高三阅读理解训练 阅读技巧判断推理型(人教版高考复习英语教案教学设计)

2024-05-14

高三阅读理解训练 阅读技巧判断推理型(人教版高考复习英语教案教学设计)(通用4篇)

篇1:高三阅读理解训练 阅读技巧判断推理型(人教版高考复习英语教案教学设计)

[摘 要]针对目前少数高三英语教师为赶教学进度,对教材敷衍而过的做法,作者提出自己的观点:教师应该以高三英语课文为载体,从把握文章的整体结构、抓住文章细节和深入理解文章三方面拓展阅读理解训练。

[关键词]阅读理解 主题句 阅读训练

一、 问题的提出

目前,为了应付高考,许多高三英语老师快速地把教材处理掉,然后把大量的时间用于“题海战”。笔者认为这种做法值得商榷。与以往的英语教材相比,现行的英语新课标(NSEFC)增加了阅读量,扩展了话题的范围,并且更新了文章的内容,使课文更加接近现代的生活实际。此外,还系统地介绍了各种阅读技巧(如略读、跳读等)以及其他阅读微技能(如识别关键词、确定主题句和预测等)。因此,新课标可以说是对学生进行阅读训练,以提高学生英语阅读能力的最佳载体。尤其是高三教材,在帮助学生复习词汇、词组、句型、语法知识,提高学生的阅读理解能力方面具有不可替代的作用。[1]所以,笔者认为,即使在高三阶段,教师也应该依托教材,挖掘教材,拓展阅读训练,以提高学生的阅读水平。

二、 具体做法

一般而言,阅读理解重点考查以下五个方面的阅读技能:(1)领悟文章的大意或话题的能力;(2)归纳概括文章主旨大意的能力;(3)理解文章细节和转换细节的能力;(4)了解文章的结构与写作手法的能力;(5)理解文章的寓意内涵的能力。据此,笔者有针对性地在高三课文教学中拓展阅读训练。

1、把握文章的整体结构

(1)确定主题句

阅读一篇文章时,必须先弄清文章的体裁。不同的文体有不同的特点,不同的文章结构和命题规律。所以,教师应该按照文章的行文特点来指导学生阅读。

首先,引导学生寻找主题句(topic sentence)。主题句具有两个功能:一是介绍段落的主题(Topic);二是阐述控制概念(Controlling Idea),用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。因此,主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。[2]如Unit5 Integrating Skills ”Words That Sell” 就是一篇介绍广告词的重要性的说明文。各段的主题句分布如下:

第一段:A good ad often uses words to which people attach positive meanings.(末句)

第二段:Choosing the name for a product is of course extremely important.(首句)

第三段:A product will also sell better if it is promoted with a slogan.(首句)

第四段:People read advertisements partly for information and partly because they are interesting.(首句)

第五段:If you are selling your product in a foreign market, you must check that the translation is correct.(第二句)

第六段:Change the name.(概括得出)

第七段:Sometimes the promises do not make sense.(第三句)

有些文章的段落中有明显的引出细节的信息词,如for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides that等,可以利用它们来确定主题句的位置。

其次,重视段落的结构。段落有两种基本的构成方法,一是由主题句到扩展句,通常被称为演绎法(deductive way占80%),二是通过细节推出结论,叫归纳法(inductive way占20%)。通常情况下,主题句topic sentence表明段落所表述的主要意思,扩展句supporting sentence(包括实例说明句、观点推导句、过渡句)用来解释和支持主题句。如Unit8 Reading “Learning a Foreign Language”一文的第三段,作者就是先摆明自己的观点,然后再分别阐述学习外语与学习母语的区别的:

主题句:Learning a foreign language is different from learning one’s mother tongue.(第一句)

扩展句一:The learning(a foreign language) usually takes place in school and there are often few opportunities to communicate with other speakers of the language.(第二句)

扩展句二:When you were learning your mother tongue, you spent all you waking hours communicating with the people around you; in other words, you were studying the language all day long!(第七句)

分析课文的语篇结构可以帮助学生在阅读时分清主要观点和次要信息。这样,学生不仅能更快地把握文章的结构,而且能够掌握好阅读的节奏,不致于在次要信息上浪费过多时间,同时还可以帮助学生在写作过程中安排好自己的文章结构。

(2)概括文章大意

概括文章大意也是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分。所以,笔者在课文教学时加入了这方面的训练。例如Unit5 Integrating Skills “Words That Sell”,在归纳了各段的大意后,笔者提问:

What’s the general idea of the passage?

