突破长难句夺取高考制高点

2022-09-10

长难句之于阅读, 就好比心脏之于身体。从近几年的高考试题来看, 长难句是高考经常设题的地方;另外, 长难句的比例也呈上升趋势。我认为突破长难句是攻克阅读的制胜法宝。那么如何进行长难句分析呢?

一、长难句分析的基础-----五大基本句型

长难句之所以难, 主要是因为它们结构复杂:逻辑层次多;附加部分多, 如定语、状语、插入语、同位语、从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等;另外还有倒装、省略的穿插, 以及分割现象的存在[1]。

其实, 长难句无论多么复杂, 都可以在五大基本句型中找他它的原型。换句话说基本句型是句子的骨架, 是长难句分析的基础。要进行长难句分析一定要熟练掌握“五大基本句型”, 即主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+系词+表语;主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。请看下面的例子:

长难句:Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. (2011重庆C)

分析:此句主干为the king ordered…, 主语+谓语+宾语结构。Upon learning…bath为介词短语做状语, that a nobleman…a bath为宾语从句, to avoid…disease做目的状语, that the nobleman…out为宾语从句。

二、长难句分析的基本策略

第一、正确识别谓语动词与非谓语动词。

据调查, 非谓语动词是句子成分分析最大的障碍。由于无法分辨谓语动词与非谓语动词, 同学们经常犯一些啼笑皆非的错误。谓语动词是对于句子而言的, 是一个句子的灵魂, 它有着自己的各种表现形式, 这主要体现在时态与语态方面。而非谓语动词主要是对于结构而言的, 主要充当定语、状语和补语等成分。

这就需要同学们熟悉二者的区别, 尤其要注意区分“现在分词与进行时”、“过去分词与过去时、完成时、被动语态的区别”。单个的现在分词与过去分词都是非谓语形式, 而进行时、被动语态、完成时、过去时都是谓语动词表现形式。进行时基本结构为“be+现在分词”;被动语态为“be+过去分词”;完成时为“have+过去分词”;过去时与过去分词有时候相似, 是个难点, 可以根据逻辑上的主动和被动进行区分。a city visited by him与He visited a city.这里都有visited, 不过很显然前一个为过去分词, 后一个为过去时。

长难句:"But we can't do anything about it.Grandpa, "I said, surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same"boat"as I was. (2005重庆A)

分析:此句中surprised为非谓语动词, 谓语动词为said;主干为"But we can't do anything about it.Grandpa, "I said;that here…someone and someone为宾语从句;with whom…feelings及who was in the same boat均为定语从句;as I was为方式状语从句。

第二、以基本句型为依据, 以谓语动词为突破口, 抓主、谓、宾、宾补等主要句子成分。

长难句:They raise their eyebrows, surprised by“no.thank you, ”or by my choice to have a salad. (2011四川A)

分析:此句中动词有raise和surprised, thank以及have, 很显然raise为一般现在时形式, 为谓语动词;而surprised以及to have为非谓语动词;“no.thank you, ”为直接引语, 做by的宾语;因此主干为They raise eyebrows。

第三、对于定语、状语、同位语、插入语等, 可以先搁置, 后处理。

(1) 定语:

长难句:Many of them were museum directors and private collectors eager to bid. (2007重庆A)

分析:此句中eager to bid做后置定语, 修饰directors and collectors;museum、private作定语, 分别修饰directors和collectors;主干是Many were directors and collectors。

(2) 状语:

长难句:After watching a crazy woman rushing in and out, shouting at everything in sight, I noticed that something in my mood had changed. (2009重庆A)

分析:此句中After watching..sight做时间状语;主干为I noticed…;rushing, shouting…in sight做宾语补足语;that something…changed为宾语从句;in my mood做定语修饰something。

(3) 插入语----熟悉常见插入语是关键。

长难句:Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. (2011重C)

分析:此句中in…people为插入语;主干为Getting rid of dirt is a good thing。

(4) 同位语----熟悉常见同位语标志及关注破折号为关键。

长难句:More than a building that houses books and data, the library has always become a window to a larger world----a place where we are always come to discover big ideas and profound concepts that help move the American story forward[2]。

分析;此句中破折号后面a p l a c e为同位语, 解释a larger world;主干为the library has become a window;that, where和that均引导定语从句修饰a building、a place、ideas and concepts;More than…books and data做状语;to a larger world为定语修饰window;a larger、big、profound、the American等做定语。

