土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

2024-04-13

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译(共6篇)

篇1:土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

外文原文出处: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149

动力性能对建筑物的破坏

引言:建筑物在地震的作用下,和一些薄弱的建筑结构中,动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。特别是要满足最基本的震动周期,无论是在设计的新建筑,或者是评估已经有的建筑,使他们可以了解地震的影响。

许多标准(例如:欧标,2003;欧标,2006),建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。这样的表达式被牢记在心,得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人,1997),从而人为的低估了标准周期。因为这个原因,他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例:乔普拉本和高尔,2000)。当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例:克劳利普和皮诺,2004;普里斯特利权威,2007)。当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较,有大的差异,提供非常低的周期标准(例:纳瓦洛苏达权威,2004)。一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里奥(2008);另外,一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型,提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度,开裂,空隙填实,等等)。

联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。这个原因对于他们的振动,可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏,这个必须被重视。通常,结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。但对于建筑物周期而言,到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。如果加大振动,建筑物减轻自身的重量对共振产生的破坏有很大的减轻效果。岩土工程的工程师们还没有完全同意这个观点,因为土壤可以提高自身的振动周期,与建筑物有相同的振动周期,从而建立了产生共振的条件。这个问题的处理在于这个增加量到底是多少?一般来说这种答案是不可能的,因为它取决于建筑类型和土壤类型。例如,一些普通的混凝土建筑物,对这建筑物增加一个非常大的震动周期,可以知道在平常的振动下就会迅速的遭到破坏,尤其是那些砌体建筑,比如,马雪凯利建筑(2004)和克劳福建筑(2006)。

最后,估计在改装或者加固后参数表数字的变化,通过计算机计算来改变标准的振动周期,阻尼因数和振动波形。这可以是一个非常好的评估工具对于存在的一些干扰(法拉斯等,2008)。这种效果也可以作为一种诊断工具,对周围的振动测量很有帮助(布丁和汉斯,2008)。

对以上问题的进一步研究,强烈要求建立更加宽广的原地实验或者是实验室实验,得出实验结果来估算。用一个经济实用的方式,来营造动态特性。

Role of Dynamic Properties on Building Vulnerability NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149 Introduction Dynamic properties have a major role on the seismic behavior and vulnerability of building structures.Particularly, fundamental periods of vibration are needed, both in design of new buildings and in assessment of existing ones, so that their seismic response can be evaluated.Several codes(e.g.CEN, 2003;NZSEE, 2006)recommend empirical simplified expressions between the height of a building type and its fundamental period.Such expressions were calibrated keeping in mind a force-based design(Goel and Chopra, 1997), thus intentionally aim at underestimating period values.For this reason they usually provide rather low values when compared to those ones obtained keeping in mind a displacement-based design(see e.g.Chopra and Goel, 2000), also when the latter were obtained from numerical simulations performed on carefully set up models(see e.g.Crowley and Pinho, 2004;Priestley et al., 2007).Even larger differences appear when numerical estimates are compared to experimental results based on ambient vibration measurements that provide very low period values(see e.g.Navarro et al., 2004).An overview of the different approaches together with a comparison of the relevant results is reported in Masi and Vona(2008);further, period-height expressions for some reinforced concrete building types are given, where the role of important structural characteristics(building height, cracking, masonry infills, elevation irregularities, etc.)is carefully taken into account.Coupling between soil and building fundamental periods of vibration may cause resonance effects.For this reason also their variation, as a consequence of possible building damage and/or soil non linear behavior during the motion, needs to be considered.Typically, structural and geotechnical engineers have different points of view about resonance effect and its variation during a seismic motion.Structural engineers say that whereas building and soil have initially close periods and an earthquake occurs, the building period, as a result of structural and non structural damage, is expected to increase during the motion, so that the building “hides” itself reducing the heaviest effects of resonance.Geotechnical engineers do not completely agree with this opinion saying that also the soil period can shift towards higher values, that is in the same direction of the building one, thus the resonance condition could arise again.The question to be dealt with is: how much is the relative amount of that increase? A general answer is not possible, as it depends on building and soil type.For example, in case of reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill, a very large increase of the building period can be expected with the level of shaking due to cracking of structural members and, particularly, of brittle masonry infill, see e.g.Mucciarelli et al.(2004), Calvi et al.(2006).Finally, estimating the variation of the dynamic characteristics after retrofitting or strengthening interventions, by computing the modified values of fundamental periods, damping factors and mode shapes, can be a practical tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention(Farsi et al., 2008).To this purpose and also as a diagnosis tool, ambient vibration measurements can be very helpful(Boutin and Hans, 2008).All the above questions strongly require that further studies as well wide in-situ and laboratory experimental campaigns are carried out to set up procedures able to evaluate, in a reliable as well not expensive way, building dynamic properties.

