考研英语翻译基础真题

2023-01-11

第一篇:考研英语翻译基础真题

英语六级翻译真题

2012年6月 《孙子兵法》(The Art of War)是中国古代最重要的一部军事著作之一,是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。孙子(Sun Tzu),即该书的作者,在书中揭示的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律,不仅受到军事家门的推崇,还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求甚至家庭关系等诸多方面,具有广泛的指导作用。《孙子兵法》中的许多名言警句(epigram),富有哲理,意义深远,在国内外广为流传。如今,《孙子兵法》已被翻译成多种语言,在世界军事史上也具有重要的地位。

The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China. Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship. There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad. Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world. 2012年12月 京剧

京剧(Peking Opera)已有200多年的历史,是中国的国剧。与其他地方戏相比,京剧享有更高的荣誉,但其实京剧融合了多种地方戏的元素。京剧演员的脸谱(facial make-up)和戏服都很精美,相比之下舞台布景则十分简单。表演者主要应用四种技能:唱、念、做、打。京剧较擅长于表现历史题材的政治、军事斗争,故事大多取自于历史演义和小说话本(historic and fictional stories)。在古代,京剧大多是在户外演出的,因此演员们形成了一种有穿透力的唱腔,以便每个人都能听到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation; but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas. The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate; by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain. During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat. Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories. In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.

2013年6月

中国卫生监督部门决定在未来三到五年之内建立一个全国性的网络,用以监测空气污染对人类健康的影响。这一目标于国家卫生和计划生育委员会(National Health and Family Planning Commission )针对空气污染的一份工作文件中披露,根据这份文件,该网络将搜集不同地区空气中的PM2.5数据和主要空气污染物浓度变化的数据。这将为分析和评估空气污染对健康的影响提供数据支持。这一文件提到,缺乏长期而系统的监测使国家无法揭示空气污染和人类健康之间的联系。

China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years. The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission. According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants. That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health. The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health. 2013年12月第一套

中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似。过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农历八月十五,是人门拜月的节日。这天夜晚皓月当空,人们合家团聚,共赏明月。2006年,中秋节贝类为中国文化遗产,2008年又被定位公共假日。月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿(longevity)”、“福”或“和”等字样。

Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America. The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China. The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon. During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together. In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday. The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival. People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings. Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “longevity”, 3 2013年12月第三套

闻名于世界的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6000多公里,得名于中国古代的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要的作用。正式通过丝绸之路,中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术这四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样,中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器(porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的,欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物,满足中国市场的需求。

The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West. The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade. The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word. Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.

2013年12月第二套 中国园林(the Chinese garden)是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观(landscape)。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园,也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙,园内有池塘、假山(rock-work)、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中,人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷(scroll)一般展现在面前。

The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years. It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world. These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature. Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls. In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors. When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll

第二篇:2013考研英语(一)翻译真题。

2013考研英语

(一)翻译真题--中域教育网

46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.

48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such

49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic

50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.

第三篇:2018考研英语(二)真题翻译参考答案

http:///kaoyan/ 考研英语(二)真题翻译参考答案

来源:文都教育

2018考研英语(二)已经顺利结束,不知道大家考的怎么样,文都教育在这里给大家总结了考研英语(二)的翻译答案,希望对你们有帮助。

【题目】

46. Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy”at the dinner table.

That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,”Gates says.

【译文】

http:///kaoyan/ 一个五年级的学生需要完成一份作业,作业的内容是要从工作清单中选出自己未来的职业。他在“宇航员”那里画了线,但是又很快加上了“科学家”。他相信,如果他读的书够多,就可以任意选择他所喜欢的职业。所以他读了从百科全书到科幻小说非常多的书。他对于读书太过于痴迷以至于他的父母不得不制定了在餐桌上“禁止读书政策”。

这个男孩就是比尔盖茨,他至今都没有停止过阅读,即使已经成为世上最成功的人士之一。如今,他不仅阅读科幻作品和百科丛书:他最近透漏自己一年至少阅读50本非小说书籍,因为这些书揭秘了世界的运转方式。比尔盖茨说:“每一本书都开辟了探索知识的新路径”。

