实用英语知识范文

2022-06-01

第一篇：实用英语知识范文

英语小知识

【英语】高考不得不记的65个动词固定结构

afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 arrange to do sth.安排做某事 ask to do sth. 要求做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 arrange to do sth.安排做某事 ask to do sth. 要求做某事 beg to do sth. 请求做某事 care to do sth. 想要做某事 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 demand to do sth. 要求做某事 determine to do sth. 决心做某事 expect to do sth. 期待做某事 fear to do sth. 害怕做某事 help to do sth. 帮助做某事 hope to do sth. 希望做某事 learn to do sth. 学习做某事 beg to do sth. 请求做某事 care to do sth. 想要做某事 choose to do sth. 决定做某事 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 demand to do sth. 要求做某事 determine to do sth. 决心做某事 expect to do sth. 期待做某事 fear to do sth. 害怕做某事 help to do sth. 帮助做某事 hope to do sth. 希望做某事 learn to do sth. 学习做某事 manage to do sth. 设法做某事 offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某事 prepare to do sth. 准备做某事 pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 promise to do sth. 答应做某事 refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 want to do sth. 想要做某事 wish to do sth. 希望做某事 aim to do sth. 打算做某事 fail to do sth. 未能做某事 long to do sth. 渴望做某事 happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事 hesitate to do sth. 犹豫做某事 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事

advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 ask sb. to do sth.请(叫)某人做某事 bear sb. to do sth.忍受某人做某事 beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事 command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事 elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事

encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事 forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 get sb. to do sth. 使(要)某人做某事 hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事 help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事 like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事 mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事 need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事

第二篇：钢材实用知识

钢材分类：

根据用途可以分为：结构用钢、专业用钢、特殊用钢

结构用钢常见牌号：

普碳：Q195/Q215/Q235/Q255/Q275 低合金：Q295/Q345/Q370/Q390/Q420

高强度板：Q460/Q550/Q690

专业用钢常见品种：

船舶用钢CCSA/CCSB、锅炉用钢Q245R、压力容器用钢Q345R、

桥梁用钢：Q235qc/Q235QD/Q345QC/Q345QD

特殊用钢：

不锈耐酸钢、耐磨钢、耐酸用、耐热用、耐气候用钢、抗氧化刚、热强钢、气阀钢、电热合金钢、低温用钢、电工用钢等。

其中“Q”是钢材屈服点的缩写，235/245是屈服点数值，A/B/C/D/E分别代表钢材的级别(A:不做冲压试验/B:常温下做冲压试验/C:零度做冲压试验/D:-20度做冲压试验/E:-40度做冲压试验)R和q分别代表用途为“容器”和“桥梁”。

根据钢材的外形分为：板材、型材、线材三大类

(1) 板材：根据出厂的交货形态一般可分为原平板和开平板(通常说中的中板和卷板);

原平板又分为中板(4-20mm)、厚板(20-60mm)、特厚板(>60mm)，常见品种有中厚板、翼缘板(又叫窄中板)、盒板(热盒和冷盒板)等。

又分为宽带(>1000mm)、中宽带(≤1000mm，>400mm)、窄板(≤400mm)，常见品种有：热轧普碳卷板、热轧花纹板、汽车大梁卷、冷轧卷板、不锈钢卷板、热镀锌卷板、船卷、酸洗卷和冷轧基料SPHC等。

(2) 型材：平常经常碰见的有：工字钢/角钢/槽钢(工角槽)、H型钢、圆钢、焊管/

无缝管/方矩管(管材)、轨道钢等。其中角钢又分为等边角钢和不等边角钢，焊管分为无缝焊管和螺旋焊管，方矩管分为方管和矩形管，轨道钢分为重轨和轻轨(每米≤30Kg)

(3) 线材：一般品种有高线(盘圆)、盘螺、螺纹钢(调直的盘螺)，其中高线默认

Q235B/Q195B材质，盘螺HRB335(二级)/HRB400(三级)，螺纹钢分为HRB335(二级)、HRB400(三级)、HEB500(四级)等。

板材常识：(一般结构用钢)

1、中板(原平板)：厚度为6-650mm

(6/8/10/12/14/16/20/22/25/26/28/30/32/35/36/38/40/42/45/46/48/50/55/60….以上

为5进位制),宽度为1500-4020mm(2000mm、2200mm、2500mm最常见)，长

度3000-18800mm(6000-12000mm之间最常见)。四切边的一般为理记(检尺)方式计量(厚×宽×长×7.85吨/m3)，两切边或者四毛边以过磅计量。

