河南大学期末考试卷

2024-05-24

河南大学期末考试卷（共6篇）

篇1：河南大学期末考试卷

新编大学英语A2期末考试试卷

Part I Listening Comprehension(20%)Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Section A.A.An advertisement B.A newspaper C.Their work D.A dream A.On foot B.By car C.By bus D.By bike A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six A.The restaurant provides good food B.She enjoys her part-time job C.The restaurant offers cheap food D.There are several cooks in the restaurant.A.The movie was disappointing B.The movie was expensive to see.C.He wants to see the movie again.D.He should have seen the movie at home.A.$ 64 B.$ 86 C.$96 D.$140 A.To stay at home B.To go to bed immediately C.To see a movie D.To go to a party.A.Tom is unable to hear well.B.Tom didn’t say anything at the meeting.C.Tom doesn’t listen to him.D.Tom went out before the meeting was over.A.She bought something for her aunt.B.She was there only briefly.C.She missed it.D.She went to it on her way to the hospital.A.One hour and a half.B.Half an hour.C.45 minutes.D.40 minutes.Section B.Compound Dictation.Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times.During the first reading, you should listen carefully for a general idea of the whole passage.Then listen to the passage again.When the first part of the passage is being read, you should fill in the missing word during the pause at each blank.After listening to the second part of the passage you are required to write down the main points according to what you have just heard.Finally, when the passage is read the third time you can check what you have written.In many ___11___ of the world people clap hands to show that they like or __12___ of something.In the theater, at a concert, or at a football game, people ____13____ hands after they see something they like.In Russia the actors, ___14___, and athletes clap ____15_________ the audience.In most countries, however, the performers are happy to receive the applause.They don’t clap back to their fan.A very long time ago clapping meant the ___16____of what it means now.When people did not like an actor or a performer they clapped.They were trying to make as much noise as possible.They continued to clap until the actor left the ___17_____.At some time in history the ___18___of clapping changed.It became a compliment instead of an insult.Now when an audience wants to show great admiration for a performer, they not only clap but they ____19____.That is called a standing ovation.A standing ovation is the dream of every performer._________________20___________________________!Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)(40%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum，professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker(黑客)and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer.The hackers are so involved with designing their programs, making it more and more complex and bending it to their hill, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.They rarely keep recorders of their programs for the benefit of others, and they take rarely time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be.Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t about the shape of things to come.“ That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multi-millionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT Professor Michael Dertouzos.“ And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”

When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all.If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments.Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “ intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are.She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.21.The Passage tells about_____.what has caused the emergence of computer hackers the strange behavior of the computer hackers the importance of bringing up computer hackers different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenon 22.Professor Weizenbaum believes the hackers’ strange behavior is caused by_____.their deliberate attempts to make their problems complex and impracticable their incompetence in making new computer programmes their ignorance of the responsibility they should assume their strong desire to control the computer 23.In Professor Bertouzos’ opinion, which of the following is true?___ The hackers are likely to be very successful business man.Only a few hackers will be successful in their later life.The hackers probably have better insight into the future than other people.The computer industry will certainly make the hackers millionaires.24.The phrase“to develop an identity”(Line7, Para.4)probably means_________.to cultivate creativity to seek an answer to become distinguished to form a habit 25.The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that______.perhaps the hacker phenomenon is a welcome development the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry.The computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidance The hackers may prove indispensable to the computer industry.Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Within about 50 million years, one of the mammals that lives in a marine environment, the whale, has developed into the largest of all animals forms.However, at least for the last 150 years, trouble has closed in on whales from humans.Whales have been hunted since about the eleventh century.Certain types of whales have been hunted too much.Recently, their number has been reduced so greatly that they are in danger of becoming extinct.People are worried about the fact that the number of whales is getting smaller and smaller.They are working to save them.There are reasons why people want to protect the whales.One reason is that whales help to keep a balance between plants and animals.People have been throwing their wastes into the oceans and seas, and these wastes increase the amount of salt in ocean and seawater.The increased salt helps some plants and some very small creatures to grow but these plants and small creatures are harmful to fish.However, whales are eating large numbers of plants and animals that grow in very salty water.In this way, whales are doing a good job as they keep the ocean water clean enough for the fish.In addition, because fish supply necessary food for many people, whales become our good friends which we want to save.Some people are now working to save whales by using the law.They hold meeting to ask fishermen to reduce the number of whales which can be killed in a year.They also work within countries to persuade law makers to make whaling against the law and to make the use of whale products against the law too.Now this struggle to save whales is going on in many places in the world.Some governments will not let people sell whale products in their countries.Other governments have changed the law about whaling.Many people believe that since the number of whales is regarded as a serious world problem, the remaining whales will be saved.26.The passage mainly discussed ________.the protection of whales the strange behaviors of whales the mysterious life of whales the advantages of too many whales 27.From the passage we know that during the last 150 years humans have______.returned to nature learned how to swim threatened the existence of some marine mammals begun to harvest certain plants from the ocean as food 28.According to the passage, certain kinds of whales will soon _______.kill most of the plants and small creatures find some other places to live in die out die from pollution 29.Salt in the oceans usually ______.decreases the plants which are harmful to fish gets rid of harmful plants and creatures removes the wastes thrown into them increases the plants and small creatures that do harm to fish 30.Whales are helpful to humans because______.they eat a large quantity of plants and creatures harmful to fish they make the oceans more and more salty they often save sailors lost in a storm they can communicate with humans Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others.These may show strengths that you can use in your work.A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career.A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work.So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school.On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard.Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value.A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details.This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work.You may be good at mental work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills.If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it.If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers.You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example.Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job.Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself.You may be all thumbs when you handle tools, perhaps you are a poor speller of cannot add up a column of figures.It is better to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist.Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background.You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.31.Which of the following best sums up the first paragraph? The importance of doing well at school.Using school performance to help to choose a career.The importance of being good at all subjects.The indirect value of school work.32.The writer thinks that for a student to have a part-time job is probably______.a waste of time that could have been spent on study useful for his future work a good way to earn extra money a good way to find out his weak points 33.According to the passage, if a student’s school record is not good, he______.will be a complete failure in his future work will not be able to find a suitable job will regret not having worked harder at school may do well in his future work 34.Which subject is supposed to have no direct value for job hunting? Mathematics English

