考研英语之分析句子成分破解长难句

2024-04-28

考研英语之分析句子成分破解长难句(通用7篇)

篇1:考研英语之分析句子成分破解长难句

英语句型看似复杂多变,其实源于两大钻石句型,即主谓宾(本句型总共有4种形式,分别因谓语动词的不同特点而决定谓语之后有无宾语或补足语,具体为:主语+谓语、主语+谓语+宾语、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,为了简明扼要的说明问题,本部分将其总结为一种句型“主语+谓语+宾语”)、主系表。每一成分皆可复杂化,由此加大了句子的理解难度。下面就演示一下这两大基本句型是如何扩展成复杂的长难句的。

钻石句型:①主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)

②主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)

一、句子扩展:修饰成分加长

(一)钻石句型①主谓宾句型

The boy (主语) likes (谓语) English (宾语).

1.主语扩展:

The clever boy likes English.

The boy with a book in his hand likes English.

The boy who is full of imagination likes English.

The clever boy who is full of imagination with a book in his hand likes English.

注:主语中心词为the boy, 可以通过加形容词、介词短语、定语从句及其组合等成分使主语复杂化,从而增加理解难度。考研翻译中的主语考点多为修饰成分繁多的主语。

2.谓语扩展:

The boy likes English very much.

The boy likes English out of interest.

The boy likes English influenced by his parents.

The boy likes English, hoping that one day he can go abroad.

The boy liked English when he was five years old.

注:谓语动词like通过添加副词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、状语从句等进行扩展,从而使句子变得复杂,增加了理解难度。考研翻译中注意找准动词及其修饰成分,以弄清逻辑关系。

3.宾语扩展:

The boy likes American English.

The boy likes English, the international language.

The boy likes English which is the most widely spoken language in the world.

The boy likes English spoken by many people nowadays.

The boy likes English, a beautiful language, spoken by many people living in every corner of the world.

注:宾语English通过添加形容词(短语)、同位语、定语从句、分词短语及其组合进行扩展,从而使简单句变得复杂化。考研翻译中要注意这些修饰成分,如分词结构要找出逻辑主语等,定语从句要找出先行词,等等。

(二)钻石句型②主系表句型

The girl (主语) is (系动词) Mary (表语).

各部分扩展:

The girl in a pink hat with a book in her hand is probably Mary a kind-hearted girl of inexhaustible energy which often amazes her classmates.

注:此句的扩展同上(也是通过添加修饰成分变复杂),不再赘述。

二、句子扩展:成分替换

句子的复杂不仅体现在修饰成分繁多上,还体现在句子成分本身的复杂化上,下面就通过句子成分由简单到复杂的替换来演示句子是如何变难的。

(一)钻石句型①主谓宾句型

主语扩展:

The event amazed the world.

What happened on July 15, amazed the world.

To hold the Olympics in China amazes the world.

Holding the 2008 Olympics in China amazed the world.

That China is to hold the 2008 Olympics amazes the world.

注:由此可见,充当主语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词,还可以是形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、主语从句。考研翻译中明确这一点,才能打开思路,更好地划分句子成分,从而做到真正理解句意,进而很好的用汉语表达出来。

宾语扩展:

He can hear me.

He can hear the strange sound.

He can hear anything happening in the building.

He can hear the sound from that building.

He can hear a girl crying in the building.

He can hear whatever happens in the building.

He decided to check what’s going on in the building.

He considered going to the building for a look.

注:由此可见,充当宾语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词,还有形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语),动名词(短语),宾语从句。同样的,考研翻译中明确这一点也非常重要,有助于打开思路,理清句子成分。

(二)钻石句型②主系表句型

主语扩展:钻石句型①中的主语扩展(成分替换)已经很明确了,此处不再重复。

表语扩展:

They are beautiful.

They are in the zoo.

They are beautiful animals in the zoo.

They are interested in the new invention.

To see is to believe.

That is what we are talking about.

