高二英语第三单元

2024-05-05

高二英语第三单元（精选6篇）

篇1：高二英语第三单元

科目英语

年级高二

文件 high2 unit3.doc

标题 Mainly Revision

章节第三单元

关键词

内容

一【教学目的和要求】

1.单词和词组

二会： L10 gesture Arab Puerto Rico

L11 communicate host

三会： L9 manage dining room type composition

L10 wave nod

L11distance fist juice one another

四会： L10 body language handshake agreement disagreement Asian kiss custom proud

L11 manner manners comfortable guest

2.日常交际用语

Would you like me to …?

Would you like me to do this for you ?

No, thanks. I can manage it myself.

Is there anything else I can do for you ?

No, thank you. Thanks for all your help.

Can/Shall I help you ?

Would you like some help ?

Thanks/Yes, please.

That’s very kind of you.

3.语法

复习和掌握动词不定式的用法。

二【重点与难点分析】

Lesson 9

1.…Would you like me to carry it ? 要我帮你提着它吗?

No, thanks. I can manage it myself. 不用，谢谢。我自己能行。

此句对话是本课对话学习的重点，如何主动提供帮助和如何回答的日常交际用语。

1)当你主动提出帮助某人时(offering help),可以使用以下用语：

Can I help you ? 我可能帮忙吗?

Can I do sth for you ? 我能帮你干点什么事吗?

Would you like some/any help? 你要帮忙吗?

Would you like me to do sth. for you? 要我帮你做某事吗?

Do you want me to do sth.?你要我做某事吗?

Let me do sth .for you. 我给你做些事吧。

Is there anything (else ) I can do for you ? 还有什么事我能帮忙吗?

2)当别人向你主动提供帮助，而你愿意接受帮助时，可以回答：

Thanks. 多谢。

Yes, please.好的。

Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。

That’s very kind/nice (of you). (你真是)太好了。

3)当别人向你主动提供帮助，而你想谢绝时，可以回答：

It’s all right. Thank you all the same. 不用了，谢谢你。

No, it’s Ok. Thank you all the same. 不，没关系，谢谢。

No, thanks, but I can manage. 不，谢谢，我能行。

That’s very kind of you, but I can do/manage it myself.

谢谢你的好意，不过我自己能行。

例如：

A. Can I help you with the housework ? 我来帮你做家务吧。

B.No, thanks, but I can do it myself. 不，谢谢，我能自己做。

2.It’s a pleasure to meet you .我很高兴见到你。

表示见面时高兴心情的方式有以下几种：

1)It’s good to see/meet you.

It’s nice to see/meet you.

It’s exciting to see/meet you.

It’s wonderful to see/meet you.

It’s delightful to see/meet you.

2)I’m pleased to meet/see you.

I’m delighted to meet/see you.

I’m glad to meet/see you.

I’m happy to meet/see you.

3)I’ve been looking forward to meeting you.

I’ve been wanting to meet you for a long time.

Lesson 10

1.Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words.

我们同别人谈话时，并不仅限于用言语来让人明白自己的思想，尽管我们可能意识不到这一点。

1)此句是一个复合句。主句是We make ourselves understood not just by words. 它带有两个从句。When we talk with others是时间状语从句;Although we may not realize it是让步状语从句。

2)make sb/sth +过去分词意为“使某人/某事被……”

句中的make ourselves understood直译为“使我们自己被别人了解”，意为“使别人了解我们”。

例如：①The teacher raised his voice trying to make himself heard by the students at the back.

老师提高了嗓音，想让后面的学生听到他所说的话。

②When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.

讲英语时，务必要让别人明白你的意思。

2.Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.

点头表示同意，而摇头则表示不同意。

1)句中的while是连词，连接两个并列的分句，表示前后意义上的对比或转折，译作“然而”。

例如：①I like sports, while he enjoys music. 我喜欢运动，而他喜爱音乐。

②Mum was cooking while Dad was watching TV.妈妈在做饭，而爸爸在看电视。

【注】While作“当……时候”解时，指一段时间，不能用来表示一点时间

①While I was sleeping, a thief came into the house.我睡觉时，小偷进了我的屋。

②While in America, I studied music and painting. 在美国时，我学习音乐和油画。

【注】当while从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同，并含有be动词，助动词或连系动词时，

则while从句中的主语连同be动词，助动词或连系动词一块省略，可用这种结构的还有when, after,

once, until, though, as, since等等。例如：

①While watching TV, she fell asleep.当她看电视时，她睡着了。

②When going to school, I met a friend of mine .上学时，我碰到一个朋友。

2)句中的nodding和shaking都是动词nod和shake的-ing形式，它们所构成的短语分别在句中作主语。

3.These gestures are accepted both by Chinese and English speakers as having the same meanings.

这些姿势对说汉语的人和说英语的人来说，都具有相同的意思。

accept…as意为“认为是……”其中accept意为“接受”、“同意(某种看法)”，as是介词，后接名词或-ing形式。例如：

①I can’t accept you as my assistant.我不能接受你作为我的助手。

②We accept the conclusion as true. 我们承认这个结论是对的。

③Waving one’s arms can be accepted as crying for help. 挥舞双臂可能被人认为是呼救。

4.Take nodding the head for example. 比如说点点头这一动作吧。

Take …for example意为“以……为例”，“比如说……”例如：

①Take this problem for example.以这道题为例。

②Take my family for example.就说我的家庭吧。

5.In some Asian countries it means not “yes” but “No”在某些亚州国家，点头的意思不是“是”，而是“不”。

not…but…是一个连词词组，意为“不是……而是”它连接两个并列的句子成分，表示意思上的转折。例如：

1)Not I but he is a teacher. 不是我而是他是一名教师。

2)I saw not Mary but Joan. 我见到的不是玛丽而是琼。

3)That’s not a pen but a pencil. 那不是钢笔而是铅笔。

4)My mother asked me not to go out but to stay at home. 我妈妈要我呆在家里不要出门。

5)He was born not in Beijing but in Tianjin. 他不是生于北京而是生于天津。

【注】not…but连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与紧靠它的主语在人称和数上一致。试比较。

Not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there. 不是学生而是老师希望去那儿。

Not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there. 不是老师而是学生希望去那儿。

6.French people kiss each other hello and goodbye more often than British people.

法国人在见面和告别时相互亲吻比英国人多。

1)kiss sb. goodbye/hello意思是say goodbye /hello to sb. with a kiss.

I kissed her good night. 晚上我与她吻别。

She kissed her mother hello as soon as she got home. 她一到家就亲吻她的妈妈表示问好。

2)kiss v.(风、浪)轻拂

The wind was gently kissing the trees. 微风轻拂着树枝。

7.Generally speaking, people from English-speaking countries do not touch each other very much.

一般地说，英语国家的人不大彼此触碰。

English-speaking countries意为“说英语的国家。”English-speaking是复合词，作定语，修饰countries,这三个词在逻辑上有主谓宾的关系，speaking可看作是countries的动作，是主动关系，因此用-ing形式，English可看作为speaking的逻辑宾语。

8.In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all.

在阿拉伯国家，人们用右手的手指吃饭，左手是根本不用的。

此句中的using the fingers of you right hand是-ing短语，在句中用作方式状语，修饰谓语动词作eat。例如：

①Children usually count the numbers using their fingers .孩子们通常板着指头来数数。

②We show disagreement shaking our heads.我们摇头表示不同意。

9.In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.

在亚洲的某些地区，你不可坐着把脚跷起对着别人。

with your feet pointing at another person是一种“with+复合宾语”的结构，又叫独立主格结构，它是由“with+名词+分词或分词短语”组成，在句中作状语表示伴随动作。分词的形式取决于该动词与前面名词之间的关系，是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。

例如：①The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the stars in the sky.

小男孩躺在草地上，眼睛望着天上的星星。

②Father usually works in his study with the door locked.

父亲通常锁着门在书房工作。

10.Foreigners should follow these customs when they are visiting these countries.

外国人到这些国家参观访问，就应当遵守这些习俗。

follow意为“遵循，听从，依照……行事。”例如：

We should follow the rules of the lab when we are doing experiments.

我们做实验时，就要遵守实验室的规则。

Lesson 11

1.It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking.

阿拉伯人和朋友谈话时，与他站得很近，这是表示有礼貌。

1)manner作“礼貌”讲时，要用复数形式manners.

例如：It is bad manners to leave without saying goodbye. 不辞而别很不礼貌。

2)形式主语it的句型

It is/was +adj/n +(for sb)to do sth.

句型中的for sb to do sth是不定式的复合结构，它是形式主语it所代表的真正主语，其中

的for sb是不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

①It is important for us to learn English well. 学好英语对我们来说很重要。

②It is our duty to help others .帮助别人是我们的责任。

2.The Arab who is friendly will stand close to his friend, but the Englishman will move back in order to keep a certain distance away.

表现友好的阿拉伯人会站得离他的朋友很近，而英国人则会往后挪动，以保持一定距离。句中的keep a certain distance away意为“保持一定的距离”其中certain意为“某个”，“一定的”“某种程度，”在句中作定语。例如：

There is a certain distance between the village and the railway station.

在村庄和火车站之间还有一定的距离。

3.City people in Britain and the United States stand closer than those who live in the country.

英国和美国的城里人比乡下人站的距离近。

句中的those who…相当于peope who,意为“凡……的人”。表示的是两者以上的不定数量。例如：

Those who want to visit the exhibition may write down your names here.

凡想去参观展览会的人可以在我这签名。

试比较：①Anybody who breaks the rules is punished.任何违反规章制度的人将受到惩罚。

②Those who break the rules are punished.

