enabled, with alternative plans in place for even the most remote exchanges).“This is the enabler,” Poulton says.Yet while broadband has come down in price too, those service providers targeting the business market warn against consumer services masquerading(伪装)as business-friendly broadband.“Broadband is available for as little as ￡15 a month, but many businesses fail to appreciate the hidden costs of such a service,” says Neil Stephenson, sales and marketing director at Onyx Internet, an internet service provider based in the north-east of England.“Providers offering broadband for rock-bottom prices are notorious for poor service, with regular breakdowns and heavily congested(拥堵的)networks.It is always advisable for businesses to look beyond the price tag and look for a business-only provider that can offer more reliability, with good support.” Such services don’t cost too much—quality services can be found for upwards of ￡30 a month.The benefits of broadband to the occasional home worker are that they can access email in real time, and take full advantage of services such as internet-based backup or even internet-based phone services.Internet-based telecoms, or VoIP(Voice over IP)to give it its technical title, is an interesting tool to any business supporting remote working.Not necessarily because of the promise of free or reduced price phone calls(which experts point out is misleading for the average business), but because of the sophisticated voice services that can be exploited by the remote worker—facilities such as voicemail and call forwarding, which provide a continuity of the company image for customers and business partners.By law, companies must “consider seriously” requests to work flexibly made by a parent with a child under the age of six, or a disabled child under 18.It was the need to accommodate employees with young children that motivated accountancy firm Wright Vigar to begin promoting teleworking recently.The company, which needed to upgrade its IT infrastructure(基础设施)to provide connectivity with a new, second office, decided to introduce support for remote working at the same time.Marketing director Jack O’Hern explains that the company has a relatively young workforce, many of whom are parents: “One of the triggers was when one of our tax managers returned from maternity leave.She was intending to work part time, but could only manage one day a week in the office due to childcare.By offering her the ability to work from home, we have doubled her capacity—now she works a day a week from home, and a day in the office.This is great for her, and for us as we retain someone highly qualified.” For Wright Vigar, which has now equipped all of its fee-earners to be able to work at maximum productivity when away from the offices(whether that’s from home, or while on the road), this strategy is not just about saving on commute time or cutting them loose from the office, but enabling them to work more flexible hours that fit around their home life.O’Hern says: “Although most of our work is client-based and must fit around this, we can’t see any reason why a parent can’t be on hand to deal with something important at home, if they have the ability to complete a project later in the day.” Supporting this new way of working came with a price, though.Although the firm was updating its systems anyway, the company spent 10-15% more per user to equip them with a laptop rather than a PC, and about the same to upgrade to a server that would enable remote staff to connect to the company networks and access all their usual resources.Although Wright Vigar hasn’t yet quantified the business benefits, it claims that, in addition to being able to retain key staff with young families, it is able to save fee-earners a substantial amount of “dead” time in their working days.That staff can do this without needing a fixed telephone line provides even more efficiency savings.“With Wi-Fi(fast, wireless internet connections)popping up all over the place, even on trains, our fee-earners can be productive as they travel, and between meetings, instead of having to kill time at the shops,” he adds.The company will also be able to avoid the expense of having to relocate staff to temporary offices for several weeks when it begins disruptive office renovations soon.Financial recruitment specialist Lynne Hargreaves knows exactly how much her firm has saved by adopting a teleworking strategy, which has involved handing her company’s data management over to a remote hosting company, Datanet, so it can be accessible by all the company’s consultants over broadband internet connections.It has enabled the company to dispense with its business premises altogether, following the realisation that it just didn’t need them any more.“The main motivation behind adopting home working was to increase my own productivity, as a single mum to an 11-year-old,” says Hargreaves.“But I soon realised that, as most of our business is done on the phone, email and at off-site meetings, we didn’t need our offices at all.We’re now saving ￡16,000 a year on rent, plus the cost of utilities, not to mention what would have been spent on commuting.”

1.What is the main topic of this passage? A)How business managers view hi-tech.B)Relations between employers and employees.C)How to cut down the costs of small businesses.D)Benefits of the practice of teleworking.2.From the research conducted by the communications provider Inter-Tel, we learn that.A)more employees work to full capacity at home

B)employees show a growing interest in small businesses C)more businesses have adopted remote working solutions D)attitudes toward IT technology have changed

3.What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton? A)Reduced cost of telecommunications.B)Improved reliability of internet service.C)Availability of the VoIP service.D)Access to broadband everywhere.4.What is Neil Stephenson’s advice to firms contracting internet services? A)They look for reliable business-only providers.B)They contact providers located nearest to them.C)They carefully examine the contract.D)They contract the cheapest provider.5.Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by __________.A)offering sophisticated voice services B)giving access to emailing in real time

C)helping clients discuss business at home D)providing calls completely free of charge

6.The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to __________.A)present a positive image to prospective customers B)support its employees with children to take care of C)attract young people with IT expertise to work for it D)reduce operational expenses of a second office

7.According to marketing director Jack O’Hern, teleworking enabled the company to __________.A)enhance its market image B)reduce recruitment costs C)keep highly qualified staff D)minimise its office space