A. Words can make millions B. Words contributes to sale

C. The importance of words and dangers in advertising D. Word is important

又如Unit6 Reading “Going west”一课,在阅读结束时,笔者设计了这样一个问题:

What can we learn from the ending of the story “Going west”?

A. People shouldn’t set foot on a wild land because of hardship.

B. Travelers should travel light.

C. Travelers should arrange for their journey before setting off for their destination.

D. Perseverance can go hand in hand with survival or success in time of danger or difficulty.

文章的大意有时会以给文章加上合适的标题来进行考查。这需要学生能掌握文章结构,而且能够根据不同的文体来选择文章的标题。例如故事类的文章,通常要找出文章最能打动人或给人留下深刻印象的部分,进行提炼从而得出标题。而说明文和议论文则要选择清楚明白,概括性强的标题,使读者看过标题后,能够清楚地知道文章的主要内容。在课文教学中,由于文章的标题通常已经给出,所以教师可以采取换标题的办法来训练学生,即要求学生阐明自己选择某个标题的原因,或把自己加出的标题与原文的标题进行比较,看看各自的优点。

2、找出文章细节

(1)查找具体信息

查找文章的细节,不仅需要细心和耐心,而且可以通过一些重要词准确找到信息。如Unit 4 Integrating Skills ”Wildlife and Garden Roses”是一篇科普文,介绍三位科学家对于植物学所做的贡献。笔者通过以下表格,帮助学生理清文章的脉络。

Scientist Research/ Experiment Result/Conclusion

Charles Darwin

Gregor Mendal

Gote Turesson

在要求学生查找表格中需要的信息前,笔者提醒学生注意一些动词,例如realize, find, prove, explain, show, discover, observe, suggest等。因为在介绍科学规律或科技新发现之类的文章里,这些动词的后面通常跟着科学家的发现成果或试验的结论。如课文中的句子:

(1)Back home, in England, Darwin realized that differences in habitat could lead to different species in birds as well as in plants.

(2)Although his experiments were designed to support the ideas concerning the influence of environment upon plants, he (Gregor Mendel) found that many characteristics were passed on from one generation to the next, without influence by the environment.

(3)He(Gote Turesson) showed that difference between plants of one species occurred as a result of the environmental conditions in their habitat.

笔者在指导学生阅读时,通常要求学生在各自然段的开头标出阿拉伯数字,这样方便查找信息,而且,有时阅读理解的题目也会涉及到具体的自然段,如:From Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6, how many reasons does the writer give for why another Einstein hasn’t appeared? 同时,边阅读边用笔标出重要信息,也是必要的。在阅读Unit5 Reading”Advertising”时,笔者就要求学生用“_______”划出Advantages,用“﹏﹏﹏”划出Disadvantages。用不同的符号标注重要信息能够帮助学生记住更多的细节,也便于学生检查选择的答案。

(2) 猜测词义

猜测词义题虽然不是阅读测试的重点,但也是常考题目,是对学生多方面综合能力的检测。高三教师可以在课文教学中设计一些猜测词义的题目。在阅读Unit 4 Workbook Integrating Skill“Studying Plants in the Wild”前,笔者要求学生在阅读的过程中猜测以下单词的意思:

※ The study of natural history is not something to be left to biologists. In fact, their capacity in terms of the time they can spend away from their offices is very limited.(Para1 Line1)

※ While governments, universities and research institutes only have a limited bughet to do fieldwork, people whose hobby it is to study botany can devote a great deal of money and time to it.(Para3 Line7)

※ A Flora is a special book to identify plants.(Para4 Line3)

※ Plants grow in communities, and plant sociology is the branch of botany that studies this phenomenon.(Para5 Line1)

阅读结束后发现,学生基本能够猜测出划线词的词义。例如Flora可以根据定义猜测出它的意思“某地区或时代的植物的总称”,sociology则根据构词法猜出它的意思“社会学”,只有capacity一词比较抽象,学生难以根据上下文把握词义,建议学生在双解词典中查找它的意思。

除了直接猜测词义,教师还可以设计选择题,即把正确的释义放在三四个选项中考查学生对于该词的理解,如Unit5 Integrating Skills “Words That Sell”中的catchy:

Which word can be used to take the place of”catchy” in Para. 3?