注意主从句的谓语动词要保持一致。

在①句中，主句的主语是Anybody,谓语是is punished, 用单数，Who breaks the rules是定语从句，修饰Anybody, who在从句中作主语，代表Anybody,所以谓语动词breaks也要用单数形式。

在②句中，主句的主语是Those, 谓语是are punished。用复数，who break the rules是定语从句，修饰Those、who在从句中作主语，代表Those，所以谓语动词要用复数形式break。

Lesson 12

Grammar: the Infinitive动词不定式

动词不定式的形式是to+v.,没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，它可以有自己的宾语，也可以被状语修饰，不定式和它自己的宾语或状语组成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和状语，但不能充当谓语，所以它是非谓语动词的一种，在checkpoint3中列举的7个例句说明了不定式的句法作用。

They don’t like to be too close to one another(不定短语作宾语)

They will move back to keep a certain distance away.(不定式短语作目的状语)

Would you like me to do something for you ?(不定式短语作宾语补足语)

Have you got anything to say ?(不定式短语作定语)

It’s a pleasure to meet you.(不定式短语作主语)

Waving one’s hand is to say “Goodbye”.(不定式短语作表语)

I don’t know how to communicate with foreigners .(不定式短语作宾语)

下面再举例归纳说明动词不定式的句法功能。

1.作主语

To learn English well isn’t easy 要学好英语不容易。

【注】①由于主语过长，所以常用it作形式主语。It isn’t easy to learn English well.

②不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

2.作表语

Our work is to clean the windows. 我们的任务是擦窗户。

My idea is to plant some flowers in our garden. 我想在花园里种些花。

3.作宾语

I want to visit the Science Museum. 我想参观科学博物馆。

4.作宾语补足语

I’ve got a bad cold. The doctor advised me to have a rest.

我得了重感冒，医生劝我体息一下。

5.作定语

I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。

I’m very busy. I have a lot of work to do .

我很忙，我有很多工作要做。

6.作状语

He woke up only to find every body gone. 他醒来发现人全走了。

He made up his mind to work harder so as to catch up with the others in his class.

为了赶上班里的其他同学，他下决心更加努力地学习。

三【同步测试】

Ⅰ单项选择

1.Will you speak louder so as to make yourself ?

A. hear B. heard C. hearing D. to hear

2.David was busy at work his wife played cards all day long .

A. however B. while C. so D. therefore

3. Is possible to do the experiment in another way ?

A. that B. this C. what D. it

4. He lives in a house which is close a river.

A. by B. to C. with D. from

5. Not the teacher but the students excited.

A. is B. remains C. are D. being

6. It is very important the lessons before the class.

A. previewing B. to preview C. preview D. of previewing

7. They walked towards the mountain with a boy the way.

A. to lead B. leading C. led D. leads

8. I like reading my brother likes sports.

A. when B. as C. then D. while

9. I found it difficult his question.

A. to answer B. answering C. answer D. in answer

10. The two young men looked at as if one didn’t know the other.

A. each other B. one another C. one other D. the other

11.I think it bad to talk with your mouth full of food.

A. manner B. manners C. behavior D. polite

12. Though he had often made his little sister , today he was made by his little sister.

A. cry, to cry B. crying , crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry

13.My mother will not us to go out at night.

A. have B. let C. agree D. allow

14. The scientist came into the lab, by a group of students.

A. following B. to follow C. followed D. to be followed

15. She waved her hands in order to make herself .

A. seeing B. see C. to see D. seen

16. to take the English evening course please fill in this form .

A. Those who want B. Anybodny wants

C. Those that want D. people want

17. Canada is country. Have you ever been there ?

A. an English-spoken B. a speaking-English

C. a spoken-English D. an English-speaking

18. He usually works in his room with the door and windows .

A. closed B. close C. closing D. to be closed

19. you must be quiet or leave the room.

A. either B. both C. neither D. never

20. There was a terrible noise a sudden flash.

A. Was followed B. following C. to follow D. followed

Ⅱ.阅读理解

A well-known old man was being interviewed(采访)and was asked if it was correct that he has just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday.

“That’s right.” said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven’t an enemy in the world. They’re all dead.”

“Well, sir ”, said the interviewer , “I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”

The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, I can’t see why you shouldn’t. You look fit and healthy to me !”

1. The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which show that he was a very.

A. friendly man -he never made any enemies.

B. healthy man-he lived longer than all his enemies.

C. lucky man-his enemies had all died.

D. terrible man -he had got rid of all his enemies.

2. When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man again the following year.

A. he was trying to make the old man happy.

B. he wished he himself would live another year.

C. he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred.

D. he did not believe he would interview the old man again.

3. When the old man said, “I can’t see why you shouldn’t,” what he meant was .

A. “you must try to live another year to interview me again next year. ”

B. “of course you can see me again since you’re so fit and healthy.”

C. “If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again

D. “unless you live another year, you wouldn’t be able to interview me again.”

4. What kind of man would you say the old man was ?

A. He was silly.

B. He was unpleasant.

C. He was very proud and sure of his health.

D. He was very impolite to young people.

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping(浸)it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)-that is it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing, can also be used on other materials, such as glass.

1. Annealing can make metal

A. hard and tough(韧) B. hard but brittle

C. soft but tough D. soft and britte

2. Why do people put hot metal in water ?

A. To make it hard B. To make it soft

C. To make it cool D. To make it brittle

3. In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on

A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of metal

C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation

4. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?

A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly.

B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.

C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly.

D. It can be cooled and then heatly quickly.

【参考答案】

Ⅰ.单项选择

1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. A

11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. B

Ⅱ.阅读理解

A.1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C

B.1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C

篇2：高二英语第三单元

年级高二

文件 high2 unit3.3.doc

标题 Mainly Revision

章节第三单元

关键词

内容

一、教法建议

【抛砖引玉】

在不同的国家和地区，表达同一概念，体态语中的手势可能不同，相同的手势却表达不同的概念。例如：表达数字“1”的概念时，我们习惯伸出食指，而瑞士人则伸出拇指;当中国人伸出拇指时绝对不会表示“1”的意思，而是“好”的意思。据说由于手势语的不同，不但产生很多误会，还曾经引起过一些灾难。有一次，一些欧洲海员在地中海游水作乐时不知不觉地游到了海防基地，卫兵见到后向他们大声喊叫，并作出“过来”的手势。此时，海员们意识到离海防工事太近了，但是他们误将卫兵的手势理解为“走开”，于是就向远处游去。警惕的卫兵立即开枪打死了这些不幸者。

在西方国家，有一些特别的、人们都遵循的规矩。不敲门是不能打开关闭的门的;不受邀请是不能进入私人住宅的，当然你自己的住宅除外。在收到礼物时，西方人总是教孩子们说“谢谢”。对于西方人来说，吃饭出声音被视为是不礼貌的，然而在有些国家，这是合适地表达你爱吃主人给你的食物。看来，假如你不知道其它国家的这些规矩，你就会犯可笑的错误。

通过学习本单元，同学们将了解到一些有关身势语的知识，这在跨国语言文化间的交际中具有十分重要的作用。

【指点迷津】

A.单元重点新词读音归类

1.[ ]manage handshake Arab manner

2.[ai]type dining-room

3.[d ]gesture juice

4.[ ]composition nod

5.[u:]communicate juice

6.[ei]handshake wave Asian communicate

7.[i:]agreement disagreement

8.[i]manage composition kiss distance fist

9. [ n]composition Asian

10.[ ]handshake Asian

11.[ ]composition agreement disagreement Arab custom manner distance communicate comfortable

B.单元重点新词透视

1.manage

(1)作及物动词用是“管理、经营;安排，运用;控制”。如：

She has managed the company for many years and managed it very well . 她管理这家公司已经很多年了，而且管理得非常好。

Mike knows how to manage wife when she’s angry . 当他妻子生气时，迈克知道怎样对付。

(2)其后接不定式，作“设法做到……”(含成功的做某事)。如：

We managed to finish the hard work in time . 我们设法及时完成了那项重活。

测试要点：

(1)manage与try的辨异

manage常指“想方设法而成功地做成某事”，强调结果。try常指“试图或努力做某事，成功与否不清楚”。如：

He manageed to get the housework done with very little help .在没有多少帮助的情况下，他把家务活干完了。

He tried to get the housework done with very little help .他企图在没有多少帮助的情况下，把家务活干完。

(2)在交际英语中常用I can manage to / I can manage .

2.wave

(1)作可数名词是“波，波浪，波涛，光或者声的波”。如：The waves rolled on .波涛滚滚。sound waves声波。long / short waves长 / 短波。

(2)作及物或者不及物动词是“波动，漂动，挥手”。如：The flags waved in the winds .旗帜迎风飘扬。

(3)指“情绪的波动，人群的潮涌”。如：Waves of strikes hit the country .罢工的浪潮冲击着这个国家。

测试要点：

wave sb sth = wave sth to sb向某人挥手……

She waved me a greeting . = She waved a greeting to me .她向我挥手致意。

He waved good-by to us .他向我们挥手告别。

3.agreement同意、一致

测试要点：

(1)in agreement表示同意。如：She nodded her head in agreement . 她点头表示同意。

(2)in agreement with和…一致。如：Her opinion is in agreement with mine .她的意见和我的意见一致。

(3)agreement的反义词是disagreement。express one’s disagreement表示某人的不同意见。

4.kiss可作名词、及物动词和不及物动词。意思是“吻，亲吻，用吻表达;轻拂”

The two balls kissed .两球轻轻相碰。

A soft breeze kissed her face . 轻风拂过她的脸。

测试要点：

(1)kiss sb + on + the + check吻某人的脸蛋

(2)kiss sb goodbye = kiss goodbye to sb向某人吻别，kiss hello to sb向某人问好

(3)give sb a kiss吻某人一下

(4)习语：kiss the dust / ground承认彻底失败，kiss of life人工呼吸

5.custom习惯，习俗，风俗

Their customs and habits are different from ours .他们的风俗习惯与我们的不同。

测试要点：

(1)区别custom与habit

custom主要是群体性的不断演变而成的习惯，代表一个国家或者地区的传统，即“习俗、风俗”。habit是指一个动作反复发生，习惯成自然。如：

Social customs are greatly different from country to country .各个国家的社会风俗习惯很不相同。

Biting his fingers is his habit .咬手指是他的习惯。

(2)customs常作“关税”，the Customs海关。

6.proud骄傲的;自豪的。该词的名词形式为pride .