8.Wright Vigar’s practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees’.9.With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be __________ while traveling.10.Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to __________.Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations.At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11.A)They would rather travel around than stay at home.B)They prefer to carry cash when traveling abroad.C)They usually carry many things around with them.D)They don’t like to spend much money on traveling.12.A)The selection process was a little unfair.B)He had long dreamed of the dean’s position.C)Rod was eliminated in the selection process.D)Rod was in charge of the admissions office.13.A)Applause encourages the singer.B)She regrets paying for the concert.C)Almost everyone loves pop music.D)The concert is very impressive.14.A)They have known each other since their schooldays.B)They were both chairpersons of the Students’ Union.C)They have been in close touch by email.D)They are going to hold a reunion party.15.A)Cook their dinner.B)Rest for a while.C)Get their car fixed.D)Stop for the night.16.A)Newly-launched products.B)Consumer preferences.C)Survey results.D)Survey methods.17.A)He would rather the woman didn’t buy the blouse.B)The woman needs blouses in the colors of a rainbow.C)The information in the catalog is not always reliable.D)He thinks the blue blouse is better than the red one.18.A)The course is open to all next semester.B)The notice may not be reliable.C)The woman has not told the truth.D)He will drop his course in marketing.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19.A)A director of a sales department.B)A manager at a computer store.C)A sales clerk at a shopping center.D)An accountant of a computer firm.20.A)Handling customer complaints.B)Recruiting and training new staff.C)Dispatching ordered goods on time.D)Developing computer programs.21.A)She likes something more challenging.B)She likes to be nearer to her parents.C)She wants to have a better-paid job.D)She wants to be with her husband.22.A)Right away.B)In two months.C)Early next month.D)In a couple of days.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23.A)It will face challenges unprecedented in its history.B)It is a resolute advocate of the anti-global movement.C)It is bound to regain its full glory of a hundred years ago.D)It will be a major economic power by the mid-21st century.24.A)The lack of overall urban planning.B)The huge gap between the haves and have-nots.C)The inadequate supply of water and electricity.D)The shortage of hi-tech personnel.25.A)They attach great importance to education.B)They are able to grasp growth opportunities.C)They are good at learning from other nations.D)They have made use of advanced technologies.Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages.At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One

Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26.A)She taught chemistry and microbiology courses in a college.B)She gave lectures on how to become a public speaker.C)She helped families move away from industrial polluters.D)She engaged in field research on environmental pollution.27.A)The job restricted her from revealing her findings.B)The job posed a potential threat to her health.C)She found the working conditions frustrating.D)She was offered a better job in a minority community.28.A)Some giant industrial polluters have gone out of business.B)More environmental organizations have appeared.C)Many toxic sites in America have been cleaned up.D)More branches of her company have been set up.29.A)Her widespread influence among members of Congress.B)Her ability to communicate through public speaking.C)Her rigorous training in delivering eloquent speeches.D)Her lifelong commitment to domestic and global issues.Passage Two

Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30.A)The fierce competition in the market.B)The growing necessity of staff training.C)The accelerated pace of globalisation.D)The urgent need of a diverse workforce.31.A)Gain a deep understanding of their own culture.B)Take courses of foreign languages and cultures.C)Share the experiences of people from other cultures.D)Participate in international exchange programmes.32.A)Reflective thinking is becoming critical.B)Labor market is getting globalised.C)Knowing a foreign language is essential.D)Globalisation will eliminate many jobs.Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33.A)Red-haired women were regarded as more reliable.B)Brown-haired women were rated as more capable.C)Golden-haired women were considered attractive.D)Black-haired women were judged to be intelligent.34.A)They are smart and eloquent.B)They are ambitious and arrogant.C)They are shrewd and dishonest.D)They are wealthy and industrious.35.A)They force people to follow the cultural mainstream.B)They exaggerate the roles of certain groups of people.C)They emphasize diversity at the expense of uniformity.D)They hinder our perception of individual differences.Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times.When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea.When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard.For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information.For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called mnemonics.The name is 36 from their Goddess of memory “Mnemosyne”.In the ancient world, a trained memory was an 37 asset, particularly in public life.There were no 38 devices for taking notes, and early Greek orators(演说家)delivered long speeches with great 39 because they learned the speeches using mnemonic systems.The Greeks discovered that human memory is 40 an associative process—that it works by linking things together.For example, think of an apple.The 41your brain registers the word “apple”, it 42 the shape, color, taste, smell and 43 of that fruit.All these things are associated in your memory with the word “apple”.44.An example could be when you think about a lecture you have had.This could trigger a memory about what you’re talking about through that lecture, which can then trigger another memory.45.An example given on a website I was looking at follows: Do you remember the shape of Austria, Canada, Belgium, or Germany? Probably not.What about Italy, though? 46.You made an association with something already known, the shape of a boot, and Italy’s shape could not be forgotten once you had made the association.PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully.Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Many countries have made it illegal to chat into a hand-held mobile phone while driving.But the latest research further confirms that the danger lies less in what a motorist’s hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain.Even using a “hands-free” device can divert a driver’s attention to an alarming extent.Melina Kunar of the University of Warwick, and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers

had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in difficulty to driving.One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a conversation using a speakerphone.As Kunar and Horowitz report, those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not.That, they calculate, would add 5.7 metres to the braking distance of a car travelling at 100kph.They also found that the group using the hands-free kit made 83% more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking.To try to understand more about why this was, they tried two further tests.In one, members of a group were asked simply to repeat words spoken by the caller.In the other, they had to think of a word that began with the last letter of the word they had just heard.Those only repeating words performed the same as those with no distraction, but those with the more complicated task showed even worse reaction times—an average of 480 milliseconds extra delay.This shows that when people have to consider the information they hear carefully, it can impair their driving ability significantly.Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though they can be seen from outside the car.Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer.Who knows, they might even come to enjoy not having to take calls.47.Carrying on a mobile phone conversation while one is driving is considered dangerous because it seriously distracts.48.In the experiments, the two groups of volunteers were asked to handle a series of moving tasks which were considered.49.Results of the experiments show that those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call tookto react than those who were not.50.Further experiments reveal that participants tend to respond with extra delay if they are required to do.51.The author believes persuasion, rather than , might be the only way to stop people from using mobile phones while driving.Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage One

Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type.So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation’s schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley, Calif., as being among the worst in the country.The city’s public high school, as well as a number of daycare centers, preschools, elementary and middle schools, fell in the lowest 10%.Industrial pollution in our town had supposedly turned students into living science experiments breathing in a laboratory’s worth of heavy metals like manganese, chromium and nickel each day.This in a city that requires school cafeterias to serve organic meals.Great, I thought, organic lunch, toxic campus.Since December, when the report came out, the mayor, neighborhood activists（活跃分子）and various parent-teacher associations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity: over the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the western edge of town, over union jobs versus children’s health and over what, if anything, ought to be done.With all sides presenting their own experts armed with conflicting scientific studies, whom should parents believe? Is there truly a threat here, we asked one another as we dropped off our kids, and if so, how great is it? And how does it compare with the other, seemingly perpetual health scares we confront, like panic over lead in synthetic athletic fields? Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists, this latest drama is a trial for how today’s parents perceive risk, how we try to keep our kids safe—whether it’s possible to keep them safe—in what feels like an increasingly threatening world.It raises the question of what, in our time, “safe” could even mean.“There’s no way around the uncertainty,” says Kimberly Thompson, president of Kid Risk, a nonprofit group that studies children’s health.“That means your choices can matter, but it also means you aren’t going to know if they do.” A 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics explained that nervous parents have more to fear from fire, car accidents and drowning than from toxic chemical exposure.To which I say: Well, obviously.But such concrete hazards are beside the point.It’s the dangers parents can’t—and may never—quantify that occur all of sudden.That’s why I’ve rid my cupboard of microwave food packed in bags coated with a potential cancer-causing substance, but although I’ve lived blocks from a major fault line(地质断层)for more than 12 years, I still haven’t bolted our bookcases to the living room wall.52.What does a recent investigation by USA Today reveal?

A)Heavy metals in lab tests threaten children’s health in Berkeley.B)Berkeley residents are quite contented with their surroundings.C)The air quality around Berkeley’s school campuses is poor.D)Parents in Berkeley are over-sensitive to cancer risks their kids face.53.What response did USA Today’s report draw? A)A heated debate.B)Popular support.C)Widespread panic.D)Strong criticism.54.How did parents feel in the face of the experts’ studies? A)They felt very much relieved.B)They were frightened by the evidence.C)They didn’t know who to believe.D)They weren’t convinced of the results.55.What is the view of the 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics? A)It is important to quantify various concrete hazards.B)Daily accidents pose a more serious threat to children.C)Parents should be aware of children’s health hazards.D)Attention should be paid to toxic chemical exposure.56.Of the dangers in everyday life, the author thinks that people have most to fear from __________.A)the uncertain B)the quantifiable C)an earthquakeD)unhealthy food

Passage Two

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Crippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system.Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost.The U.S.takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries（老年医保受惠人）.The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year.Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care.Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid.Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service.The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he’s reimbursed(返还费用).Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures.A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease.Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.Medical students are not blind to this scenario.They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care.The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U.S.medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%.This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.How do we fix this problem?

It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system.Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally(最佳地)managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine.Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever.Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare.Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.Who will be there to treat them?

57.The author’s chief concern about the current U.S.health care system is __________.A)the inadequate training of physicians B)the declining number of doctors

C)the shrinking primary care resources D)the ever-rising health care costs

58.We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.A)the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure B)seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors C)visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health D)the more doctors taking care of a patient, the better

59.Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to __________.A)increase their income by working overtime B)improve their expertise and service C)make various deals with specialists

D)see more patients at the expense of quality

60.Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career? A)They find the need for primary care declining.B)The current system works against primary care.C)Primary care physicians command less respect.D)They think working in emergency rooms tedious.61.What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care? A)Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians.B)Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases.C)Recruit more medical students by offering them loans.D)Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major.Part V Cloze(5 minutes)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D)on the right side of the paper.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.McDonald’s, Greggs, KFC and Subway are today named as the

the impact of litter on communities，78 it

most littered brands in England as Keep Britain Tidy called on fast-food

companies to do more to tackle customers who drop their wrappers and was “still down to the 79 customer to drinks cartons(盒子)in the streets.dispose of their litter responsibly”.Greggs said it

Phil Barton, chief executive of Keep Britain Tidy, 62 its recognised the “continuing challenge for us all”, new Dirty Pig campaign, said it was the first time it had investigated 80 having already taken measures to help which 63 made up “littered England” and the same names appeared again and again.62.A)elevating B)convening C)launching D)projecting 63.A)signals B)signs C)commercials D)brands

the issue.64.A)condemn C)uncover 65.A)around

“We 64 litterers for dropping this fast food litter65 the C)in D)off

first place but also believe the results have pertinent(相关的)messages 66.A)industry

C)profession

for the fast food 66.Mc-Donald’s, Greggs, KFC and Subway 67.A)exclude

C)suppress

need to do more to 67 littering by their customers.” 68.A)incorporating

C)comprising

He recognised efforts made by McDonald’s, 68 placing

69.A)unreliable

litter bins and increasing litter patrols, but its litter remained “all too C)unimportant prevalent”.All fast food chains should reduce 69 packaging, he 70.A)for

C)with

added.Companies could also reduce prices 70 those who stayed 71.A)accessories

C)incentives

to eat food on their premises, offer money-off vouchers(代金券)or 72.A)curious other 71 for those who returned packaging and put more bins at C)strange