篇2:土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求,但是在大多数州(新罕布什和威斯康星州除外)都要求必须购买汽车保险;在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州,如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求,那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定,买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。

依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示,一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定,有些是可以选择的,具体如下:

1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险

6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险

责任保险

责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如,你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10,这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元,每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元,每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。

人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险,佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故,你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资;财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用,但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

看看汽车责任险的最低投保要求,你就会发现在你居住的地方哪些保险是必须的。记住,如果你引起了一场严重的交通事故,最低限度的保险可能不足以支付你造成的损失。因此最好在州要求的最低限度外再买一些保险。如果你已经拥有了家庭或者拥有养老或存储账户,你应该更多地考虑责任险。因为在大多数州,司机们都有权利去起诉肇事司机。如果你被起诉了并且你投保的保额不足以弥补各类损失,那么你有可能会成为众矢之的,个人财政将陷入麻烦。

车辆碰撞险和综合损失险

如果投保人肇事,车辆碰撞险将支付你的车辆维修费。通常投保人得到的赔付不能超过车辆实际价值,这和车辆的更换费用不同。

车辆碰撞险通常来说是汽车保险中最贵的险种。选择一个较高的免赔额,比如500或1000美元,就会使你的保险费下降。不过要记住,你必须承担免赔额以内的部分,保险公司只承担超出免赔额的部分。

更换费用是重置车辆或用相同种类和质量的材料维修你的车,没有折旧扣除。折旧是因使用年限或磨损等原因使汽车价值的减少。

实际价值

是财产被损坏或毁坏是的实际价值。理赔人员通常会用重置成本减去折旧来确定车辆实际价值。

保险公司通常在维修费用超过汽车价值一定比例的时候将车视作“车辆全损”。这个比例高低因公司不同而异,从55%—90%不等。

综合损失险

对非交通事故原因造成投保人车辆的损失进行赔付:如偷盗,火灾,被故意破坏,自然灾害,或各种意外等。综合损失险同样可以有免赔额,并在车辆毁伤时保险公司仅按车辆价值赔付。

正常情况下,因为保险公司的赔偿额度不会超过汽车的账面价值,你最好对这个金额有个大致的了解。如果你车的价值还不如保费额,还是不要投保的好。

任何州都不会强制投保人购买碰撞险及综合损失险,不过当车主能够负担汽车费用时,贷方可能会在贷款协议中要求车主购买碰撞及综合险。即使没有要求,碰撞及综合险也是保险业大力推荐的险种,以便在不可预知的毁坏或偷盗情况下,车主可以避免重大损失。车辆偷盗现象很常见。

医疗险、个人上海保护险和无过错险

医疗险讲对被保险人及车上人员在事故后的医疗保险费用进行赔付。这些费用可能由于投保人驾驶自己的车或别人的车是发生的事故,或者被保险人及其家庭成员在步行时收到的伤害。无论过错在哪一方,保险公司都会进行赔付,但若责任由第三方造成,保险公司可以对其进行追偿。

个人伤害保护险是医疗险的一种延伸形式。他用来支付与伤害有关的费用但并非必须是医疗的,如丧失的工资收入,幼托、丧葬支出等。目前有16各州要求购买个人上海保护险,如果你已经投保了一份不错的身体健康保险的话,幸运的是你只需要买最低额度的医疗险或个人伤害保护险即可。

无保险驾驶人险或保额不足驾驶人险

无保险驾驶人险

在你被撞伤而肇事司机逃逸或被没有投保汽车保险的司机撞伤时进行赔付。在有些州,这两种险也对财产损失进行赔付。

保额不足驾驶人险

肇事司机所投的责任保险额不足一米不造成的损失时保险公司进行赔偿。在有些州,这两种险也对财产损失进行赔付。

类似地,保额不足驾驶人险也会在你遭受一个保额不足的司机装及时给与赔付。如果你是行人遭受撞击,保额不足驾驶人险会支付这些费用。

附加条款

汽车保险有很多补充,即可作为单独险种,也可作为附加条款。

租车补偿条款

常见的附加条款,当你的车损坏或丢失而不能使用时的租车费用。

拖车和人工条款

以防止车辆途中抛锚,亦很常见。

差价补偿条款

若你的新车全损,用来支付实际价值和汽车贷款余额之间的差额。

每个州都要求车主购买基本的汽车保险。在汽车的使用过程中,要求随车携带保险证明。在以下这些时候你可能要出示保险证明:汽车登记时,发生事故时,还有驾驶过程中。建议车主将保险证明放到车上,而不是带在身上,这样不管岁驾驶,都可以随时出示保险证明。

