专英考试

专英考试（精选4篇）

篇1：专英考试

一单元 6-2 thecornertrusslegsneedstronghorizontalconnectionsat[1.4] Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of frequent modular intervalsto make themfunction together likeanfluids,principally water．整句的意思是：水利工程主要涉及流体的流动和传输，尤equivalent cantilever为了使角落桁架支柱的功能等效于等效悬臂，它其是水 的流动和传输。需要强有力的有频繁模块化间隔的横向连接来保证 [1.5] As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types‘of6-3 the aerodynamic behaviourwas greatly assisted by the apertures which civil engmeenng．firms．manY construction engineers tend to take on a role reduced the cross-wind accelerations and forces due to vortex shedding by as that is more business。like in nature：drafiing and reviewing contracts，much as 25%由于涡脱落多达25％从而降低了风切变加速度和力的evaluating logistical operations，and closely。monitoring pncesof necessary 孔大大增强了空气动力性能。supplies。6-4 this framing resulted from the concept of a tetrahedral framed solid form整体的意思是：由于建筑公司比其他类型的民用建筑公司往往承担更高的商业风where all the non-essential elements were eliminated to create the tube and the 险，许多建筑工程师往往会本能地扮演一种公事公办的角色：起草和修改合同、评external shaping of it这个框架源于一个四面体框架固体状的概念，这估后勤的运作、严密监控必需供应品的价格等。种框架形式的所有的非基本要素被淘汰来创造管与它的外部塑造。结构工程structural engineering岩土工程geotechnical engineering

水利工程hydraulic engineering海岸工程coastal engineering第七单元环境工程environmental engineering施工工程construction 7.1Designprocessinvolvestheselectionandordetailingoftheengineering componentsthatmakeupthestructuralsystem.6段 设计过程包括组成结构系统元件的选择和细节设计。Its charter definedcivil engineering as theartofdirectingthegreat7.2Twocomponentsofreactionaredevelopedinhingedsupportsourcesofpowerin naturefortheuseandconvenienceofandthree reactioncomponent , onemomentandtwoforcesman,asthemeansofproductionandoftrafficinstates,bothparalleltohorizontalandverticalaxisaredevelopedinfixedforexternalandinternaltrade,asappliedin theconstruction

ofroads,bridges,aqueducts,canals,rivernanvigationanddocks

forinternalintercourseandexchang, andintheconstructionof

ports,harbours, moles, breakwatersandlighthousesandintheart

ofnavigationbyartificialpowerforthepurposesofcommerce,andintheconstructionandapplicationofmachinery,andin

thedrainageofcitiesandtowns.把民用工程定义为直接为人类的使用和便利的自然界的伟大力量的来源的艺术，也

定义为在各国的生产资料和交通手段，包括外部和内部的贸易，如为内部往来和交

易为目的的道路，桥梁，沟渠，运河、航运和码头的建设中的应用，在港口、码头、防浪堤、防波堤和灯塔的建设中的应用，在以商业为目的的人工航运的应用，在建筑和机械以及城镇排水系统中应用的。二单元

[1]In many countries the ratio of concrete consumption to steel consumption

exceeds ten to one.在许多国家,水泥消费与钢铁消费的比例已经超过了十比一.[2]Therefore,the selection and proportioning of materials for the concrete

mixture was governed primarily by consideration of the spread of construction

by slip-forming and durability of hardened concrete to the hostile environment.所以,混凝土材料和配比的选择主要考虑滑模施工速度的影响,以及不利环境中坚硬

混凝土耐久性的影响.[3]Depending on the components’ transportation cost, in certain geographical

locations the price of concrete may be as high as U.S.75 to $100 per cubic meter,at other it may be as low as U.S.$60 to $70 per cubic meter.根据材料的运输成本,在某些特定地区,水泥的价格会高达每立方米75至100美元,而在其他地方则会低至每立方米60至70美元.[4]Since an adequate concrete cover on reinforcement or tendons is required

for structural integrity in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the

protection against failure due to excessive heat is provided at the same time.由于在钢筋混凝土和预应力钢筋混凝土结构中,要求有一个足够结实的混凝土封面来