Technical Drawing History 35.The whole passage centers on _____.choosing a career according to what one is skilled in acquiring knowledge by working hard at school finding one’s strong and weak points developing one’s abilities useful in school work Part III Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C.and D..Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.36.The general strike is a means of _______________ the total authority of the government.A.incorporating

B.reinforcing

C.challenging

D.transforming 37.They work hard to ________ a barren landscape into an area of beautiful pastureland.A.transform

B.transition

C.transit

D.transport 38.George took _________ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden.A.chance

B.interest

C.advantage

D.charge 39.I’d rather you ________ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A.don’t

B.wouldn’t

C.didn’t

D.shouldn’t 40.The new shopping center will not be ________ until next year.A.useful

B.available

C.avail

D.using

41.Shall we _______ girl ________ roses?

compare … for

B.compare … like

C.compare … with

D.compare … to 42.Please _____________ me if you feel sick.A.turn down

B.turn to

C.turn up

D.turn toward 43.____________ the teacher last night, I would have asked him about.A.Had I seen

B.I had seen

C.If I saw

D.If I have seen 44.Stop making so much noise, for you are _______ me from my work.A.attracting

B.distracting

C.contracting

D.contacting 45.The forest was ________ to few trees by the great fire.A.reduced

B.lessened

C.decreased

D.restricted 46.Let’s think of a situation _________ this idiom can be used.A.where

B.which

C.that

D.what 47.People will not believe those who always ________.A.argue

B.exaggerate

C.quarrel

D.tell truth 48.When _________ the evidence of his guilt, he confessed at once.A.faced up with

B.met with

C.opposed by

D.confronted with 49.His plan was rejected, ______ of its merits.A.regardless

B.countless

C.because

D.involving 50.Any country in the world should always be _______ with other countries.A.on peace

B.at peace

C.at ease

D.in case 51.________ it’s raining heavily, we’ll have to put off the picnic.A.Now that

B.Unless

C.If

D.If only 52.He looks _______ young, in fact he is in his fifties.A.apparently

B.evidently

C.plainly

D.clearly 53.The failure in the experiment _______ the carelessness of the young assistant.A.results in

B.results from

C.leads to

D.as a result 54.His younger brother is _______________________ he.A.ten centimeters tall than

B.ten centimeters taller than C.ten centimeters as taller than

D.ten centimeters taller as 55.He __________ works in that University.A.no longer

B.no more

C.longer than

D.no more than 56.Speech difficulties may sometimes be ________ if a person is shown where to place the tongue and teeth to make sounds.A.overpaid

B.overstated

C.overturned

D.overcome 57.His position is _______ to hers.A.inferior

B.high

C.low

D.good 58.He seems to __________ criminals.associated into

B.associated in C.associated with

D.associated to 59.I’m sure Harry will remember, but why not give him a ring _______ he forgets? A.in the case

B.in case of C.in case

D.in the case of 60.Only under special circumstances __________ to take make-up tests.A.freshmen are permitted

B.are freshmen permitted C.permitted are freshmen

D.are permitted freshmen 61.He is a very ________ secretary.So the boss wants to promote him.A.unless

B.effective

C.adequate

D.efficient 62.Generally, most of the people in world are not willing to __________ force to solve the dispute.A.ask for

B.like

C.resort to

D.get 63.The new arrival was ______ the famous scientist.A.none but

B.nothing but C.none other than

D.nothing other than 64.Human beings have _______ themselves to very diverse environments with the help of fire, agriculture and machines.A.adapted

B.adopted

C.adepted

D.addicted 65.It’s necessary ___________ the dictionary immediately.A.that he returned