任何违反州法律中关于汽车保险内容的行为都会带来一些后果,轻则高额罚款,重则吊销驾照甚至入狱。这些可怕的后果说明购买汽车保险非常值得。不投保而又不被惩罚的可能性很小,一旦被发现将重罚。

汽车保险益处

1.基本保障

基本保障包括:保证对车企及车体的终身维修,维修期间提供代步车,24小时热线服务电话,及时安排维修,晚间紧急情况下的住宿,对私人随身物品、医疗费用、车内音频视频设备的损坏予以赔偿,24小时挡风玻璃的更换,维修热线提供法律和医疗方面的建议及事故后咨询。

2.附加保障

附加保障包括:最大限度的无赔款优待,法律帮助,旅行意外险及抛锚险,如在路边,修车时或在家抛锚的情况下提供帮助。

投保人选择的险种不同,保险就有所不同。投保人可以按需要从下列险种中选择:

第三者责任险——保险公司对因被保险人驾驶时的责任引起的三方人身伤害或财产损失负赔偿责任。

第三者火灾及盗抢险——除了上述第三方责任险外保险公司还对投保人车辆在事故中遭受的火灾及盗抢负赔偿责任。

综合损失险——对被保险人的车辆损失以及第三者的人身损害和财产损失提供保障。

投保人可以将下列内容补充道一上车险种:

前一没有索赔,保险公司给与的最大限度的无赔款优待;

法律帮助计划; 抛锚险; 旅行意外险。3.部分主要益处解析

上面简要介绍了保险所提供的保障,下面我们分别详细说明。1)24小时服务热线

当投保人发生了事故或遭受了损失,可以随时拨打保险公司24小时服务热线,向态度友好、处理高效的专家说明。

2)及时安排维修

发生了保险单中载明的事故之后,投保人如果选择保险公司推荐的修理厂进行维修的话,保险公司将会立刻通知该维修厂提供服务。这些维修厂都是经保险公司严格检查,始终保持较高工作质量,经他们维修过的车起火车身可以终身保修就是证据。

3)关于热线电话给于的特别折扣及24小时更换玻璃服务

如果投保车辆的挡风玻璃,车程几天窗玻璃破损,被保险人可以拨打24小时波利维修热线。如果投的是综合损失险,所有维修都将免费。如果已经无法维修的就只能更换,超出部分费用由投保人自己承当。超出的费用已在投保人的投保单中注明,如果投保人决定比进行索赔或通过其他险种索赔,将会得到来自供应商的额外折扣。

4)车辆维修

只要是再保险责任内车辆发生损坏事故,保险公司专门推荐的一些维修厂会集中并运送投保人的车辆。如果保单有相应记载,他们还将提供代步车给投保人使用。车辆一到修理厂马上开始修理。为了保证不影响被保险人保单的效力,汽修厂将会对车企和车身进行终身保修。

Auto insurance

Auto insurance is a contract that protects your financial security in case of an accident.Although it is not mandated by federal law, the purchase of auto insurance is usually a requirement in most states;every state has minimum insurance laws.If said owner cannot produce proof of satisfactory assets, the he must buy an auto insurance policy.Regardless of the law, having good auto insurance is practical for the driver who wishes to avoid lawsuits or immense repair bills.According to the Insurance Information Institute, a basic auto insurance policy is comprised of six basic types of coverage.While some of these types of coverage are required by state law, some are considered optional.These are: 1.Bodily injury liability 2.Property damage liability 3.Medical payments or Personal Injury Protection 4.Collision 5.Comprehensive 6.Uninsured/Underinsured motorists coverage Liability insurance Liability coverage limits(that’s for the damage you do to others)are usually presented as a series of three numbers.For example, your agent might say that your policy carries liability limits of 20/40/10.That stands for $20,000 in bodily injury coverage per person, $40,000 in bodily injury coverage per accident, and #10,000 in property-damage coverage per accident.Liability insurance(both bodily injury and property damage)is the foundation of most auto insurance policies.Every state that requires auto insurance mandates the purchase of property damage liability, and Florida is the only that requires auto insurance but does not call for bodily injury liability.If you are at fault in an auto accident, your liability coverage will pay all the expenses, bodily injury, property damage, and any legal bills.The bodily injury coverage would pay for medical bills and lost wages;the property damage coverage would pay for any auto repairs, or replacement.Property damage liability usually repairs damage to other vehicles, but can also cover damages to things such as lamp plus, fences, buildings, or anything sew that your car ma have struck.The other party also decide to sue you to collect” pain and suffering” damages.See the Minimum levels of required auto liability insurance to find out what’s

required where you live.Remember, if you cause a serious accident, minimum insurance may not cover you adequately.That’s why it’s a good idea to buy more than what your state requires.If you own a home and have nest egg and a savings account, you should consider more liability insurance because, in most states, drivers are allowed to sue other drives who injure them in car accidents.If you’re sued and your liability insurance doesn’t pay for all of the damages, your personal finances are on the hook, and it’s likely you’ll become a target.Collision and comprehensive coverage’s