测试要点：

(1)be proud of对……骄傲

We are proud of our great motherland . 我们为我们伟大的祖国骄傲。

(2)be proud to do干……骄傲

She is proud to have taken part in the Asian Games .她为能参加了亚运会而自豪。

(3)feel proud that为……自豪

Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year .我们的足球队今年每次比赛都赢了，这使全队都感到骄傲。

(4)take (a) pride in以……自豪，对……得意

He takes pride in his success .= He is proud of his success .

(5)with pride = proudly骄傲地，自豪地

(6)谚语：Pride will have a fall .= Pride goes before a fall . 骄者必败。

7.manner方式;态度;举止。manners礼貌

测试要点：

(1)用作单数是“方式，方法，风格，手法”。如：I love duck cooked in Chinese manner / way .我爱吃中国烧法的鸭子。I don’t like his manner of speaking .我不喜欢他的说话方式。

(2)with manners有礼貌，without manners没礼貌

(3)have good manners有礼貌，have no manners没礼貌

(4)区别下列表达“方法”的名词，注意各自的介词搭配：manner , way , means , method

manner指“行为的特殊方式或独特的个人方法”。in the Western manner以西方式的，in a manner = in a way在一定程度上

way常指“一般方式，方法”。in this way用这种方法

means多指抽象或概括性意义的“手段，方法”。by this means有这种方法

method着重为达到目的或解决问题而采取的有系统、有步骤的方法，着重方法的准确有效。with this method用这种方法

8.distance距离

测试要点：

(1)at a distance稍远一点，at a distance of two miles在2英里的距离处，in the distance在远方。如：This oil-painting looks beautiful at a distance .这幅油画站稍远一点看很好看。

In the dark night , we could a light in the distance at sea .在漆黑的夜晚，我们在海上能看到远处的灯光。

(2)distance的形容词是distant

(3)What is the distance from…to …?哪离哪有多远?

(4)make a long distance call打长途电话

C.单元重点词组扫瞄

1.It is a pleasure to do …很高兴地干……

2.Would you like me to do…?你想让我干……?

3.I can manage it myself .我自己能解决。

4.help sb with cooking a meal帮某人做饭

5.show sb to the dining room领……去餐厅= lead sb to the dining-room

6.do the shooping购物，买东西

7.make oneself understood让别人理解自己 make oneself +过去分词“让自己被明白”make sb do让某人干……

8.by words(抽象的)凭借语言，in words口头上，with words用具体的语言，in deeds行动上

9.not just不只是 You can go there not just by bus , but by train .到那里不仅可以坐汽车，还可以坐火车。

10.send messages to sb向某人传递信息 With the help of satellites, we can send messages to other parts of the world .借助卫星，我们可以向世界其它地区传递信息。

11.accept A as B认为 / 承认A是B The police accepted the story as true .警方认为这事是真的。

These gestures are accepted both by Chinese and English speakers as having the same meaning .这些手势和姿态对说汉语的人和说英语的人都是一样的意思。

12.take…for example以……为榜样，take…as an example以……为榜样

Take water for example , it is made up of two gases──hydrogen and oxygen .以水为例，它是由氢和氧两种气体组成的。

Let’s take Lei Feng as a good example for all of us to follow .让我们把雷锋当作我们大家学习的好榜样。

13.shake hands握手，shake hands with sb = shake sb by the hand和某人握手

14.more often than比……更经常 You watch TV more often than I .你看电视次数比我多。

15.do research on从事……研究 = make research on

16.point at指向，对准，point out指出，point to朝……指去 He pointed his gun at the thief .他把枪对准了小偷。

17.follow customs随俗 Foreigners should follow these customs.外国人应该遵守这些习俗。

18.hold up举起，抬起，支撑，耽误。He held up his hand to ask the teacher a question .

The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather .天气恶劣，新路的修筑受到延误。

19.be close to靠近，接近The bus stop is close to our village .公共汽车站离我们村很近。

20.keep a certain distance away (from)与……保持一定的距离

21.communicate with与……交流(通讯、联系) We can communicate with people in most parts of the world by telephone .我们能够用电话同世界上的大部分地区联系。

22.wait in line 排队等候，wait in a long line排长队

23.shou one’s anger at / on对……发泄脾气

24.worry about / over为……烦恼，be worried about担忧……

25.a day or two = one or two days一两天

It is good manners to write or telephone a day or two later to thank your host .一两天后写信或打电话对东道主表示感谢是礼貌的。

D.大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南

1.Offers and Responses(提供帮助和应答)

发现陌生人或不太熟悉的人有困难，一般用下列句子主动提供帮助。

Can I help you ?/ What can I do for you ?/ Is there anything I can do for you ?/ Do you want me to call you a doctor ?/ Let me carry the luggage for you . / Would you like some coffee ?

如果是熟悉的人或朋友，可直接问对方需要什么帮助。

Would you like me to get you a book ? / Do you want me to call you a taxi ? / If you don’t mind , I’ll go and buy them for you . / Here , take my umbrella .

不需要别人帮助时，还是得先表示谢意。

Please don’t worry . I can manage it myself . / Please don’t bother . / Thank you all the same . / No thanks . / Thank you all the same .

2. Model Dialogues(提供帮助和应答的交际示范)

Rose: Hi , Tom . You are carrying so many books .

Tom: Yes , they are very heavy .

Rose: Can I give you a hand ?

Tom: That’s very kind of you . I’m told you are busy these days .

Rose: Certainly , we’ll have our final exam .

Tom: What can I do for you then ? Can I help you with your English ?

Rose: Please don’t bother . Thanks a lot .

E.单元语法学习目标

不定式高考考什么?

动词不定式因其使用广泛，成为高考题中的热点。近五年高考(1995-)仅单项填空题中，答案要求用动词不定式的有13题。(有些题的答案虽非不定式，却考查了与不定式的搭配或区别。)

现根据其在句中的形式和作用分述如下：

一、否定形式(在to前加not或never)

1.The patient was warned oily food after the operation .(96)

A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating

二、完成形式 (to have + 过去分词)

1)表示发生在谓语动作(或状态)之前的动作或状态。

2)用在表示“希望”等含义的动词过去式后，表示未曾实现的计划等。

3)ought to have + 过去分词“本应该做，结果却未做”。

2. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report . (97)

A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone

3.Robert is said abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in . (99)

A. to study B. to have studied C. to be studying D . to have been studying

三、to的替代作用(承接上文，单独用to来代替整个动词不定式)

4.-I’ll be away on a business trip . Would you mind looking after my cat ? (95)

-Not at all . .

A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to

5.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him .(95)

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

6.-Alice , why didn’t you come yesterday ? (97)

-I , but I had an unexpected visitor .

A. had B. would C. was going to D. did

四、to的省略与否

7.Paul doesn’t have to be made , he always works hard .(95)

A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

五、句法功能

A.作宾语

不定式与动名词作宾语比较，为高考中的重中之重，重复考查现象明显。

8.We agreed here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet . (95)

A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met

9.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting . (95)

-Well , now I regret that .

A. to do B. to be done C. to have done D. having done

B.作宾补/主补(上文的考例1，5，7)

10.-Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls ?

-Yes . They have better players , so I them to win . (99)

A. hope B. expect C. prefer D. want

C.作状语

11.-I had a really good weekend at my uncle’s . (99)

A. Oh , that’s very nice of you B. Congratulations

C. It’s a pleasure D. Oh , I’m glad to hear that

D.作表语

12. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , it more difficult . (99)

A. not make B. not making C. not to make D. do not make E.作表语

13.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door “Sorry to miss you ;will call later .” (99)

A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading

参考答案：1-5 CBBDA 6-10 CBCDB 11-13 DCD

二、学海导航

【学法指要】

用本单元所学的关键语汇从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

1.His French was very poor , so he couldn’t make himself . But we made him us . That is , he was made all this .

A. understand ; understand ; to understand

B. to understand ; to understand ; understand

C. understanding ; understanding ; understand

D. understood ; understand ; to understand

【简析】答案选D。了解使役动词make的句型可知为什么选D：make + sb + do使别人干……，make + oneself + 过去分词“使别人明白自己”，sb be + made + to do某人被迫去干……

2. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .

A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone

【简析】答案选B。本题大意为：昨晚我本想参加晚会，但我不得不加班工作完成报告。would love / like to do很想干……，would like / love to have done当时很想但未能干……

3.The celebration of Christmas is a western .

A. habit B. manner C. movement D. custom

【简析】答案选D。表达一个民族、国家、地区长期形成的习惯叫习俗，即custom。

4. I talked for a long time , and in the end I make her believe me .

A. tried to B. managed to C. could D. succeeded to

【简析】答案选B。manage to do设法干成了……，try to do设法干……，succeed in doing成功地干……从语境in the end可知最后说服了对方。

5.My first teacher last week and said he was still in good health .