以上就是文都教育给大家总结的2018考研英语(二)的翻译答案,相对来说还是不难的,所以希望大家都能取得好成绩。

第四篇:大学英语四级翻译真题

2014年12月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第一套)

大熊猫是一种温顺的动物,长着独特的黑白皮毛。因其数量极少,大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。大熊猫对于世界自然基金会有着特殊意义。自1961年该基金会成立以来,大熊猫就一直是它的徽标。大熊猫是熊科中最稀有的成员,主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。目前,世界上大约有1000只大熊猫。这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。因此,确保大熊猫的生存比以往更重要。

Panda is a kind of docile animal, with unique black and white fur. Because of its scarcity, panda has been listed as the endangered species. Panda has been playing a special role in WWF. Panda has been the logo of WWF since it was founded in 1961. It is the rarest member among the ursidae animals, living mainly in the forests of the China Southwest. Up to now there are about 1000 pandas all over the world .These animals which live on bamboo face many threats. So it is more important to protect them than before.

2014年12月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第二套)

越来越多的中国年轻人正在对旅游产生兴趣,这是今年来的新趋势。年轻游客数量的不断增加,可以归因于他们迅速提高的收入和探索外部世界的好奇心。随着旅行多了,年轻人在大城市和著名景点花的时间少了,他们反而更为偏远的地方所吸引。有些人甚至选择长途背包旅行。最近调查显示,很多年轻人想要通过旅行体验不同的文化、丰富知识、扩展视野。

Chinese young people in mounting numbers come to be interested in tourism, which is a new trend of this year. Rising number of young tourists, can be attributed to their rapidly increase income and the curiosity to explore the outside world. With the increase of traveling, the young spend less time in big cities and famous attractions; they are more attracted to remote locations. Some people even choose backpacking trip for long-distance. Recent survey indicates that many young people want to travel to experience different culture, enrich knowledge and broaden view.

2014年12月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第三套)

中国的互联网社区是全世界发展最快的。2010年,中国约有4.2亿网民(netizens),并且人数还在迅速增长。互联网的日渐流行带来了重大的社会变化。中国网民往往不同美国网民。美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使,用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、规划旅程或付款。中国网民更多是出于社交原因使用互联网,因而更广泛地使用QQ、聊天室等。

China’s Internet community develops fastest all over the world. There were nearly 420 million netizens in China in 2010, and the number is still getting larger and larger. The increasing popularity of the Internet has created a significant social change. The Chinese netizens are different from the American netizens. American netizens are more driven by the real necessity, and they use the Internet to send emails, do some shopping, make a travel plan or make a payment. However, Chinese netizens use the Internet mainly out of the social intercourse , so the chat rooms and QQ are widely used by them .

2014年6月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第一套)

中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%。该比例在所有核国家中居30位,几乎是最低的。

2011年3月日本核电站事故后,中国的核能开发停了下来,中止审批新的核电站,并开展全国性的核安全检查。到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。

随着技术和安全措施的改进,发生核事故的可能性完全可以降到最低程度。换句话说,核能是可以安全开发和利用的。

China should further develop nuclear energy, because nuclear power currently accounts for only 2% of its total generating capacity. The proportion ranks the 30th among all countries possessing nuclear energy, which is almost the lowest. China’s nuclear power development stopped after the nuclear power station accident in Japan in March, 2011. The approval of new nuclear power plants was suspended, and the nationwide nuclear energy safety inspection started. It wasn’t until October, 2012 was examine and approval restored cautiously. With the improvement of technology and safety measures, the possibility of nuclear accidents can definitely be minimized. In other words, the nuclear energy can be exploited and utilized safely.

2014年6月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第二套)

中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。他们强调,人们应当读好书,尤其是经典著作。通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要养成阅读的习惯就很难了。

Chinese educators have long known that reading is of great importance to a nation. Some of them even proposed to establish the National Reading Day in 2003. They emphasized that people should read good books, especially the classic ones. By reading, people can better learn to be grateful, responsible and cooperative, the very basic qualities education intends to foster. Reading is especially important for students in the primary school and middle school; if the interest of reading is not fostered at that critical period, it will be quite difficult to cultivate the habit of reading later.