注:由此可见,充当表语的成分繁多,有形容词(短语),介词短语,动词不定式(短语),分词(短语),名词,表语从句。考研翻译中若这些充当表语的成分变得更长一些,要注意识别。 三、示例

通过下面这个例子,并结合以上句子的扩展,体验一下英文句子的各个成分及结构。

But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.

解析:

并列句。第一个分句主干:science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future为状语修饰provide, the best available和to the future分别为guide的前置定语和后置定语,由此本句宾语被复杂化: 第二个分句主干:it is critical that...,其中,it为形式主语,that从句为真正的主语,从句主语为名词短语our nation and the world, base...on...为固定搭配,第二个that从句为judgments的定语从句,分词结构concerning...为judgments的后置定语。

篇2:考研英语之分析句子成分破解长难句

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为Scott Hahn says…。high-quality sustainable…find为says的宾语。which引导的非限制性定语从句which uses all-organic cotton修饰的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory为Scott Hahn的同位语。

【译文】Scott Hahn与Gregory同为使用全有机棉的Rogan和Loomstate公司的创始人,他声称,高质量的可持续使用面料仍然很难寻觅到。

2. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. (206月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为Most designers…are finding…。there aren’t…used to为省略了that的宾语从句。that引导的定语从句that can just replace…修饰fabrics。what引导的两个宾语从句what you’re doing和what your customers are used to作replace的宾语。

【译文】他说,“大多数现有品牌设计师发现,并没有匹配的面料能代替你正用着的和顾客们已经适应的面料。”

3. Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. (年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为… Designers & Agents stopped charging…and gave special recognition…。who引导的定语从句who attend its…York修饰entrepreneurs,whose引导的定语从句whose collections are…sustainable修饰designers。

【译文】去年,颇具影响力的Designers & Agents对参加其在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季展览的年轻环保企业家们实行免费入场,同时给予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持续产品的设计师们以特别表彰。

4. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organ 0 4. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (2009年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为Wal-Mart is set to announce a… initiative。aimed…organic为后置定语,修饰initiative。冒号后的句子it will buy…prices即initiative的内容,相当于initiative的同位语从句。helping to…sustainable作伴随状语。

【译文】本周沃尔玛特打算宣布一大重要举措,旨在帮助种植棉花的农民走有机种植之路:它将以稍高价收购过渡型的棉花,以此帮助扩大一种主要的可持续使用面料的供应量。

5. Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (缕) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims. (2009年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为Scientists have devised a way…。a technique为a way的同位语。where引导的宾语从句where…lived作determine的宾语。using…hair为现在分词作方式状语。that引导的定语从句that…victims修饰technique。

【译文】科学家已经设计出一个方法,凭借人的一缕头发便能大致确定某人曾经居住过的地点,这项技术可能能够帮助跟踪锁定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活动场所。

6. Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (2009年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为Todd Park said…。a local detective为Todd Park的同位语。the method has…为省略了引导词that的宾语从句,该宾语从句中又包含一个由whose引导的定语从句whose skeleton…Lake,修饰的是woman。

【译文】当地的侦探Todd Park说这个方法帮助他了解到关于一具在大盐湖附近发现的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。

7. He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that 07. He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. (2009年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为He had a…résumé and gave…responses, but the fact…said untrustworthy…so she decided…。从句that he never looked her in the eye为the fact的同位语。and连接He的两个谓宾,but表转折,so则表结果。

【译文】这位应试者的履历非常完美,并且对她的问题回答得不错,但是,他不敢正视她这一事实意味着“不值得信赖”,因此她决定把工作留给第二个候选人。

8. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. (2009年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主句为we begin to realize…,从句为When引导的时间状语从句When we…etc.。主句中包括一个由that引导的宾语从句that some…values,作realize的宾语。从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句what we think,作challenge的宾语;而think后又带了一个省略引导词的宾语从句we have learned from…etc.。

【译文】当我们开始质疑自己的假设,并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候,我们就开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的,或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。