板材主要生产厂商简介：

济钢：以普碳中厚板(厚度6-80mm，宽度1500-4000mm)、锅炉容器板、船板、高强板、热轧卷板1250mm/1500mm(轧机900-1551mm)、冷轧卷板、螺纹线材12-32mm、槽钢等为主。

莱钢：主产1250mm卷板，中板待补充。。。

日钢：2150轧机，能产厚度1.5-24.5mm，宽度1250/1500/1800/2000mm卷板，中板待补充。。。

首钢：以普碳中厚板(厚度6-50mm宽度1500-3200mm长度6000-18000mm)、高强板、1800mm/2000mm热轧宽卷(厚度1.2-25mm宽度750-2130mm)为主。

首秦：主要产品为高等级优质宽厚钢板，包括：高强船板、锅炉板、压力容器板、桥梁板、机械工程用板、管线钢、耐候钢、模具钢、高强低合金钢板、高层建筑用板等，其中，高强船板通过了中、美、德、法、英、日、韩、意、挪等九国船级社认证，中(宽)厚板取得了出口欧盟建筑钢材CE认证

邯钢：中厚板(厚度8-80mm，宽度1700mm-3200mm)，热轧卷板(厚度1.2-25.4mm，宽度900-2130mm)，冷卷(厚度0.25-2.0mm，宽度900-1665mm)为主

邯宝：主导产品为1500/1800/2000mm普碳、低合金、桥梁板、汽车用钢、船体用钢、管线钢等系列热轧卷板(2250热轧机，可产厚度1.2-25.4mm，宽度900-2130mm带钢)

文丰：以2000/2200/2500mm中板(厚度6-60mm宽度1500-2800mm长度6000mm以上)、带钢(宽度350-600mm厚度2.0-9.5mm)、轻轨(材质Q195/Q215/Q235型号：5kg，7kg，11kg，15kg，18kg，20kg，24kg)为主。

普阳：以2000/2200/2500mm中厚板(厚度8-150mm，宽度2000-3200mm，长度6000-12000mm)和带钢(Q195/Q235/Q345，宽度430-550mm，厚度2.50-8.0mm)为主。

元宝山：以10-50mm，宽2000/2100/2200mm中板为主。

天钢：中厚板(最厚6-240mm，宽1500-3300长度2000-18000)和无缝管、品种无缝管和角钢等为主。

天钢：中厚板(最厚6-240mm，宽1500-3300，长2000-18000mm)、角钢、棒材(16-70mm) 天铁：以2200mm中板(最厚10-40mm，宽1800-2200mm)和1250mm/1500mm热轧卷板(最厚4-16mm，宽1250-1800mm)为主。

河北敬业：以中厚板为主(6-50mm，宽1500-2800mm，长6-12000mm) 安钢：以中厚板(厚6-120mm宽1650-3250mm长4000-18000mm)、锅炉容器板、高强板为主。

鞍钢：以中厚板、热轧卷板、冷轧卷板、冷轧盒板、轨道钢为主。

舞钢：专做特厚、特宽版及特殊用钢(厚8-650mm宽1500-4020mm长3000-18800mm) 宝钢：全国最大，一般外标、国标都能生产

其他钢厂：莱钢、日钢、唐钢、汉冶、武钢、包钢、沙钢、南钢、华伟、春冶、营口、西域、益成、新余、兆顺、飞达、长达、福达等。

2、卷板(本课指宽度≥1250mm的热轧卷板)厚度1.5-20mm

(1.2/1.4/1.5/1.8/2.0/2.3/2.5/2.75/3.0/3.25/3.5/3.75/4.0/4.25/4.5/4.75/5.0/5.25/5.5/5.75/6.0/7.25/7.5/7.75。。。以上为奇数+0.25/0.5/0.75依次进制…19.75)。常见宽度有1250/1500/1800/2000mm。卷板一般都用过磅计量。

卷板的主要生产厂家有：首钢、包钢、天铁、邯钢、邯宝、普阳、唐钢、承钢、济钢、莱钢、日钢、泰钢、安钢、沙钢、柳钢、武钢、本钢、马钢、北台、宁钢等。钢厂简介参考前面《板材主要生产钢厂简介》