2014年6月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第三套)

为了促进教育公平,中国已投入360亿元,用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地区农村义务教育(compulsory education)。这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以和沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。

In order to promote education equity, China has invested 36 billion yuan to improve the education facilities in rural areas and strengthen rural compulsory education in the central and western regions. The funds is used to better the school’s teaching facilities and purchase books, from which more than 160,000 middle and primary schools have gained benefits. The money is also spent on acquiring musical and painting instruments. Nowadays, children in rural and mountainous areas can have access to music and painting lessons just like children in coastal cities. Some students who had once transferred to urban schools for better education now return to the local rural schools.

2013年12月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第一套)

许多人喜欢中餐。在中国,烹饪不仅被视为一种技能,而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差异很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点,总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养 (nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要,好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡,所以中餐既味美又健康。

Many people are fond of Chinese cuisine. In China, cooking is regarded not only as a craftsmanship, but also as an art. A well-prepared Chinese cuisine is both tasty and good-looking. Cooking skills and dish ingredients vary a lot in different regions of China. However, good Chinese cuisine always shares something in common, that is, the color, aroma, taste, and nutrition. As food is vital to one’s health, a good chef if always trying to strike a balance among grains, meat and vegetables. That’s why Chinese cuisine is tasty and healthy.

2013年12月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第二套)

中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的,经过数百年不断的改进,已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代,人们用它来记录事件,但现在主要用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚。中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和避邪。这种形式的手工艺(handicraft)代代相传,现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。

The Chinese knot, originally invented by the craftsmen, has become an elegant and colorful art and craft over hundreds of years’ continuous improvement. In ancient times, it was used to record events, but nowadays it is mainly functioning as decoration. “knot” signifies love, marriage and reunion in Chinese. Often used as gifts exchange or decoration, Chinese knot is believed to bring good luck as well as ward off evil spirits. The handicraft has been passed down from one generation to another and now enjoys more and more popularity both at home and abroad.

2013年12月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第三套)

“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡,而中国人则会选茶。相传,中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶,并用来治病。在明清(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)期间,茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在6世纪传到了日本,但直到

17、18世纪才传到欧美。如今,茶是世界上最流行的饮料 (beverage)之一。茶是中国的民族饮品,也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。

This is what diners are often asked, “Would you like tea or coffee?” Many Westerners favor coffee while the Chinese tend to choose tea. Tradition has it that an ancient Chinese emperor discovered the tea five thousand years ago and used it to treat illnesses. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, teahouses spread all over the country. Tea drinking was introduced to Japan in the 16th century while it had not been introduced into Europe and America until the 17th and 18th centuries. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. It is not only a kind of Chinese national drink, but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.

2013年6月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第一套)

春节贴年画(pasting New Year paintings)的风俗源自于往房子外面的门上贴门神 (Door Gods)的传统。随着木质雕刻评(board carvings)的出现,年画包含了更广泛的主题,最出名的就是门神和三大神——福神、薪神和寿神 (Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity),寓意着庄家丰收、家畜兴旺和庆祝春节。年画的四大产地分别是苏州桃花坞、天津杨柳青、河北武强和山东潍坊。现在中国农村依然保持着年画的传统,而在城市里很少有人贴年画。

The custom of pasting New Year paintings in the Spring Festival originated from the tradition of pasting Door Gods on the external doors of the houses. With the creation of board carvings, New Year paintings cover a wider range of subjects. The most famous ones are Door Gods and Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity, signifying the abundant harvest of crops, the prosperity of domestic animals and the celebration of the Spring Festival. Four producing areas of New Year paintings are Taohuawu of Suzhou, Yangliuqing of Tianjin, Wuqiang of Hebei and Weifang of Shangdong. Now the tradition of pasting New Year paintings is still kept in rural China, while it is seldom followed in cities.

2013年6月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第二套)

“春联 (The Spring Couplet)”也被称为“对联 (couplet)”,在中国是一种特殊的文学形式。春联是由贴在门口两侧两组对立的句子 (antithetical sentences) 组成的。在门上面的横批 (horizontal scroll bearing an inscription) 通常是一个吉祥的短语。贴在门右侧的句子被称作对联的上联 (the first line of the couplet),左侧的为下联。除夕那天,每家都会在门上贴上红纸写的春联,传递出节日喜庆和热闹的 (hilarious) 气氛。在过去,中国人通常用毛笔自己写春联或者请别人写春联,而现在,人们普遍在市场上买印刷好的春联。

“The Spring Couplet”, also called “couplet”, is a special form of literature in China. The Spring Couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door. Above the gate is a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, usually an auspicious phrase. The sentence pasting on the right side of the door is called the fist line of the Couplet, and the left one is the second line. On the eve of the Spring Festival, every household will paste on doors a Spring Couplet written on red paper to give a happy and hilarious atmosphere of the Festival. In the past, the Chinese usually wrote their own Spring Couplet with a brush or asked others to do it for them, while nowadays, it is common for people to buy the printed Spring Couplet in the market.