9. We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为We need to…。to后带了三个并列的不定式,分别是train ourselves to think,shift our mindsets和realize,而that引导的宾语从句that diversity opens…us则作realize的宾语。creating…communities作伴随状语,该状语中又包括一个由that引导的定语从句that benefit everyone,修饰的是opportunities。

【译文】我们需要训练自己用不同的思维方式去思考,转变我们的思维,并且意识到多元化的大门向我们每一个人开放,这样就能创造机会,使组织和社区中的每一个人都受益。

10. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it 010. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’(12月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主句为They only come in,从句为when引导的时间状语从句。从句中包含两个由and连接的并列结构a friend drops dead和they think…。‘Geez…’为think的宾语,该宾语的省略号里其实省略了与it could happen to him结构对应的it could happen to me too。

【译文】某个朋友在打高尔夫时猝死,他们会想:‘天啊,如果这能在他身上发生……’,只有这个时候他们才会来(医院)。

11. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. (月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为He believes…diseases…could be addressed…。that引导的定语从句that commonly affect men修饰most diseases。by preventive check-ups为be addressed的方式状语。

【译文】他相信,那些经常感染男性的疾病大多数都可以通过预防性的检查来处理掉。

12. Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers — and anyone who will listen. (年12月)

【分析】本句为复合句,主干为Shoppers seldom complain to…but…will alert…。破折号在这里起到强调或引起别人注意破折号后面要说的话的作用。在破折号后,who引导的定语从句who will listen修饰的是anyone。

【译文】顾客很少向经理或者零售店的老板投诉,相反,他们会转而向他们的朋友、亲戚、同事、陌生人——以及任何可以听到的人吐苦水。

13. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space. (2008年12月)

【分析】本句为简单句,主干为This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语,修饰those。

【译文】这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要,而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。

14. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, in 014. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (2008年12月)

【分析】本句为简单句,主干为Customers can…improve…experiences。方式状语by filling complaints to the retailer修饰improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定,其前后成分结构一致,complaining前其实省略了by。

篇3:浅谈如何破解高中英语阅读长难句

一、什么是英语长句什么原因使长句变得难以理解

从句法上看,英语长句常指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句,亦可指含义较多的简单句。一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面:修饰语过多;并列成分多,语言结构层次多。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。

二、长难句分析步骤

首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。

1.如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分, 即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分,给出全句大意。译文意思应当通顺,并和上下文意义基本吻合。如例1.Chinese Premier Li Keqiang greets journalists upon arriving at his press conference after the closing meeting of the second annual session of China's 12th National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China.

这个句子虽然长,但这是一个简单句,句子主干为Chinese Premier Li Keqiang greets journalists,是简单句中的 “主语+谓语+宾语”结构,紧接着后面跟了两个时间状语和一个地点状语。

2.如果是并列句,首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后将全句综合考虑。如例2:The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to be a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies,and you are not damaging the planet,but finding a new home for unwanted goods.

解析:该句表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子:第一个that your money...,第二个句子是you are not...but finding...。

译文:对于它们我最喜欢的是你的钱拿去办好事的,而不是进了营利公司的口袋,你不是在破坏这个地球,而是在为那些人们不需要的商品找到一个新的去处。

3.如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义; 接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后确定从句的性质,即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构;最后整体考虑全句大意,尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

三、长难句分析的注意事项

在分析句子成分时,还应特别注意下列几点:

1. 是否有同位语和插入语。

The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.解读:legends作sagas的同位语,后接被动分词短语做定语。基本结构:主+定+谓+宾+同位。

翻译:他们保存历史的唯一方法是把历史作为英雄故事讲述--由说书者代代相传。

2.是否有省略、特殊句式、倒装和分隔等现象。如例It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help,but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world.