常见卷重：邯宝(27-28吨多)，天铁(26吨多)，济钢(23-24吨多);日钢/泰钢(29-30吨多);莱钢(19吨多);包钢(30-31吨多);本钢(31吨多)首钢(28吨多)：太钢(29

吨多)。

3、带钢(本课是指宽度<1250mm的热轧卷板)厚度1.5-25mm，窄带常见宽度有：295/355/375mm，中宽带常见宽度有：630/685/735/780/800/865/900/1010/1050mm; 带钢主要生产钢厂简介：

莱钢：窄宽带2.5-6.5mm宽183/359/360/450，材质Q195/235A/Q345A/B/45#/65Mn;宽带厚2.5-20mm宽1010-1350mm，材质：Q215/Q235B/Q345B/SPHC/SPHD/X42-52/SPA-H/HQ235B. 九羊(富伦);带钢(1.6-16*500-950mm)

广富：Q195/Q235(厚2.0-3.0mm，宽183/268mm)

泰钢：800/865/1250/1500mm*1.8-14.75mm带钢、花纹、冷轧等

纵横：邯郸基地：厚度2.75-11.75mm，宽度610-735mm的优质碳素结构钢、低合金高强度钢、管线钢、低碳低硅冷轧料、普碳钢。热卷生产范围：宽度1100-1650mm，厚度1.8-25mm;沧州新区：厚度1.8-20mm，宽度865-1150mm

宣钢：厚度2.2-4.0mm，宽度145-315mm 普阳：厚度2.0-19.75mm，宽度420-1150mm 文丰：厚度2.75-13.75，宽度480-580mm 邯宝：厚度1.2-25.4mm，宽度900-2130mm 天铁：厚度1.8-13.75mm，宽度1250-1800mm 津西：热轧钢带232-272*2.0-4.0(材质Q195);500-735*2.75-11.75(材质Q235B); 新金：厚度1.5-15.75mm，宽度865-1050mm (Q195/Q235/Q345) 中天：厚度1.5-4.0mm，

宽度150-400mm(Q195/Q235/Q345/20#/35#/45#/40Mn/45Mn/65Mn);执行标准：

GB/T3524-2005;GB/T8749-2008;

河北德龙现代(唐山)：厚度1.5-5.0mm 宽度200-400mm(材质Q195，Q195L,Q215，Q235)

唐山正达钢铁：厚度2.0-6.0m，宽度232-335mm(Q195)

唐山国丰：厚度1.8-4.5mm，宽度145-355mm窄带(冷轧冲压用钢：Q195L、GF06L 欧标低硅钢种：S235JR、S275JR普通碳素钢结构：Q19

5、Q195-X、Q

215、Q2

35、Q275 低合金高强度钢：Q3

45、STK500、16MnAl、GF600优质碳素结构钢：50#、40Mn、50Mn 耐候钢：SPA-H和1250带钢(SPHC Q195 Q235花纹管线钢等)

唐山建龙：主要生产热轧带钢、冷轧带钢、中高档焊管等高附加值产品，其中深冲用钢、耐候钢、汽车大梁钢等一批具有高技术含量的新品种成为公司主导产品，高耐候性结构钢热轧中宽钢带、Q195L热轧中宽钢带两个产品荣获国家冶金产品实物质量“金杯奖”

4、翼缘板(窄中板)厚度8-20mm(8/10/12/14/16/18/20mm);宽度150-350mm (150/180/200/220/240/250/280/300/350mm);长度8000-10000mm材质：Q235B和Q345B生产厂家：济钢、唐钢、河北方正和各地小型纵剪加工厂

5、冷轧板(开平板)：厚度0.2-4mm;宽度600-2000mm;板长1200-6000mm。牌号Q195A-F

/Q235A-F/Q295A-b/Q345A-B/SPCC-E/ST12-15/DC01-06.生产厂家：包钢、鞍钢、本钢、武钢、邯钢、包钢、唐钢、涟钢、济钢等。

6、冷盒板：出厂原平冷板，有精包装和简包装。厚度0.8-3.0mm，常见规格有1000*2000mm/ 1250*2500mm和1500*3000mm

生产厂家：鞍钢(厚度0.8-3.0mm，材质Q19

5、ST12-15);本钢(厚度0.6-2.5mm，材质DC01-03);武钢(0.8-3.0mm，材质DC01-06)、邯钢(1.0-2.0mm，材质SPC)等。