73.A)narrator

points in local streets, not just outside their premises.A C)mediator

74.A)in season

for McDonald’s said: “We do our best.Obviously we ask all C)off hand

our customers to dispose of litter responsibly.” Trials of more extensive, 75.A)responsibility

C)commission

all-day litter patrols were 74 in Manchester and Birmingham.76.A)around

KFC said it took its 75 on litter management “very C)on D)above

77.A)divert

seriously”, and would introduce a programme to reduce packaging C)degrade 76 many products.Subway said that it worked hard to 77 78.A)if

C)so D)but

79.A)individual

B)refute D)disregard B)toward B)career D)vocation B)discourage D)retreat B)including D)containing B)unrelated D)unnecessary B)about D)to B)merits D)dividends B)mysterious D)strategic B)spokesman D)broker B)at risk D)under way B)liability

D)administration B)by B)minimize D)suspend B)whether B)concrete

C)unique

80.A)except C)despite D)respective B)without D)via

81.A)deal C)cope

B)tackle

D)dispose

PartⅥ Translation(5 minutes)

篇4：初中生字词_中考必备_内部资料

七年级上册第一单元

痴想(chī)隐秘(mì)凝成(níng)诱惑(huò)喧腾(xuān)一瞬(shùn)间 ．．．．．．训诫(jiè)耸立(sŏng)迂回(yū)嶙(lín)峋(xún)头晕目眩(xuàn)．．．．．．啜(chuî)泣 小心翼翼(yì)骚扰(răo)小憩(qì)茁壮(zhuó)相形见绌(chù)．．．．．．笨拙(zhuō)糟蹋(tà)庸碌(yōng)辜负(gū)昂然挺立(áng)擎(qíng)天．．．．．．撼(hàn)地 肃然起敬 叫嚷(răng)麦穗(suì)绽放(zhàn)酝酿(yùn)(niàng)．．．．．．迸溅(bèng)伫立(zhù)唳(lì)笼罩(lŏng)伶仃(líng)(dīng)忍俊不禁(jÿn)．．．．．．．仙露琼浆(qióng)盘虬卧龙(qiú)沟壑(hè)土砾(lì)．．．．

第二单元

蜕变(tuì)缀连(zhuì)倔强(jué)洗濯(zhuï)玷污(diàn)诅咒(zŭ)(zhòu)．．．．．．．海天相吻 碌碌终生(lù)绝处逢生 可望不可即 贪婪(lán)堕落(duò)．．．坠落(zhuì)冉冉(răn)苦熬(áo)雏形(chú)丰硕(shuò)沉甸甸(diàn)．．．．．．繁弦急管 玲珑剔透(tī)具体而微 多姿多彩 慧心(huì)嬉戏(xī)慷．．．．慨(kāng)(kăi)撤销(chè)禀告(bĭng)十姊(zǐ)妹 地窖(jiào)泯灭(mǐn)．．．．．．厄(â)运 噩耗(è)行乞(qĭ)无忧无虑 心旷神怡 险象迭生(dié)得失之患 ．．．．突如其来 固执(zhí)鞭策(cè)盛名(shèng)报酬(chóu)奢望(shē)．．．．．奢侈(chĭ)蹂躏(róu)(lìn)呵责(hē)懊恼(ào)猝(cù)然 问心无愧 ．．．．．．愠(yùn)三省(xǐng)．．

第三单元

朗润(rùn)黄晕(yùn)宛转(wăn)嘹亮(liáo)繁花嫩叶(nèn)抖擞(sŏu)．．．．．．花枝招展 镶嵌(xiāng)(qiàn)水藻(zăo)贮蓄(zhù)澄清(chéng)发髻(jì)．．．．．．唱和(hâ)湛蓝(zhàn)玄奥(xuán)澈(chè)禅心(chán)犬吠(fèi)德高望重 ．．．．．．返老还童 津津乐道 憔悴(qiáo)(cuì)栀子(zhÿ)丁丁(zhýng)．．．．．肥硕(shuî)鳊(biün)鱼 乌桕(jiù)寥(liáo)阔(或“寥(liáo)廓”)．．．．枯涸(hã)清洌(liâ)梦寐(mâi)澹澹(dàn)竦(sǒng)峙(zhì)．．．．．．．

第四单元

骸骨(hái)猛犸(mǎ)潜行(qián)裹藏(guŏ)葱茏(cōng)海枯石烂 峰峦．．．．．．(luán)一霎(shà)间 喑(yÿn)哑(yǎ)静谧(mì)扰乱(răo)狩猎(shòu)．．．．．．喧嚣(xiāo)篡夺(cuàn)劫掠(jié)弱肉强食 窸窣(xī)(sū)更胜一筹(chóu)．．．．．．惊慌失措 开膛破肚 畅谈(chàng)颚(â)喙(huì)山中蜃景(shân)．．．．青冥(míng)禅(chán)院 飞甍(mãng)高垣(yuán)睥(pì)睨(nì)．．．．．．连亘(gân)窗扉(fýi)倏(shū)忽 ．．．

第五单元

螃蟹(xiè)丫杈(chà)诀别(jué)荡漾(yàng)嫌恶(wù)惊惶(huáng)．．．．．．瑟缩(sè)傲然(ào)虐杀(nüè)宽恕(shù)恍然大悟 苦心孤诣(yì)．．．．．攥(zuàn)怦怦(pēng)树杈(chà)寒颤(zhàn)拆散(chāi)水波粼粼(lín)．．．．．．．嗅(xiù)繁衍(yăn)匿(nì)笑 花瓣(bàn)沐浴(mù)祷告(dăo)妄弃(wàng)．．．．．．．