解析 : 该句主干 用了强调 句型i t w a s t h e n t h a t I r e a l i z e d . . . , 强调时间t h e n 。 原句顺序 应该是 : I realized...then。在该句第二层结构中,即that引导的宾语从句中,又用了一个not...but...句式连接。该句的第三层结构是culture后面that引导的定语从句,它修饰culture。

译文:到那时候,我才意识到我并非真的来帮助他人, 而是来了解和体验另一种文化,这种文化有助于提高我对生活和世界的理解。

3.有一点要提醒同学们,在处理长难句时,如果既能正确理解句意,又能将其准确地译成中文,那是最好了。但是,对于有些长难句,要在较短时间内(如在参加考试时)将其译成中文比较困难,此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了, 如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文,不仅会浪费时间,而且在许多情况也没有必要。如2015年高考英语新课标卷1,阅读理解C篇28.Which of the following best describe Dali according to Paragraph 1? A.Optimistic.B.Productive C.Generous. D.Traditional.根据文章第一段第二句The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings,sculptures,drawings and more.从over 200 paintings,sculptures,drawings and more中,我们可以轻松的得出答案B Productive (达利的作品是多产的)。

总而言之,英语阅读中的长难句是一个比较复杂的语言现象,准确理解和把握长难句是考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能。希望以上介绍的方法可以帮助考生更好地掌握这项技能,使长难句不再成为阅读的障碍。

摘要:高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句,这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象,也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。本文就针对高中英语阅读中的长难句,从几个方面来谈如何破解这些长难句。

篇4:浅谈如何破解高中英语阅读长难句

【关键词】高中英语 长难句 分析步骤 注意事项

从2015年后,江西高考不再单独命题,而是恢复考新课标全国卷。而新课标全国英语卷的题型设置—四篇阅读,一篇七选五,一篇完形填空,一篇语法填空,一篇语法改错— 也就是除写作外,全都注重对语篇语义的理解。而事实上,高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句,这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象,也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。本文就针对高中英语阅读中的长难句,来谈如何破解这些长难句,理解长难句,最终正确解题,获得理想成绩。

一、什么是英语长句什么原因使长句变得难以理解

从句法上看,英语长句常指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句,亦可指含义较多的简单句。一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面:修饰语过多;并列成分多,语言结构层次多。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。

二、长难句分析步骤

首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。

1.如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分,即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分,给出全句大意。译文意思应当通顺,并和上下文意义基本吻合。如例1.Chinese Premier Li Keqiang greets journalists upon arriving at his press conference after the closing meeting of the second annual session of China's 12th National People's Congress (NPC) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing,capital of China.

这个句子虽然长,但这是一个简单句,句子主干为Chinese Premier Li Keqiang greets journalists,是简单句中的“主语+谓语+宾语”结构,紧接着后面跟了两个时间状语和一个地点状语。

2.如果是并列句,首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后将全句综合考虑。如例2:The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to be a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies,and you are not damaging the planet,but finding a new home for unwanted goods.

解析:该句表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子:第一个that your money...,第二个句子是you are not...but finding...。

译文:对于它们我最喜欢的是你的钱拿去办好事的,而不是进了营利公司的口袋,你不是在破坏这个地球,而是在为那些人们不需要的商品找到一个新的去处。

3.如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后确定从句的性质,即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构;最后整体考虑全句大意,尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

三、长难句分析的注意事项

在分析句子成分時,还应特别注意下列几点:

1.是否有同位语和插入语。

The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.解读:legends作sagas的同位语,后接被动分词短语做定语。基本结构:主+定+谓+宾+同位。

翻译:他们保存历史的唯一方法是把历史作为英雄故事讲述--由说书者代代相传。

2.是否有省略、特殊句式、倒装和分隔等现象。如例 It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help,but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world.