A. well-received B. attractive C. misleading D. impressive

3、深入理解文章

(1)猜测作者态度及写作意图

阅读理解中经常出现根据文章推测作者态度的题目。如阅读完Unit5 Reading“Advertising”后,笔者设计了以下题目:

The attitude of the writer to advertising is _______.

A. positive B. negative C. more positive than negative D. objective

教师可以补充用来表明作者态度的一些词,例如positive(肯定的),negative(否定的), objective(客观的), subjective(主观的),supportive(支持的),critical(批判的),neural(中立的)等。

在高三课本中,编者还有意识地加入了一些猜测写作意图的练习。如Unit8 Reading “Learning a Foreign Language”的课后练习中有一张表格:

Main idea

Paragraph 1

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

Paragraph 5

Paragraph 6

Purpose

最后一行的Purpose实际上类似于阅读理解中的题目:What’s the purpose of the writer’s writing this text?/ Why does the writer write this passage?

还可以通过要求学生判断文章的体裁来理解作者的写作意图。如The style of the passage is_________. A. persuasive B. argumentative C. explanatory D. informative

(2) 设计涉及背景知识的问题

在阅读过程中,背景知识对于我们理解文章是十分重要的。因此,教师可设计一些与文章背景知识相关联的问题,使学生能够更加深入地理解文章。如Unit3 Reading” The Portrait of a Nation”一文中提到在澳大利亚的国旗上有英国国旗,可以问Why is there the UK flags in the national flag of Australia?如果学生不能想到澳大利亚曾经是英国殖民地这一背景知识,就很难理解这个问题。而且,后文说到美国独立战争使英国不能把囚犯运到北美洲,也可以提出Why did the American War of Independence make it impossible for England to send prisons to North America? 正是因为美国曾经是英国的殖民地,所以美国独立战争的爆发才会对当时的英国产生较大的影响。

(3)设计半开放式问题

一般疑问句常常以“是”或“不是”来回答,通常被认为是闭合式问题。特殊疑问句又过于开放,程度较差的学生有时觉得难以找到线索。所以,笔者设计了半开放式的多项选择题,如根据Unit 4 Integrating Skills ”Wildlife and Garden Roses”一文,设计以下题目:

(1)What are the environmental factors to the development of plants?

A. soil B. water C. temperature D. sunlight E._______

(2)What characters did Darwin and Mendal have in common?

A. careful observation B. devotion C. curiosity D._______

这类选择题既提供了一定的答题方向及线索,学生又不必局限于已有的选项,可以根据自己的理解选择或者添上自己认为更妥当的答案,开拓了思维。

综上所述,教师通过把握文章的整体结构,抓住文章细节和深入理解文章三个方面来拓展阅读训练,把课文的教学与阅读能力的训练有机地结合了起来,既能够使课堂教学生动有趣,又能够收到良好的教学效果。

[参考书目]

[1] 浙江省高考命题解析 英语;浙江省高考命题咨询委员会编著月第1次印刷

[2] 5年高考 3年模拟 英语;首都师范大学出版社 文化艺术出版社 7月北京第1次印刷

篇2:高三阅读理解训练 阅读技巧判断推理型(人教版高考复习英语教案教学设计)

一、语义转换题--跳读查找法

这是做事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法。在通常情况下,细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解,同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子,然后进行比较和分析,便可确定最佳答案。

运用跳读查找法时,同学们要特别注意试题(包括选项)与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的考题情况来看,现在很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和猜试的,而通常要进行一定的处理。而这种“处理”主要就是指进行语义转换,其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。请看下面的例子(重庆高考英语试题):

“My kids really understand solar and earth-heat energy,” says a second-grade teacher in Saugus, California. “Some of them are building solar collectors for their energy course.” These young scientists are part of City Building Educational Program (CBEP), a particular program for kindergarten through twelfth grade that uses the stages of city planning to teach basic reading, writing and math skills, and more.

The children don’t just plan any city. They map and analyze the housing, energy, and transportation requirements of their own district and foretell its needs in 100 years. With the aid of and architect (建筑师) who visits the classroom once a week, they invent new ways to meet these needs and build models of their creations. “Designing buildings of the future gives children a lot of freedom,” says the teacher who developed this program. “They are able to use their own rich imagination and inventions without fear of blame, because there are no wrong answers in a future context. In face, as the class enters the final model-building stage of the program, an elected “official” and “planning group” make all the design decisions for the model city, and the teacher steps back and becomes an adviser.”