第六单元

炫耀(xuàn)称职(chèn)滑稽(jÿ)陛(bì)下 赏赐(cì)御(yù)聘(pìn)．．．．．．．爵(juã)士 头衔(xián)骇人听闻(hài)随声附和(hè)缥缈(piāo)(miăo)．．．．．．女娲(wā)澄澈(chè)鲛(jiüo)人 莽莽榛榛(zhýn)哞哞(mōu)．．．．．痒酥酥(sū)踉踉(liàng)跄跄(qiàng)孪(luán)生 潺潺(chán)．．．．．

七年级下册字词 第一单元

攒(zuáｎ)

拗(ǎｏ)确凿(ｚáｏ)

菜畦(ｑí)桑葚(shâｎ)

轻捷(jiã)蟋蟀(shuài)臃(yōng)肿

脑髓(suǐ)

相宜(yí)

书塾(shú)方正(zhâng)博(bï)学 蝉蜕(tuì)人迹罕(hǎｎ)至 人声鼎(ｄǐng)沸

肿胀(zhàng)叮嘱(zhǔ)恐惧(jù)骊(lí)歌 花圃(pǔ)丑陋(lîu)讪(shàｎ)笑

嫉(jí)妒

来势汹汹(xiōng)瞬息(shùn)幽(yōu)寂

延(yán)绵

荒(huüng)草萋萋(qÿ)环谒(yâ)

第二单元

巅(diüｎ)

澎湃(pài)

狂澜(láｎ)屏障(zhàng)哺(ｐǔ)育

九曲连环(huáｎ)郝(hǎｏ)

叟(sǒu)哽(ɡþng)

懊(àｏ)悔

祈(qí)祷(ｄǎｏ)逼狭(xiá)崎岖(ｑū)阻抑(yì)

回环曲折(zhã)

亦复(ｆù)如是 炽(chì)痛

嗥(háｏ)

鸣

斑斓(láｎ)谰(láｎ)语

怪诞(dàn)亘古(ɡân)默契(ｑì)田垄(lǒng)蚱(zhà)蜢(ｍþng)污秽(huì)

可9kâ)汗(hàn)金柝(tuî)

第三单元

宰割(ｚǎｉ)筹(chïu)划

彷(páng)徨(huáng)仰慕(ｍù)心会神凝(níng)可歌可泣(qì)鲜(xiǎｎ)为人知 当之无愧(kuì)锋(ｆýng)芒毕露

家喻(yù)户晓

马革裹(ɡuǒ)尸 鞠躬尽瘁(cuì)

死而后己

衰(shuüｉ)微

赫(hâ)然

迭(diã)起

商标(biüo)锲(qｉâ)而不舍

兀(ｗù)兀穷年

沥(lì)尽心血迥(jiǒng)乎不同

一反既(ｊì)往

慷慨淋(líｎ)漓

重荷(hâ)

气冲斗(dǒu)牛 愁(chïu)苦 深邃(suì)踌(chïu)躇(chú)巴(bü)望

锁(suǒ)闭

磐(ｐáｎ)石

惹(rþ)人注目

杂乱无章(zhüng)

博学多识(shí)一拍即(jí)合 寻欢(huün)作乐 忘(wàng)乎所以

义愤填膺(yÿng)

妇孺(ｒú)皆知

第四单元

惮(ｄàｎ)

踱(ｄuï)

棹(zhàｏ)

归省(ｘǐng)行(háng)辈

撺(cuüｎ)掇(ｄuｏ)

狂(kuáng)舞 亢(kàng)奋

晦(huì)暗

羁(jÿ)绊

蓦(ｍî)然

冗(ｒǒng)杂

搏(ｂï)击

烧灼(zhuï)

奔(ｂýｎ)突

大彻(châ)大悟

撇(ｐｉþ)

蘸(zhàｎ)

惬(qiâ)意

疏(shū)密

朱砂(shü)

口头禅(cháｎ)咿哑(yǎ)静穆(ｍù)

颦(píｎ)蹙(cù)

嗔(chýｎ)视

凫(ｆú)水 变幻多姿(zÿ)

本色当行(háng)

参(ｃýｎ)差(ｃÿ)不齐

离合悲欢(huün)

低回婉(ｗǎｎ)转

叱(chì)咤(zhà)风云

浑身解(xiâ)数 尽态极妍(yáｎ)息(xÿ)息相通

粲(càn)然

第五单元

拽(zhuàｉ)

癫diüｎ)狂

凛(lǐｎ)冽 吞噬(shì)销蚀(shí)羸(lãi)弱 步履(lǚ)

告罄(qìng)

遗孀(shuüng)

坚持不懈(xiâ)

风餐(ｃüｎ)露宿

噎(yý)

夜不成眠(mián)精疲力竭(jiã)闷闷(mân)不乐 毛骨悚(sǒng)然 耀武扬威(wýi)怏(yàng)怏不乐

姗姗(shüｎ)来迟

忧心忡忡(chōng)

疲惫不堪(bâi)

畏(wâi)缩不前

鲁莽(mǎng)大胆

语无伦(lún)次

毋(ｗú)宁

硌(ɡâ)

辐(ｆú)射

筛(shüｉ)糠

遮蔽(ｂì)幻(huàｎ)影

疲倦(juàｎ)协奏(ｚîu)

躯(ｑū)壳

脐(ｑí)带

犁铧(huá)

真谛(ｄì)