7、热盒板：厚度0.7-2.0mm，规格1000*2000mm 生产厂家：天津大邱庄、河北方正等。

8、热镀锌：

结合材质证明书来认识热镀锌。一般来说从材质证明书上我们可以看到镀锌的牌号、规格、化学成分、锌层重量(两面)、表面处理、表面结构、表面质量、力学特性(抗拉强度、屈服点、延伸率)、杯突值等几方面(如下表)。我公司经营的杜新牌号有ST01Z系列、SGCC系列、DC51(BZ1)系列等。

远大：普通(光整)热浸镀锌板规格：0.18-1.2mm宽度：750-1250mm

型材常识：

平常经常碰见的有：工字钢/角钢/槽钢(工角槽)、H型钢、圆钢、焊管/无缝管/方矩管(管材)、轨道钢等。

1、圆钢：圆钢是指界面为圆形的实心长条钢材，其规格以直径的毫米数表示圆钢分

为热轧、锻制和冷拉三种。热轧圆钢的规格为5.5-250mm。其中：5.5-25mm的小圆钢大多以直条成捆供应，常用作钢筋、螺栓及各种机械零件;大于25mm的圆钢，主要用于制造机械零件或作无缝钢管坯。每米重量=0.00617*直径*直径(螺纹钢和圆钢相同) 标准：(GB699-198

8、GB700-198

8、GB3077-198

8、GB702-198

6、QJ/HG02.17-1991) 规格：10-42mm(10/12/14/16/18/20/22/25/28/30/32/34/35/36/38/40/42mm) 钢种：Q

215、Q2

35、45#、50#、HG

3、20CrMnTi、20Cr、20CrMo、35Mo、 42Mo、60Si2Mn、40Cr

山东省圆钢生产厂家有：

日钢：炼钢厂可年产钢坯750万吨，除生产普通碳素钢、优质碳素钢。低合金高强度钢外，还可生产低碳钢、X65以下的管线钢和耐候钢。

H型钢厂还有H型钢生产线一条，可年产HW、HM、HN三大系列19种规格的H型钢和工字钢130万吨，其中H192×198轻型薄壁H型钢填补了国内空白。

棒材厂有棒材生产线一条，盘螺生产线一条，可生产国标、日标、英标Φ12-40mm的带肋钢筋和Φ16-50mm的圆钢120万吨，并可生产高强度三级螺纹钢。

高速线材厂有高速线材生产线三条，可生产Φ5.5-16mm光面线材、Φ6.0-14mm螺纹钢筋300万吨，钢种为碳素结构钢、优质碳素结构钢、低合金钢、冷镦钢、焊条钢、弹簧钢、合金结构钢等，成品均为一火成材。

带钢厂有1580mm热轧卷板生产线一条，可生产宽度为700-14300mm、厚度1.2-16mm的卷板250万吨。。。。

线材知识：

济钢总厂：二级(HRB335)、三级螺纹(HRB400)、规格12-36mm 济钢闽源：二级(HRB335)、三级螺纹(HRB400)、规格12-28mm 莱钢总厂：规格10-36mm，牌号HRB335(E)、HRB400(E)、HRB500(E) 莱钢永锋：规格12-32mm，牌号：HRB335(E)、HRB400(E)。E表示抗震。石横特钢：

热轧带肋钢筋盘条高速线材主要牌号：HRB3

35、HRB400、HRB500，规格：Φ6-Φ12mm，执行标准：GB1499.2-2007 石横热轧带肋钢筋，主要牌号：HRB335(E)、HRB400(E)、HRB500(E)，规格：Φ10-Φ50(40)，执行标准：GB1499.2-2007.西王：HRB335Ⅱ级、HRB400Ⅲ钢筋混凝土用热轧带肋钢筋，规格12-40mm 青钢：产品牌号有HRB3

35、HRB400(HRB335俗称“Ⅱ级螺纹钢”，HEB400俗称“Ⅲ级”螺纹钢)，规格Φ6-Φ32mm，其中Φ6-Φ10mm的Ⅲ级钢筋，盘重1-2吨，Φ12-Φ32mm的钢筋，定尺长度6-12mm，普线规格6.5-8mm，高线规格5.5-12.5mm，主要牌号：Q195/Q215/Q235.