If you cause and accident, collision coverage will pay to repair your vehicle.You usually can’t collect any more than the actual cash value of your car, which is not the same as the car’s replacement cost.Collision coverage is normally the most expensive component of auto insurance.By choosing a higher deductible, say $500or $1, 000, you can keep your premium costs down...However, keep in mind that you most pay the amount of deductible before the insurance company kicks in any money after an accident.Replacement cost is the amount it would take to replace your vehicle or repair damages with materials of similar kind and quality, without deducting for depreciating.Depreciation is the decrease in vehicle value because of age or wear and tear.Actual cash value(ACV)is the value of your property when it is damaged or destroyed.Claims adjusters usually figure ACV by taking the replacement cost and subtracting depreciation.Insurance companies often will “total” your car if the repair costs exceed a certain percentage of the car’s worth.The critical damage point varies from company to company, from 55 percent to 90 percent.Comprehensive coverage will pay for damages to your car that weren’t caused by an auto accident: Damages form theft, fire, vandalism, natural disasters, or hitting a deer all qualify.Comprehensive coverage also comes with a deductible and your insurer will only pay as much as the car was worth when it got wrecked.Because insurance companies normal will not pay you more than your coo’s book value, it’s helpful if you have a rough idea of this amount.If your car is worth less than what you’re paying for the coverage, you’re better off not having it.Neither collision nor comprehension insurance is required by any of the states, but some lenders, when the owner finances the car, nay require the purchase of collision and comprehensive in the loan agreement.Even when t is not required, collision and comprehensive coverage is highly recommended by the insurance industry, so that in the unforeseen event of damage or theft, the owner of the car can avoid heavy bills.6

Theft of cars is not as unusual as some people may think.Medical payments, PIP, and no-fault coverage’s

Medical payments(Med pay)coverage will pay for your and your passengers’ medical expenses after an accident.These expenses can arise form accidents while you’re driving your car, someone else’s car(with their permission), and injuries you or your family members incur when you’re pedestrians.The coverage will pay regardless of who is a fault, but if someone else is liable, your insurer may seek to recoup the expenses from him or her.Personal Injury Protection(PIP)coverage is an extended form of Med Pay.Pip may cover expenses that are reacted to injury, but not necessarily medical, such as lost wages, childcare and funeral costs.PIP coverage is currently required by sixteen states.If you are already insured under a good health insurance policy, then fortunately, there is no need to buy more than the minimum required amount of PIP or Med Pay insurance.Uninsured/Underinsured motorist’s coverage Uninsured motorists(UM)coverage pays for your injuries of you’re stuck by a hit-and-run driver or someone who doesn’t have auto insurance.It is required in many states.Underinsured motorists(UIM)coverage will pay out if the driver who hit you causes more damage than his or her liability coverage can cover.IN some states, UM or UIM coverage will also pay for property damages.Similarly, underinsured motorists insurance will cover any damage caused when you are struck by a driver who is not insured for a sufficient amount.If you are hit, as a pedestrian, underinsured coverage will cover the expenses.Add-on features Several supplemental auto coverage is available, either as separate premium items or included in augmented policies.Rental reimbursement, a common add-on, covers vehicle rentals required because your car is damaged or stolen.Coverage for towing and labor charges in case of a broad breakdown is also common.Gap coverage for your new car will pay the difference between the actual cash value you receive for the car and the amount left on your car loan if your vehicle is totaled in an accident.Basic auto insurance is required by virtually every state.Proof of insurance is required 7