2013年6月 大学英语四级考试真题 (第三套)

仅仅鼠标一点,购物者就几乎能在网上买到任何东西,从食品杂货到汽车,从保险单 (insurance policies) 到房贷。电子商务 (electronic commerce) 的世界使得消费者无需离开舒适的家就能够在数以千计的网店购物,并且完成付款。消费者期望商家 (merchants) 不仅仅能够在网上销售产品,而且能够让支付过程变的简单、安全。当然,网络购物者也需要谨慎小心以保证愉快、安全的网购经历。

With just a click of the mouse, shoppers can buy nearly any product online, from groceries to cars, from insurance policies to home loans. The world of electronic commerce enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores and pay for their purchases without leaving the comfortable home. Consumers expect merchants not only to make their products available on the Web, but also to make payments a simple and secure process. Of course, online shoppers need to be cautious to make their online shopping experiences enjoyable and safe.

2012年12月 大学英语四级考试真题

在中国,小孩儿的满月酒 (One-Month-Old Feast) 和抓周 (One-Year-Old Catch) 仪式独具特色。小孩儿出生满一个月的那天,孩子的家人一般要邀请亲朋挚友一起来庆祝孩子满月。小孩儿满周岁的那天,有抓周的仪式。按照中国的传统,父母及他们不给予任何的引导或暗示,任孩子随意挑选,看他先抓什么,后抓什么,并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将来从事的职业以及前途。

In China, One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics. One the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion. On the day when a baby is one year old, there is a ceremony of One-Year-Old Catch. According to Chinese traditional custom, nobody will give any instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself. Watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make prediction about its potential interest, future career and development.

第五篇:2015年英语一真题翻译

2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题文章翻译

Section I

Use of English 尽管没有血缘关系,但朋友之间的遗传关系与第四代表亲相同,有1%的相同基因。这是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学出版在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的研究所得出的结论。

这项研究是比较了多组无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人,在1932个实验对象身上所做的基因组分析。同一批人用在了两组样本里。

尽管这1%的相同基因可能毫无意义,但对基因学家来说却并非如此。正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医学基因学教授James Fowler说的:“大多数人根本不认识他们的第四代表亲,却在冥冥之中成功选择与我们血缘相近的人作朋友。”〖HJ〗

研究还发现朋友之间还有部分相同的嗅觉基因但免疫基因是不同的。目前为止,嗅觉基因为何存在相似性很难解释。或许,正如研究团队说的那样,相似之处把我们吸引到一个相似的环境中,而在相似的环境中有更多相似点。有很多机制共同作用促使我们选择有着相同基因的人做朋友,而不是以“功能性亲属关系”选择能带来利益的人做朋友。

研究值得一提的一项发现是相似基因似乎比其他基因进化的要快。研究这项发现有助于理解为何人类在过去的30000年进化速度在加快,社会环境是主要的促进因素。

研究者说这些发现不仅仅解释了人类与具有相似种族背景的人做朋友的趋势。尽管所有研究对象都是从有欧洲血统的人中挑选,但还是要保证所有实验对象,包括朋友和陌生人都是从相同的人群中选出。

Section II

Reading Comprehension Part A

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1 西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾说“国王不会退位,他们逝世于睡眠中”。但是最近几次欧洲大选中,丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安·卡洛斯收回之前的言论,并被迫退位。如此说来,西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路?是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改?