CBEP is a set of activities, games and imitations that teach the basic steps necessary for problem-solving: observing, analyzing, working out possible answers, and judging them based on the children’s own standards.

1. An architect pays a weekly visit to the classroom______.

A. to find out kid’s creative ideas B. to discuss with the teacher

C. to give children lectures D. to help kids with their program

2. Who is the designer of the program? _____

A. An official B. An architect C. A teacher D. A scientist

解题分析

1. 选D。根据第2段中的With the aid of an architect who visits the classroom once a week, they invent new ways to meet these needs and build models of their creations可知答案为D。 句中的aid“帮助”,与help同义。

2. 选C。 根据第2段中的…the teacher who developed this program 可知答案选C。develop与design在此大致同义。

二、生活应用题--常识理解法

生活应用题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上结合一定的生活常识进行判断。不过,有趣的是,高考有时会出席那一些“低级”常识判断提,即无需看懂文章,也可选出最佳答案。请看一个实例(全国卷高考英语试题):

A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle: it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.

“Having a party at home usually requires a lot of running around on the part of the parents, and often the birthday boy or girl gets lost in wild excitement. But it really doesn’t have to be that way,” said Anaclerio. Last summer, Anaclerio and her friend Jill Carlisle, a Northbrook mother of a 2-year-old, founded a home party-planning business called “A Party in a Basket.” Their goal is to help parents and children share in the fun part of party planning, like choosing the subject or making a cake, while they take care of everything.

Drawing on their experiences as mothers, they have created (制作) 10 ready-to-use, home party packages. Everything a family needs to plan a party, except the cake and ice cream, is delivered to the home in a large basket.

“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive (互动) and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. For example, at the Soda Shoppe party the guests become waiters and waitresses and build wonderful ice cream creation.”

The standard $200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like. For more information, call Anaclerio at 708-864-6584 or Carlisle at 708-205-9141.

1. Which of the following is most likely to be a party planner?

解题分析:

先看四个选项(图形)所表示的意思:选项A是一个记事本,左边写着Date, Things to do…., 右边写着People to invite….;选项B是一份礼品;选项C是一张卡片,上面写着Happy Birthday; 选项D是一份菜单上面写着Potato soup 3.00…等。聪明的考生,只要注意到题干中的a party planner, 变可排除B、C选项,因为根据常识,他们显然不是planner(计划书)。A、D两项到底选哪项呢?两项都有点像planner,但仔细比较一下便可知A最佳。a party planner的意思是“晚会计划书”,根据常识,要计划一场晚会,当然首先要明确日期(date),还要确定做些什么事(things to do)以及邀请什么人(people to invite)等,而选项D只是一份菜单,它表明的只是一些菜的价格,显然与a party planner 不符。

三、细节排序题--首尾定位法

这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生的正确顺序。同学们在做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”,即最先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。请看下面的例子(浙江高考英语试题):

Fat and shy, Ben Saunders was the last kid in his class picked for any sports team.” Football, tennis, cricket-anything with a round ball, I was useless.” He says now with a laugh. But back then he was the one always made fun of in school gym in Devonshire, England.

It was a mountain bike he received for his 15th birthday that changed him. At first he went biking alone in a nearby forest. Then he began to ride the bike along with a runner friend. Gradually, Saunders set his mind on building up his body, increasing his speed and strength. At the age of 18, he ran his first marathon.

The following year, he met John Ridgway and was hired as an instructor at Ridgway’s School of Adventure in Scotland, where he learned about Ridgway’s cold-water exploits. Greatly interested, Saunders read all he could about North Pole explorers and adventures, then decided that this would be his future.

In ,after becoming a skillful skier, Saunders started his first long-distance expedition(探险)towards the North Pole, It took unbelievable energy. He suffered frostbite(冻疮), ran into a polar bear and pushed his body to the limit, pulling his supply-loaded sled(雪橇)up and over rocky ice.

Saunders has since become the youngest person to ski alone to the North Pole, and he’s skied more of the North Pole by himself than any other British man. His old playmates would not believe the change.

Next October, Saunders, 27, heads south from the coast of Antarctica to the South Pole and back, a 2900-kilometre journey that has never been completed on skis.