确保建筑的一体性,所以,同时还要求必须提供因温度过高而导致失败的保护措施.三单元

3.1.1 The placement location of the steel reinforcement within the concrete is

specified by the concrete cover, which is the clear distance between the surface

of the concrete and the reinforcement.混凝土中加固钢筋的布置要根据混

凝土覆盖层的具体情况决定，混凝土覆盖层和加固钢筋之间应保持有条理的间距。

3.1.2To construct concrete structures of even greater structural strength, very

high-strength steel such as Grade 270 strands, may be used instead of Grade 60

reinforcement bars.要建造更为坚固的混凝土结构，就要使用强度非常高的钢

筋，例如，要使用270号得加固钢筋，而不是60号得。

3.1.3Therefore,designs that replicate member sizes and simplify reinforcement

placement to result in easier and faster construction will usually result in being

more economical than a design that achieves minimum material quantities.因此，那些复制了构件尺寸和简化钢筋位置的设计能促使更容易更快捷的建设，这

样的建设通常会比那些只能获得最小量材料的设计显得更经济

3.1.4The final design will generally be conservative even though the analysis

does not reflect the actual nonlinear structural behavior because member

design is based on ultimate strength design and the ductility of reinforced

concrete enable force redistributions.最终的设计通常是保守的，即使这种分析没有表现出实际上的非线性结构行为，但

因为构件设计是建立在极限强度基础之上，而且钢筋混凝土的延展性又使强度进行

了重新分配。

力矩：moment轴力：axial force剪力：shear force扭矩：torsion构件：

member内力：internal force混凝土隔板：concrete diaphragm

3.3what design criteria is for reinforced concrete？Safety、Aesthetics、functional requirement、economy。

第六单元

6-1 The vertical legs and the horizontal links are themselves frames with large dimensions in the plane of the frame.垂直支架和水平连接的自身就是在一个平面结构上拥有巨大尺寸的框架结构

support.铰支座产生2中构件反作用力，固定支座能产生3中反作用力，即1个弯矩，以及

两种分别与水平轴和纵轴平行的力。

7.3Structuralanalysiscomprisesthesetofphysicallawsand mathematicsrequiredtostudyandpredictthebehaviorof structures.Thesubjectsofstructuralanalysisareengineering artifactswhoseintegrityisjudgedlargelybasedupontheir abilitytowithstandloads;theycommonlyincludebuildings , bridges ,aircraft , shipsandcars.Structuralanalysisincorporatesthefields ofmechanicsanddynamicsaswellasthemanyfailure theories.Fromatheoreticalperspectivetheprimarygoalof structuralanalysisisthecomputationofdeformations , internal forces , andstresses.Inpractice ,structuralanalysiscanbeviewed moreabstractlyasamethodtodrivetheengineeringdesign processorprovethesoundnessofadesignwithouta dependenceondirectlytestingit.结构分析包括物理规律和数学设置所需的研究和预测的结构行为，结构分析的对象为工程构件，工程构件的完整性很大程度上取决于其承受荷载的能力，工程构件通常包括建筑，桥梁，飞机，船只和汽车。结构分析包含了力学和动力学领域以及许多失败的理论。从理论的角度出发，结构分析的主要内容是结构变形，内力计算，和应力。在实践中，结构分析，可以更抽象地看作一种以推动工程设计过程中或证明一个设计合理性而没有依赖于直接测试它的方法。第八单元 8.1steel box girder bridges have great torsional rigidity,which makes them ideal for bridges that are highly curved in plan or where construction by launching isrequired钢箱梁桥有很大的扭转刚度，这使得它们对于那些在计划中需要高度弯曲或需要开展建设的桥梁是理想的。8.2They are considered expensive to fabricate today ,being labour intensive, and maintenance issues have to be carefully addressed, e.g.ease of access现在，将它们用于制作被认为是昂贵的，是因为需要密集的劳动力和维护事项需要谨慎地解决，例如，有利于通行。8.3The suspension concept dates back to antiquity, and it is because of their fundamental simplicity and economy of structural action that suspension bridges are used for the longest of modern bridge spans 悬挂的概念可以追溯到古代，而且因为他们的基本简单性和结构行为的经济性，所以悬索桥被用于最长跨度现代桥梁中。课后练习continuous beam bridge连续梁桥box girders bridge箱梁桥 tied arch系杆拱cable-stayed bridges斜拉桥suspension bridge 悬索桥moveable bridge移动式桥梁第十二单元 12-1．The definition is less important than understanding the theoretical assumption behind the various design procedures.定义与理解蕴含在各种设计过程之中的理论假设相比是不重要的。12-2.Stated another way，it is important to recognize the theoretical limitations of a design procedure that may vary as a function of depth，such as a bearing capacity equation.换句话说，认识设计过程随作用深度变化而变化的理论缺陷是很重要的，比如承载力平衡方程。12-3.uniformly distributed load 均匀分布载荷，等分布荷重。12-4．Mat foundations have limited applicability for bridge support，except where large bridge piers，such as bascules or other movable bride supports，have the opportunity to bear at relatively shallow depth without deep foundation support.筏基础对桥支座仅有有限的应用，除了大型桥墩，例如活动结构桥支座或其他可移动的桥支座，其他桥支座还是可以在没有深基础支持的前提下在相对较浅深度用筏基础承受荷载。柱下单独基础：Isolated Spread Footings墙下条形肌醇：Continuous Strip Spread Footings筏基础：Mat Foundations扩展基础：Spread Footings联合基础：Combination Footings