西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据,也提供了反对君主制的论据。这时公众意见呈现出两极分化,弗朗哥政权结束后,君主可能超越单纯的政治,成为国家统一的精神象征。

正是这次明显的超越对君主作为国家元首继续流行做出了解释。正因如此,除中东外,欧洲是世界上君主制最盛行的地区,有10位国王(梵蒂冈和安道尔不算在内)。但是,与海湾地区和亚洲的专制国家不同,欧洲皇室能够留存下来,是因为他们让选民免于苦心孤诣地寻找一个没有争议且受尊崇的公众人物。

即使如此,毋庸置疑君主还是在衰落。即使他们声称自己是国家

统一的象征,但他们的历史和今日的行为方式都代表着他们享有的特权和他们身上体现出的不公平已经过时,且站不住脚。Thomas Piketty和另外几位经济学家曾指出,皇室享有的特殊待遇和财富继承权在增强,富裕贵族仍然是现代民主国家象征意义上的核心,真是荒唐。

最成功的君主都努力放弃或掩饰其老旧而奢华的生活方式。王子公主白天上班,他们骑自行车出行,而不是骑马(或乘直升机)。即便如此,他们还是世界上只占1%的富裕家族,媒体介入也使维持良好形象愈加困难。

尽管欧洲君主们够识时务可以再留存一段时间,但英国皇室还是因为西班牙的事例而倍感忧心。

只有女王还保留着君主的名分,过着普通而守旧的生活。Charles奢侈的生活品味和他所奉行的等级森严的世界观将让他陷入危险的境地。他不明白君主之所以保存下来是因为他们是没有争议的非政治性的国家元首。Charles应该知道,英国历史也证明了这一点,君主制最大的敌人是国王自己,而非共和党人。

Text

2 宪法能在多大程度保护个人的电子数据?最高法院正在考虑在实施逮捕时在手机就在旁边的情况下,若无搜查令,警察是否有权查看手机内容。

加利福尼亚州要求法官克制笼统的裁决,尤其是会推翻由来已久的一项假设的裁决,该假设是:当局在实施逮捕时可以搜查嫌疑犯的

财物。加利福尼亚州称,法官很难评估快速发展的新科技可能带来的影响。

法院若采纳了加州的建议就谦逊过头了。可能带来的影响都在预料之中甚至显而易见,法官可以也应该为警察、律师和被告提供最新的指导方针。

他们首先应该摒弃加州那蹩脚的说辞:查看智能手机(智能手机是一个巨大的电子信息数据库)的内容就像搜查疑犯的钱包。法院已经做出裁决,警察在无搜查令的情况下搜查被捕者的钱包或皮夹不违反宪法第四修正案。但是搜查人的手机更像是闯进一个人的家里。一部智能手机里可能有被捕者的阅读历史、财政状况、医疗信息以及详细的最近通信记录。另一方面,云计算的发展使得搜查轻而易举。

美国人应该应该采取措施保护自己的数据隐私。但是在这些电子设备上保存敏感信息日益成为日常生活的需要。公民仍然有权对宪法禁止不合理搜查以保护隐私文件寄予期望。

原则并未缓和职权划定所带来的挑战的例子比比皆是。在诸多案件中,执法人员手持搜查令查看手机内容没有太大负担。当面临紧急情况时,宪法第四修正案仍然会失去效力,在等待搜查令期间执法人员可以采取合理措施保证手机内容不被删除或修改。尽管法院想赋予警察更大的空间以利于他们便宜行事。

但是法官不应该对加利福尼亚的观点偏听偏信。新的突破性技术有时需要宪法保护的灵活运用。法律教授Orin Kerr将21世纪的数码信息爆炸和易得性与20世纪作为生活必需品的移动应用的建立做了

对比:法官为车厢的个人空间制定明确的新条例;法官必须弄清该如何将第四修正案应用于当今的数码信息保护。

Text

3 《科学》杂志的总编今天宣布《科学》杂志在同行评阅之外又增加了一轮数据检查。数据分析中出现的基本错误导致已出版的研究发现不可用得到广泛关注后,其他杂志也做出了与《科学》同样的努力。

“读者必须对我们杂志出版的研究结论抱有信心,”McNutt在一篇社论中写道。杂志与美国统计协会合作,任命七位专家成立了一个数据校对编辑委员会。手稿先由杂志内部的编辑、或已经成立的数据校对编辑委员会或杂志社外的同行校对员标注以供进一步审查。数据校对编辑委员会将找杂志社外的统计学家审查这些手稿。