日钢：10mm-55mm螺纹钢。济宁：HRB40012mm 张钢：。。。。。。

第三篇：英语语法小知识

送油烟机一套

10—1206 并预约安装人员

英语语法小知识

用作介词的to，to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形;

一为介词+名词/动名词，

to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to。

注意：

省to 的动词不定式

1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2) 使役动词 let, have, make：

3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意：

省to 的动词不定式

1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2) 使役动词 let, have, make：

3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。常青藤张老 2017/11/16 星期四下午 15:29:50

注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance。

The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night。

4) would rather，had better：

5) Why… / why not…：

6) help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：

7) but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。

8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：

9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine

动词不定式特殊句型：too...to...句型，今天分享不定式的特殊句型另外两种句型

一、 so as to句型：

1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。

2) so kind as to ---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

二、Why not句型：

"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"

例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?

第四篇：积累的英语知识

新编英语教程(李观仪)A New English Course

Space Requirements How much living space does a person need? What happens when these space requirements are not adequately met? Sociologists and psychologists are conducting experiments on rats to try to determine the effects of overcrowding on humans. Recent studies have shown that the behavior of rats is greatly affected by space. If rats have adequate living space, they eat well, sleep well and reproduce well. But if their living conditions become too crowded, their behavior patterns and even their health conditions change perceptibly. They cannot sleep and eat well, and signs of fear and tension become obvious. The more crowded they are, the more they tend to bite each other and even kill each other. Thus, for rats, population and violence are directly related. Is this a natural law for human society as well? Is adequate space not only desirable but also essential for human survival? There is an inn where I lived one summer,writing my book and observing the tourists. Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice. Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motor-boats, and off yachts, all day they amble up the towpath, looking for what? The cathedral is decorated with eraly mosaics—scenes from hell, much restored, and a great sad, austere Madonna; Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it. They wander into the church and look around aimlessly. They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair, said to be the throne of Attila. They relentlessly tear at the wild roses which one has seen in bud and longed to see in bloom and which, for a day have scented the whole island. As soon as they are picked the roses fade and are thrown into the canal. The Americans visit the inn to eat or drink something. The English declare that they cannot afford to do this. They take food which they have brought with them into the vineyard and I am sorry to say leave the devil of a mess behind them. Every Thursday Germans come up the towpath, marching as to war, with a Leader. There is a standing order for fifty luncheons at the inn; while they eat the Leader lectures them through a megaphone. After luncheon they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture. They, at least, know what they are seeing. Then they march back to their boat. They are tidy; they leave on litter.

1 More interesting, however, than the behavior of the tourists is that of the islanders. As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs. Babies toddle about offering four-leafed clovers and hoping for a tip. More cries of ―Buona fortuna‖. The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer. And so the play goes on. The tourists are incredibly mean, they hardly leave anything on the island except empty cigarette boxes and flapping Daily Mails. The lace is expensive, but they might buy a few postcards or shell necklaces and give the children some pennies; they seem to have hearts of stone. As soon as the last boat has gone, down comes the curtain. The ―gondoliers‖ shed their white linen jackets and silly straw hats and go back to Burano, taking Eric , highly dissatisfied with his earnings and saying if this goes on he will die of hunger. The sweet old women let the smiles fade from their faces, put away their lace-making pillows, and turn to ordinary activities of village life such as drowning kittens. The father of the clover babies creeps about on his knees finding four-leafed clovers for the next day. The evening reproaches ring out, the moon comes up, the flapping Daily Mails blow into the lagoon. Torcello is itself again. You will be more successful in bringing others to your belief if you agree with them than if you show evidence for your point of view. People are ruled more by whim than by wisdom. A learned profession is sometimes defined as any job that employs scholarly achievement in the service of others. According to this definition, any position involving extensive academic training that is subsequently used in the service of society is to be considered a learned profession. When the consumer makes choices, he is actually deciding the kinds of products that businesses will offer for sale, an article that has little demand and yields small profit will be discontinued by business. The speaker argued that one trouble with price supports is that they are too high, they encourage production that is not needed. If farmers know they are going to get

2 the support price (支持性价格，通过补贴等形式对农民保证农产品最低价格), they will produce all they can without regard for what the market will actually take.