篇2：专英考试

1.E-Commerce: EC is the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and information via computer networks, including the Internet.2.E-Business: E-business refers to a broader definition of EC, not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, conducting e-learning, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization.E-business is the use of the Internet and other information technologies to support commerce and improve business performance.3.Authentication: Authentication means that a trusted authority can prove that you are who you say you are.4.Digital Certificates: A digital certificate is an electronic file that uniquely identifies individuals and Web sites on the Internet and enables secure, confidential communications.They serve as a sort of a digital passport or credential.5.Customer Relationship Management(CRM): CRM focuses on the provision and maintenance of quality services for customers, Effective CRM involves communicating with customers and delivering products, services, information and solutions in response to their problems, wants and needs.6.Supply Chain: Supply chain refers to the flow of materials, information, payments and services from raw materials suppliers, through factories and warehouses, to the end customers.A supply chain also includes the organizations and processes that create and deliver products, information, and services to the end customers.7.Supply Chain Management: The function of supply chain management(SCM)is to plan, organize, and coordinate all of the supply chain’s activities.Today, the concept of SCM refers to a total systems approach to managing the entire supply chain.SCM is usually supported by information technology.8.Encryption: Encryption is the process of transforming information so it is unintelligible to anyone but the intended recipient.[forms the basis of data integrity and privacy necessary for e-commerce.] 9.Decryption: Decryption is the process of transforming encrypted information so that it is intelligible again.10.Digital Signature: Instead of encrypting the data itself, the signing software creates a one-way hash of the data, then uses your private key to encrypt the hash.The encrypted hash, along with other information, such as the hashing algorithm, is known as a digital signature.11.Certificate Authority(CA): CAs are entities that validate identities and issue certificates.12.M-Business: M-business, or mobile business, defined as e-business enabled by wireless communications, is one of the newest frontiers in electronic communications.13.E-Business Models 1)Storefront Model: The storefront model enables merchants to sell their products online by providing a combination of transaction processing, security, online payment and information storage.It’s a basic form of e-commerce in which buyers and sellers interact directly.2)Auction Model: Auction sites act as forums through which Internet users can assume the role of either seller of bidder.3)Portal Model: Portal sites offer visitors the chance to find almost anything they are looking for in one place.a)Horizontal portals(search engines): portals that aggregate information on a broad range of topics.b)Vertical portals: portals that offer a great deal of information pertaining to a single area of interest.4)Bartering Model: The offering of one item in exchange for another.Unit 1 what is electronic commerce E-commerce framework : information infrastructure support services applications Five pillars: people;public policy;marketing and advertisement;support services;business partnership

Classification of electronic commerce:

B2B;B2C;C2B;C2C;P2P;Mobile commerce;Intra-Business EC;business-to-employees;collaborative commerce;nonbusiness EC;E-learning;exchange-to-exchange;E-Government

Unit 2 how E-Commerce works Commerce : the exchange of goods and services , usually for money.Roles : buyers;sellers;producers;Elements to conduct e-commerce :

A product;a place to sell the product(web sites);a way to accept orders--normally an on-line form of some sort.A way to accept money--normally a merchant account A fulfillment facility to ship products to customers A way to accept returns A way to handle warranty claims if necessary A way to provide customer service

The lure of E-Commerce: Lower transaction costs;larger purchases per transactions;integration into the business cycle;people can shop in different ways;larger catalogs;improved customer interaction