卷(juǎｎ)土重来

芸芸(yúｎ)重生

砭(biüｎ)骨

履践(jiàｎ)

崔巍(ｗýi)

养精蓄(xù)锐

齐心协(xiã)力

头昏(hūn)眼花

腰酸(suün)背痛

阴霾(ｍái)疆域(yù)迫(pî)不及待

孜(zÿ)孜不倦 刚毅(yì)不屈

第六单元

污涩(sâ)红绫(líng)怂(sǒng)恿(yǒng)怅(chàng)然蜷(quán)伏

惩(chãn)戒

妄(ｗàng)下断语

肌腱(jiàｎ)

逞(chþng)能

恍(huǎng)惚

甜腻(ｎì)

娴(xiáｎ)熟

进退维(ｗãｉ)谷

一尘不染(ｒǎｎ)

略胜一筹(chïu)

眼花缭(liáｏ)乱

秩(zhì)序井然

铰(jiǎｏ)

劝诱(yîu)

抽搐(chù)

沟壑(hâ)

不羁(jÿ)

叽叽喳喳(zhü)石破(ｐî)天惊

觑(ｑù)

鬣(liâ)

剽(piüｏ)悍

驯(ｘùｎ)良

窥(kuÿ)伺

疮(chuüng)痍

枉(wǎng)然

阔绰(ｃhuî)观瞻(zhün)妍(yáｎ)丽

庇荫(yìn)

遒(qiú)劲

犷(ɡuǎng)野

畸(jÿ)形

颚(â)骨

相得益彰(zhüng)

八年级上册字词 第一

单

元

鄂(â)

绥靖(suí jìn)

阻遏(â)

锐不可当(düng)悠(yōu)闲

寒噤(jìn)

．．．．．．．．仄(ｚâ)歪

转变抹(ｍî)角

张皇失措(cuî)拂(fú)晓

瓦砾(lì)地窖(jiào)．．．．．．鞠躬(jū ɡōng)

颤(chàn)巍巍

赃(ｚüng)物

箱箧(qiâ)制裁(cái)荒谬(ｍｉù ．．．．．．．荡(ｄàng)然无存

肃穆(ｍù))．．

第二

单

元

骇(hài)掳(lǔ)

悚(sǒng)

惶(huáng)急 疮(chuüng)疤

诘(jiã)问

渴慕(ｍù．．．．．．．疏(shū)懒霹雳(pÿ lì)

孤孀(shuüng)交卸(xiâ)

奔丧(süng)

狼藉(jí)

．．．．．．．簌簌(sù)

赋(fù)闲

颓(tuí)唐

琐屑(suǒ xiâ)凹凼(üo dàng)尴尬(ɡün ɡà)．．．．．．．．．烦躁(ｚàｏ)

微不足道

大庭广众

伛(yǔ)

惶(ｐì)

．．．huáng)恐

荒僻．塌(ｔü)败

取缔(ｄì)

骷(ｋū)髅

滞(zhì)笨

愧怍(ｚuî)

唏嘘(ｘū)

．．．．．．噩(â)耗

呵(hý)斥

焦灼(zhuï)伎(ｊì)俩

颠沛(ｐâｉ)

吊唁(yàｎ)

．．．．．．文绉绉(zhōu)长路跋(bá)涉(shâ)

风尘苦旅

穷愁潦(liáo)倒

鸡零狗碎(suì)．．．低眉顺眼

生死祸福

连声诺诺(ｎuî)．

第三

单

元

雄跨(kuà)

雄姿(ｚÿ)

残(ｃáｎ)损

推崇(chïng)

惟妙惟肖(xiàｏ)

．．．．．巧妙绝伦(lún)

驻(zhù)足

轩榭(xuüｎ xiâ)丘壑(hâ)

嶙峋(líｎ ｘúｎ)

．．．．．．．镂(lîu)空

蔷(qiáng)薇

因地制宜

重峦叠嶂(zhàng)

磬(ｑìng)鳌(áo)头 ．．．．．琉(lｉú)璃

藻(ｚǎｏ)井

蟠(ｐáｎ)龙

中轴(zhïu)线

金銮(luáｎ)殿

．．．．．纳(ｎà)凉

帷(ｗãｉ)幕

伧(ｃüng)俗 ．．．

第四

单

元

萌(ｍãng)发 次(cì)第 翩(piün)然

孕(yùn)育

销声匿(ｎì)衰(shuüi)草连天

．．．．．．风雪载(zài)途 周而复(fù)始

草长莺(yÿng)囊(ｎáng)繁衍(yǎn)胚(pýi)胎

．．．．．．蟾蜍(chán chú)脊椎(jǐ zhuÿ)

两栖(qÿ)相安无事

遗骸(hái)

褶(zhþ)皱

．．．．．．劫(jiã)难

追溯(sù)

藩篱(fün lí)归咎(jiù)在劫(jiã)难逃

五彩斑斓(lán)．．．．．．．．啸(xiào)聚山林

束(sù)手无策

物竞(jìng)天择

无动于衷(zhōng)顷(qǐng)刻

．．．．．喷嚏(ｔì)

过滤(lǜ)

充耳不闻 ．．2000—2010学第二学期语文中考总复习练习

八年级下册字词 第一单元

1.绯(fýi)红

2.标致

3.落第 4.不逊(xùn)5.诘(jiý)责 6.托辞 7.油光可鉴(jiàn)8.抑扬顿挫

9.瞥(piý)见10.深恶痛疾,物以希为贵 11.匿(ｎì)名

12.翳(yì)