THE SUBWAY(Tom Wolfe) In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York. There is a sense of madness and disorientation at almost every express stop. The ceilings are low, the vistas are long, there are no landmarks, the lightning is an eerie blend of fluorescent tubing, electric light bulbs and neon advertising. The whole place is a gross assault on the senses(感官). The noise of the trains stopping or rounding curves has a high-pitched harshness that is difficult to describe. People feel no qualms about pushing whenever it becomes crowded. Your tactile sense (触觉) takes a crucifying you never dreamed possible. The odors become unbearable when the weather is warm. Between platforms, record shops broadcast 45 r.p.m records with metallic tones and lunch counters serve the kind of hot dogs in which you bite through a tensile, rubbery surface and then hit a soft, oleaginous center like cottonseed meal, and the customers sit there with pastry and bread flakes caked around their mouths, belching to themselves so that their cheeks pop out flatulently now and then. Cake(使)结块，(使)凝结 a cake of soap一块肥皂 shoes caked with mud粘结了泥块的鞋

The underground spaces seem to attract every eccentric passion. A small and ancient man with a Bible, an American flag and a megaphone haunts(vt.常去，常到) the subways of Manhattan. He opens the Bible and quotes from it in a strong but old and monotonous voice. He uses the megaphone at express stops, where the noise is too great for his voice to be heard ordinarily, and calls for redemption. Also beggars. And among the beggars New York’s status competition is renewed, there in the much-despised subway. On the Seventh Avenue IRT line the competition is maniacal. Some evenings the beggars ricochet off one another between stops, calling one another—s and –-s and telling each other to go find their own-----car. A mere blind man with a cane and a cup is mediocre business. What is demanded is

3 entertainment. Two boys, one of them with a bongo drum, get on and the big boy, with the drum, starts beating on it as soon as the train starts up, and the little boy goes into what passes for a native dance. Then, if there is room, he goes into a tumbling act. He runs from one end of the car, first in the direction the train is going, and does a complete somersault in the air, landing on his feet. Then he runs back the other way and does a somersault in the air, only this time against the motion of the train He does this several times both ways, doing some native dancing in between. This act takes so long that it can be done properly only over a long stretch, such as the run between 42nd Street and 72nd Street. After the act is over, the boys pass along the car with Dixie cups, asking for contributions. Since nylon[nailon] is unaffected by mold(霉菌), fungus(真菌), and moisture(潮湿), it was useful during World War Ⅱ in making equipment for jungle fighting. In attaining one’s objectives, subtle direction is often more effective than brute force. Men will yield to persuasion when they would resist coertion. Each year textbooks become shorter and at the same time convey more solid(印刷，行间的)密排的 information. Their authors tend increasingly toward compactness(紧密,坚实,压缩,简洁). If the battle is hard, victory is all the more(更加，越发) glorious. It is the difficulty of obtaining something that gives the thing its value. He had a delicate(精致柔弱的;要求悉心处置的，难处理的;考虑周到，为他人着想的) dislike of offending other men’s opinions. He dealt with them tenderly. This is a somewhat delicate subject.这是个有点敏感的话题 American cities, with few exceptions, resemble each other greatly. It is true that some of them may be constructed chiefly of wood, while others are chiefly brick, but in every other respect they are markedly uniform. Why do fashions occur in the first place? One reason is that in some cultures, like ours, values change: what is new is good. Thus in many modern societies clothing

4 styles change yearly, while people in traditional societies may wear the same style of clothing for many generations. Many industries promote quick changes in fashions to increase their sales. Fashions are stimulated, too, by the quest for prestige and social mobility(社会地位的流动). Although a new style occasionally originates from lower-status groups, as blue jeans did, most fashions trickle down from the top. Upper-class people adopt some style or artifact as a badge(标记,象征,徽章) of their status, but they cannot monopolize垄断，独占 most status symbols for long. The style or object adopted by the middle-class may be copied and modified for use by lower-status groups, providing people wit(vt,vi,知道n.智力，才智) the prestige of possessing a high-status symbol. By trickling down, however, the symbol eventually loses its prestige. The upper-class adopts a new style, until too ―trickled down‖ and must be replaced by another. Education was the key to upward social mobility.教育是提高社会地位的关键 Trickle down(尤指钱经国家经济体制)由富人向贫者滴流 If the wealthy pay less tax, the benefits should trickle down to people on lower incomes.如富人减少纳税，低收入者应该可以受惠。“滴入论，垂滴论”富者愈富应该能惠及贫者，如提供更多工作机会。 Early aviation engineers found they could increase the speed of an airplane by streamlining its shape. Compared with large aircraft, small airplanes are not as streamlined and hence are less efficient. Even though relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently. Many a person who lives in New York thinks that life in a large city offers special advantages. Not all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground; some of it is lost through evaporation. Dogs possess hearing and smelling abilities superior to those of their owners. This very interesting novel has only one fault. I mention this fault without fear of offending the author, for obviously on writer is infallible[in’f※libl]一贯正确的