at different items throughout the life of a vehicle.You may be asked for proof of insurance at any and al of these items: at vehicle registration, at the time of an accident, and any time when driving the vehicle.It is suggested that the owner of the car keeps proof of insurance in the car at all times, instead of on his or her person, so that it can be available at all times, no matter who is driving.Any violations of state law regarding auto insurance could result in, at best, a hefty fine, and at worst, suspension of your driver’s license and/or time in jail.The dire consequences of driving while uninsured are not worth the neglect of paying for insurance.The chance that an uninsured driver wills detection is slim;he is likely being caught and strictly punished.The benefits with auto insurance Standard Benefits Standard benefits count in Lifetime guarantee on all paint and bodywork repairs, Courtesy car, 24-hour Claims Helpline, and Immediate authorization of repairs, Emergency overnight accommodation, Cover for personal effects, Cover for legal advice, medical advice and post-accident counseling.Available as Optional Extras Available as optional extras count in Maximum No Claim Bonus for Life, Legal Assistance, Travel Accident Plan and Breakdown Cover such as roadside, recovery and home call.The benefits are different with the level of coverage you choose.You can select the cover that sits your knees, form: Third Party only-third party liability protection for injury or damage insured drivers may cause to others or their property Third Party Fire and Theft-fire and theft cover for your car and third party liability protection for injury or damage insured drivers may cause to others or their property Comprehensive-loss or damage cover for your car and third party liability protection for injury or damage insured drivers may cause to others or their property You may add the following optional extras to any of the above covers;1)Maximum No Claim Bonus for Life 2)Legal Assistance Plan 3)Breakdown Cover 4)Travel Accident Plan Some Key Benefits in a little More Detail

篇3:土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

In the Skopos Theory where the inherent function of the text plays the prominent role,functional classification of the text would help shaping the Skopos.In terms of l Legal text,it should be noted that“l Law”is a broad term,and contains a lot of subgenres.Thus the legal text can also be divided based on their functions.The two classification methods aforesaid areis suggested to be employedcombined together during translation.,as in the light of the Skopos Theory,ST and TT should both be considered and analyzed.

2、Text Typology Study of Legal Text

The overlapping and combination of the text type shows that the inherent functional and typology features of legal text should be taken into consideration in getting the exact“Skopo”of legal translation,and that varied translation principles and different translation strategy should be employed as different Skopos require so.Generally speaking,for the informative legal text(content-focused),the TT should be objective,accurate,comprehensive,and no personal emotional should be involved.While for the appealing legal text,the TT should be solemn,and prescriptive and culturally adapted.

3、Classification of“Skopos”of Legal Translation

“The ultimate goal of legal translation is to produce parallel texts that will be interpreted and applied uniformly by the court”(Sarcevic,1997:1).Yet from the early-mentioned functional classification and the text typology of legal text,we can easily found that there is a loophole in such definition,and variants should be taken into account.

3.1、Legal Translation for Legislative Purpose

Legal t Translation for legislative purpose usually takes place in bi-lingual or bi-juridical countries,Canada for example.In the specia legal system setting,p Parallel legal texts in more than two officia languages are needed to ensure the equal legal effect of legal text Although more and more scholars tend to call these parallel Translated legal t Texts as“v Versions”,and the practice of“t Translation”as“c Co-drafting”,the boundary between the“translation”and“codrafting”are rather blurry considering the actual situations,namely the sequence of the action,the approach adopted,etc.

3.2、Legal Translation for Informative Purpose

The legal translation of this kinde translation of these legal texts is to acquaint the addressees about the foreign legal instrument.,Tthe TT is neither authoritative nor prescriptive,and sometimes a gross or explanatory note may be adopted to fill the gap caused by the legal system incongruity and to ensure the comprehensiveness of the TT.

4、The Application of Skopo Rules in Legal Translation.

The Skopos Rules decide the translation process to be“TopDown”,and this process helps translator to get the clear direction,and make relevant adaptation or rendering on the based of the direction It allows a spectrum of methods and techniques employment.

4.1、Legal Translation according to Skopo Rules.

On the micro scale,the application of the skopo rule can also be reflected in the translation of legal terms.For example,considerations will be included during the translation when the legal text is related to politics and the translated TT is to make specific political stand Another example is that to meet the gap between two cultures neologism are created.

4.2、Adaptation a According to the Coherence Rule

篇4:生物专业文献翻译技巧

摘要:在高等院校生命科学类专业选修课程之一生物专业英语中,翻译结构复杂的句子是生物专业英语教学中的困难点。本文将以生物专业英语教材中的具体语句作为例子,阐述了中长复杂语句的名词性短语、被动时态、用It引导的强调句和主语从句的转换翻译技巧,与倒置法、拆句法等在翻译过程与生物专业的巧妙结合。

关键词:生物专业英语;翻译技巧;拆句法;倒置法

中图分类号:H319

生物专业英语是在高等院校中由生命科学专业开展的一门专业选修课程,通常在学生学习完基础英语课程和相关专业课程后开展的。该课程是以使学生能轻松阅读国外相关的专业文献和了解国内外本专业发展的最新动态,能使用英语进行专业学术交流,并拥有能检索专业英语文献和撰写英语专业论文能力为教学目标。生物专业,是描述自然界生物的特点和发展过程等。同时生物专业英语表达要求客观精确,句子的结构严密。生物专业英语通常具有词汇的词形较长,被动句出现频率高、专业高、词性转换频繁强等特点,较为枯燥乏味。在教学中,发现学生主要是被专业文献中的难句和长句翻译所难住。因此,难句和长句的翻译是教师提高生物专业英语教学质量的重要突破点与难点,也是提高学生实际阅读生物英语参考文献能力的关键所在。