1. Which of the following is the correct order of the events that happened to Saunders?

a. He ran his first marathon b. He skied alone in the North Pole.

c. He rode his bike in a forest. d. He planned an adventure to the South Pole.

A. acdb B. cdab C. acbd D. cabd.

解题分析:

题目要求我们按事件发生时间来进行安排。根据首尾定位法,第一步是c. He rode his bike in a forest, 最后一步是d. He planned an adventure to the South Pole,故答案选D。

四、寻找信息题--题干定位法

快速寻找信息题一般为功能阅读题,主要形式有广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等。做这类题时没有必要阅读全文,宜采用“题干定位法”。请看下面的例子(浙江高考英语试题):

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If interested, please email staff@youth.org or call 888-123-9872.

International Summer Job

Hi, I’m an ESL student in China. I’m 20, quiet and polite, and I speak reasonable English. I am looking for a summer job in an English-speaking country. I can teach Chinese or do house and garden work, and cook Chinese dishes. Can anybody offer me a Job? I don’t need to earn much, just enough in 2 months (July-August) to pay for my return ticket to China. My goal is to improve my English and see a bit more of the world.

My email is : ram3462@hotmail.com

Call for Native Speakers of English

I am looking for native speakers of English to join in an experiment. This experiment is carried out over the Internet. You don’t need any specific knowledge other than understanding and speaking English at a native level. The first task will take you around 15 minutes. After this task, you can decide whether you want to continue the experiment. The tasks involve reading texts and designing questions and answers.

If you are willing to help me , then please email me : club3864@hotmail.com

1. Who is suitable to work as a Community Representative in YOUTH International?

A. One who enjoys working with teenagers from different countries.

B. One who hopes to take action in fighting against diseases

C. One who has a strong desire to improve his or her English

D. One who wants to earn some pocket money in the program

2. Where will Jack, a volunteer, receive the training before he is sent to work in Malawi?

A. In some local offices in the U.S B. In an ESL organization in China

C. In a preparation program in Denmark D. In an exchange student center in Africa

3. If Mrs. Black in the U.S hopes to learn some Chinese at home, she may contact__________.

A. takeaction@betterworld.com B. ram3462@hotmail.com

C. club3864@hotmail.com D. staff@youth.org

解题分析

1. 选A。 根据题干中的关键词YOUTH International 可知,此题答案一定在第二个表格中。再根据其中的teenagers from over 80 countries 以及… should enjoy teenagers…可知答案选A。

2. 选C。 根据题干中的关键词volunteer和work in Malawi可知,此题答案一定在第一个表格中。再根据其中的Six months’ preparation in Denmark可知答案选C。

篇3:高三阅读理解训练 阅读技巧判断推理型(人教版高考复习英语教案教学设计)

A. Mother’s True love B. Early love between Students

C. To Ask or Not to Ask D. Dangerous Age

75. The best title for this passage is ________.

A. Life Begins at Sixty B. A Round Coast Sail

C. An Old Woman Sailor D. An Unusual Hobby

T: 关于68题,有的同学犯了一叶障目不见泰山的错误。文章最后一句已经点明主旨:It read: Mum, it was love that make you ask, but it would show your understanding of me if you hadn’t. .Mother’ true love 只是文章内容的一部分,作者其实更强调的是understanding ,及 true love 与 understanding 之间的矛盾。

关于75题,如果你选了C或D说明你并未理解文章的主旨。文章中说的是她60岁退休后想重圆儿时梦想,开始第二次人生追求。所以选A 它既概括了内容有升华了其中的精神内涵。C项,一位年老的女水手,难道她干了一辈子吗?D项,很多人都喜欢sailing,它也不是作者讨论的焦点。文章主要写人而非记事。

此外,在解这种题时大家还要注意两点:(1)英美人的思维方式一般是先亮明观点,而后再加以论述,所以文章和段落的首句尤为重要,请大家尤为注意。(2)选标题要注意两点:准确性和醒目性。醒目性就是能给人留下深刻的印象。

篇4:高三阅读理解训练 阅读技巧判断推理型(人教版高考复习英语教案教学设计)