5 Although we are tolerant in allowing men of genius to have eccentricities of behavior, we don’t think of such behavior as necessary or advantageous. A true genius is himself ashamed of being too different and does not try to set himself apart from other people by whimsical peculiarities. Human curiosity has no stopping point. When it finds an answer to a question, it seeks an explanation for the answer. It accepts no primary principles that govern the universe; rather, it seeks something still prior in the order of nature. There are a few persons whose views of the future prospects of this project are gloomy. But they are certainly in the minority. The prevailing atmosphere is one of optimism, for many recent developments point to the workability of the project. It has always been dangerous to teach men new ideas contradictory to those generally accepted. The first men who taught that the earth is round were persecuted. The governing principle of our age is accumulation, and that which is profited is used to gain more profit. Even in the pursuit of knowledge this is so; for knowledge is sought for its own sake and employed for its own increase. The human vocal apparatus器械,装置,设备[解器官 is equipped to produce only a certain number of sounds. A comparison of any two languages will reveal sounds that are similar. A respect for accuracy is necessary to the building of character. A child must learn to discriminate 辨别区别歧视排斥between the possibly justifiable可证明为正当的,情有可原的,无可非议的 action and the absolutely correct action. Hence, it is more essential that a child be taught mathematics than philosophy, for the former provides training in exactness of performance. A good speaker varies his speed of delivery to match the significance of his oratory演讲. Slow speech is appropriate for the important ideas, but the less weighty material should be disposed of rather speedily. It is important that with variety of material there should be variety of tempo速度拍子节奏 The Origins of the Romance Languages

6 The Romance languages of today came originally from Latin, which was the official language of the Roman Empire. As the Empire spread gradually across a great part of Europe, Latin was introduced everywhere as the official language of government and administration. Spoken Latin was consistent from one area to another in the early days of the Empire. But later, when the Empire began to fall apart, the Roman administrators began to disappear. Gradually, the Latin of each region began to develop in its own way. Separated from each other by great distances and naturally influenced by the speech of the local people, each area slowly developed its own distinctive characteristics to the point where separate languages were formed. The modern Romance languages include the national languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Rumanian. Catalan, Provencal, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinia, and Moldavian are regional Romance languages, limited in use to smaller areas within individual countries. In every society there are norms that tell individuals how they are supposed to behave. The conflict between romantic dreams and harsh reality has been the theme of many great novels. In informal situations, we often overgeneralize from the facts. For example:‖She is never on time‖; ―Advertising is only a pack of lies .‖ A little consideration shows us that in reality all-or-none, black-or-white situations are rare; reality is more accurately described in terms of finer shadings and degrees. A person can learn to operate a camera successfully without knowing much about the science of optics. By the same token, he can become a good marksman神枪手 without a knowledge of ballistics弹道学. Knowledge and pleasure are inextricably interlocked. It is impossible for us to learn what we don’t enjoy, and we cannot enjoy that which does not impart learning. One consequence of wind action is that large areas are frequently ―leveled off‖, for wind tends to move loose material from higher places and deposit it in depressions沮丧;抑郁;凹,地坑.Rainwater collects in shallow depressions in the ground.雨水积聚在地上的浅坑里

As we become fatigued, it is necessary to narrow our field of attention in order to avoid decreased efficiency at a particular task. On a long automobile trip, the good driver gradually ceases to carry on a conversation.