一、以it引导的强调句或主语从句的翻译

it引导的主语从句和强调句在生物英语专业中是非常常见的。通常情况,强调句型是为了强调某一成分,主语从句则是为了保证句子结构的平衡。进行这种句子的翻译要注意汉语的语法规则与逻辑顺序:有it引导的主语从句只用译出句子中的逻辑主语意思即可;由it引导的强调句,主要是为了强调,需在译文中加上相应强调词,如“就是“正是”等。

二、将被动转换成主动

生物专业英语作为科技英语的一种,通常是表达事理,常不用说出当事人;而且,常为了表示客观,通常会避免使用具有较强的主观性的主动时态,而是尽量使用被动语态。汉语则不同,其用被动时态的频率远低于同种英文文章。因此,为了让译文更加符合汉语规则,更适应中文读者的习惯,在翻译时,我们常常需要把翻译英文时我们需转被为主。

有时候在译成中文时,则要补充泛指性的词(像大家、人们等)作为的主语。如:To determine if mechanistic models of isotopefractionation can reproduce the find effect of precipitationacross all ecosystems, the equilibrium global vegetation model B10ME4 was used to plot △e against temperature and precipitation. 译文:为弄清同位素分馏机制的模型能否再现己经发现到的全部生态系统的降雨效应,有人B10ME4模型来绘制△e和降雨的关系。再如:It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle. 译文:人们相信是细胞质的特性对细胞的周期具有控制权。

当然,也不是科技文献中全部被动都转被为主。有些着重被动的被动句,则要翻译成被动句,以突出其的被动意义。

三、分句法

分句法是指分开定语从句和先行词。当定语从句的结构较为复杂时,或着定语从句只描写、叙述或解释了先行词,而不限制时,如果将定语从句译成前置定语,是与汉语的表达习惯不相符合的。此时,便可以使用分句法。

例3 Qauantitatie trait locus(QTL)mapping depends on a given cross which is only related to two parents and the parents are always of lowerbreeding value In practice. 分析:句子基本结构为Qauantitative trait locus (QTL)mapping depends on a given cross and the parents are always of lower breeding value In practice,其中Which is only related to two parents是which引导的定语从句,是来修饰cross的,该句就能翻译成将定语从句与主句并列的一个分句。

翻译:数量性状位点的作图需一个固定的杂交群体,该群体只关联两个,而这两个亲本在实践中常常育种价值较低。

四、结构分析法

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,它们的结构虽然有共同点但是在结构上依然还是有许多不同点的,故对它们的翻译要求也是有所差别的。限制性定语从句对先行词的修饰范围是改变的,与先行词有紧密关系,且定语从句和先行词无需用逗号。有限制性定语从句的句子,光主语的是不足以表达作者的本意,也就是句子的原意的,还从句的补充,看完全句才能明白意思。如去掉,则会产生歧义,甚至会扭曲原意,产生和原意完全不同的意思出来。非限制性定语从句和先行词关系较为小,它只起补充说明的作用,要在主句和从句间使用逗号。非限制性定语从句既能修饰修饰整个句子,也能修饰单个词语,具有较大的灵活性,从而又加大了我们翻译的难度。

例1 To overeane this probian we generate a new series of BIFC vectors that are based on thefluorescent proteins Venus and SCEPA,which are known to exhibit significantly brighter fluorescence emission than eyfp and CFP,respectively

分析:基本结构…we generated:new series of BIFC vectors...,其中,that are based on the fluorescent proteins Venus and SCFPA,是有that引导一种限制性的定语从句,对先行词BIFC vectors which are known..进行修饰.则是Which的非限制性定语从句,先行词是the fluorescent proteins Venus and SCFP3A。翻译:为解决这个问题,我们搭建了许多以荧光蛋白Venus和SCFP3A为基础的BIFC载体,我们都知,荧光蛋白Venus和SCFP3A所发射的荧光信号分比eyfp和CFP强很多。

参考文献

[1]蒋悟生.生物专业英语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000: 1 -302.