[关键词] 高中英语阅读教学、任务型教学法、任务设计 有效

中学英语教学存在的诸多问题如:“费时较多,收效较低”(李岚清,), “满堂灌”,“题海战术”,“教师台上谆谆,学生台下昏昏”,一个很直接的原因是教法太单一呆板。教师照本宣科,学生被动应付,机械训练,死记硬背。众所周知,英语教学的目的是培养学生的交际能力,教学活动应该围绕这一宗旨展开。然而受应试教育和传统教育的影响,目前在我国高中英语教学中存在的主要问题是重知识讲解,轻能力培养。这在很大程度上影响了学生语言综合素质的提高。老师讲,学生听,然后完成作业。在这种环境下,学生被动地学习英语,效果不是很理想,也导致了学生在学习过程中发展的片面性。

一、高中英语阅读教学中运用任务型教学模式的依据

(一)教学实践中存在的问题

传统的阅读教学方法,一般来说,过去大多数教师在上阅读课时都采用逐字逐句解释,指出重要的短语,语法知识点,再完成练习册中的题目就算完事。或者先通过预习,再讲解,口笔训练,背诵等,这种教法固然能使学生学到语言知识及语法,也能基本应付考试。但从发展的观点看,对学生的理解能力、自学能力的培养有很大的局限。由于方法上过于呆板、枯燥,难以激发学生的兴趣,不能引导学生探讨全文的主题,思想含义等深层次问题。

目前,绝大多数教师一般采用提问的形式来进行阅读教学,通过设问,解答和指导等教学环节,把传统的课堂教学从教师向学生传递信息的单向交流变成师生之间的双向互动交流。但是,如果问答式教学贯穿整个阅读教学过程就会导致以下一些问题:1.控制性教学活动过多,导致学生忙于应付回答问题,不利于培养思维能力。2.教师提出的问题大多数只能停留在对阅读文章的表层理解上;而且经常是让学生在回答问题时捧着课本念,其实这样做的后果是使学生养成一种不良习惯,久而久之造成学生无法真正开口说英语,捧着课本回答问题,看似在回答问题,答案也基本正确,但只能说是朗读。因为在实际生活中,回答问题时不会看着文本念。还有,尽管花了一定的时间去寻找答案,但并没有经过自己的大脑加工,而常常是把包含答案的整个答案念出来而已。这种回答并不完全符合问题的要求。在公开课上,授课教师为了赶时间,不耽误上课进度,常常就做出了越俎代庖的事情。3.参与问答活动的人数少,只能在几个学生的范围内进行,大部分学生则处于被动接受的状态。4.从平常相互听课及教研交流中发现,阅读课教学中教师仍然把大部分时间与精力集中在语言知识的讲解上,忽略学生的综合语言运用能力的培养。在教学方法上,绝大部分教师是把语法和词汇同课文分离。

(二)《英语课程标准》对高中英语教学的要求

教育部7月制定的《英语课程标准》对英语教学的目的强调如下:“从学生的学习兴趣,生活经验和认识水平出发,倡导体验、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径,发展学生的综合运用能力。”“在英语教学策略方面应该避免单纯传授语言知识的教学方法,尽量采用任务型的教学途径”(教育部,)。在这种教学模式中,要求教师根据课程的总体目标和教学内容,创造性的设计任务,以吸引和组织学生积极参与,调动学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作等多种形式,达到学习、掌握和运用语言的目的。

二、任务型教学法的含义及理论依据

任务型教学法是交际教学法的一种发展形态,它以语言学习和建构主义为理论基础,强调学习者在真实和模拟真实的情景中运用目标语做事情,从而获得语言的实际运用能力。美国的杜威以实用主义的认识能力作为教育理论基础,提出了“学生中心、从做中学”的教育模式。他主张教育的中心应从教师和教科书转到学生,教学应引导学生在各种活动中学习。语言家Herbert H. Clark说:“Language is used for doing things.”学习语言既不是背诵孤立的单词,也不是熟记脱离语境的句子,更不是记忆枯燥乏味的语法规则,而应当教会学生使用适当的语言把要求的事情做好。

任务型语言教学的倡导者认为,掌握语言的最佳途径是让学生做事情,即完成各种任务。在任务型语言教学活动中,学生注意力集中在表达自己的意思,交换信息,这时他们的主要目的是完成一个任务,并想方设法把这个任务完成好,因此,任务型教学法很适合英语阅读课的教学。

三、实施任务型教学法的主要原则

在高中英语阅读教学中,采用任务型教学法,还必须懂得任务型教学的原则。纵观所有的原则,言语、情景真实性原则(The authenticity principle)应该是实施任务型阅读教学法的关键。言语、情景真实性原则涉及两个方面的内容:一是所教语言的材料要尽可能真实;另一个方面是任务的设计要提供给学习者明确,真实的语言信息,使学习在一种自然、真实或模拟真实中体会语言,掌握语言的运用。任务的设计要与学生的实际生活及社会生活结合