第四, 根据句子结构, 判断其到底是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句。

不同结构类型的句子有不同的特点, 根据他们的特点进行切入分析是王道。

(1) 简单句类型的长难句----找谓语, 定主语。

要分析添加了许多附加成分的简单句类型长难句, 关键是定位谓语动词, 进而确定主语。

长难句:Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines, the tooth paste marketer, for instance, must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used。

分析:此句中有chosen、must select、used三个动词, 很明显只有must select为谓语动词;Having chosen, to be used为非谓语动词;for instance为插入语;exact television做定语;主语为the marketer;句子主干为the marketer must select programs and stations as well as magazines。

(2) 并列句类型的长难句-----分化成简单句处理。

根据并列句的特点, 可以将其分化成一个一个的简单句来处理。因此, 熟悉常见的并列连词为关键。

并列关系:常见的连接词有either…or…, neither…nor…, or, as well as, and等。

长难句:Mars has all the materials for a colony to produce or make everything it needs, and Mars is far more pleasant than the other planets in the outer space. (2008重庆B)

分析:此句为and连接的并列句。前句主干为Mars has all the materials;后句主干为Mars is pleasant;for a colony…needs作定语;it needs为省略了that的定语从句;than…space为比较状语。

转折关系:常见的连接词有yet, and yet, but, while, on the contrary, on the other hand等。

长难句:A person can change his way of clothing, way of eating and living but the values in a person always remain unchanged because they are rooted within our hearts, mind, body and soul which we receive from our culture.

分析:此句为but连接的并列句;前句主干为A person can change…;后句主干为the values remain unchanged;because引导原因状语从句;which引导定语从句。

因果关系:常见的连接词有therefore, so, as a result, for等。

长难句:He gets up too early to avoid being late for the interview so he feels sleepy all day long.

分析:此句为so连接的并列句, He gets up too early和he feels sleepy。too做程度状语;to avoid…the interview为目的状语;all day long为时间状语。

(3) 主从复合句类型的长难句------关注引导词, 去从句, 抓主句, 理脉络。

主从复合句类型的长难句是最常见, 也是最难得的长难句。因其结构层次多、附加成分多而成为学生阅读中主要的拦路虎。对于此类长难句可以先将从句置一边, 找到主句, 再层层剥离, 层层分析。这就要求同学们对常见的从句类型及引导词非常熟悉, 能够快速辨认。

名词性从句:

长难句:They say that despite the moral and legal objections (反对) , whatever is scientifically possible will be done-somewhere, sometime. (2009重庆E)

分析:此句中有that和whatever两个引导词;whatever引导的主语从句在that引导的宾语从句中做主语;主干为They say…;介词短语despite…objections做让步状语。

定语从句:

长难句:And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, a false idea created by companies and advertisers hoping to sell their products. (2008重庆E)

分析:此句中who引导定语从句, 修饰those;主干为the whole system is an illusion;for those做状语;to make choices为目的状语;a false idea为同位语, 解释an illusion;created by…advertisers作定语修饰ideas;hoping…products做定语, 修饰companies and advertisers。

状语从句:

长难句:Whatever sport you take up, you can make it greener by using environment-friendly equipment and buying products made from recycled materials. (2009重庆C)

分析:此句中whatever引导让步状语从句;主干为you can make it greener;by后面为and连接的两个动名词做宾语;made…materials做定语修饰products。

第五、对于倒装、省略、分割等现象, 还原是基本要领。

(1) 倒装:

长难句:Only through the untied efforts of people with hope can we be fully safe against the misuse of science and can science best serve mankind in the future. (2009重庆E)

分析:此句为“only+状语”置于句首时的倒装现象;还原后的正常语序为we can be safe and science can serve mankind only through…。

(2) 省略:

长难句:Actually, a standard, once set, resists change. (2010重庆C)

分析:此句中从句“once set”为“省略主语和be动词”现象, 还原后应该为“once it is set”;此句主干为:a standard resists change。

摘要：新课改明确要求能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句, 因此长难句分析是高考备考的重点所在。突破长难句是理解句子的关键, 否则会影响文章理解, 影响交际。本文将以具体的高考试题中的长难句为例, 就如何划分长难句这一问题做一初步探究, 希望能抛砖引玉。

关键词：长难句分析,五大基本句型,基本策略,小技巧