B.that he return C.that he will return

D.that he has to return Part V Cloze(10%)Directions: For each of the following blanks four choices are given, choose the most appropriate one.The first man who cooked his food, instead of eating it raw, lived so long ago that we have no idea who he was or where he lived.We do know, however, that(66)thousands of years, food was always eaten cold and(67).Perhaps the cooked food was heated accidentally by a(68)fire or by the melted lava from an erupting(69).When people first tasted food that had been cooked, they found it tasted better.However,(70)after this discovery, cooked food must have remained a rarity(71)man learned how to make and light(72).Primitive men who lived in hot regions could depend on the heat of the sun(73)their food.For example, in the desert(74)of the southwestern United States, the Indians cooked their food by(75)it on a flat(76)in the hot sum.They cooked piece of meat and thin cakes of corn meal in this 77).We surmise that the earliest kitchen(78)was a stick(79)which a piece of meat could be attached and held over a fire.Later this stick was(80)by an iron rod or spit which could be turned frequently to cook the meat(81)all sides.Cooking food in water was(82)before man learned to make water containers that could not be(83)by fire.The(84)cooking pots were reed or grass baskets in which soups and stews could be cooked.As early as 166 B.C., the Egyptians had learned to make(85)permanent cooking pots out of sandstone.Many years later, the Eskimos learned to make similar pans.66.A)in

B)on

C)through

D)of 67.A)raw

B)crude

C)man-made

D)fresh 68.A)forest

B)cooked

C)kitchen

D)lightning 69.A)volcano

B)cave

C)mountain

D)valley 70.A)through

B)since

C)soon

D)even 71.A)when

B)which

C)until

D)as 72.A)food

B)a fire

C)himself

D)it 73.A)to cook

B)cooking

C)cooked

D)cook 74.A)places

B)realms

C)areas

D)domains 75.A)beating

B)frying

C)drying

D)placing 76.A)stone

B)board

C)table

D)plate 77.A)zone

B)sector

C)method

D)fashion 78.A)utensil

B)instrument

C)tool

D)equipment 79.A)by

B)over

C)on

D)to 80.A)supported

B)replaced

C)changed

D)switched 81.A)by

B)on

C)over

D)at 82.A)incapable

B)unavoidable

C)impossible

D)unpopular 83.A)broken

B)destroyed

C)spoiled

D)pierced 84.A)newest

B)latest

C)first

D)worst 85.A)stronger

B)better

C)more

D)longer Part V Writing(15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic “A Job-Applying Letter ” You should write at least 100 words and your composition should be based on the following : 1)Reason for writing(including how you found out about the job)2)Relevant information about yourself 3)How to contact you 4)Closing Keys: 听力答案：

１－５ＡＣＣＡＡ

６－１０ＣＡＣＣＤ

11.parts 12.approve

13.clap

14.performers 15.together with 16.opposite

17.stage 18.meaning 19.not only clap but they stand up and clap 20.Many actors say that is what they work so hard for----Applause!Applause!21-25 D D C B A

26-30 ACCDA

31-35 BBDDA 36~ 40 CACCB

41~45 DBABA 46~ 50 ABD A B

51~55 A ABB A 56~60 D A CCB

61~ 65 DCCA B 66----70.DAAAD

71---75.CBACD

76---80.ACADB

81-85.BCBCC

篇2：河南大学期末考试卷

注意：所有题的答案全部答到最后一页

姓名

班级

学号

成绩

一、单项选择题（本大题共10个小题，每小题1分，共10分）

1、《秋水》在说理时采用了什么形式（）A、比喻形式

B、寓言形式

C、对比形式

D、拟人形式

2、以下哪篇文章是一篇著名的史论（）A、《寡人之于国也》

B、《答李翊书》

C、《答司马谏议书》

D、《五代史伶官传序》

3、《诗经》里保存民歌最多的是（）A、《小雅》

B、《大雅》 C、《国风》

D、《周颂》

4、下列诗篇中，用对比方法刻画人物的是： A、《国殇》

B、《氓》 C、《杜陵叟》

D、《兵车行》

5、《前赤壁赋》是一篇（）

A、骚体赋

B、文赋

C、骈赋

D、抒情小赋

6、不是鲁迅小说《**》里的人物的是（）A、赵七爷

B、赵太爷 C、七斤

D、九斤老太

7、“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。”出自（）A、《庄子》

B、《老子》 C、《论语》

D、《汉书》

8、《爱尔克的灯光》一文中的“故居大门里微弱的灯光”象征着（）A、希望破灭的人生悲剧

B、对新的生活理想的追求 C、对过去生活的怀念

D、旧家庭和旧礼教的败落与瓦解

9、“却客而不内，疏士而不用”采用的修辞手法是（）A、排比

B、对偶

C、夸张

D、比喻

10、词风以豪放悲壮为主，“有不可一世之概”的是 A、陆游

B、辛弃疾 C、张养浩

D、苏轼

二、多项选择题（本题共五小题，每小题2分，共10分）

1、以下属于庄子思想的是（）

A、主张：“无为”