13.责罚

14.管束

15.广谟

16.宽恕(shù)17.文绉绉(zhōu)18.幽默

19.凄惨

20.奥秘

21.翻来覆去

22.黝(yǒu)黑23.滞(zhì)留

24.愚钝(dùn)25.器宇

26.禁锢(ɡù)27.轩(xuün)昂28.犀(ｘÿ)利

29.侏(zhū)儒(rú)30.酒肆(sì)

40.尴(ɡüｎ)尬(ɡà)41.粗制滥(làｎ)造

42.藏污纳垢(ɡîu)43.郁郁寡(guǎ)欢

44.鹤立鸡群45.正襟(jÿn)危坐

46.颔(hàn)首低眉

47.诚惶(huüng)诚恐

48.髭(ｚì)49.无可置疑惑

50.黯(àｎ)然失色

51.广袤(ｍàｏ)无垠

52.搓(chuō)捻(niǎｎ)53.鬈(quáｎ)54.企盼

55.繁衍(yǎｎ)56.迁徙((ｘǐ)57.花团锦簇58.觅(ｍì)食 59.美不胜收

60.繁花似锦

61.不可名状

62.落英缤纷63.期期艾艾(àｉ)64.冥(ｍíng)思遐(xiá)想

第二单元

1.博识

2.消释(shì)3.褪(tuì)尽 4.凛(lǐng)冽(liâ)5.脂粉奁(lián)6.朔(shuî)方

7.霁(ｊì)8.眷(juàｎ)念

9.睥(pì)睨(ｎì)10.污秽(huì)11.迸(bâng)射

12.虐(ｍûâ)待

13.雷霆(yíng)14.踌(chïu)躇(chú)15.鞭挞(tà)16.祈(qí)祷

17.稽(ǐ)首

18.罪孽(niâ)19.拖泥带水21.肠(yáng)谷23.苍茫

24.胆怯25.翡翠

26.精灵

27.蜿(ｗüｎ)蜒(yáｎ)28.执拗(niù)29.憔(qiáo)悴(cuì)30.馈(kuì)赠

31.真谛(dì)32.璀(cuǐ)璨(càn 33.镶嵌(qiàn)34.酷肖(xiàｏ)35.海誓(shì)山盟(ｍãng)36.长吁(ｘū)短叹

37.千山万壑(hâ)38.盛气凌(líng)人

第三单元

1.蓬蒿(hüｏ)2.咫(zhǐ)尺

3.狼藉(ｊí)4.呐喊

5.相形见绌(chù)精巧绝伦(lúｎ)7.美味佳肴(yáｏ)8.萧瑟(sâ)9.和煦(ｘù)

10.干涸(hã)11.吞噬(shì)12.裸(luǒ)露

13.戈(ɡý)壁滩

14.沧海桑田

15.啮(ｎｉâ)齿16.媲(ｐìｎ)美

17.挑衅(ｘì)18.相辅相成 19.鼠目寸光

20.缄(jiüｎ)默 21.窥(kuÿ)探

22.狩(shîu)猎

23.顾忌(ｊì)24.凋零25.莫衷(zhōng)一是26.滑翔

27.牟(ｍïu)取

28.众目睽睽(kuí)29.哂(shþn)笑

30.铆(mǎo)31.黑咕隆咚

32.颤(chàn)巍(wýi)

33.不容置疑

34.慷(küng)慨(kǎi)大方 35.一视同仁(rãn)36.任劳任怨

第四单元

1.即物起兴(xìng)2.蹲踞(jù)3.酬和(hâ)4.熹(xÿ)微

5.譬(pì)喻6(chún)朴

7.引经据(jù)典

8.悠游自在9.龙吟凤哕(huì)10.籍贯11.门楣(ｍãi)12.苋(xiàｎ)菜

13.城隍庙

14.肃然起敬

15.萤(yíng)映雪16.招徕(lái)17.荸(bí)荠(qí)18.囿(yîu)19.钹(ｂï)20.饽(ｂï)21.秫(shú)秸(jiã)秆

22.合辙(zhã)押韵

23.油嘴滑舌

24.家醅(ｐãｉ)25.顾名思义

26.蔫(niün)27.怵(chù)28.抠(ｋōu)

九年级上生字词第一、二单元

1、妖娆(ráo)

2、风骚(süo)

3、红装素裹

4、一代天骄

5、单于(chányú)

6、成吉思汗(hán)

7、莽莽(mǎng)

8、田圃(pǔ)

9、襁褓(qiǎngbǎo)

10、喧(xuün)嚷

11、温声细

语

12、润如油膏

13、禁锢(gù)

14、留滞(zhì

15、喑(yÿn)哑

16、征引

17、心无旁骛(wù)

18、亵渎(xiâdú)

19、敬业乐群20、断章取义

21、不二法门

22、言行相顾

23、强聒(guō)不舍

24、佝偻(gōulïu)

25、承蜩(tiáo)

26、骈(pián)进

27、德行(xíng)

28、陨(yǔn)落

29、灵柩(jiù)30、凌(líng)驾

31、睿(ruì)智

32、弥(mí)留

33、媚上欺下

34、兼而有之

35、孤军奋战

36、黎民百姓

37、恼羞成怒

38、恪(kâ)尽职守

39、凭吊40、谀(yú)词

41、扶掖(yâ)

42、大惊小怪

43、廓(kuî)然无累(lþi)

44、重蹈覆(fù)辙(zhã)

45、涕(tì)泗(sì横流

46、自知之明

47、气吞斗(dǒu)牛

48、枘(ruì)凿

49、忐(tǎn)忑(tâ)不安50、繁衍(yǎn)51一抔(pïu)黄土

52、化为乌有

53、无与伦(lún)比

54、怒不可遏(â)