A. shook me by the hand

B. shook me by my hands

C. shook my hand

D. shook hand with me

【答案】选A。和……握手：shake sb by the hand , shake sb’s hands , shake hands with sb。

【妙文赏析】

(一)

The shoulders can bear heavy things . Your father has a great responsibility for the family on his shoulder . When faced with difficulty , the family should stand shoulder to shoulder to overcome it . You should not turn a cold shoulder to your family members . Nor should you give your friends the cold shoulder . Both expressions mean treating others coldly .

肩膀能够负重，你父亲就肩负起家庭担子(have a great responsibility for the family on his shoulder)。有困难时，一家人就应该肩并肩(shoulder to shoulder)，同心协力，克服困难。你可不要对家人态度冷淡(turn a / the cold shoulder to sb )，也不要对朋友严厉拒绝(give / show sb a / the cold shoulder)，两个短语的意思都是不理睬或者冷落别人。

(二)Indian Sign Language

How would you talk if all your friends spoke a different language ?

Maybe you would talk by making signs the way that American Indians used to do .Long ago , when Indians of one tribe(部落)met Indians of another tribe , they had to make signs with their hands to understand each other .

There are some of the signs they made . Maybe you can make them , too .

When you are hungry , you move your right hand back and forth across your stomach .

When you mean “Let’s eat”, you cup(使成杯形)your right hand and move it up and down in front of your mouth .

When you have had enough to eat , you spread your thumb(姆指)and first finger(食指)apart , and move your hand from your chest to your chin(下巴).

If you have a stomachache , you put both hands on your stomach , and move them back and forth .

1. In what situation would sign language be used ?

A. When the Indians met each other long ago .

B. When people don’t understand each other’s language .

C. When people who don’t share the same language want to make themselves understood .

D. When people do not make much noise .

2. Long ago , .

A. the Indians had spoken languages .

B. the Indians talked with each other with their hands

C. the Indians of different tribes used sign language to understand each other

D. the Indians preferred to use sign language rather than spoken language

3.Which of the following pictures shows that the Indian was full ?

4.The above picture C shows that .

A. the Indian was inviting us to dinner

B. the Indian had a pain in the stomach

C. the Indian was hungry

D. the Indian had eaten enough

答案：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B

【思维体操】

请同学们阅读说明后把图和英文配对

WHAT DO THESE GESTURES MEAN?

The following gestures were used by actors in the 19th century . What did they mean , do you know ?

Match the actors’ speech to the gesture :

1. “Please , please , my darling never leave me …or I shall die !”

2. “Never ! How can you think that I would do such a thing !”

3. “I warn you , young man . If I find you doing that again , I shall punish you !”

4. “Of course , my dear , help yourself !”

5. “Please be sensible ! You must stop this stupid behaviour(行为)or you will lose everything !”

6. “I don’t care what I do .”

7. “Get away from me , you filthy, filthy beast(畜生)!”

8. “Of course !Don’t worry about it ! I’ll do it !”

9. “ I will finish my work even if it kills me !”

10. “I don’t agree with you . Now you listen to me !”

11. “Don’t do it . Please don’t do it !”

12.“Perhaps you would like to come for a little walk with me ?”

key:

1.B 2.C 3.E 4.C 5.H 6.F 7.K 8.D 9.I 10.J 11. L 12.A

三、智能显示

【心中有数】

从学习不定期式开始到小品词to的突破

我们在学习英语过程中，碰到了许多以to结尾的词。To是介词还是不定式符号，这是我们要特别注意的。本文试将常见的这些词组作些归纳。下面是根据高考英语《考试说明》而列举的一些常见的以to结尾的词组或短语，希望同学们从高二就开始把不定式的知识点牢牢掌握，并在学习中不断总结。只有这样，才能对不定式的运用游刃有余，在以后的高考测试中稳操胜券。

(一)、常见以介词to结尾的词组。

pay attention to注意、lead to导致、according to按照、object to反对、refer to参考，指、stick to坚持、refer + ing…to + ing喜爱……不爱……、belong to属于、add up to总起来，总结着、next to挨着、get (become、be) used to习惯于、listen to听、do good to对……有益、do harm to对……有害、help oneself to请吃……、be accustomed to习惯于、say hello to向……问好、in addition to除……之外、turn to翻到，求助于、look forward to盼望、set five to放心、devote…to …献于……

1. (MET’88)Mother us stories when we were young .

A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling

sb . be used to doing习惯于、sb . used to do过去常干、sth . be used to do被用来干……故选C。

2. (MET’90上海题)We’re looking forward to your country .

A. visiting B. visit C. be visiting D. being visiting

3. (MET’95上海题)She looks forward every spring to the flower lined garden .

A. visit B. paying C. walk in D. walking in

只要掌握look forward to中的to为介词，那么2选A，3选D。至于短语动词中的夹杂状语起修饰性并不喧宾夺主。如：

She found herself looking forward more and more eagerly to the holiday at home .

They looked forward very much to seeing him again .

(二)、常见以不定式符号to结尾的词组。

so as to以便做、It’s worth while + ing (to do )值得做、in order to目的是做、ought to应该做、be willing to乐意做、It takes sb . time to do花时间做、be anxious to急于做、happen to碰巧做、be eager to渴望做、It costs sb + money to do花钱做、be afraid to怕做、chance to恰巧做、be ready to准备做，乐意做、be so + adj + as to do如此……以致于……、be about to正准备做，将做、make up one’t mind to决心做、pretend to假装做、be + adj + enough to do足以做、intend do打算做、used to过去常做、be too …to do太……以致于、would / should love to很想做、plan to计划做、expect to期待做、prefer to do…rather than do宁愿做……而不愿做……

4. (NMET’94) Rather than on a crowded bus , he always prefers a bicycle .

A. ride , ride B. riding , ride C. ride , to ride D. to ride , riding

5. (NMET’90) Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job .

A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to

6. (MET’93上海题) Children at the beginning of this century a lot and themselves greatly even without television .

A. used to read …enjoying

B. used to read …enjoyed

C. were used to reading…enjoy

D. were used to read …enjoying

答案：4.C 5.B 6.B

(三)、特殊结构中的to。

①to构成的短语作插入语。如：

to tell (you) the truth说真的、Truth to tell实不相瞒、to begin / start with首先、to be more exact确切地讲、to make a long story short长话短说，简而言之、to be fair公平地说，凭心而论、to be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地……

②保留to去代表省略的不定式。如：

-Would you like to come to dinner tonight ? (NMET’94)

-I’d like to , but I’m too busy .

-Tom , do you plan to go skating ?

-Yes , we plan to .

③平行结构中的小品词to不可省。如：

To see is to believe . = Seeing is believing .

It’s better to laugh than to cry .

④介词to加名词频频亮相。如：

a monument to the heroes、a bridge to knowledge、a visitor to the city、answer to this problem、keys to the exercises、the entrance to / of a valley、the key to the door、the key to success、a traitor to one’s country、the passage to the room、the notes to the text…

⑤介词to与“情感、心理”相连。如：

to one’s (great) surprise / satisfaction / joy / disappointment / regret…

⑥奇怪的小品副词to。如：

I guessed from the hurrying to and fro〈来来回回〉in the house that something unusual was about to happen .

(四)、to是介词还是不定式符号，根据不同的含义而定。

1.agree to同意

I don’t agree to his proposal . (to是介词)

He agreed to help me two days later .(to是不定式符号)

2.come to来;谈论

He has a lot of money coming to him . (to是介词)

He came to realize that he was wrong .(to是不定式符号)

3.get to到达;逐步

When did you get to the station . (to是介词)

You’ll get to like the work . (to是不定式符号)

4.on the / one’s way to在……途中;即将……

I lost my pen on the way to school . (to是介词)

She is on the way to see a film . (to是不定式符号)

5.happen to发生;碰巧

What happened to you ? (to是介词)

He happened to pass by the station . (to是不定式符号)

(五)、to后与名词、动词构成成语或短语。

go to college上大学 go to school去上学 face to face面对面 put to use利用 get to know知道…… go to bed上床睡觉 go to cinema看电影 sentence sb. to death处死…… come to a stop停止

【动手动脑】

To-infinitive , Infinitive Without To or Just To

英语中不定式有时候要加to，有时候不加to，有时候只要一个to把动词省去不用。到底该怎样正确运用不定式，有些同学对此感到束手无策，那么不妨做下面这些练习，定会对你有所帮助。

1.Don’t ask him to do that if he doesn’t want . (to do , do , to)

2.They could do nothing but . (to wait , wait)

3.We wondered whether (to go , go) forward or turn ,to turn) back .

4.Do what the teacher has told us . (to , to do , do)

5.Hearing this Tom didn’t know whether to laugh or . (to cry , cry)

6.-Would you like to go to the concert with me ?

-Yes , I’d like . (to go , to , go)

7.She doesn’t have to get up so early as she used .(to , to get up)

8. I would rather (to walk , walk) home than (take , to take) a bus .

9.The little child had no choice but . (to cry , cry)

10.Hadn’t you better (to hurry , hurry) if you want to catch the first bus ?

11.-She has to make a special trip to the store to get some salt .

-Does she have ? (to make , to , ×)

12.The policeman let those boys (to go , go), hoping they would learn from their mistake and (to obey , obey) the rules in the future .

13.That’s too good a chance (to let , let) .(pass , to pass)

14.I don’t think he need (tell , to tell) me .

15.I’ll try to help you it . (to do , to )

16.He went to America pennilessly , (return , to return) home forty years as a millionaire .

17.My brother has made a radio (listen , to listen ) to music .

18.They did all they could (help , to help) her .

19.-Ought I to go ?

-Yes , I think you ought . (to , ×)

20.Since you’re tired and sleepy , why not (have , to have) a good sleep ?

21.She has never dared (ask , to ask) them .

22.I dare (to say , say) , it’s going to rain .