解析:该句主干用了强调句型 it was then that I realized...,强调时间then。原句顺序应该是:I realized...then。在该句第二层结构中,即that引导的宾语从句中,又用了一个 not...but...句式连接。该句的第三层结构是culture后面that引导的定语从句,它修饰 culture。

译文:到那时候,我才意识到我并非真的来帮助他人,而是来了解和体验另一种文化,这种文化有助于提高我对生活和世界的理解。

3.有一点要提醒同学们,在处理长难句时,如果既能正确理解句意,又能将其准确地译成中文,那是最好了。但是,对于有些长难句,要在较短时间内(如在参加考试时)将其译成中文比较困难,此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了,如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文,不仅会浪费时间,而且在许多情况也没有必要。如2015年高考英语新课标卷1,阅读理解C篇28.Which of the following best describe Dali according to Paragraph 1? A.Optimistic.B.Productive C.Generous.D.Traditional.根据文章第一段第二句The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings,sculptures,drawings and more.从over 200 paintings,sculptures,drawings and more中,我们可以轻松的得出答案B Productive (达利的作品是多产的)。

篇5:考研英语语法之长难句

长难句,在一句话中说了多件事,使用了连接词将多个简单句连接一起。

本书主要讲解了:并列句、复合句和特殊句式――倒装、强调和虚拟。

1.1

并列句

并列句上文提过,补充一些并列连词,如下表:

not only... but... as well 不但…… 而且…(…… 和……) not only ... but...   ...but/yet/while/whereas ... ……但是/然而…… ... for... ……因为…… ... so... ……所以/因此……

并列句的独有特点:相同的成分可以省略,余下的部分保持不变。

1.2

复合句

复合句,又称“主从复合句”,就是指多件事之间由于重要性的不同,分为“主句”和“从句”。从句前一般有连接词引导(特殊情况可以省略)。

名词性从句,是指一个句子当做名词来使用,放到另一个句子之中。常常在句子中间主要作四种成分:宾语、表语、主语、同位语。

无论以上哪一个从句,在做从句时都遵循着:连接词+陈述句,这一公式。另外,宾语从句中that不作成分时常常被省略,但是其他几个从句都不能省略。

表语从句常接在系动词(be动词)后,毕竟系表结构。

主语从句有两种特别重要且常用的句型模板:

1.It is done + 主语从句 (表达人们对一件事的观点和看法)

2.It is + adj./n. + 主语从句(表达一件事的评价)

同位语从句是用来解释说明一个抽象名词,在句中位于抽象名词后。

常见抽象名词:idea, opinion, fact, evidence, question, doubt, reason, theory,

belief, possibility, chance, hope, contention, guarantee等。

定语从句是修饰限定名词,先行词n. + 关系词 + 陈述句 。

关系词在定语从句中作宾语时(及物动词的并与或介词后的宾语),都可以省略。

事/物 which/that 人 who/whom/that 人/ 物(所有格) whose 时间 when 地点 where 原因 why

定语从句又分为限定性定语从句(无逗号隔开)和非限定性定语从句。本质区别在于前面的先行词的范围是否明确,是否需要修饰限定。

其中,在非限定性定语从句中关系词不能用that,指人做宾语更是只能用whom。

特殊的非限定性定语从句,修饰整句话。此时,先行词只能用which或as。用法上两者没有区别,只是which引导的从句只能位于从句后,而as引导的从句可在主句前、中、后。

在定语从句中,有时关系词作介词后的宾语,但为了引导定语从句,关系词要被提前到从句的开头。介词提前后关系词则不能省略,不能用that,指人用whom,指物用which。

状语从句,指的是一个句子作状语,表达“描述性的信息”,补充说明另一个句子(主句)。

状语从句的种类是由从属连词决定的,即从属连词表示什么含义(逻辑关系),那么从句就是什么状语从句。且,状语从句不论在主句前、中、后表达的意思都是一致。

时间状语从句连词   when/while/as 当……时候 before 在……之前 after 在……之后 since 自从…… until 直到…… as soon as 一……就…… by the time 截止到……时候 each time/every time 每一次…… the next time 下一次 原因状语从句   because 因为…… since 因为…… as 因为…… now that 既然,由于…… 结果状语从句   such... that... 太……所以……(such后接名词或名词词组) so... that... 太……所以……(so 后接形容词或副词) so that ... 所以…… 条件状语   if 如果…… once 一旦 as/so long as 只要 让步状语从句   although/though 尽管,虽然…… even if/ even though 即使,虽然…… while 虽然,尽管 however/no matter how 不管怎样