Building an E-Commerce Site: suppliers(供应商)； your price point;customer relations;the back end : fulfillment , returns , customer service Unite 5 how to create an e-commerce web site Establish your online identity with the right web address: Make it memorable;describe your business;keep it short;Build a user-friendly site :plan your site;choose the right site-building tools(网页设计49);

Set up your web server--or select an ISP to host your site Minimize the risks of E-commerce: risk(spoofing, unauthorized disclosure 未授权的信息泄露，unauthorized action ,data alteration;解决方法：encryption ,authentication ,digital certificates)

Accept and manage all kind of payments : Test ,test test

:take time to review and test your site thoroughly before going live.Test its usability;good customer support;minimum response times;standard for replying to customer questions and concerns

Promote your site: register your site with search engines;put your domain name everywhere;advertise;purchase keywords;

NUNIT 6 E-Marketing Brand 品牌建设：name、logo、symbol（brand should be unique , recognizable and easy to remember.）

Marketing research ：focus groups;interviews;paper and telephone surveys;questionnaires and

secondary research ；the demographics of internet 网络人口统计 E-mail marketing ：opt-in e-mail Promotions :frequent-flyer miles ,point-based rewards;discounts, sweepstakes , free trials, free

shopping and e-coupons are all examples of promotions.Consumer tracking: Keeping user profiles, recording visits and analyzing promotional and

advertising results

Electronic advertising : It is conducted through such media as television, movies, newspaper and

magazines, as well as online and wireless channels.(banner advertisements;

pop-up ads;search engine “pay-for-performance” advertising;purchase

keywords)Search engines : A search engines is a program that scans Web sites for desired content, listing

relevant sites on the basis of keywords or other search-engine ranking criteria.Affiliate programs(联盟计划)： Affiliates post links on each other’s sites in exchange for referral

fees , which usually consist of a percentage of each sale or a

fixed fee for click-throughs that result in sales.Public relations : provides customer and employees with the latest information about products，services and such issues as company promotions and consumer

reactions.through press release, speeches ,special events ,presentations and

e-mail.Crisis management :when a company is doing poorly,it will often issue

information regarding the causes and announce what steeps will be

implemented to remedy the problem.Customer relationship management :It involves communicating with customers and delivering

products, services ,information and solutions in response to their problems, wants

and needs.UNIT 7 E-Business models

Storefront model :To conduct storefront e-commerce ,merchants must organize online product

catalogs , take orders through their web sites ,accept payments securely ,send

merchandise to customers and manage customer data.Shopping-cart technology : This technology allows customers to accumulate items they with to

buy as they brows an e-business Web site.Auction model: Sellers can post items they wish to sell ,the minimum prices they require to sell

the item and deadlines to close the auction.Bidders may search the items they

are seeking ,view the current bidding activity and place bids.Reverse-auction model : :this model allows buyers to set prices that sellers compete to match,or

even beat.Portal model(门户模式)： Portal sites offer visitors the chance to find almost anything they are

looking for in one place.Horizontal portals: such as search engines.They aggregate information on

a board range of topics.Vertical portals : It offers a great deal of information pertaining to a single

area of interest.It empowers customers by allowing them to state the

Name-your-price model(客户定价模式)：price they are willing to pay for products or services.The online

business passes each customer’s price request to an appropriate industry

partner, who decides whether to sell the product or service to the

customer at the state price.Comparison-pricing model: They allow customers to poll various merchants in search of the

lowest price for a desired product or service.Bartering model(实物交换)： the offering of one item in exchange for another.Unit 12 online payments Credit-card payment : a merchant must have a merchant account with a bank Digital cash and E-wallets : Digital cash is stored electronically and can be used to make online

electronic payments.Consumers deposit money into digital cash accounts for use in digital transactions.E-wallets keep track of billing and shipping information so that it can be entered with one-click at participating merchants’ sites.Micropayments :Micropayments enable ways for nominally priced products and services to be sold profitably over the web.（contact）和非Smart cards : it has many functions, from authentication to data storage.接触型接触型。Improved security : use PIN(personal identification number)to access the information stored on the card;password;encryption;photo identification