23.Are we (bring , to bring) our books to the lecture ?

24.Do (ask , to ask) me if you want anything .

25.Crocodile may , and often do , swimmers . (to attack , attack )

答案及说明：

1.to 2.wait 3.to go , to turn 有对照之意，两个不定式都要带to。 4.to do 5.两个答案都对：whether to laugh or (to) cry可看成成语，译成“啼笑皆非”。6.to 对Would you like to…的回答是：Yes , I’d like to. 7.to 8.walk , take 9.to cry 10.hurry 11.to 对have / has to的回答应该是to。12.go , obey 13.to let , pass 14.tell need第三人称后无词形的变化，说明它是情态动词。 15.to do 16.to return 分词作结果状语表示必然的结果，不定式作结果状语表示没有预料到的结果。 17.to listen has made中的made含义是“制作”，不定式作定语。 18.to help 19.to 20.have why not后接原形动词表示建议。 21.to ask 22.say。I dare say是个固定形式。 23.to bring be to表将来。24.ask。Do / Does / Did放在动词原形前，起强调作用。 25.attack and often do看成插入语，may后接原形动词。

【创新园地】

读谚语，“觅”动物

下列英语谚语中均含动物名称，你能根据字母提示写出它们并把英语句子和后面的汉语句子对照入座吗?

1.When the f preaches , take care of your g .

2.Use a book as a b does flowers .

3.Two d fight for a bone , and a third runs away with it .

4.Though your enemy seem a m , yet watch him like a l .

5.A black h lays a white egg .

6.All a wag their ears .

7.He who rides a t is afraid to dismount .

8.A m remains the same though dresses in silk .

9.Take the b by the horns .

10.Never repeat the words of others like a p .

11.An o is taken by the horns , and a man by the tongue .

12.As the old c crows , so does the young .

13.A thief knows a thief , it is the same with the w .

14.If you run after two h ， you will catch neither .

15.Catch the b before you sell his skin .

16.Where the d is slain , some of her blood will die .

17.As well be hanged for a sheep as for a l .

18.If two men ride on a h ， one must ride behind .

19.If one s leaps over the ditch , all the rest will follow .

20.Who will bell the c ?

A.有谁敢去冒这个险哪? B.先捉到熊再卖皮。(勿过早乐观。) C.勿鹦鹉学舌。 D.黑鸡生白蛋。丑妇生俊儿。 E.听到狐狸说教，当心鹅儿被盗。 F.榜样的力量是无穷的。 G.一心不能二用。 H.处理难局要果断。 I.即使敌人像老鼠，也要当作狮子防。(不怕强敌，只怕轻敌。) J.像蜜蜂采花那样利用书。(读书要善于吸取其精华。) K.驴子都爱扇耳朵。(驴子摆耳朵，傻瓜装聪明。) L.鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。 M.老公鸡怎么啼，小公鸡怎么叫。(子女学父母。) N.牛因长角而被执，人因失言而陷身。 O.豺狼识豺狼，小偷识小偷。(同声相应，同气相投。) P.雁过留声，车过留辙。 Q.一不做，二不休。(索性蛮干。) R.骑虎难下，进退两难。 S.即便身穿绸缎，猴子还是猴子。 T.凡事总有先和后。(有先必有后。)

(读谚语，“觅”动物)答案

1.fox , geese 2.bee 3.dogs 4.mouse , lion 5.hen 6.asses 7.tiger 8.monkey 9.bull 10.parrot 11.ox 12.cock 13.wolf 14.hares 15.bear 16.deer 17.lamb 18.horse 19.sheep 20.cat

篇3：高二英语第三单元

语言和文化密不可分:①语言是文化的一部分, 文化又无时无刻影响着语言;②语言是文化的载体, 又是文化的写照;③语言文字处处都打上了文化的烙印, 语言活动过程中, 时时可觅见文化的踪迹。正如英国语言学家约翰·莱昂斯所言:“特定社会的语言是这个社会文化的组成部分, 每一种语言在词语上的差异都是反映使用这种语言的社会的事物、风俗以及各种活动在文化方面的重要特征。”英汉动物词语的不同文化内涵便是印证此话的最好例子。某些动物的外貌特征、生活习性常使人们将之与人类某些特定的品质联系起来, 从而形成特定的心理反应。从某种程度而言, 人们特定反应与他们的生活经历、社会环境、传统文化和风俗习惯密不可分。由于不同文化背景的人有着相同的生活经历或相似的感受, 有些动物词语会使他们产生共同的联想, 例如, 在英语和汉语中, “狐狸”是“狡猾”的代名词, 英语有“as sly as a fox”这样的说法, 在汉语中也能找到相对应的词组“像狐狸一样狡猾”, 类似的例子有:as busy as a bee (像蜜蜂一样忙碌) , as happy as a lark (像百灵鸟一样快乐) , as clever as a monkey (像猴子一样聪明) 等。然而, 在大部分情况下, 同一动物在不同文化中会引起不同的联想, 这是因为不同民族的思维方式、社会背景、生态环境、传统文化和风俗习惯赋予了动物词语不同的文化内涵。如前文所述, 活公鸡和母鸡在韩国婚礼上代表吉祥。在中国文化中“鸡”是个中性词, 人们常说:“宁为鸡头, 无为牛后”, 这句话突出了“鸡”在中国文化中渺小与平凡的一面, 尽管如此, “鸡”也有其褒义的一面。如“闻鸡起舞”, 本义为:听到鸡鸣, 就起床舞剑。它常用来比喻有志向的人及时奋发。鸡在中国文化中被视为吉祥物, 所以有些商品以“金鸡牌”冠名。而在西方文化中人们常将“chicken”与胆小联系起来, 他们常用“You chicken (你这个胆小鬼) !”来称呼胆小的人。

上述例子说明动物词汇的文化内涵不容忽视, 有些跨文化沟通障碍是因忽视动物词汇的文化差异而引起的。例如, 《国际广告》杂志曾经刊登了一则名叫“龙篇”的立邦漆广告作品, 画面上有一个中国古典式的亭子, 亭子的两根立柱各盘着一条龙, 左立柱色彩黯淡, 但龙紧紧紧攀附在柱子上;右立柱色彩光鲜, 龙却跌落到地上。画面旁附有对作品的介绍, 大致内容是:左立柱色彩黯淡, 但龙紧紧攀附;右立柱色彩鲜艳龙却跌滑到地上, 以暗示使用立邦漆后的效果。这则广告戏剧化地表现了产品的特点, 结合周围环境进行贴切的广告创意, 从创意来看, 这则广告堪称完美。然而, 就是这样一则有创意的广告却在网上掀起了轩然大波。中国网民看完这则广告后, 在网上纷纷留言表示质疑和愤怒:龙是中国的象征, 怎么能遭到这样的戏弄!这个创意应该赶快改掉。更有网民则认为, “发布广告者别有用心”, 并要求广告方道歉。究其原因, 这场风波是由忽视了“龙”的文化内涵差异而导致的。殊不知, “龙”在中西文化中使人产生截然不同的反应。“龙 (Loong) ”是东方神龙的准确英文翻译, 有别于恐龙及欧洲的“Dragon”。在中华文化中“龙”是主要图腾, 在一定意义上是中华民族的象征, 中国龙是一种祥兽, 故我们喜欢用“龙凤呈祥”描写吉利喜庆之事。在汉语中“龙”还表示精力充沛, 健康强壮, “生龙活虎, 龙腾虎跃”等词语便表达了这一含义。然而, 在西方“龙 (Dragon) ”则是邪恶的代名词, 因此好莱坞和西方文学作品总是用“Dragon Ladies”表示亚洲恶毒的女人。又如:She is a real dragon, you’d better keep away from her (她是凶狠的母夜叉, 最好离她远点) 。与此相反, 在中国文化中“龙 (Loong) ”代表美好的人或事, 例如, 金庸笔下的“小龙女 (Loong Girl) ”不仅有超人的美貌、纯真的性格、单纯的内心世界, 而且具有为爱牺牲的无私奉献精神。此外, 中国父母总是对孩子们寄予厚望, 他们“望子成龙” (to expect one’s son to become somebody) 、“望女成凤” (to expect one’s daughter to become somebody) 。西方人要是不知道中国“龙”的深层含义, 是根本无法理解这些与“龙”相关的美妙词语的。提到“龙”, 便自然想到“凤”, “凤”是凤凰的简称, 是中国神话传说中的百鸟之王, 故汉语有“百鸟朝凤”之说。“凤”是人们心目中的瑞鸟, 天下太平的象征。而在西方文化中凤凰被称为不死鸟--菲尼克斯 (phoenix) , 有其浴火重生的能力, 表示涅?与复活。还有一词“狗 (dog) ”在英汉词语中有着完全不同的文化内涵。在汉语中“狗”一般用作贬义词, 人们常用“狗”描述一类令人生厌的人, 如用“走狗”比喻受人豢养而帮助作恶的人, 谄媚的人或阿谀奉承的人;用“落水狗”比喻失势的坏人。“狗”的贬义用法还体现在其它一系列词语中, 如:狗仗人势、狗眼看人、狗傍人势、挂羊头, 卖狗肉、狗急跳墙、狗头军师、狗党狐朋、狗胆包天、狼心狗肺等等。这些词语充分体现了"狗"在汉民族文化中低微卑贱的地位。而在西方文化中“dog”一般具有褒义或中性的文化内涵, 这弥补了“狗 (dog) ”在中华文化中所受的“冷遇”:西方人视“狗”为尊贵、友好的象征, 因而他们认为“Man’s best friend is the dog” (狗是人之良友) 。在西方“狗”享受了与人平等的待遇, 他们甚至用狗来比喻某类人物, 典型英语句子包括:“Love me, Love my dog (爱屋及乌) ”, “You are a lucky dog (你是一个幸运儿) ”, “Every dog has his day (凡人皆有得意日) ”, “Old dog will mot learn new tricks (老人学不了新东西) ”等。相关词组有:“top dog (重要人) ”, “a jolly dog (快活人) ”, “a dog in a doublet (勇敢者) ”, “dog-tired (累极了) ”等。又如“白象 (white elephant) ”在汉文化中是一种可爱的动物, 而在西方文化中它被视为昂贵却派不上用场的物体或物主不需要但又无法处置之物, 这就是为什么一家企业向外商推销“白象”牌产品惨遭失败的重要原因。在英语和汉语中褒贬不一的动物词汇还有“猫头鹰 (owl) ”、“鱼 (fish) ”, 英语常说“as wise as an owl (象猫头鹰一样聪明) ”, 而在汉语中“猫头鹰”被视为不详物, 从俗语“猫头鹰进宅, 好事不来”可看出这一点。“鱼 (fish) ”在英语中给人留下不好的印象, 英语含“fish”的词语有:a poor fish (可怜虫) , a loose fish (生活放荡的女人) , fish in the air (水中捞月) 。但在汉语中因为鱼与“余”谐音, 使人联想起“年年有余 (鱼) ”, “鱼"因此而成为中国人除夕夜的必备菜, 可见其受欢迎的程度。“牛”、“马”两词在汉语中含义也很丰富。“牛”有“吃苦耐劳”、“固执或倔强”、“健壮”之意。比如, 汉语常用“牛脾气、牛气、牛性”等词表示固执或倔强, 而在英语中没有对等的说法。关于“马”的用法, 英汉通用的词语为“a dark horse (黑马) ”, 比喻竞赛或竞选中的意外获胜者, 或者料想到能取胜或作出优异表现的不知名的竞争者。此外, 英语中可以用“horse”指一类人, 如“a willing horse (积极工作的人) ”, “a Trojan horse (潜伏在内部的敌人) ”等。比较有趣的现象是英汉比喻中常将“牛”、“马”“混为一谈”。例如, 汉语中的“牛饮”在英语中说成了“to drink like a horse”, 而“健壮如牛”的英语则是“as healthy as a horse”, “老黄牛”的英语也与马有关:to work like a horse。类似的例子如下:

(1) Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.宁为鸡头, 不为凤尾。

(2) as timid as a rabbit/chicken-hearted胆小如鼠。

(3) an as in a lion’s skin狐假虎威。

(4) like a rat in a hole瓮中之鳖。

(5) like a drowned rat落汤鸡。

(6) a lion in the way拦路虎。

(7) the black sheep of family害群之马。

(8) to lead a dog’s life过着牛马不如的生活。

从上述例 (1) ~ (8) 可知, 在英汉语言中不同的动物可用作喻体表达相同的喻义。

综上所述, 英汉两种语言有着不同的文化渊源, 同时也与人们的文化环境、生活经历息息相关, 因此既有个性特征又存在共性。文化赋予了动物词汇特定的含义, 很多动物词汇在英汉语言中喻义并非完全对等。汉文化中的吉祥兽 (如龙) 在英语中有可能被视为魔兽, 而在西方文化中倍受宠爱的动物 (如狗) 在汉文化中却成了“令人生厌”的人或物的代名词, 这便是动物词汇个性特征的体现。另一方面, 类似的生活经历和社会实践使人们产生普遍的共同意识, 因此不同文化背景的人因其经历类似, 对同一动物的某些特质会产生共同的反应或联想, 从而使得英汉动物词汇的引申义完全吻合, 这就是动物词汇的共性。因此, 在英语学习中, 我们不仅要了解动物词语的本义, 更要关注其文化内涵, 只有掌握它们在不同文化中丰富的引申义, 才能避免望文生义, 从而有效地克服跨文化沟通障碍。

参考文献

篇4：第三单元知识梳理

瞻仰巍峨矗立镏金上溯镶嵌销毁挑衅践踏逾越天堑颓然

重幔巍巍南麓突兀草莽巉岩嵯峨淳朴莽苍轶事螺蛳远眺

竣工深邃门楣穹窿磅礴摒弃精湛静谧恬静啾唧络绎不绝

叱咤风云断垣颓壁栩栩如生枝繁叶茂丘岗坡陀栩栩如生怒形于色

二、理解下列词语的意思

瞻仰：怀着崇高的敬意，严肃而恭敬地看着某人或某物。

挑衅：借端生事，企图引起冲突或战争。

逾越：跨越，超越。

上溯：从当前往上推算。

巉岩：高而险的山岩。

嵯峨：山势高峻。

断垣颓壁：形容房屋倒塌残破的景象。

摒弃：舍弃。

挥洒淋漓：形容运笔自然酣畅。

心旷神怡：心情舒畅，精神愉快。旷，开朗。

重檐：两层屋檐。

形胜：山川胜迹。

刺：投名帖。

蒙丛：草木茂盛的样子。

碧窈：幽深的草木丛中。

三、识记下列文学常识

1.《人民英雄永垂不朽》选自《人民日报》。作者周定舫，新华社记者。

2.《巍巍中山陵》选自《光明日报》。作者刘叙杰，东南大学教授、建筑学家，著有《中国古代建筑史》。

3.《凡尔赛宫》选自《人民日报》。作者吉祖英，当代作家。

4.《黄鹤楼》选自《文苑英华》，作者阎伯理，唐代人。黄鹤楼与滕王阁、岳阳楼并称江南三大名楼。

5.《于园》选自《陶庵梦忆》，作者张岱，字宗子、石公，号陶庵，山阴人，明末清初文学家，著有《琅嬛文集》《陶庵梦忆》《西湖梦寻》等。

6.说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。按说明对象可分为事物说明文、事理说明文；按语言风格可分为平实说明文和生动说明文。

常见的说明方法有举例子、分类别、作比较、列数字、下定义、作诠释、打比方、摹状貌、引用、画图表（作图表）等。

篇5：高二英语第三单元

新人教版高二英语选修六第三单元

A healthy life 教案之语言点详解

词汇详解：

一.词语辨析

1).stress/pressure/tension压力【解释】

stress指承受外来的压力，也可指由于某原因而引起的心理，生理或情绪上的紧张。pressure指单位面积上所受的压力。或指某事物所产生的压力或影响。

tension多指关系不好或其他原因而出现的紧张状态，或指某物被过度伸展后呈现的状态。【练习】

选择stress/pressure或tension并用其适当的形式填空

1)More and more people cannot bear the ________ of modern life.2)Don’t pull it any more.The great ________ will break the rope.3)The patient is complaining of his feeling of _______ on his chest.4)Nobody can work well under ___________.Keys: 1)stress 2)intension 3)pressure 4)pressure/stress

2).ban/forbid/prohibit禁止【解释】

ban由于法律或社会压力而禁止，有谴责或不赞成的意味。搭配ban…from sth./doing sth.forbid较常用。可是个人，也可以是国家，政府机关作出的规定和准则。搭配forbid sb.to do sth./forbid doing sth.prohibit强调以法律或官方行政手段，或规章制度的形式加以禁止。搭配prohibit sb.from sth./ doing sth.【练习】

选择ban/forbid或prohibit，并用其适当的形式填空 1)After the accident, he was _______ from driving alone.2)Our school ________ us to bring cell phone to school.3)The law __________ the tobacco from being sold freely.Keys: 1)banned 2)forbad 3)prohibits

Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

3)effect/influence影响【解释】

effect：能直接引起某种结果的影响

influence指对某人或物产生的潜移默化的影响。【练习】

选择effect或influence并用其适当的形式填空

1)The drug had an immediate __________ on the pain.。

2)My parents considered my friend to be a bad _______ on me.Keys: 1)effect 2)influence

4）ashamed/ shameful羞耻，惭愧的【解释】

ashamed做表语，表示（人）感到羞耻，惭愧的 shameful指事情或行为本身可耻，不道德的。【练习】

选择ashamed或shameful并用其适当的形式填空

1)The boy was _________ to tell his mother that he had failed.2)I was _______ of my ________ behavior at that time.Keys: 1)ashamed 2)ashamed;shameful

二.词性变化

1.stress n.压力, 重点v.着重, 强调, 重读 stressed adj.感到压力的 stressful adj 产生压力的

2.addict v.使沉溺, 使上瘾 addiction n.沉溺, 上瘾 addictive adj.上瘾的

3.automatic adj.自动的, 无意识的, automatically adv.自动地, 机械地

4.shame n.羞耻, 羞愧

ashamed adj.感到惭愧或羞耻的 shameful adj.可耻的，丢脸的

5.comprehension n.理解（力）comprehend v.理解，领会

comprehensive adj.能充分理解的

6.judgment n.判断 Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

judge v.判断

judge n.法官，裁判

7.illegal adj.不合法的 legal n.合法的【练习】

根据句子结构，用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空

1)After a _______ week of work, all the employees were extremely ________ and tired.They complained that few could work efficiently under ________.(stress)

2)Playing computer games is highly _______.Once you get _______to it, you will find it hard to get rid of it.Now, Henry, one of my classmate is fighting his _______ to the games.(addict)

3)As a _______, he has good _________ and never _______ a person by his appearance.(judge)

4)Doing any ________ anything will be protected in China, while doing anything _______will be punished.(legal)

5)The son was _______ to hurt his old mother in such a _______way and came to beg her pardon.(shame)

6)Some songs by Zhoujielun can not be _________ by us.To some old people, they are completely beyond________.So, their grandson or granddaughters have to explain the songs in a more ________way to their grandparents.(comprehend)