B、要顺应自然

C、认为一切都是相对的 D、应积极同统治者合作

E、应积极为社会服务

2、爱尔克灯光的含义是（）

A、讴歌姐弟之间的深厚情谊

B、象征生活的悲剧 C、表现希望的破灭

D、怀念死去的姐姐

3、下列各句中的“当”作“判处”解释的有（）A汉法，博望侯留迟后期，当死，赎为庶人 B、且臣结发与匈奴战，今乃一得当单于 C、吏当广所失亡多，无虏所生得，当斩 D、甚善，名我固当

E、该当何罪

4、《虞美人》“春花秋月何时了”表现了作者（）A、盼春花秋月的到来

B、嫌春花秋月的存在

C、怕春花秋月去得太早

D、恨没完没了的春花秋月

5、苏轼在《前赤壁赋》中，把景物描写和抒情、说理紧密结合。所描写的景物有（）Ａ、清风

Ｂ、明月Ｃ、江水

Ｄ、绿树

三、填空题：（6小题，每空1分，共6分）

1、夫祸患常积于，而智勇多困于。

2、庄子和老子合称

，同属于

学派。

3、春且住！见说道、。

4、问君能有几多悉。

四、翻译题：（共4小题，每题1分，共4分。将画线部分翻译成现代汉语。）女也不爽，士贰其行。

盛衰之理，虽曰天命，岂非人事哉！浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止。此所谓“籍寇兵而赍盗粮”者也。

五、阅读分析（共3小题，每题10分，共30分）

1、阅读《谏逐客书》的一段文章：

臣闻地广者粟多，国大者人众，兵强则士勇。是以泰山不让土壤，故能成其大；河海不择细流，故能就其深；王者不却众庶，故能明其德。是以地无四方，民无异国，四时

充美，鬼神降福，此五帝、三王之所以无敌也。今乃弃黔首以资敌国，却宾客以业诸侯，使天下之士，退而不敢向西，裹足不入秦，此所谓藉寇兵而赍盗粮者也。请回答：

这段话的中心论点是什么？

这段话总体上采用什么论证方法？（3）这段话采用什么了修辞方法？

2、阅读《声声慢》：

寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒，怎敌他，晚来风急！雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，如今有谁堪摘？守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑！梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏，点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁字了得！本词的

主旨是什么？

这首词表达了词人晚年怎样的心情？

这首词通过哪些景物描写，来渲染感情的？这首词在语言上有什么特点？

3、阅读《**》中的一段文章：

现在的七斤，是七斤嫂和村人又都早给他相当的尊敬，相当的待遇了。到夏天，他们仍旧在自家门口的土场上吃饭；大家见了，都笑嘻嘻的招呼。九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且健康。六斤的双丫角，已经变成一支大辫子了；伊虽然新近裹脚，却还能帮同七斤嫂做事，捧着十八个铜钉的饭碗，在土场上一瘸一拐的往来。请回答：

（1）概括这个结尾的大意。（2）六斤“新近裹脚”和“在土

场上一瘸一拐的往来”的描写有什么象征意义？（3）“十八个铜钉的饭碗”有什么象征意义？（4）作者主要用什么方法来描写六斤？

六、写作：（40分）

以“生活的意义”为题写一篇议论文，不少于800字。

答题纸：单项选择题：

多项选择题： 1 2 3 4 5

填空题：

1、；

2、。

3、。

4、。翻译题： 1、2、3、4、阅读分析：

1、（1）

。。

。

（2）

（3）

2、（1）

（2）

（3）

（4）

3、（1）

（2）

（3）

（4）

篇3：大学生期末考试作弊的囚徒困境

期末考试是检测学生整个学期的学习成果和教师的教学效果的一次总结性考试, 是高校教学过程中的重要环节, 也是教学管理工作的重要组成部分。高校的期末考试属于达标型考试, 其考试权威性、监考资源的配备和监督力度都不如全国性的选拔型考试。然而, 期末考试在高校教育中有着重要的地位和作用, 它是调动教师教学和学生学习积极性的重要手段, 是提高教学质量、促进学生健康成长的重要教学环节, 也是评定学生学业水平、使学生获得评奖学金、三好学生、入党、竞选学生干部、研究生保送资格的重要指标。所以, 我们必须制订公平公正的考试制度, 并不断完善, 使期末考试这一教学环节走上科学化轨道。

然而, 如今高校学生期末考试作弊的现象屡禁不止, 作弊人数越来越多, 作弊手段越来越高明和多样化。日趋严重的作弊问题使期末考试失去了测量和评价的作用, 扰乱正常的教学秩序, 影响学生的学习积极性, 妨碍教学质量的提高。为有效抑制考试作弊的蔓延, 各高校依据教育部修订的《普通高等学校学生管理规定》和《国家教育考试违规处理办法》等相关规定制订了符合自己学校的考试违纪作弊处理规定, 视情节轻重对违反考场纪律的学生给予警告、扣分、考试成绩记零、记过、留校察看、开除学籍等处分。尽管采取了一系列的措施, 大学生期末考试作弊的问题还是未能从根本上解决。本文尝试运用“囚徒困境”的理论来探讨大学生期末考试作弊的问题, 并提出可行的防治措施。