[2]工音.对科技英语句法特点及其翻译方法的初步探讨田.科技通报,2010 (26) :949一952

篇5:土木工程类英文专业词汇

A

acceptable quality 合格质量

acceptance lot 验收批量

aciera 钢材

admixture 外加剂

against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection 高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数

aggregate 骨料

air content 含气量

air-dried timber 气干材

allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column 砌体墙、柱容许高厚比

allowable slenderness ratio of steel member 钢构件容许长细比

allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member 受压木构件容许长细比

allowable stress range of fatigue 疲劳容许应力幅

allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement 钢筋拉应变限值

allowable value of crack width 裂缝宽度容许值

allowable value of deflection of structural member 构件挠度容许值

allowable value of deflection of timber bending member 受弯木构件挠度容许值

allowable value of deformation of steel member 钢构件变形容许值

allowable value of deformation of structural member 构件变形容许值

allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure 抗震结构层间位移角限值

amplified coefficient of eccentricity 偏心距增大系数

anchorage 锚具

anchorage length of steel bar 钢筋锚固长度

approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段验算

arch 拱

arch with tie rod 拉捍拱

arch―shaped roof truss 拱形屋架

area of shear plane 剪面面积

area of transformed section 换算截面面积

aseismic design 建筑抗震设计

assembled monolithic concrete structure 装配整体式混凝土结构

篇6:土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

当今世界科学技术迅猛发展,大学生了解国内外科学技术最新成果的重要途径之一就是阅读和掌握专业文献。特别是近年来,各学科领域最前沿的研究成果大多以英文文献的形式发表,专业英文文献的应用也就成为了科研工作的重要基础。通过专业英文文献的应用,大学生可以快速了解国内外科技信息、掌握专业领域的最新动态、学习其他科学家的科研思路,有力地促进大学生创新意识和创新能力的培养。

一、专业英文文献应用促进大学生创新能力培养

(一)提高学生学习新知识的能力。由于最新的专业英文文献承载着学科领域最前沿的研究成果,学生在收集、整理和阅读英文文献的过程中,会自觉不自觉地受到新知识的熏陶,久久为功,学习和掌握新知识的能力就会大幅度提高。学生查阅专业英文文献也是一种主动学习的方法,随着查阅专业英文文献数量的增多,这种主动学习的方法也就越来越熟练,不仅学生的专业英语水平会有所提高,获取新知识的能力也越来越强大。

(二)提高学生逻辑思维和语言表达能力。发表在顶级刊物上的高水平的英文论文,都是结构严谨、逻辑严密、语言精练的范文,学生大量阅读、分析这样的范文,必然会受到积极的影响。同时,学生在撰写综述、汇报文献的过程中,会进一步提高逻辑思维和语言表达能力,为撰写论文发表自己的研究成果打下基础。

(三)提高分析问题和解决问题的`能力。由于教学方式方法存在问题,部分本科生分析和解决问题的能力并不是很强,一部分学生甚至是高年级学生即使考试成绩很好,也不能对所学专业提出恰当的问题,更谈不上分析问题和解决问题。专业英文文献的应用恰恰可以弥补学生在这方面的缺陷。因为,每一篇论文的逻辑结构都是提出问题并解决问题,在大量的英文文献应用训练中,学生分析问题和解决问题的能力会逐步增强。长期坚持下去,这些能力就会转化为学生的必备素质。(四)提高学生的科研实践能力。大多数学生进入高校学习后对开展科学研究工作充满了期待,随着专业课程学习的不断深入,一部分学生已经不再满足于普通的实验课,而是对跟随专业课教师进入研究室开展研究工作产生了浓厚的兴趣。但是,由于自身的科研能力和经验不足,往往学生对所要开展的科研工作缺乏信心。这时,在专业课教师指导下就某一问题开展的专业文献特别是英文文献的检索、整理、研读、分析等工作,就成为了学生进入研究室开展科研工作的入门基石。此外,学生在开展科研工作中遇到的各种困难和问题也可以从英文文献中找到答案,帮助学生进一步提高科研实践能力。

二、专业英文文献应用方面存在的问题

本科生教育培养过程中,在英语“过级”指挥棒的指引下,公共基础英语课程往往被列为基础课程的重中之重,无论是学校还是学生本人,对专业英文文献应用的重视程度远远不及公共基础英语。

(一)学生认识不足,专业英语水平欠佳。由于英语教学指挥棒的因素,多数学生对公共基础英语课程学习的热情较高,忽视专业英语的学习,对英文文献应用的意义认识不清,更谈不上通过英文文献应用锻炼个人的能力。有的学生通过了英语四六级的考试,于是认为自己的英语水平已经达到了大学学习的标准,无需要再学。有的学生还没有通过四六级考试,继续埋头苦学争取通过,无暇学习专业英语。部分学生错误地认为专业英文文献应用离自己遥远,将来从事相关工作的可能性不大,而放弃了专业英文文献的应用。还有部分学生专业英语的基础差,阅读英文文献如读“天书”,又不愿意下功夫,学习兴趣不浓,学习动力不足。