在被问及是否某一篇特殊的论文促成了这一改变时,McNutt说:“对科研领域的统计学应用和数据分析的广泛关注推动了‘数据校对编辑委员会的设立’,而且数据校对编辑委员会的设立也是全面提高所出版的论文可再生性努力的一部分。”

Giovanni Parmigiani,公共卫生哈佛研究院的生物统计学家,也是数据校对编辑委员会的成员,指出他希望委员会“能起到最基本的咨询作用”。Giovanni Parmigiani同意加入是因为他看到了委员会成立背后的前瞻性:将杂志变得与众不同、将带来持久的影响。影响到的不仅是《科学》杂志自己,而且可能影响到更多想要在《科学》杂志之后成为行业标杆的出版社。

John Ioannidis,一位主攻研究方法论的物理学家,说这一政策是“最受欢迎的进步”,“早该出台”。大多数杂志在数据审查上都很薄弱,这损害了出版物的质量。我认为,对今天的大多数杂志来说,数据审查比专家审查更重要。John Ioannidis曾指出,生物医学杂志,像《内科学年鉴》、《美国医学会杂志》和《柳叶刀》,都对数据审查给予了高度关注。

细胞生物学家David Vaux说,人们认为专家知道如何分析数据,但是数据错误在已出版研究中比比皆是。他在2012年的一篇文章中写到,研究者应该提高专业水准,但杂志也应该采取严格的标准,“相关校对人员要学过统计学、编辑也要能作数据核实”。David Vaux指出,《科学》将论文交付统计学家审查的想法有其可取之处,但是弊端是它依靠委员会的审查编辑先找出需要检查的稿件。

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4 两年前,Rupert Murdoch之女Elisabeth曾说“很多机构有令人不安的正直缺失”。她认为由于大众一致认为唯一的分类机制是利益和市场,所以正直早已崩溃。但是“正是我们人类自己创造了我们想要的社会,而非利益”。

为了论证其观点,她还说:“日益明显的一件事是,政府、媒体和企业内部使命感和道德诉求的缺失对于资本主义和自由来说或许已成为最危险的目标。”她认为,道德使命感的缺失也在伤害新闻国际集团这样的公司,新闻国际集团更可能在遭遇大规模的非法电话窃

听时迷失。

窃听审判案结束了——发现《世界新闻报》的前任编辑Andy Coulson犯有合谋窃听电话罪,Andy Coulson的上一任编辑则是清白的——更为广泛的正直缺失问题却仍然存在。据悉,已有5500多人的手机遭记者窃听。Glenn Mulcaire是2001年《世界新闻报》雇佣的员工,是手机窃听的焦点人物。他指出,窃听已经成为一种行业。事态将继续恶化。

很多方面,道德使命感的缺失导致了这样大规模的手机入侵,而且还导致了对审判的讨论。令人震惊的是Rebekah Brooks对发生在她新闻工作室里的事几乎一无所知,她以为几乎不用过问,她也从未询问过新闻来源。辩护成功的核心在于她一无所知。

当今社会,高薪总监不该对发生在他经营的公司的事情负责已是正常现象。或许我们不该太惊讶。这一代人普遍接受的信条是社会的分类机制应该是利益。效率、灵活性、股东价值、友好交易、富二代、销售量、影响和报纸发行量这些东西才是有价值的。而公平、公正、宽容、合理和责任这些词语已经退到一边。

编写《世界新闻报》的目的不是促进读者理解、不是在采写的新闻里体现公平、也不是揭示人性。而是摧毁对发行量和影响力的追求。Brooks女士对记者获得新闻的手段可能有也可能没有怀疑,但是她从未过问、没有给出过指示——也没有收到有迹可循的回答。

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Part

B

你如何进行阅读?很明显,你试着理解,理解每个单词的意思,利用自己已有的英语语法知识找出单词之间的关系。(41)【C】如果对单词或俗语不熟,你可以利用上下文提供的线索猜测它们的意思。先假设它们之间有相关性,再在心里记录语篇实体和单词俗语之间可能的联系。你开始推测文章的语境,例如,确定文章是什么演讲稿:谁发表的演讲、对谁发表演讲、发表演讲的时间、地点。