二、囚徒困境

囚徒困境是博弈论里一个非常有代表性的模型:两个涉嫌共犯重罪的嫌疑犯被单独关在囚室中, 如果其中一方愿意认罪并在法庭上作证, 而另一方还坚持自己无罪, 认罪的人被拘禁三十天后便可释放, 不认罪的则会被重判十年监禁;若双方都认罪, 则各判五年;如果双方都坚持自己无罪, 警察又无法找到证据证明他们的罪行, 则只能以较轻的罪名起诉, 各判两年。用来表示两个囚徒的选择方案和损益的支付矩阵 (payoff matrix) 如下:

在囚徒困境中, 两个囚犯都面临着一个两难的选择:是应该选择不认罪, 使警察拿不到证据起诉, 还是应该背叛对方, 坦白自己的罪行, 争取轻判?从甲的角度分析, 在乙认罪的条件下, 甲也认罪就被判五年, 不认罪则被判十年;在乙不认罪的条件下, 甲认罪就被关三十天, 不认罪就两年。所以, 不管乙的选择是什么, 甲的最佳选择都是认罪。从乙的角度分析亦然。这样双方都做出对自己利益最大, 风险最小的选择, 结局就是两人都被监禁五年, 对双方都不利。

博弈理论认为, 每个博弈都会在某点或某些点上达到均衡, 这就是所谓的”纳什均衡点” (潘天群, 2002, 页17-21) 。在纳什均衡点上, 参与博弈的任一方的选择对于局中其他人的策略都是最优的, 所以, 他们都不会有单独改变选择的冲动, 从而使博弈达到一个稳定的结果。在囚徒困境中, 唯一的均衡点就是双方都认罪, 这是在这场博弈中最可能出现的结果。

三、囚徒困境与大学生期末考试作弊

囚徒困境在理论上很好地反映了博弈的基本特征, 是一个典型的案例。只要博弈双方的命运联系于对方的选择上, 但双方又无法进行有效的沟通与合作, 囚徒困境就自然会形成。当今, 很多社会现象的内在根源, 都可以用囚徒困境来理解和分析。由于作弊涉及道德问题, 而且考试分数关系到学生的切身利益, 是学生获得评奖学金、三好学生、入党、竞选学生干部、研究生保送资格的重要指标, 大部分学生都不会宣称自己考试的时候会作弊, 于是考生之间在策略选择上就存在信息非对称性, 在这种情况下, 囚徒困境就出现了。在博弈论中, “理性人”是追求利益最大化的 (张维迎, 页1) 。我们假设作弊博弈的参与人是学生甲和学生乙, 他们都明白在这场博弈中存在着博弈支付 (表2) , 那到底是应该作弊 (不合作) 还是诚信考试 (合作) 呢?

在实际中, 考生的学习成绩各有差异, 所以我们需要假设上面所说的学生甲和学生乙是学习成绩不相上下的两名考生, 他们都很理性, 都根据自身利益最大化的原则来做决定, 并且面临着作弊还是诚信考试的选择。

在这一场考试作弊的博弈中, 如表2所示, 如果甲、乙二人都选择诚信考试, 这完全达到了考试的目的, 体现了公平、公正、公开的考试理念和公平竞争的考试规则, 有利于学生和学校的长远发展;反之, 如果双方都在期末考试时作弊, 结果必然是反馈错误的测评信息, 打击学生和教师的积极性, 导致学风、教风、考风、校风的恶化, 损害师生和学校的整体利益和长远利益。若甲、乙两人的选择不同, 那么选择作弊的学生将获得比实际更好的成绩, 在成绩排名上占优势;而诚信考试的学生虽然反映了真实的水平, 但是成绩排名明显落后于作弊学生, 于是在以后的评奖评优、入党、党团干部竞选中都处于吃亏的位置。所以, 与理性的囚徒双方最后都选择认罪的结果一样, 所有的考生出于自身利益最大化的考虑, 都会选择不顾道德的谴责和考场规则, 选择在期末考试中作弊。然而, 这样不仅使作弊的学生本人荒废学业, 而且助长了学生投机取巧的心理和弄虚作假的威风, 使更多的学生参与到作弊中, 加剧了社会的信用危机。

其实, 诚信考试不管是对学生的长远发展还是对学校和社会的总体利益都是最有利的策略, 是一种理想状态, 而大家都在考试中作弊却是这场博弈中的纳什均衡点, 这也许就是高校作弊现象越来越严重, 屡禁不止的原因。

四、大学生考试作弊走出囚徒困境的可能策略

对于教育而言, 道德应该成为教育的最高目标, 而诚信自古以来就是道德教育的重点。子曰:“信之于人重矣”。 (论语) 孟子:“诚着, 天之道也。思诚者, 人之道也。” (孟子·离娄上) 如果大学生考试作弊的问题不解决, 长此以往, “素质教育”就只能是一句空话, 这无疑是高等教育, 甚至是中国教育的不幸。大学生考试作弊的囚徒困境是各考生的个体理性行为和非合作博弈的结果。想要走出这个困境, 需要提高大学生行为自主性和个体理性水平, 更需要考试各主体的共同努力与合作。