7 Ice erosion has played less part than has water erosion in changing the contours of the earth’s surface because the activity of ice erosion, both temporally and spatially, has been more restricted. If we are to improve the quality of this writing, we must do more than merely criticized it. We must explain why we do so. Inferior work is most effectively remedied when we know why it is poor. That night a blizzard commenced开始, increasing in fury from moment to moment. They now found that the place chosen for the hut for shelter was more than useless. They had far better have built it in the open, for the fierce wind, instead of striking them directly, was deflected on to them in furious whirling gusts. Heavy blocks of snow and rock placed on the roof were blown away and the canvas ballooned up, tearing and straining at its securings---its disappearance could only be a matter of time. Inside the hut they waited for the roof to vanish, wondering what they could do if it went, and vainly endeavoring to make it secure. After fourteen hours it went, as they were trying to pin down one corner. The smother of snow was upon them, and they could only dive for their sleeping bags with a gasp; all were silent for a night and half a day while the wind howled on; the snow entered every chink and crevice of the sleeping bags, and the occupants shivered and wondered how it would all end. Then, when everything is lined up安排就绪, I bound out of bed跳下床 and have lunch. I find that a good, heavy lunch, with some sort of glutinous dessert, is good preparation for the day’s work as it keeps one from getting nervous and excitable. We workers must keep cool and calm, otherwise we would just throw away our time in jumping about and fidgeting. It has been said that science appeals to the intellect and art to the emotions. Is music then art or science? Perhaps it is all things to all people. Some people’s appreciation of music is purely intellectual. They listen for form and techniques of composition and execution. To them music is primarily science. A whirling body tends to fly away from the center. The heavier the body is, the greater is this tendency. This is the principle on which the cream separator works. Since the cream is heavier than skim milk脱脂奶, it is drawn off at the edges. When man’s physical needs are satisfied, his possible desires increase immeasurably. By the introduction of labor-saving devices and machinery, and thus the creation of

8 leisure time, man is able to use his energy to want new articles and activities. Then, production can be expanded to fill wants that were previously nonexistent. Liberal education has achieved its goal if its recipients are able to distinguish between factual validity and attractive speciousness, between the frankly natural and the merely vulgar, between sentimentality and honest emotion. Any man who not only has been exposed to, but has assimilated吸收,同化 a truly liberal education, can be expected to possess an intelligent and discriminating有辨别能力的;区别对待的 mind. discriminating duties差别关税 If a work of art is to be deemed great by successive generations, it must embody those characteristics of form which all mankind recognizes as the most harmonious. deem:认为,相信 deem highly of对…给予高度评价 embody:体现;使具体化;包含,收录 The new edition embodies many improvements. One of the most distinctive marks of our way of life is our moral interpretation of success and failure. We insist upon seeing a direct relationship between what we do and what we get. Success, to us, is the desert of those who attain it rather than a matter of birthright生来就有的权力,长子继承权; failure is the penalty for falling below the ethical standard. We have equated success with virtue. desert :.功过,应得的赏罚;美德 obtain one’s deserts得到应有的赏罚 Are artists more creative than other people? Maybe, maybe not. The profession of an artist is not the only one that requires creativity. Scientists, mathematicians, writers, teachers, business executives, doctors, lawyers, librarians, computer programmers---people in every line of work, if they are any good, look for ways to be creative. The football coach who invents a new play is being creative, as is the plumber who devises设计,发明 an innovative way to prevent the washing machine from leaking. Artists occupy a special place in that 既然,因为they have devoted their lives to opening the channels of visual creativity. The Aims of Education Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most

9 useless bore令人讨厌的人 on God’s earth. What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self-development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve. As saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning. Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as a boy a Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished. He answered, ―It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters.‖

In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call ―inert ideas‖—that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations. In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry卖弄学问迂腐 and routine. Although the early legends are not statements of fact, they are of very great value to the world as being illustrative of the spirit, the manners and customs, the religious beliefs, and other characteristics of the race from which they originated. The value of folklore is not to be measured by its fidelity to literal facts. Roots of Freedom Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, were all tyrannies, one immensely powerful man ruling over helpless masses, and a time came when the Athenians were led by a great man who did not want to be powerful. Absolute obedience to the ruler was what the leaders of the empires insisted on. Athens said no, there must never be absolute obedience to a man except in war. There must be willing obedience to what is good for all. Pericles, the great Athenian statesman, said :‖ We are a free government, but we obey the laws, more especially those which protect the oppressed, and the unwritten laws which, if broken bring shame.‖

10 Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be intolerable except to a hermit隐士 in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was imposed on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The creed of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state. This was the conception that underlay the lofty reach of Greek genius.