在状语从句的从属连词中,as一词多义需要注意。并且,只要as后引导的是完整的句子,那么它引导的一定是状语从句。

1.3

特殊句式

倒装句,在考研中只需要掌握主谓倒装。其中,又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

全部倒装,当形容词、副词、介词短语位于句首时,谓语动词可以全部倒装提到主语前面。其中特别要掌握的是“There be 句型”。

1.There be + 名词,“有……”(客观存在)

2.There be + 名词 + 介词短语,“有……在那里”(介词短语表位置)

部分倒装,把谓语动词的部分置于主语前。只要把一个陈述句变为一个一般疑问句,那么这个一般疑问句的形式就是部分倒装。另外,三种部分倒装的情况如导图,很清晰了就不累赘。

强调句,就是把一个普通的句子拆分成两部分,把“想强调的部分”放到“it is ... that”中间,剩下的部分位于that后。注意不能强调形容词和动词。

if条件状语从句分为两种:真实条件句和虚拟条件句。即,若假设的事是真的或会成真,则不需要虚拟;若反之,则为虚拟。

针对不同的时间范围内的事情进行假设,需要使用不同的变态形式(谓语动词改变时态),以此表达虚拟。

通俗的讲,从句的时态需要往前推一个时态。然后主句从四个情态动词(would,should,could,might)选一个,加上一个跟从句对应的原形形式作为主句的谓语动词。例如:从句是did,主句就是情态动词+do;从句是had done,主句就是情态动词+have done。

名词性从句中,只要是对应的主句中有表示“建议、命令、要求”的词(无论任何词性),名词性从句都需要虚拟。名词性从句的虚拟就是把谓语动词变成“should + 动词原形”,并且should 可以省略。

2.长难句分析

长难句分析,那自然是化繁为简啦。而化简之前,得先把冗长的句子断开。

2.1

基本

断开一个句子,可以根据逗号,冒号,分号三个标点判断位置。其中,逗号,一般是跟连接词在一块的(特别是并列句)。冒号,前后一般是都是两个完整的句子,后面的是对前面的解释。在唐静老师的课程中讲过做阅读时可以先不看冒号后面的句子,以此提高速度。分号,则表示并列关系。

找到连接词后,只是找到了从句的开始。一个完整的从句,还得能找到它结束的位置。

主谓分析通常分两种情况:

1.主谓主谓,后面的为从句。

2.主主谓谓,中间的为从句。

简化,则是将简单句的核心成分保留,先看(可以回顾简单句核心处)。至于,各种修饰,则先去掉。所以,找到谓语动词是第一步。

2.2

特殊

特殊结构,田静老师总结了分裂结构、嵌套结构、平行结构,如导图所示。

分裂结构中,如果是同位语或插入语造成的分裂,直接去掉不看。如果是状语从句的插入,要把从句后移,移到句子末尾再看。如果是从句后移的分裂(从句过长,主语过短,为了避免意思表达的不连贯,因此把长的从句后移),要把从句还原到原本的位置。

嵌套结构只不过是从句套从句,就好像Android布局的嵌套一样咯(写代码还是有好处的)。理解的时候,得先由内而外断开句子,再由外而内理解意思。

篇6:考研英语长难句之倒装句

一、概念及意义

主语和谓语是句子的核心,它们之间有两种语序:一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序(Natural Order);二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序(Inverted Order)。倒装语序分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

二、两种倒装

1.完全倒装(Full Inversion):

又称“全部倒装”,是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前,即谓语+主语+……常见的有以下几种句型:

1)There be(的各种形式)+主语(+地点或时间状语)

There is a book on the desk.

2)副词小品词+谓语动词(不及物动词)+名词主语+……

Here comes our teacher.

注:副词小品词有here、there、now、then等

谓语动词有arise、be、come、exist、go、follow等

3)过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……

Lying on the couch is a pretty girl.