7)When I saw a car rushing towards me at a high speed, I jumped aside __________.It was my _______ action that saved my life.(automatic)

keys: 1)stressful;stressed;stress 2)addictive;addicted;addiction 3)judge;judgment;judges 4)legal;illegally 5)ashamed;shameful 6)comprehended;comprehension;comprehensive 7)automatically;automatic

三.重点词汇

1.abuse n.&v.滥用；虐待 [典例] 1)We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us 我们滥用土地，因为我们把它当作属于自己的商品.2)He greeted me with a stream of abuse, which made me feel sad.他迎面对我一顿痛骂,这使我很难过.[重点用法] drug abuse滥用药品 child abuse虐待儿童 [练习] Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

汉译英

1)滥用能源会给我们的子孙后代带来可怕的未来。

________________________________________________________________________________2)根据最新的法律，家长也不允许在家中虐待儿童。

________________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)The abuse of energy will bring our offspring a terrible future.2)According to the new law, parents are also not allowed to abuse their children in the family.2.ban n.&v.禁止；取缔；禁令 [重点用法] ban…from sth./doing sth.禁止做某事 a ban on关于……的禁令 [典例] 1)From last June, there is a ban on offering plastic bags for free in supermarket.从去年六月份开始禁止超市无偿提供塑料袋。

2)People are banned from smoking in many public places in England.在英国许多公共场所禁止吸烟。[练习] 汉译英

1)这儿的学生不允许带手机回校。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)禁止摩托车在我们这个城市引起很大的争论。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)The students here are banned from bring cell phones back to school.2)A ban on motorcycle caused great dispute in our city.3.due adj.应付的,到期的,预期的 [典例] 1)Their plane is due in 15 minutes.他们的飞机预定在15分钟后到达 2)The electricity bill is due today.今天该交电费了.3)A great deal of money is due to you 这些钱应该付给你。[重点用法] due to因为……；归因于，归功于 be due to do sth.定于某时做某事 [练习] 汉译英

1)由于这次全球性的金融危机，他被解雇了。

_______________________________________________________________________________2)这次峰会将在一个非洲国家举行。Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

_______________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1)He was fired due to the global financial crisis.2)The summit is due to be held in an Africa country.4.addicted adj.成习惯而离不开… [重点用法] be addicted to sth／doing sth沉溺于……；专心做…… addict oneself to sth沉溺于…… [典例] 1)50 million Americans are thought to be addicted to nicotine．据说有五百万美国人有烟瘾。

2)Many kids have now become addicted to surfing the Net．很多孩子现在沉迷于上网 3)He is an addicted traveler．他是个旅行迷。[练习] 汉译英

1)辍学后，他沉溺于烟酒中。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)不要再让自己陷入这样愚蠢的事情。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)After leaving school, he was addicted to cigarette and alcohol.2)Don’t addict yourself to such foolish things any longer.5.accustomed adj.通常的 [重点用法] be(become／grow／get accustomed)to(doing)sth．习惯于(与get used to sth./doing sth.同义)accustom oneself to sh./doing sth.使自己习惯于…..;养成…….的习惯 [典例] 1)We were accustomed to working together．我们习惯了一起工作。

2)Having moved to the northeast of China, I had to accustom myself to the dry weather.搬到东北后，我不得不使自己适应干燥的气候。[练习] 用accustom恰当形式填空

1)She was a person_______ ________ having eight hours’ sleep a night． 2)He took his_______ seat by the fire． 3)I’m not______ to getting up so early．

Keys: 1)accustomed to 2)accustomed 3)accustomed 汉译英

1）她的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

_______________________________________________________________________________2）短裤放在惯常的地方。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)Her eyes quickly became accustomed to the dark． 2)The pans were in their accustomed places．

6.quit(quit/quitted)vt.停止(作某事);离职 [典例] 1)I am so tired that I decide to quit next month.我很累了，所以我打算下个月辞职。

2)I had to quit the gathering in order to be home by midnight.为了能在午夜前到家，我不得不离开聚会

3)He quit smoking, and talked something to the person next to him.他停下烟，和旁边的人说着什么。[重点用法] quit doing sth.(必须接名词或动名词做宾语)除此，以下动词有类似用法suggest;practise;risk(冒险);enjoy;escape;admit;advise;allow;appreciate;avoid;deny;mind;miss;permit;consider;forbid;finish;prevent;keep delay;dislike;imagine;[练习] 汉译英

1)教练盯着队员并要求他们不要说话。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)这个贼有逃脱警察抓捕的技能。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3)我想你别介意我写信向你求救。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)The coach stare at the team members and asked them to quit talking.2)The thief has the skill of escaping being caught by policemen.3)I would like you not to mind me writing to you for help.7.survival n.幸存

survive v.幸免于，幸存 survivor n.幸存者 [典例] 1)As is known, we need food and water for survival.众所周知，为了生存我们需要食物和水。2)The house survive the storm.经历暴风雪，房子依然没事。[练习] 汉译英

Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

1)没有人能够在这次空难中幸存下来。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)她比她丈夫多活了十年。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3)这种风格是上个世纪遗留下的。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)No one survived the air crash.2)She survived her husband by 10 years.3)That fashion is a survival from last century.四.重点词组

1.feel like doing sth.想要做某事;[典例] I feel like drinking a cup of hot tea in the cold winter every evening.在寒冷的冬天里,我每个晚上都要喝杯热茶

I feel like lying on the bed and listening to the music.我喜欢躺在床上听歌.He feels like a faithful before that learned scholar.在这个知识渊博的学者面前,他就象一个忠诚的信徒.It feels like a snake.这摸上去像是条蛇.[短语归纳] would like to do sth.想要做某事 prefer to do sth.喜欢做某事

would rather do … than do…情愿做……而不愿… prefer doing(sth.)to(doing)sth.情愿做……而不愿… enjoy doing sth.喜欢/乐意做某事 [练习] 汉译英

1)他想抽根烟。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)这些日子我胃口不好，不想吃东西。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3)我情愿工作到深夜完成这件事情也不愿工作没做完就休息。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)He feels like a cigarette.2)I don’t have an appetite theses days and don’t feel like eating anything.3)I would rather finish it until late night than have a rest leaving the work unfinished.2.take a risk/risks 冒险 [典例] Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

1)I know that I am taking a risk, but it is all worthwhile.我知道我是在冒险,但这非常值得。

2)He took the risk of losing his own life and saved my life in the cold river.他冒着失去自己生命的危险，在冰冷的河水里救了我的命。[短语归纳] at risk冒风险；处于危险中 at the risk of sth./doing sth.冒。。的危险 risk doing冒险做。。

at one’s own risk自担风险 [练习] 汉译英

1）为了寻找失踪的小孩，他冒着被困风雪中的危险。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2）任何人在此游泳，后果自负。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3）战争爆发了，许多无辜的民众处于失去生命的危险之中。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)In order to search for the lost child, he risked getting caught in a storm.2)Anyone swimming in this lake is at his own risk.3)The war broke out, and many innocent people were at the risk of losing their live.3.in spite of 不管;尽管 [典例] 1)They kept going in spite of their fears.他们不顾害怕继续前进。

2)In spite of the heavy rain, he came on time.尽管雨很大,他还是按时来了。[同义归纳] regardless of不管，不顾，尽管；后跟名词，动名词，代词，名词短语等。despite=in spite of although尽管,后跟从句 [练习] 汉译英

1）不管别人怎么说，我仍认为他这个人很好。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2）尽管天气不好，他们的假期还是过得极为愉快。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)In spite of /despite what others said, I think he’s a very nice person.2)They had a wonderful holiday, in spite of/despite the bad weather./ Although the weather was bad, they still had a wonderful holiday.4.get into陷入 Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

[典例] 1)He got into the habit of smoking following his father’s example.他学他的父亲,染上了吸烟的习惯。

2)You may get into trouble, if you always tease others.如果你总是取笑别人，你会惹上麻烦的。[短语归纳] get over a difficulty克服困难 get over a cough咳嗽好了

get down to sth./doing sth.开始做某事 get through to you打通你的电话 get through the work完成工作 [练习] 汉译英

1)当陷入麻烦时，一定要保持镇定。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)晚饭后，女孩开始做功课。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Key: 1)When getting in trouble, be sure to keep calm.2)After the supper, the girl got down to her homework.五.重点句子

1.When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking 当因为我不再适合而被学校足球队开除以后，我意识到自己是时候戒烟了.[解释] It is(high/about)time for sb.to do sth.=It is(high/about)time that sb.did/should do sth.该某人做某事的时候了。[典例] It is high time for us to say good-bye.=It is high time that we should say good-bye.到我们分别的时候了。[练习] 汉译英

1)现在是周六了，你该把工作放下了。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2)我们该为自己的未来做打算了。

_______________________________________________________________________________

Keys: 1)It’s Saturday already.It’s high time for you to put down your work.2)It’s about time that we should plan for our future.Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

六.课文佳句背诵与仿写

1.【原句】It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometers in an afternoon.感到惊讶吧，像我这样的年纪，身体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20公里。

[模仿要点] 句子结构：It seems + adj.+ that 引导主语从句

【模仿1】杰克下课后仍然呆在课室继续他的学习似乎令人惊讶。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：It seems surprising that after class Jack still stayed in the classroom to continue his reading.【模仿2】网上我们几秒钟内就能获得世界上发生的一切事情的信息似乎令人惊叹。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：It seems amazing that on line we can get information about what is happening around the world in a minute.2.【原句】However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible.然而我的的确确知道，我的女朋友觉得我的烟味很难闻。

[模仿要点] 句子结构： what 引导主语从句 + that 引导表语从句

【模仿1】然而，我所知道的是只有爱，关心及理解才能建立一种理想的师生关系。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：However, what I do know is that only love , care, and understanding can build up an ideal relationship between teacher and students.【模仿2】然而，我所相信的是只有通过努力学习我才能赶上其他人。