Unit 14 supply chain management E-Supply chain :when supply chain is managed electronically , usually with Web-based software, it is referred to as e-supply chain.The supply chain includes three flows: material flows;information flows;financial flows A typical supply chain links a company with its suppliers, its distributors;and its customers.Supply chain involves three segments: upstream;internal supply chain;downstream;Upstream : where sourcing or procurement(采购)from external suppliers occurs Internal supply chain: where transformation ,assembly ,and packaging take place;Downstream : where distribution to customers takes place, frequently by external distributors , or a disposal takes place.E-commerce can make the following contributions to supply chain management: Digital product such as software Replace all paper documents that move physically with electronic documents Provide an integrated messaging system Change the nature and structure of the supply chain from linear to a hub Enhance collaboration and information sharing among the partners in the supply chain Shorten the supply chain and minimize inventories Facilitate customer service Introduce efficiency

Global supply chains : supply chains that involve suppliers and customers or other business partners that located in two or more countries are referred to as global supply chains.Unit 17 Public-key cryptography TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Internet security issues : eavesdropping(偷听)、tampering(篡改)；impersonation(扮演

包括：spoofing and misrepresentation)

Public-key cryptography facilitates the following tasks: Encryption and decryption ；Tamper detection ；Authentication ；Non-repudiation不可抵赖性

Symmetric-key encryption 对称密钥加密

public-key encryption 公钥加密

Encryption strength(加密强度)is based on both the cipher(算法)used and the length of the key.Digital signature ： It is used to solve tamper detection and related authentication;the method is one-way hash

Unit 22 wireless technology and M-business M-business(mobile business)LBS: location based service ； it can be used to improve wireless marketing, customer relationship management and business-to-consumer and business-to-employee applications.Wireless marketing ,advertising and promotion Wireless marketing can be classified as a pull strategy ,a push strategy or a combination of both.A pull strategy assumes that users will request that specific information be sent to their wireless devices in real time(实时).A push strategy is enacted when an organization delivers marketing messages to wireless devices at a time deemed appropriate by the company.Successful implementation of wireless advertising requires that the content provider , advertiser and carrier establish a system that delivers ads to consumers at the right location and the right time.Promotions: distributing e-coupons to their wireless devices according to their locations.CRM: customers can receive timely and relevant information on demand ,and companies can interact more efficiently with their sales and field forces.Key terms Lesson 01 business process 商务过程 public policy 公共政策 support services 支持服务 business partnership 商务伙伴关系 business-to-business(B2B)企业对企业 consumer-to-consutmer(C2C)消费者对消费者的电子商务

peer-to-peer application 对等应用程序 mobile commerce 移动商务 intra-business EC 企业内部电子商务

business-to-employees(B2E)企业对员工 collaborative commerce 合作商务 e-learning 电子学习

exchange-to-exchange(E2E)交易所对交易所的电子商务

e-government 电子政务

Consumer segmentation 消费者细分 Lesson 02

Marketing 市场营销 customer service 客户服务 transaction cost 交易成本 purchase per transaction 单次交易的购买量 business cycle 商业周期 customer interaction 客户互动 enterprise computing 企业计算 virtual hosting service 虚拟宿主服务 simplified e-commerce 简化的电子商务 Mail order 邮购

Mail order purchase order 邮购订单 Warranty claims 产品保证条款 Knowledge base 知识库 Market share 市场占有率 Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度 Affiliate program 联盟机制 Forum 论坛 Special discount 特价

Repeat buyer program 重复购买机制 Retailers 零售商 Wholesaler 批发商 Distributor 分销商

Mail order catalog 邮购目录 Mail order purchase order 邮购订单 Warranty claims 产品保证条款 Knowledge base 知识库 Market share 市场占有率 Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度 Affiliate program 联盟机制 Lesson 05 internet identity 网络身份认证

E-commerce storefront 电子商务在线商店 Site map 网站地图

Web hosting company 网页寄存公司 Internet payment gateway 因特网支付网关 Store front 店面 Domain name 域名

Established business 线下业务

Internet service provider(ISP)网络服务提供商

Brick-and-mortar stores 传统商店 Product specifications 产品详情 Testimonial 证明书 Site map 站点地图

Web design studio 网页设计工作室 Small-and medium-sized businesses 中小型企业

Product specification 产品详情

FAQ(frequency asked questions)常见问题 Rule of thumb 经验法则 Financial institution 金融机构

Online payment processing 在线支付处理

Lesson 06 brand 品牌 Branding 品牌建设 marketing research 市场研究 e-mail marketing 电子邮件营销 opt-in e-mail 许可电子邮件 Spamming 垃圾邮件 customer tracking 顾客跟踪 electronic advertisement 电子广告 banner advertisement 横幅广告 pop-up advertisement 弹出式广告 search engine 搜索引擎 pay-for-performance 按效果付费 pay-for-performance 网络会员制营销

click-through 点入率 public relations 公共关系 crisis management 危机管理

customer relationship management(CRM)顾客关系管理

electronic customer relationship management(eCRM)电子顾客关系管理 Marketing mix 行销组合 Monetary value 货币价值 Purchasing preferences 购买偏好 Buying power 购买力 Point-based reward 积分奖励 Free trials 免费试用 E-coupons 电子优惠券 Referral fee 引荐费