这里提到的阅读方式毫无疑问就是理解。但是他们表示理解不仅包括被动吸收还包括积极的推测和问题解决。作者通过提供的特殊证据和线索引导你理解和推测信息。(42)【E】你做出进一步的推测,例如推测文章对你的重要性,或推测文章的可信性。这些推测是个人反应,作者不会对这些反应负责。

这样看来,理解因人而异。我们讨论的不是确凿、固定或真空的,可以被我们读完之后可以检查其准确性的或者与世界有着永恒联系的文章意义的解读。(43)【G】而在于,我们以称之为文本和语境的材料为基础,基于文章理解意义,这些文本和语境材料包括:我们看作是文章基本结构(尤其是其语言结构)的各种组织和模式,以及我们带进文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度。

这些背景材料折射的就是我们自己。(44)【B】像地点、阅读的时间长度、性别、种族、年龄和社会阶级这些因素都会引导我们进行特定的解读,同时也可能是晦涩甚至是偏题的其他理解。然而,这不

会使解读单纯具有相关性或空洞无物。确切的说,因为来自不同历史背景、不同地方、有着不同社会经验的人会对同一页上同样的单词(包括涉及到人类基本关注点的文章)产生截然不同却也有所重合的阅读见解,关于文章的争论在信念和价值观的讨论中发挥着重要作用。

我们如何阅读一篇既定的文章一定程度上取决于我们特定的阅读兴趣。(45)【A】你学习那篇文章是否是为了达到既定课程的要求?阅读只为愉悦吗?浏览只为获取信息吗?火车上或躺在床上的阅读方式可能与在研讨室的阅读大相径庭。这种多维度的阅读表明——正如其他人后来在书中介绍的那样——我们将日常习惯潜移默化地带进了阅读中。没有哪种阅读更充实、更高明、比他人的更有价值。理论上,不同的阅读方式会启发彼此,成为彼此有用的参考和补充。总之,他们是你整个学习生涯的一部分,也构建了你与周围文本环境的关系。

其他选项翻译:

【D】事实上,你试着重新构建任何既定的句子、图片或参考可能含有的意义或效果:这些可能正是作者意欲表达的。

【F】在戏剧、小说或叙述诗中,人物是作者创造出来的,而不一定是作者自己思想的代言人。



Part

C 从十七世纪到十八世纪初这一百年的时间里,移民浪潮(史上最大规模的人类迁徙之一)席卷了欧美两州。(46)在各种强大动机的推动下,这场迁移从荒野中造就了一个民族,并循其本质塑造了一片全新大陆的特点,决定了它的命运。

(47)合众国是两股主要力量作用的产物,一是具有不同思想、风俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入,二是一个新国家因改变了这些特征而产生的影响。美洲殖民地不可避免地成为欧洲的目标。英国人、法国人、德国人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人、荷兰人、瑞士人还有其他试图将其习惯和传统移植到新大陆的外国人跨越大西洋。(48)但美洲特有地理条件的作用,不同族群间的相互影响,加上在一片蛮荒新大陆上维持旧大陆方式的巨大困难,所有这一切引起了意义深远的变化。这些改变是循序渐进的,并且刚开始时并不明显。尽管在很多方面与欧洲类似,但却是全新的社会模式,具有明显的美洲特点。

(49)在十

五、十六世纪的北美大陆探险过去一百多年后,首批满载移民驶向今天合众国这片疆土的船只横穿过了大西洋。与此同时,繁荣的西班牙殖民地在墨西哥、西印度和南美洲建立起来。这些旅行家乘坐小而极度拥挤的船来到北美洲。在这六到十二周的航程中,他们依靠勉强够维持生命的食物存活下来。很多船只在风暴中迷失,很多乘客死于疾病,新生儿不可能在旅途中存活下来。有时风暴将船吹离航线,休整导致令人难以忍受的停航。

对于焦虑的的移民来说,出现在视野中的美洲海岸线所带来的轻

松感真是难以言喻。一个移民事件的记录者说,“距离海岸线12里格远的空气像繁花盛开的花园一样香甜。”殖民者最先看到的是新大陆茂密的森林。(50)郁郁葱葱、树种繁多的原始森林是一座从缅因一直向南绵延到佐治亚的天然宝库。这儿有丰富的化石燃料和木材。这是房屋、家具、船只和肥料、染料和海洋资源的宝库。

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