4)介词短语作状语谓语句首

Beside the bridge is a magnificent building.

5)直接引语在句前

“I will go there,” said Kate.

2. 部分倒装(Partial Inversion)

又称半倒装句,指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。常见的有以下几种句型:

1)only+状语或状语从句置于句首,被该状语修饰的句子用部分倒装。这种句型我们可以运用到写作中,这样能提高句子的多样性。

Only in this way can we solve this problem.

2)hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sooner, not only…(but also),not until…等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

3)so/such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句, 表示强调so/such和that之间的部分;

So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.

4)so或as位于句首,表示“也,也是”

Mike worked hard, so/as did Kate.

5)某些副词或状语位于句首;

Often did we ask her to study hard.

6)让步状语从句

Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.

篇7:考研英语典型长难句及解析之二

The English Original: There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the roads and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes;their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, grey leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm cartridges, buldged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.译文一:

河上罩雾,山间盘云,卡车在路上溅泥浆,士兵披肩淋湿,身上尽是烂泥;他们的来福枪也是湿的,每人身前的皮带上挂有两个灰皮子弹盒,里面满装着一排排又长又窄的六点五毫米口径的子弹,在披肩下高高哦突出,当他们在路上走过时,乍一看,好像是些怀孕六月的妇人。

译文二:

河上升起了雾,山上飘着云,载重卡车在大路上泥浆飞溅,士兵们满身是泥,他们在斗篷里湿漉漉的;他们的步枪也是湿的。在他们的斗篷下,两个皮制的子弹盒挂在他们腰带前面,灰色的皮盒沉甸甸的,里面尽是一排排装着细长的6.5毫米子弹的子弹夹,在斗篷下面鼓了起来,士兵们经过大路向前行进,就像怀了六个月身孕似的。

The English Original:

The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house.译文一:

山谷后面那座高山和那个有栗树林的山坡,已经给拿了下来,而南边平原外的高原上也打了胜仗,于是我们八月渡河,驻扎在哥里察一幢房子里。这房屋有喷水池,有个砌有围墙的花园,园中栽种了好多繁盛多荫的树木,屋子旁边还有一棵紫藤,一片紫色。译文二:

占领了峡谷那边的那座山和栽着栗树林子的那个山坡,在平原那边在南面的平原上也打了胜仗,于是八月里我们过了河,住在戈里齐亚的一所房子里,在四面围墙的花园里有一个喷泉和许多茂密阴翳的树木,房子的一边爬着紫藤,花开得紫英英的。

The English Original:

I practiced with it(pistol), holding below the target and trying to master the jerk of the ridiculous short barrel until I could hit within a yard of where I aimed at twenty paces and then the ridiculousness of carrying a pistol at all came over me and I soon forgot it and carried it flopping against the small of my back with no feeling at all except a vague sort of shame when I met English-speaking people.译文一:

我练习了一个时期,尽量往靶子的下边打,想尽方法克服短枪筒那种滑稽的颤跳,到了后来,终于能够在二十步外打中离靶子一码远的地方了,后来我常常感到佩带手枪的荒唐滑稽,但不久也就忘记了它,随便吊在腰背上,一点感觉都没有,除非是偶尔碰到讲英语的人,才多少感到有点儿不好意思。译文二:

我用它练习打枪,把枪举到靶子以下,竭力控制那可笑的短枪筒的震摇,直到我在二十步的距离瞄准而能命中一码以内的目标,这才清除了佩带一支手枪的那份荒唐可笑的心情。我很快忘记了它,我带着它在我的腰背后磕碰着却没有一丝感觉,除非碰到一个讲英语的人才微微感到有点害臊。The English Original:

Maybe she would pretend that I was her boy that was killed and we would go in the front door and the porter would take off his cap and I would stop at the concierge’s desk and ask for the key and she would stand by the elevator and then we would get in the elevator and it would go up very slowly clicking at all the floors and then our floor and the boy would open the door and stand there and she would step out and I would step out and we would walk down the hall and I would put the key in the door and open it and go in and then take down the telephone and ask them to send a bottle of Capri bianca in a silver bucket full of ice and you would hear the ice against the pail coming down the corridor and the boy would knock and I would say leave it outside the door please.译文一: 也许她会把我当做哪个阵亡的爱人,我们于是一同走进旅馆的前门,看门人连忙摘帽,我找掌柜的拿钥匙,她则站在电梯边等,随后我们一同走进电梯,电梯开得很慢,的的嗒嗒地过了一层又一层,到了我们那一层时,小郎打开门,站在一边,她走出去,我走出去,一同顺着走廊走,我拿钥匙去开门,门开了,我们进去,拿下电话机,吩咐他们送一瓶装在放满冰块的银桶子里的卡普里白葡萄酒来,你听得见走廊上有冰块碰着提桶的响声,小郎敲敲门,我就说请放在门外。译文二:

她也许会装着我是她那个阵亡的男朋友。我们从正门进去,侍者会向我们脱帽致礼,我会在服务台前停下,向服务台女职员要房间钥匙,她会侍立在电梯房,接着我们会走进电梯,电梯升得很慢经过每一层都咔嗒一声响,接着便到了我们那一层。侍役打开电梯门站在那儿,她会走出电梯,我随着走出电梯,我们就沿着过道走去。我把钥匙插进房门打开房门走进去,接着便拿起电话要他们送一瓶卡普里白葡萄酒来,要装在放满了冰的银制的冰桶里,你会听到冰块碰着桶子的声音从走廊里传来,侍者会敲门,我会说请搁在门外就行了。The English Original:

I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain.We had heard them, sometimes standing in the rain almost out of earshot, so that only the shouted words came through, and had read them, on proclamations that were slapped up by billposters over other proclamations, now for a long time, and I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.译文一:

我每逢听到神圣、光荣、牺牲等字眼和徒劳这一说法,总觉得局促不安。这些字眼我们早已听过,有时还是站在雨中听,站在听觉达不到的地方听,只听到一些大声喊出来的字眼;况且,我们也读过这些字眼,从人们贴在层层旧公告上的新 上读到过。但是到了现在,我观察了好久,可没看到什么神圣的事,而那些所谓光荣的事,并没有什么光荣,而所谓牺牲,那就像芝加哥的屠场,只不过这里屠宰好的肉不是装进罐头,而是掩埋掉罢了。译文二:

神圣的、光荣的和牺牲等等这些字眼,以及徒劳无益的豪言壮语常常使我困惑。我们听到过这些字眼,有时站在雨中,在耳朵几乎听不见的地方,以致传来的只是那些大声喊叫出来的字眼,我们也曾在张贴布告的人漫不经心地一张叠一张地张贴的公告上读到过这些字眼。如今经过一段很长的时间,我没有见到过任何神圣的东西,光荣的东西并不光荣,牺牲像芝加哥屠宰场的牲畜围场,要是肉无法处理只有把它埋掉了事。

The English Original:

That night at the hotel, in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away;all other things were unreal.译文一:

那天夜晚在旅馆里,房间外边是一条又长又空的走廊,门外边放着我们的鞋子,房间里铺着厚厚的地毯,窗外下着雨,房间里则灯光明亮,快乐愉快,后来灯灭了,床单平滑,床铺舒服,一片兴奋,那时的心情,好比我们回了家,不再感觉孤独,夜间醒来,爱人仍在,并没有发觉梦醒人去;除了这以外,一切事物都是不真实的。

译文二:

那天晚上在旅馆,我们的房间外面是长长的空寂无人的过道,我们把鞋子放在门外,房间的地板上铺着一层厚厚的地毯,窗外雨下个不停,房间里明亮,舒适,欢快,随着灯光熄灭,光滑的床罩,舒适的床榻,使人心情激动,感到我们已经回到了家里,感到我们已不再孤单,半夜醒来发现另一个人仍在身边没有离去;其他一切都已变得虚幻。

译文三:

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