Personalized direct e-mail 个性化直邮 Log-file analysis 日志文件分析 Anonymous account 匿名账户 Lesson 07 Electronic funds transfer(EFT)电子资金转账

Electronic date interchange(EDI)电子数据交换

storefront model 店面模式

shopping cart technology 购物车技术 auction model 拍卖模式 portal model 门户模式

name-your-price model 用户定价模式 comparison-pricing model 对比定价模式 bartering model 实物交易模式 Merchant server 商户服务器 Designated increment 指定的增量 Intelligent agents 智能代理 Online product catalog

Shipping information Personalized service 个性化服务 Data mining 数据挖掘 Personal-identification Bidding process

Lesson 12 credit-card payment信用卡支付 digital cash 数字现金 e-wallet 电子钱包 micropayment 位置不 smart card 智能卡

personal identification number(PIN)个人识

别密码

acquiring 收单银行 authorization 授权，认可 credit card association 信用卡联盟 issuing bank 发卡银行

internet merchant account 互联网商家账户 payment processing service 支付处理服务 processor 处理器 settlement 资金结

Electronic funds transfer 电子资金转账 Toll booth 收费所

Recurring billing payments 分期付款 Settlement 资金结算

Electronic founds transfer 电子资金转账 Point of sale(POS)销售点

Card-not-present transaction 无卡交易 Contactless card 非接触型卡 Contact interface 接触型接口

Electronic bookkeeping procedure 电子记账程序

Dial-up connection 拨号连接 Fraudulent transaction 欺诈性交易 Lesson 14

supply chain management 供应链管理 e-supply chain 电子供应链 materials flow 物流 information flow 信息流 financial flow 资金量 upstream activity 上游活动

internal supply chain activity 供应链内部活动

downstream activity 下游活动

enterprise resource planning(ERP)企业资源规划

global supply chain 全球供应链 Inventory control 库存管理 Build-to-order 按订单制造 Materials handling 物料处理 Digitization of software 数字化软件 Physical flow 实物流

Product life cycle 产品生命周期 Procurement via consortia 联盟采购

Corporate intranet 企业内部网 Lesson 17 symmetric-key encryption 对称密钥加密（私钥加密）

public-key encryption 公钥加密（非对称密钥加密）

length of the key 密钥长度

one-way hash(message digest)单向哈希值（信息摘要）

digital signature 数字签名 One-way hash 单向哈希法 Lesson 19 secure electronic transaction(SET)安全电子贸易

cardholder 信用卡持有人 merchant 商家 issuer 发卡金融机构 acquirer 收单金融机构 payment gateway 支付网关

purchase-related information 购买相关信息 order-related information 订货相关信息 Lesson 20

privacy 个人隐私

intellectual property right 知识产权 copyright 著作权，版权 trademark 商标 patent 专利 defamation 诽谤 Lesson 22

personal digital assistant(PDA)个人数字助理

mobile business(m-business)移动商务 location-identification technology 位置识别 技术

location-based service 基于位置的服务 wireless marketing 无限营销 pull strategy 拉策略 push strategy 推策略 opt-in/out 选择加入/退出

wireless advertising industry 无线广告业 short message service(SMS)短信息服务 customer relationship management(CRM)客户关系管理

篇3：杜绝考试作弊,净化考试环境

一、教育考试作弊现象客观存在, 作弊手段多样

国家教育考试是指普通和成人高等学校招生考试、全国硕士研究生招生考试、高等教育自学考试等, 由国务院教育行政部门确定实施, 由经批准的教育考试机构承办, 在全国范围内统一举行的教育考试。