第三、四、五单元

1、萧索(xiüosuǒ)

2、家景

3、鄙夷(bǐyí)

4、恣睢(zìsuÿ)

5、秕(bǐ)谷

6、鹁鸪(bïgū)

7、颧(quán)骨

8、系(jì)裙

9、折(shã)本

10、潺潺(chán)

11、祭祀(jìsì)

12、瓦楞(lãng)

13、伶仃(língdÿng)

14、寒噤(jìn)

15、胯(kuà)下

16、脚踝(huái)

17、惘(wǎng)然

18、髀(bì)骨

19、嗤(chÿ)笑

20、隔膜(gãmï)

21、黛(dài)色

22、打拱(gǒng)

23、瑟索(sâsuǒ)

24、愕(â)然

25、下腭(â)

26、潮汛

27、阴晦(huì)

28、猹(chá)

29、弶(jiàng)3

0、五行(xíng)

31、獾(huün)猪

32、嬉(xÿ)闹

33、驱除

34、歇斯底里

35、撩(liáo)逗

36、撅(juý)

37、掺(chün)杂

38、拮据(jiãjū)

39、栈(zhàn)桥40、煞(shà)白

41、十拿九稳

42、褴褛(lánlǚ)

43、撬(qiào)开

44、牡蛎(mǔlì)

45、沙哑

46、发窘(jiǒng)

47、抽噎(yý)

48、呵(hý)斥

49、窸窣(xÿsū)50、纸捻(niǎn)子

51、根深蒂固

52、轻而易举

53、持之以恒

54、锲(qiâ)而不舍

55、孜孜(zÿ)不倦

56、汲(jí)取

57、不言而喻

58、格物致知

59、袖手旁观60、藻(zǎo)饰61、狡黠(xiá)62、伦理

63、滞碍(zhì’ài)64、寻章摘句65、味同嚼(jiáo)蜡66、吹毛求疵(cÿ)67、不求甚解68、狂妄自大69、咬文嚼(jiáo)字70、因小失大71、豁然贯通72、开卷有益73、矫(jiǎo)揉(rïu)造作74、玄(xuán)虚75、诓(kuüng)骗76、怀古伤今77、娇嗔(chýn)78、怄(îu)气79、勾当(gîudîng)80、面面相觑(qù)81、庖(páo)官82、佯(yáng)装83、谮(zân)害84、禀(bǐng)请85、班师86、带挈(qiâ)87、腆(tiǎn)着

88、解(jiâ)元89、桑梓(zǐ)90、商酌(zhuï)91、唯唯连声92、腻(nì)烦93、怔怔(zhâng)94、茶饭无思95、挖心搜胆96、精血诚聚

九年级下字词练习第一单元字词

1、锦障(zhàng)

2、荇(xìng)藻

3、蓬(pãng)蒿(hüo)

4、蝼(lïu)蚁(yǐ)

5、干瘪(biþ)

6、淤(yū)滩

7、驳(bï)船

8、簇(cù)新

9、胚(pýi)芽

10、虔(qián)信

11、慰藉(jiâ)

12、晨曦(xÿ)

13、瞰(kàng)望

第二单元字词

1、阔绰(chùo)

2、蘸(zhàn)

3、颓(tuí)唐

4、营(yíng)生 5格(gã)局

6、捯(dáo)气

7、荣膺(yÿng)

8、腌(ü)臜(zü)

9、唿(hū)哨(shào)

10、隐匿(nì)

11、一气呵(hý)成

12、妙手回春

13、断壁残垣(yuán)

14、如坐针毡(zhün)

15、芒(máng)刺在背

16、天伦之乐

17、影影绰绰(chùo)

18、望眼欲穿

19、窒(zhì)息

20、巉(chán)岩

21、骸(hái)骨

22、吹毛求疵(cÿ)

23、奄奄(yǎn)一息

第三单元 字词

1、荫(yìn)庇(bì)

2、芳馨(xÿn)

3、骄奢(shý)

4、清吟(yín)

5、怡(yí)悦

6、云翳(yì)

7、一泻千里

8、虬(qiú)须

9、倒坍(tün)

10、引颈(jǐng)受戮(lù)

11、星临万户

12、周道如砥(dǐ)

13、沉湎(miǎn)

14、瘠(jǐ)薄

15、孱(chán)弱

16、遮(zhý)天蔽日

17、浩瀚(hàng)无垠

18、袅袅(niǎo)烟云

19、山崩地裂 20、百鸟啾啾(jiū)

21、隐姓埋名

22、瞻(zhün)望

23、攫(juã)取

24、增益

25、臆(yì)测

26、馈(kuì)赠

27、乐此不疲(pí)

第四单元字词

1、恻(câ)隐(yǐn)

2、豁(huî)免

3、告禀(bǐng)

4、庖(páo)代

5、延纳(nà)

6、饶恕(sù)

7、心如铁石

8、万恶不赦(shâ)

9、遍稽群籍(jí)

10、鸡犬不宁(níng)

11、有例可援(yuán)

12、糍粑(cí bü)

13、打鼾(hün)

14、阴霾(mái)

15、盘缠(chán)

16、鹭鸶(lù sÿ)

17、怡然自得

18、睡眼惺(xÿng)忪(sōng)

19、蹑(niâ)手蹑脚 20、峥嵘(zhýng rïng)

21、嬷嬷(mï)

22、涟漪(lián yÿ)

23、鳞(lín)次栉(zhì)比

24、通宵达旦