(一) 提高各博弈主体的理性水平

在前文分析大学生期末考试作弊的囚徒困境时, 我们进行了一些前提假设。其中, 我们假设所有考生都是理性的, 都以自身利益最大化作为选择的标准。理性是囚徒困境产生的前提条件。在大学生期末考试作弊的囚徒困境中, 个人理性背离了集体理性。各考生都只考虑自身的利益, 不顾他人的利益, 从利己的个人理性出发, 对他人的利益采取不合作的措施, 导致了两败俱伤的结果。各考生以自利作为标准, 选择不顾学校的规章制度和道德规范, 在考试中作弊, 这似乎使自己处于一个更有优势的位置, 但是作弊需要承担被发现的风险, 在作弊过程中考生承受着巨大的压力, 这对学生的身心危害是不容忽视的。而且, 长远来看, 作弊这种选择将会使考生荒废学业, 影响学生对文化知识的掌握, 扭曲考生的价值观、荣辱观, 导致诚信品质缺失。最后, 当作弊的学生走出校门, 面对竞争激烈的社会, 终究会被淘汰。同时, 这也导致学校的学风、考风、校风的恶化。这是个体的理性否定了集体理性, 违背了素质教育的宗旨, 是个体理性选择导致了非理性的集体恶果。所以要走出大学生期末考试作弊的囚徒困境, 需要不断提高博弈各方的理性水平, 加强诚信教育, 引导大学生正确处理短期利益和长远利益, 个人利益和集体利益的关系。

(二) 加强合作

造成囚徒困境一个很重要的因素就是警察把两个囚犯分别关在不同的囚室中隔离侦讯, 使他们没办法合作。如果两个囚犯在严格的监狱管制之下还是找出了联系的方法, 比如收买狱卒, 那么他们就可以进行交流和讨论, 从共同而非自我利益出发, 进行合作, 做出更好的决策, 达到双赢的效果。所以, 制订增加学生合作机会 (大家都诚信考试) 的制度是解决囚徒困境有效的办法。例如:考试前所有考生都要签字保证会严格遵守考场纪律, 绝不在考试中作弊, 若发现作弊现象, 取消其评奖评优的资格。或者建立大学生个人信用档案, 所有违纪作弊行为都记录在档案里, 学校的素质考核和评奖评优等活动都参考学生档案里的信用记录, 并且该信用档案将来会与学生的其他档案一起交给用人单位, 如果档案里有不良的信用记录, 不仅影响学生在校期间的荣誉, 还会影响学生的就业, 这就迫使学生在考试中诚信应考。

然而, 人的本性都是自私的。就如囚徒困境中的两个囚犯, 即使他们达成了共识, 说好无论如何都不认罪, 但是, 就算达成这个共识是最符合共同的利益的, 自私的人有可能会在最后一刻偷偷认罪, 希望有机会减刑到三十天。如果他们不能相互信任, 那么, 问题有回到了原点, 还是无法摆脱最糟糕的结局。因此, 如果博弈双方不能相互信任, 我们需要第三方来进行监控。在这里, 第三方指的是监考。通过观察分析, 我们发现很多考试作弊频频发生的一个重要原因是监考老师没有严格执行考试纪律, 在考场上出现聊天、玩手机等现象, 发现作弊以后隐瞒不报, 只是口头训诫, 并没有实际惩罚。这样, 学生作弊的实际收益远远大于作弊的成本, 自然会打破约定, 冒险作出作弊的选择, 而不愿意花大量的时间和精力备考。加强监考力度可以迫使博弈双方信守承诺, 展开合作, 最终达到双赢的效果。

五、结语

囚徒困境描述的是博弈双方在特定的条件约束下, 根据个体理性做出选择, 而达成非合作博弈的一种均衡状态, 揭示了个体理性导致合作困难的后果。众所周知, 大学生考试作弊现象蔚然成风不利于学生和学校的长远发展。然而, 很多学生看到其他考生作弊成功, 导致自己的眼前利益受损, 为了不吃亏, 铤而走险加入作弊队伍。于是, 考生在作弊就陷入了囚徒困境。要使大学生走出困局, 必须提升各博弈主体的理性水平和加强合作, 具体措施可以包括加强诚信教育, 培养学生的诚信意识, 使学生认识到长远利益的重要性;建立学生信用档案, 加大未来利益对学生策略选择的影响力;制定严格的考场制度, 加大监考力度等。然而, 这些措施从理论上似乎是可行的, 可是在执行上也确实存在一定的困难。大学生期末考试作弊的囚徒困境并不是一个容易解决的问题, 仍然需要教育各方的通力合作, 共同商议和研究最佳的解决策略。

参考文献

[1]潘天群.博弈生存社会现象的博弈论解读[M].北京:北京中央编译出版社, 2002.

[2]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海人民出版社, 2004.

[3]程香丽, 张福磊.高校期末课程考试作弊问题的博弈论分析[J].德州学院学报, 2014, 30 (5) :89-94.