《焦点访谈———四、六级考试舞弊调查》, 记者在哈尔滨某高校教学楼附近发现, 离大学英语四级考试还有20分钟, 有人就接到了贩卖答案人员发来的考前答案。A卷快速阅读1—7题答案分别是ADCABCA。再往下看, 听力11—15题答案是ABBCD, 接下来陆续还有很多答案。记者在考前几天调查发现, 通过贴在校园里的小广告购买考前答案, 一份考前答案最低只要200元。考生购买答案通常分为考前答案和考中答案。目前由于监管加强, 通过手机作弊很难。现在卖答案的不法分子会给作弊考生提供相应的器材, 如格尺、手表、橡皮, 这些作弊工具看起来很普通, 但其中另有玄机。记者发现一种十分隐蔽的耳机作弊工具, 竟然比绿豆还小。作弊考生只要把耳机放在耳朵里, 戴上一副相当于接收器的眼镜, 外面的作弊人员就可以把看到的答案发给考场里的考生。

窥一斑而知全豹, 作弊现象确实存在, 而且作弊手段日益先进, 有组织和利用高科技手段作弊现象频繁发生, 甚至出现考试作弊产业化的趋势。

二、加强精神文明建设, 加大对作弊惩罚的力度

考试作弊的原因种种, 主要还是急功近利的思想作祟。倡导诚信为重点的社会主义精神文明建设, 倡导诚信为主的社会氛围, 帮助考生摆脱急功近利的浮躁心态, 这是诚实应对考试、防止作弊的根本策略。社会诚信受到挑战, 考生诚信意识受到冲击。市场经济发展在精神文明方面的影响是双重的, 其中唯利是图思想冲击了社会, 如滥发和制假文凭使一些人轻松获利, 而单位用人的高消费和人才市场学历的高门槛都给学生错误的信号。社会、学校和家庭相互配合, 通过道德、行政和法律手段来杜绝考试作弊是需要的, 而倡导诚信、诚实应考是抵制作弊的重要措施。

在加强精神文明建设的同时, 还要加大作弊惩罚力度。目前《考试法》还没有出台, 《国家教育考试违规处理办法》是国家教育部制定的部门规章, 法律位阶很低。在规范考试方面的法律严重缺失, 对考试作弊的处罚力度不足, 从而无法有效遏制或打击考试作弊行为。在工作中有些打击、报复、威胁等侵犯考试工作人员行为都不能得到有力的惩罚, 严重打击了监考工作人员的积极性。我认为最好的惩罚应该是在全国建立诚信档案, 把诚信档案和个人生活、工作的每个环节联系起来, 把考试作弊记入诚信档案, 只要社会高度重视诚信档案, 中国就将不再是制假大国。

三、多方面配合, 发现、防止、打击作弊行为

惩罚作弊行为的前提是发现作弊行为, 考试作弊方式多样, 我总结如下:替考、考前答案、传统抄袭作弊、考试期间高科技作弊等。根据考试作弊方式, 应采用针对性的措施发现、防止、打击作弊行为。

替考行为分为考前报名时就替考和考试中替考两种, 报名这种替考行为隐蔽行极强, 但只要把考试和考试后联系在一起就可以解决问题。如A参加高考, B去上学, 只要把高考时的相片、指纹等信息提供给大学比对就可以解决。当然, 在实际中, 相片的参考价值不大, 有很多似是而非的相貌, 加之大批量图像采集, 不可能清楚, 个人感觉不能作为主要依据。考试中的替考行为也应主要采用指纹、计算机容貌识别等高科技且唯一性的技术手段来辨别。

针对考前答案现象, 应严格检查试卷各个环节, 排除试卷外泄的可能。同时在制作试卷时不要只制一套试卷或AB卷, 从技术角度完全可以一套题改变题号生成N套试卷, N应大于10, 随机分发给考生, 每套试卷配套对应的答题卡, 答题卡上含有题序, 阅卷时按照答题卡上的题序匹配正确答案, 这样N套正确答案可以解决考前答案的问题。

针对传统抄袭等作弊方式, 需要从增强考务工作人员的责任意识入手, 做到“三不”:不接受条子、不传递信息、不参与作弊, 要切实增强纪律观念、责任感、积极性。

高科技作弊方式日新月异, 监考老师已经很难发现。针对这种情况应该重视高科技作弊, 在提高防作弊的科技手段的同时, 精细化教育考试环节, 以收到预期的效果。要针对无线耳机等设备, 配备无线耳机探测器, 并做到每考场一台;针对笔、橡皮、尺等常用作弊文具, 可以禁止考生自带, 由监考老师统一发放;手表禁止带入, 考试有统一考试时间, 由监考老师提醒或设置考场时钟等措施解决。