起来。由于地域、师资和学习英语的起始时间等因素的影响,城市学校和农村学校、重点中学和普通中学的学生在英语水平方面差异很大。因此在备课过程中,教师如果无视学生的实际英语能力,照搬教师参考书,就可能导致所设计的教学无法开展,任务无法完成。 如:NSEFCSB5 Unit1 pre--reading部分,教材编写者设计了以下任务:Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in? 该任务旨在激发学生学习的积极性,为下一步的阅读作铺垫,同时要求学生联系科学实验步骤的知识理解课文。在本校的一次同课异构公开课上,有一教师用图片引出世界上多位伟大的科学家,然后就让学生完成教材编写者设计的这一任务,结果出现了冷场,无法顺利完成该任务,其原因是学生缺乏相关知识,未能掌握有关词汇。

四、阅读课教学中的任务设计

在设计阅读任务时,教师要坚持把课文作为一个整体来教的原则。阅读前,教师可根据课文标题、图片、多媒体设计任务,引导学生对课文内容进行预测。阅读中的任务设计应紧扣中心思想,关注主要信息,不苛求对字句的理解;阅读后的任务要有利于培养学生的语言输出能力。依据这一思路,课文教学可以分以下三个主要部分:Pre-reading, While-reading, Post-reading.

(一) 阅读前的任务(Pre-reading Task):导入话题,激活背景知识,导入新课,根据课文标题、图片、多媒体预测课文的主要内容和框架结构。设计导入活动时,教师要从阅读材料的内容着手,特别关注学生兴趣。

以NSEFCSB5 Unit1中的Reading部分John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”为例

Activity1: Lead-in

教师向学生展示有关Madame Curie、Doctor Yuan Longping、Stephen Hawking、Doctor Zhong Nanshan和 Doctor John Snow的图片资料,请学生谈论图片内容,并向学生提出以下问题,引出单元话题:Great Scientists。

T: All the people I have mentioned have make great contributions to the world .What are they famous for ? / What are their achievements ?

Activity2: Discussion让学生讨论以下问题。

1. Madame Curie is the woman scientist who has been given the Nobel Prize twice. What has she devoted herself to ?

2. Can you use some adjectives to describe Madame Curie?

3. Why do you draw such a conclusion?

这些问题层层递进,学生在结合图片思考问题的过程中,其思维能力和语言表达能力也会得到相应的提高。

利用课文中两幅插图对课文内容进行预测。第一幅John Snow 的照片;第二幅是John Snow 在实地调查霍乱病因的过程中所绘制的一副地图。在学生看了图片之后,教师提出问题:

T: What is the text about by looking at the two pictures?

S: I can guess that the reading is about how a doctor called John Snow defeats the illness of King Cholera.

T: Ok. Now work together and write down what you think each part of the text will be about.

第一个问题对课文内容进行预测,第二个问题对课文的篇章结构进行了预测。

(二) 阅读中的任务设计(While-reading tasks)

阅读中的任务设计应紧扣中心思想,关注主要信息,不苛求对字句的理解。在这一教学过程中,教师应善于利用信息转换手段,设计有效的任务和活动,以完整的视觉表象形式将课文的主要内容,人物和事件,故事的发展过程和场景等生动、清晰地呈现给学生。在这一学习阶段中,学生需要回答的问题是:What does the author say in the text?教师可以设计一些预测课文内容的任务,鼓励学生灵活运用Skinning和Scanning等阅读策略,迅速捕获文章中的主要信息或事实,并验证阅读之前做出的预测。

以NSEFCSB4 Unit2 A Pioneer For All People为例:

Activity1:以播放录音的形式呈现课文,整体呈现后,让学生讨论以下问题,并引导学

生利用略读(Scanning)技巧快速找到答案,验证读前活动的预测。

1. Who is the pioneer for all people ?

2. What is his great contribution to the world ?

Activity2: Detailed–reading and answer the following questions:

1. When was he born?

2. What does Dr Yuan look like?

3. What has been his life goal?

4. Why did he have such a life goal?

5. What is he doing now?

6. What is the result of his research?

Activity3:让学生有感情地朗读课文的部分段落(paragraph14)。读第一段时,应读出欣赏和感激的语气,以表示对袁博士为战胜世界饥饿所作出的巨大贡献的赞美和由衷的敬佩之情。读第四段时,应语言高亢,富有一定的感染力,从而让听众为之振奋,更为袁博士孜孜不倦,为人类的粮食事业鞠躬尽瘁的精神所深深震撼。

(三) 阅读后的任务设计(Post-reading tasks)

阅读后的任务要求对文章主要内容做出鉴定和判断。这种任务有助于培养学生的创造性思维和加深学生对文章的理解和分析能力。

Activity1:识别文章功能及作者的写作风格

识别文章功能是引导学生进行评价性阅读(critical reading)的第一步。如果不了解阅读材料的功能,学生很容易对文章的内容产生歧义或误解。如完成“A Pioneer For All People”后,让学生明白“What is the function of the reading passage?”

Activity2:组织讨论

语言教学在传授知识的同时,也肩负着思想教育的功能。因此,教师要善于挖掘教材中丰富的文化信息和思想内容,组织学生开展小组讨论“What can we do to help rid the world of hunger?”讨论结束后,各组选派代表向全班同学陈述本组观点。

Activity3:课后延伸

写一篇演讲稿,号召人们树立“爱护粮食,珍惜粮食,从我做起”的意识,内容包括以下要点:

1.民以食为天。粮食对人类的生存具有无可替代的重要性。

2.指出其中存在的世界粮食问题及原因。

3.号召大家在日常生活中爱护粮食,珍惜粮食。

4.文章要有感染力。

5.词数100左右。

五、反思

(一) 在高中英语阅读教学中,采用任务型阅读教学模式时,教师要依据教学目标和课文内容,利用信息转换手段,创造性地设计贴近学生生活实际的教学任务,吸引和组织他们积极参与阅读活动,让学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作方式理解阅读材料,获取课文的主要信息,提高其语篇分析能力,使阅读教学更加突出学生的主体性和语言学习的交互性,在整个阅读教学中,给予学生充分的语言表达机会。

(二) 了解中西外语学习文化差异。我国外语教学,尤其是中学阶段的外语教学,一直是以教师为主导,以语言知识为教学重点,以阅读为主要学习途径,以扩大词汇量为主要教学目标,形成了以语言输入为主的外语学习文化。这种外语学习文化的主要特征是以知识为中心,以教师为主导,重教轻学。而西方外语教学理论与实践发展趋势是重视语言交际能力的培养,其表现形式是以学生为中心,以任务为途径,以培养学习者的语言能力为目标。这种学习文化的特征是重视语言的运用和输出的过程,以达到知识转化为技能的目的。因此,在高中英语阅读教学中,采用任务型教学模式时,教师要根据自身的教学理念、知识、能力、性格、气质、风格和思维方式来运用这一教学方法,以达到阅读教学的有效性。

(三) 教师必须以一种理性的态度来对待任务型教学模式,并学会反思和创新。任何一节好的英语课都不是某一种教学方法的结果,而是多种教学法相互协调,相互作用的结果。教师在尝试一种新的教学理念与方法时,必须把它与传统的外语教学的积极经验相结合。如在阅读课教学中,采用任务型阅读教学模式完成了设计的任务后,阅读课中的语言点教学必须采用巩固性练习这一传统教学方式,因为我国学生离开英语课本后,没有很好的语言环境来使用英语,希望通过练习来巩固所学英语。

六、结束语

任务型阅读教学模式也有其自身的局限性。教师应结合自己的实际情况,根据教情、学情及当地的具体情况进行阅读教学,学会反思自己的教学,观察自己的课堂行为,吸收别人的优秀教育理念,教师要继承和发扬原有的有效教学经验,努力使它与任务型阅读教学模式

形成优势互补,通过整合形成自己的个性化的教学模式,从而推动任务型教学校本化的进程。

[参考文献]:

[1]《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准》(实验稿)

[2]葛文山 课文教学中的任务设计[J]中小学外语教学(6)

[3]龚亚夫.罗少茜任务型语言教学[M]北京人民教育出版社

[4]皮连生.教学设计----心理学的原理与技术[M]北京高等教育出版社

[5]胡春洞、王才仁主编.王才仁著《1996英语教学交际论》[M]南宁广西教育出版社

[6]阎婕《高中英语任务型教学的课堂实践》《中小学外语教学》2002--8

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