篇4：河南大学期末考试卷

关键词:试卷分析；教学；成绩；贸易谈判

中图分类号：G40 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-4117（2012）02-0386-01

考试是教学过程中的一个重要环节，考试成绩是目前衡量教学质量最常用、最重要的指标,对考试成绩分析是教学总结的一种手段，是对教和学的质量的检验，通过试卷考试成绩合理分析可以提供许多重要信息,对指导教学、准确评估考生学习能力,提高教学质量,具有重要意义。本研究运用教育统计学方法对考试题和考试成绩进行科学分析, 为评估国际贸易专业学生的学习能力和教学质量提供依据和建议。

一、对象和方法

（一）研究对象。2009级国际贸易专业102名学生的期末测验试卷成绩。试题组成按照教学计划和教学大纲的要求，根据教务科下发的考试命题方案，着重考查学生对专业基本知识的理解、记忆和综合分析能力，命题内容紧扣教学大纲，涵盖教材的所有章节，命题采取多种形式，其中：单项选择题15题，共15分；判断题15题，共15分；名词解释5题，共15分；连线题15题，每空1分，共15分；简答题4题，共20分；综合分析题2题，共20分。试题以参考答案统一评分，实行流水密封改卷。

（二）方法。运用教育统计学原理,应用SPSS 13.0软件建立数据库后,对试卷的难度、区分度、信度、效度进行分析。

二、结果分析

（一）频数分布。试卷满分100分,最高分84分,最低60分,全距24分,平均成绩为73.05分,标准差5.96分。学生成绩频数分布为60-69分26人、70-79分63人、80-89分13人,呈102人考试成绩分布呈正态分布(见表1),说明学生考试成绩集中在70分左右，70以上的人占61.76%。

（二）信度。信度是指是指同一个测验对同一组被试施测两次或多次 , 所得結果一致性程度。信度系数 γxx=ST2∕SX2 （ST2 叫真分数方差，SX2 为获得分数方差）。信度系数的范围为[-1,1]，一般来说，要求信度在0.4～0.7之间，本次试卷的信度为0.635,认为本次的考试成绩基本上是可信的。

（三）效度。效度代表测试结果的准确性,本次试卷的效度为0.718(P=0.000),说明此次测试结果与测试目标的符合程度较好。

（四）难度和区分度。难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。一般认为，试题的难度指数在0.3～0.7之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在0.5左右，高于0.7和低于0.3的试题不能太多。试题的难度指数计算：

（1）主观性试题的难度：基本公式法：P=1—x/w

（2）客观性试题的难度：基本公式法：P=1—R/N

R 为答对人数，N 为全体人数。

本次考试的试卷难度为0.74,总体来说试卷难度适中。

区分度是区分考生能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。

区分度的计算方法：

基本公式法：D＝（H－L）÷N（D代表区分度指数，H代表高分组答对题的人数，L代表低分组答对题的人数，N代表一个组的人数即高分组与低分组人数之和）。

区分度指标的评价： -1.00≤D≤+1.00，区分度指数越高，试题的区分度就越强。一般认为，区分度指数在0.15～0.3之间区别良好, 区分度指数>0.30时表示区分度好的试题; 区分度指数<0.15表示区分度差的试题，本次考试的试卷区分度为0.26。

根据教育学测量学理论,分析试题质量应该把难度指数和区分度综合考虑起来评价,难度和区分度都好(P≥0.5,D≥0.15)的为“优秀试题”、难度较差但区分度较好(P<0.5,D≥0.15)的为“较好试题”、难度适中但区分度较差(P≥0.5,D<0.15)的为“一般试题”、难度和区分度都差(P<0.5,D<0.15)的为“较差试题”。

三、讨论

（一）试题质量的分析本试卷包括六种题型,涉及内容比较广泛。试题设计思路清晰、内容紧扣教学大纲、准确、严谨。学生成绩平均分73.05,表明学生对各知识点掌握程度相对较好，试题难度0.74,难度适中;区分度0.26,说明试题的区别性较好。综合以上各项指标,总计54道试题,优秀试题占74.07%,合格试题占98.14%,说明本次试题有较高的质量，题型分配比较全面周到, 试题难度适中，区分度较好,成绩分布较合理,基本上客观反映了学生对贸易谈判这门课程的掌握程度。

（二）通过对《贸易谈判》试卷质量统计结果的评价分析，也反映出一些存在的问题：

1.一些基础的知识点掌握的还不够扎实，个别题目得分率相对较低。2.学生的纵向联系能力不强。3. 综合分析能力薄弱。4.个别学生考试成绩与平时的学习态度不端正有密切的联系。

四、反思与提示

《贸易谈判》是一门理论性、实践性和艺术性很强的应用型科学。由于该课程的理论性、策略性、技术性和实践性很强, 因此在教学实践过程中有一定的难度。通过对本次试卷的综合分析，发现了教学工作中存在的不足，为以后的教学提供了参考依据。