此外, 公安部门也要采用切实手段, 打击作弊团伙的产业链, 尤其是宣传渠道, 主要从大学校园小广告、作弊宣传网站入手, 净化校园和网络环境。

维护教育考试的公平、公正、公开, 需要教育考试部门、纪检、公安、无线电监管等部门通力协作, 全方位监督、检查、打击, 重点是营造诚信为主的社会氛围与严惩作弊两手都要硬, 共同为广大考生营造公平公正的和谐考试环境。

参考文献

[1]刘宗曦, 李日波, 李峥.高考中的高科技作弊及治理对策[J].辽宁师专学报 (自然科学版) , 2009, (02) .

[2]彭婧.利用无线电监测手段查处考试作弊的几点心得[J].科技信息 (学术研究) , 2008, (26) .

[3]舒辉.高校学生考试作弊现象分析及对策[J].电力职业技术学刊, 2009, (02) .

篇4：考试！考试！

考试的时候，你是什么状态？是奋笔疾书，还是抓耳挠腮？看，傅昭容同学讲述了自己考试时的故事。

看着试卷在传，我把手捂在心口，拼命念叨：“千万别太难啊！老天保佑我，千万别太难！”试卷发下后，我定睛一看，哈，天助我也，一点不难！我立刻大笔一挥写下班级和名字，然后埋入考试题中。在题海中，我写写画画，脑子里有如千军万马在奔腾驰骋。好不容易做了一半，突然“半路杀出个程咬金”，一道大难题挡在我面前……

浙江省磐安县实验小学五（6）班 傅昭容 《考试啦》

这位同学在考试的时候还是很从容的，看来平时学习很用功。还有的同学，考试的时候不仅能迅速做完试题，还有时间淡定地观察同学们考试时的样子。你有没有注意过你们班的考试场景？说不定很有趣呢！

我悄悄地环视了一下四周：“小周”正冥思苦想，好像正犹豫不决，我知道肯定有一道判断题正和他过不去呢；“小吴”正颔首低眉，若有所思，不用说，他一定也碰到难题了；“小杨”看似胜券在握，洋洋洒洒地写着自己的答案……

湖北省老河口市学府路思语轩学校五（3）班 司逸群

《数学考试交响曲》

考试结束后，我们的心情可没法完全放松。为什么？还不都是因为考试成绩！因此，从考完试到看到自己的成绩这段时间内，我们的心情总是忐忑不安的。

今天，我在家休息。早餐时，妈妈首开话题：“萍萍，考试成绩就要出来了，你要记得打电话问问老师哟。”爸妈都上班去了，我一人在家，不禁胡思乱想起来：要是考不好的话，假期里妈妈还不知道怎么折腾我呢。对，不行的话就到婆婆家过两天。书是看不进去了，电视也不想看，我一会儿摆弄洋娃娃，一会儿整理书柜里的图书，就这样坐立不安地过了一天，电话始终没敢打。

镇江市新区实验小学四（2）班 张银萍 《等待成绩》

成绩单终于发下来了，真是有人欢喜有人忧。考试成绩好的同学欢呼雀跃，考试成绩不理想的同学垂头丧气。不过下面这位同学的做法很不好哟——

我慢吞吞地拿出成绩单，妈妈接过去看了起来，忽然皱起了眉头，好久没出声。妈妈在那自言自语：“这个分数是什么意思呀？为什么不直接写80分，而要写个算式呢？”“妈——”我在旁边轻轻地叫了一声。妈妈立即将眼光转向我：“这分是怎么回事？”妈妈目光里有些怀疑，但还没有流露出焦急气愤的神色，我便在心中说：千万别露马脚，千万别露马脚，千万别……

无锡市花园实验小学五（3）班 毛巍桦 《考试成绩单发下来之后》

瞧！因为考试没考好，就撒谎骗妈妈，我们可不能做不诚实的孩子哟！大家都不喜欢这样的考试，枯燥而又紧张。在你心里，考试应该是什么样儿的？

在我茫然无措的时候，脑海中那声音又响了起来，告诉我制作的具体步骤。我都一句句地记了下来，十几分钟后，我笑呵呵地做完了PPT。这时，老爷爷的声音再次响起：“小姑娘，这下你可不怕电脑考试了吧？”“哈哈，不怕了，不怕了！”我甜甜地笑着回答。