_______________________________________________________________________________

答案：However, what I do believe is that only by studying hard can I catch up with the others.3．【原句】Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒你自己，你（已经）是不抽烟的人了。

[模仿要点] 句子结构：every time 引导状语从句，+ 祈使句

【模仿1】每次你想要玩电脑的时候，提醒你自己曾经经历过的事情。

_______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Every time you would like to play computer, remind yourself of the experience you once had.【模仿2】每次你感到压抑的时候，做一些放松运动。Practice makes perfect.M6Unit3A healthy life词汇教案

篇6：高二英语第三单元

一.选择题(本题共10小题，每题4分，满分40分。每题所给的选项中，有的只有一个是正确的，有的有几个是正确的。将正确选项的序号选出填入题后的括号中。全部选对的得4分，部分选对的得2分，有错选或不选的得0分)

1.在狭义相对论中，下列说法中哪些是正确的( )

(1)一切运动物体相对于观察者的速度都不能大于真空中的光速

(2)质量、长度、时间的测量结果都是随物体与观察者的相对状态而改变的

(3)惯性系中的观察者观察一个与他做匀速相对运动的时钟时，会看到这个时钟比与他相对静止的相同的时钟走得慢些

A.(1)(3)是正确的 B.(1)(2)是正确的

C.(1)(2)(3)是正确的 D.(2)(3)是正确的

2. 如图1所示, 夏天，在平静无风的海面上，向远方望去，有时能看到山峰、船舶、楼台、亭阁、集市、庙宇等出现在远方的空中。沙漠里有时也会看到远处的水源、仙人掌近在咫尺，可望而不可及，这就是蜃景。下列有关蜃景的说法中错误的是( )

A.海面上上层空气的折射率比下层空气的折射率要小

B.沙面上上层空气的折射率比下层空气的折射率要小

C.A是蜃景，B是景物

D.C是蜃景，D是景物

3.关于电磁场的理论，下列说法正确的是( )

A.变化的电场周围产生的磁场一定是变化的

B.变化的电场周围产生的磁场一定是均匀变化的

C.均匀变化的磁场周围产生的电场也是均匀变化的

D.振荡电场周围产生的磁场也是振荡的

4.根据相对论判断下列说法是否正确( ).

A.狭义相对论全面否定了经典力学理论

B.如果物体在地面上静止不动，任何人在任何参考系里面测出物体的长度都是一样的

C.由可知，质量可转变成能量

D.物体速度越大，质量也变得越大

5.如图2所示，让太阳光或白炽灯光通过偏振片P和Q，以光的传播方向为轴旋转偏振片P或Q，可以看到透射光的强度会发生变化，这是光的偏振现象.这个实验表明( )

A.光是电磁波 B.光是一种横波

C.光是一种纵波D.光是几率波

6.如图3所示，在挡板上开一个大小可以调节的小圆孔P，用点光源S照射小孔，小孔后面放一个光屏MN，点光源和小孔的连线垂直于光屏，并于光屏交于其中心。当小孔的直径从1.0mm逐渐减小到0.1mm的.过程中，在光屏上看到的现象将会是( )

A.光屏上始终有一个圆形亮斑，并且其直径逐渐减小

B.光屏上始终有明暗相间的同心圆环，并且其范围逐渐增大

C.光屏上先是形成直径逐渐减小的圆形亮斑，然后是形成范围逐渐增大而亮度逐渐减弱的明暗相间的同心圆环

D.光屏上先是形成直径逐渐减小的圆形亮斑，然后是形成范围逐渐减小而亮度逐渐增大的明暗相间的同心圆环

7.自行车的尾灯采用了全反射棱镜的原理，它虽然本身不发光，但在夜间骑车时，从后面开来的汽车发出的强光照到尾灯后，会有较强的光被反射回去，使汽车司机注意到前面有自行车，尾灯由透明介质做成，其外形如图 4所示，下面说法中正确的是( )

A. 汽车灯光应从左面射过来，在尾灯的左表面发生全反射

B.汽车灯光应从左面射过来，在尾灯的右表面发生全反射

C.汽车灯光应从右面射过来，在尾灯的右表面发生全反射

D.汽车灯光应从右面射过来，在尾灯的左表面发生全反射

8.井口大小和深度相同的两口井，一口是枯井，一口是水井，水的深度正好是水井的一半，两井底部都各有一只青蛙，则 ( )

A.枯井中青蛙觉得天比较小，水井中青蛙看到井外的范围比较大

B.枯井中青蛙觉得天比较大，水井中青蛙看到井外的范围比较小

C.枯井中青蛙觉得天比较大，水井中青蛙看到井外的范围比较大

D.两只青蛙觉得井一样大，水井中青蛙看到井外的范围比较大

9.如图5所示，表示LC振荡电路某时刻的情况，以下说法正确的是( )

A.电容器正在充电

B.电感线圈中的磁场能正在增加

C.电感线圈中的电流正在增大

D.此时刻自感电动势正在阻碍电流增大

10.如图6是研究光的双缝干涉用的示意图，挡板上有两条狭缝S1、S2.由S1、S2发出的两列波到达屏上时会产生干涉条纹，已知入射激光的波长为，屏上的P点到两缝S1和S2的距离相等，如果把P处的亮纹记作第0号亮纹，由P向上数，与0号亮纹相邻的亮纹为1号亮纹，与1号亮纹相邻的亮纹为2号亮纹，则P1处的亮纹恰好是10号亮纹.设直线S1P1的长度为r1，S2P1的长度为r2，则等于( )

A.5 B.10

C.20 D.40

二.填空题(本题共3小题，每题4分，满分12分;将正确、完整的答案填入相应的横线中。)

11.白光从空气中进入玻璃三棱镜时会产生色散现象。色光向棱镜底边偏折最大;

色光在三棱镜中传播速率最大.激光具有高度的相干性，这是激光的第一个特点，全息照片的拍摄利用了光的，这就要求参考光和物光有很高的。

12.图7所示的(a)(b)两图是由单色光分别入射到圆孔而形成的图样。其中图(a)是光的_______(填干涉或衍射)图样。由此可以判断出图(a)所对应的圆孔的孔径_______(填大于或小于)图(b)所对应的圆孔的孔径。

13.某振荡电路，线圈的电感量 mH，电容器的容量 F，起初，电容器充电后上极板带正电荷，下极板带负电荷，设电键闭合的时刻，那么当 s时，电容器的上极板带__________(正或负)电荷，通过线圈的电流正在_______(增大或减小)，此时电容器正在_______(充电或放电)。

三.科学探究与实验 (本题共2小题，满分10分)

14.某研究小组的同学根据所学的光学知识，设计了一个测量液体折射率的仪器。如图8所示，在一个圆盘上，过其圆心O做两条互相垂直的直径BC、EF。在半径OA上，垂直盘面插上两枚大头针P1、P2并保持P1、P2位置不变，每次测量时让圆盘的下半部分竖直进入液体中，而且总使夜面与直径BC相平，EF作为界面的法线，而后在图中右上方区域观察P1、P2的像，并在圆周上插上大头针P3，使P3正好挡住P1、P2的像。同学们通过计算，预先在圆周EC部分刻好了折射率的值，这样只要根据P3所插的位置，就可以直接读出液体折射率的值。

(1)大头针P3插在M位置时液体的折射率值插在N位置时液体的折射率值

(2)若 AOF=30，OP3与OC的夹角为30，则液体的折射率为。

15.用双缝干涉测光的波长。实验装置如图9(甲)所示，已知单缝与双缝间的距离L1=100mm，双缝与屏的距离L2=700mm，双缝间距d=0.25mm。用测量头来测量亮纹中心的距离。测量头由分划板、目镜、手轮等构成，转动手轮，使分划板左右移动，让分划板的中心刻线对准亮纹的中心如图9(乙)所示，记下此时手轮上的读数，转动测量头，使分划板中心刻线对准另一条亮纹的中心，记下此时手轮上的读数。

(1)分划板的中心刻线分别对准第1条和第4条亮纹的中心时，手轮上的读数如图12(丙)所示，则对准第1条时读数x1=_______mm、对准第4条时读数x2=_______mm

(2)写出计算波长的表达式， _____nm.

四、题：本题包括4个小题，共38分。要求写出必要的文字说明，方程式或重要的演算步骤，只写出最后答案的，不能得分。有数值计算的题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位。

16.(7分)有波长分别为290m、397m、566m的无线电波同时传向收音机的接收天线，当把收音机的调谐电路的频率调到756kHz时，

(1)哪种波长的无线电波在收音机中激起的感应电流最强?

(2)如果想接收到波长为290m的无线电波，应该把调谐电路中可变电容器的动片旋进一些，还是旋出一些?

17.(9分)用氦氖激光器进行双缝干涉实验，已知使用的双缝间距离，双缝到屏的距离，测得屏上干涉条纹中亮条纹的间距，氦氖激光器发出的红光的波长是多少?假如把整个装置放入折射率是的水中，这时屏上的条纹间距是多少?

18.(11分)在厚度为、折射率为的大玻璃板下表面，有一个半径为的圆形发光面。为了从玻璃板的上方看不见这个圆形发光面，可在玻璃板的上表面贴一块圆形纸片，问所贴纸片的最小半径应为多大?

19.(11分)如图10所示，直角玻璃三棱镜置于空气中，已知 =60， =90，一束极细的光于AC的中点D垂直AC面入射，AD=a，棱镜的折射率n= ，求：

(1)光从棱镜第一次射入空气时的折射角。

(2)光从进入棱镜到它第一次射入空气所经历的时间(设光在真空中传播速度为c)。

参考答案