（一）教师要以教材为依据，适度开拓认知面。教材是教学的基本依据，教师应认真阅读、深入理解课程标准，钻研教材内容，并进行合理的重组。（二）注重培养学生的综合分析能力，加强教学过程中的纵横联系，使学生达到学以致用的效果。（三）将知识的书面形态转化为学生乐于接受的生动活泼的形态，帮助学生发现问题，提高他们自己解决问题的能力，鼓励他们积极参加各种社会商务实践，锻炼学生解决实际问题的能力。（四）培养学生形成良好的自学习惯，引导学生主动地动手、动脑、动口，使全体学生都能自始至终地主动积极地参与教学全过程，培养学生进行课前预习，增强学生的自觉性，改变被动学习的状态，提高学习效率。

作者单位：河南财政税务高等专科学校对外经济贸易系

作者简介：刘娜娜（1981— ），女，河南郑州市人，河南财政税务高等专科学校助教，国际商务管理硕士。

参考文献:

[1]万金凤.关于试卷质量的分析方法[J].山西师范大学学报，2006，20（1）：22-24

[2]刘新平,刘存侠.教育统计与测量评导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.

篇5：大学期末考试总结

诚实守信是中华民族的优良传统，也是公民的基本道德要求之一。树道德之新风，立诚信之根基，更是当代大学生青年义不容辞的责任。我们应当以诚信的态度面对考试，自己去努力。

严谨求实的求学态度是我校的立学之本，也是我们诚信作风最直接的体现。在此次考试中，我们要面临的既是一次学习成果的检验同时也是一场道德与诚信的考验。

会议开始先指出近年学生考试违纪现象，学生总体违纪现象呈现上升趋势，作弊手段日趋科技化，并讲述了学校对待考试违纪现象的处分，让同学们认真对待，开展深入的思想教育，确保本学期不再出现作弊现象。会议更是通过同学们之间对此主题的讨论，让同学们积极发表自己的观点，有所体会，并在体会中拟好自己的学习计划，保证在大学期间做到不作弊，对自己负责，对班级负责。

所以在此次活动中，我们学习部特别向广大同学发出以下倡议：

一、排除外界干扰，正确认识考试对评价自己的重要性。充分利用一切时间，认真复习，满怀信心地迎接考试。

二、提高自身修养，做一名诚信学生。我们要以诚信的态度对待每一场考试，考出真实水平。

三、在考试过程中尊重监考老师，端正学习与考试的态度，严格遵守考试规章制度，实事求是，杜绝一切考试作弊形式。

四、弘扬诚信正义。树立与不良风气作斗争的信心和勇气，勇于检举揭发考试作弊行为。

五、“文明考风、诚信考试”从我做起。千里之行始于足下，良好的学习氛围，文明的校风，应当从自己做起、从现在做起，努力打造诚信校园。

诚实守信是中华民族的传统美德，是在文明社会中立于不败之地的基本道德素质，是每一位当代大学生必须具备的素质基石。孟子曰：“车无辕而不行，人无信则不立”。树道德之新风，立诚信之根基，作为新时代的大学生，诚信考试是我们学生的基本行为规范。

篇6：河南大学期末考试卷

一、本试卷共包括七个部分： 1.Vocabulary and Structure 20% 2.complete the dialogue 10% 3.Fill in the blanks with the words given 10% 4.Reading Comprehension 30% 5.Translation 15% 6.Writing 15% 试题体现了英语教学的思想和要求。主要表现在：1.注重语言基础知识的考查,强调语言知识运用,大部分题目都创设了比较完整或相对独立的语境。2.定位语篇,突出能力考查,阅读都能把理解文章的主旨大意,掌握文章的整体要领作为命题的基本内容,旨在考查学生分析和解决问题的能力。3.大多数试题结构合理,难易基本适中。大部分考点中要求考生不仅要了解字面意义，还要结合上下文语境、联系相互的文化背景进行思考。参加本次考试的共34个教学班，平均分为79分。

二、试卷分析

1.单项填空题。本题注重语境和知识点的覆盖面，未超出考纲规定的范围，也体现了以考查动词为主的理念。包含了动词短语、非谓语动词、动词时态语态题；另外,也考查复合句,冠词等语法知识。此部分学生的掌握程度也不错。

2.补全对话题。语境设计合理，切近生活，考查了学生的日常交际能力。有利于课程改革和英语教学。这部分题学生得分率较高。

3.阅读理解得分率较高。说明学生能够依据文章内容，进行概括归纳和推理判断的能力比较高。能理解文章的深层意思，从文章的信息中推断出答案。

5.选词填空。掌握的欠缺，说明学生对英语语言的实际应用还有待提高好。

6.翻译和写作。书面表达以检测考生运用书面英语的书面输出能力为目的，话题十分贴近学生生活，具有很强的现代气息，失分主要原因是词汇知识掌握不牢固。表现如下：

1、对单词记忆不准，书写时出错。

2、不会变化词性。

3、大部分学生的单词拼写有误。

建议加强词汇记忆的同时一定要注意训练学生正确运用词汇的能力。

三、今后教学方面的建议

1、认真研究考试说明，明确并把握英语命题改革的方向；针对性训练新的题型。