(二)学校重视不足,教师没有积极性。多数高校在实际教学过程中,对英文专业文献的教学和应用没有明确的要求,甚至没有纳入正常的教学内容之中。部分专业课教师由于认识不足或英语水平的问题,无法指导学生开展英文文献的应用。一些具有相应水平的专业课教师,常常因为学生不感兴趣、专业课学时不够、没有绩效怕麻烦等原因,指导学生开展专业英文文献应用不够深入,没有达到培养大学生创新能力的作用。

(三)学生的学识水平影响专业英文文献的有效应用。由于本科生接触英文文献时对专业课的学习还没有完全展开,科学研究工作还不够深入,对英文文献中的一些专有名词、方案、数据的理解不够透彻,特别是一些先进的试验手段和仪器设备在普通的实验课上没有接触过,使学生对专业英文文献的理解出现问题,这在很大程度上影响英文文献的利用。

三、深化教学改革推进大学生创新能力的培养

(一)强化学生英文文献阅读的训练。当前,科学研究日新月异,专业知识的更新速度越来越快,大量具有前沿性的科学研究成果发表在相关的英文专业期刊上,供人们查阅、学习和利用,为进一步推动科技进步,造福人类作出了贡献。专业的英文文献与一般的文艺作品,以及科普读物有所不同,有其自身的特点(包括题目、作者机构、摘要、引言、绪论、材料或实验、结果与讨论等和语法规则)。从表现形式上看,英文文献的语言表述更加严谨、逻辑性更强,晦涩的专业词汇和学术术语比较多,专业英语水平不够的学生很难看懂。从表现内容上看,专业性更强、内容更为深刻、知识更为前沿、技术更为先进。因此,在教学实践中要强化学生专业英文文献阅读训练,学生在学好专业课程和专业英语的基础上,通过大量阅读英文文献,了解英文文献的特点,提高阅读技巧,掌握英文文献的核心内容,从而提高英文文献的应用能力。

(二)引导学生有效应用英文文献。专业课教师要发挥教学的主导作用,积极推动专业课教学内容的改革。在尊重选定教材内容的基础上,通过查阅大量的本学科领域的高水平英文文献,摘取最前沿的专业知识和发展动态作为课堂教学的有益补充,激发学生的求知欲望。同时,专业课教师要结合课程进度和教学内容,精心选取若干篇典型的英文文献,就文献的结构特征、专有名词、表述内涵、成果意义、阅读关键等方面进行详细的讲解。专业课教师还要为学生讲授检索英文文献、收集英文文献的知识,要布置作业督促学生在课后查找专业英文文献并研读。专业教师要通过课程网站、电话、QQ、微信等方式保持与学生的沟通联系,随时解决学生在阅读英文文献时遇到的困难和问题,加强对学生应用专业英文文献的指导。

(三)注重对学生英文文献应用能力的考核。教师在教学过程中要注重应用专业英文文献激发学生的创新思维,对学生进行基本科研素质的引导和训练。在专业课教学过程中,教师要从多个角度梳理出若干个知识点,分配给不同的学生,要求每个学生围绕所分配到的知识点查找文献,撰写文献综述。题目可由教师指定,也可由学生自拟,但要求有一定数量的参考文献,其中英文文献要达到10%以上。优秀的文献综述报告要由作者本人在课堂上进行宣读,大家讨论。教师根据综述报告质量评定成绩,计入课程考核总成绩。在这个过程中,教师要注意发现那些具有科研潜力,并且热爱科研工作的学生,引导他们早日进入实验室,跟随教师开展科研工作。

(四)围绕英文文献开展研究与交流。开展科学研究,探索新的知识是大学生学习的最高境界,也是开设专业课程的最高境界。学生进入实验室开展课题研究之前往往充满迷茫,不知所措,然而在指导教师的引导下,经过查阅大量的文献,学生逐渐明确了自己的研究方向和研究内容。通过研究专业英文文献可以借鉴先进可行的研究方法和步骤,避免走弯路。另外,在课题研究过程中会遇到各种各样的问题和困难,解决这些困难和问题需要在大量的英文文献阅读中寻求答案和办法。学生在撰写研究论文作结论时,同样需要参考大量的英文文献,明晰研究成果的水平和价值。通过英文文献的查阅、报告、应用,可以增强学生与指导教师、课题组的其他成员、相关学者之间的交流。尤其是学生通过专业英文文献中提供的通讯方式与文献作者进行联系,就某个具体问题进行深入的研究和讨论,使学生通过专业英文文献学习到更多的专业知识,对学生创新能力的提高起到积极的促进作用。

四、结语

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