高中英语选修七笔记

2024-04-14

高中英语选修七笔记(精选6篇)

篇1:高中英语选修七笔记

Unit 1 1.suitable adj.适合的,适宜的 +for/to do a suitable candidate I don’t have anything suitable to wear for the party.The program is not suitable for children.2.beneficial adj.有利的,有用的,有帮助的+to Fresh air is beneficial to our health.benefit vt.有益于

vi.受益于+from 3.in other words 换句话说

His wife is my daughter.In other words, I’m his mother-in-law.4.bump v.碰撞,撞击+against/into I ran after him, bumping against some people in hurry.Lucy is a clumsy girl, always bumping into the furniture.bumper n.保险杠

5.adapt to =adjust to 适应

The children find it hard to adapt to the new school.These plants have adapted themselves to the desert.6.cut out 切掉,剪下+of…

This article is cut out of the newspaper.7.fellow adj.同事的,同类的,同伴的,同情况的 Cn.同事,同类,同辈

my fellow passengers on the train.She has a good reputation among her fellows.8.annoyed adj.生气的,恼怒的,烦恼的

He was beginning to get very annoyed with me about my carelessness.They were very annoyed at your suggestions.I was annoyed to find that they have left without me.I was annoyed that they hadn’t turned up.annoy v.使恼怒,使生气,打扰,骚扰

These files are annoying me.9.conduct Cn.行为,举止

v.指挥(乐队);组织,安排,执行,实施

conduct an experiment conduct a survey 10.congratulate v.祝贺,向…道贺+sb.on sth.I congratulated them on their results.11.adequate adj.足够的,合乎需要的,合格的

The room is small but adequate.The space available is not adequate for our needs.12.access Un.通路,通道+to ;机会,权利+to There is no access to the street through the door.Citizens have free access to the library.accessible adj.可接近的,可使用的,可到达的+to 13.handy adj.有用的,易使用的,容易做的;近便的,便利的

It’s quite a handy little tool.Keep an emergency kit handy.My house is very handy for the station.14.impaired adj.受损的,损坏的;有…缺陷、障碍的

impaired memory

impair vt.损害,削弱 15.company Un.陪伴,做伴

keep sb.company 陪伴sb.16.meet with 与…会晤+sb.;遭遇,受到某种对待;经历,体验+sth.He met with some difficulties when he tried to solve the problem.The representative met with the company’s boss to discuss the pay rise.17.approval Un.赞成,同意;批准,认可,通过

Do the plans meet with your approval? I can’t agree to anything without my partner’s approval.approve vi.赞成,同意+of

vt.批准,通过

Unit 2 1.desire n.渴望,欲望,渴求

v.想要,希望得到

I have a strong desire to help and care for people.They seem to have lost their desire for life.She has remarried and desired a child with her new husband.Fred is bored and desires to go home.2.alarm v.使惊恐,使害怕,使担心

I don’t want to alarm you, but there is a strange man in your garden.alarmed adj.担心的,害怕的+at/by Environmentalists are alarmed at the increase in pollution.3.sympathy n.同情心

have sympathy for sb.I have no sympathy for Jack.That’s all his own fault.She never expressed any sympathy when I was injured.4.favour Cn.帮助,恩惠,好事

I want to ask a favour of you.Will you lend me your car? I’ve come to ask you to do me a favour.in favour of 支持,赞同

I’m in favour of equal pay for equal work.5.absurd adj.荒唐的,愚蠢的,可笑的

He looks absurd in that hat.6.makeup Un.化妆品

wear makeup 7.accompany v.陪同,陪伴

Let me accompany you to your hotel.8.awful adj.糟糕的,很坏的,极讨厌的

The pain was awful.What awful weather!

an awful lot of…

9.affair n.事件,事情;私通,风流韵事

She wanted the celebration to be a simple family affair.She was having an affair with her boss.10.declare v.公布,宣布,宣告;断言,宣称,表明

The government has declared a state of emergency.Germany declared war on France on Aug.,1st,1914.The court declared the strike action was illegal.I declare the bridge open.He declared that he was in love with her.“I’ll do it.” Tom declared.11.envy v.羡慕,嫉妒

He envied her—she seemed to have everything she could possibly want.She has always envied my success.I don’t envy Jack that job.I envy you having such a close family.12.leave sb.alone 不打扰,不惊动

leave sth.alone 不碰,不移动,不变动

13.set aside 把…放在一边;省出,留出(时间,金钱)

I set aside my book.14.search v.search… for…

The police are searching the house for the thief.15.part-time adj./adv.兼职的,部分时间的

She is looking for a part-time job.He works part-time from 10 a.m.to 2 p.m.16.staff n.(sing./pl.)全体职员,全体雇员

a staff of ten I have ten staff working for me.The staff in this shop is/are very helpful.17.talent n.天才,天资,天赋+for ;有才能的人,天才,人才

He is a great talent.18.divorce n./vt.离婚

Their marriage ended in divorce in 1996.They’ve agreed to get a divorce.Unit 3 1.reflect vi.思考,沉思+on/upon I reflect on possible reasons for my failure.Please reflect on this matter.2.offshore adj./adv.近海的,海上的 an offshore island a ship anchored offshore 3.aware adj.知道的,意识到的,明白的,察觉到的+of They were suddenly aware of people looking at them.He was well aware of the problem.Were you aware that something was wrong? 4.upside down 上下反的 inside out 里外反的

Look at Jim.h=His jacket is inside out.5.be scared/frightened to death 吓得要死

6.witness v.当场见到,目击;见证(时间、地点做主语)

n.目击者,见证人

Did anyone witness the accident? Recent years have witnessed increasing unemployment.The police found the witness to the accident.7.sort out 整理,理顺

The cupboard needs sorting out.I’m sorting out the papers that can be thrown away.8.opposite prep.在…对面,与…相对

adj.相反的

Claire sat opposite Tony at breakfast.The bank is opposite the supermarket.9.yell v.叫喊,大喊,吼叫

She yelled at the naughty child.She yelled out in pain.The crowd encouragement at the players.10.be about to do(when…)即将要做…(就在那时…)11.ahead of 在…之前;领先,比…强,比…好

I saw the man in a blue jacket thirty metres ahead of me.I tried to think about all the problems that were ahead of me the next day.Tony finished 1min30s ahead of Claire.12.head v.朝…方向前进

Where are we heading? She headed for the door.They are heading back home.13.flee v.逃走,逃掉

-fled-fled We were forced to flee to that country.She was caught trying to flee the country.a camp for the people fleeing from the war.14.aim v.瞄准,对准+sth.at sb./sth.;力求达到,力争做到+at/to do Tony aimed his gun at Claire.Tony’s gun was aimed at Claire.He is aiming to become a successful writer.15.in the meantime=in the meanwhile prep.在此期间,与此同时 meantime=meanwhile adv.在此期间,与此同时

I’m reading a book.In the meantime, Claire is cooking.16.feed n./v.喂养,饲养;养,养活

have a good feed on 饱餐一顿

feed sb./sth.on sth.=feed sth.to sb./sth.喂…吃… Several children are feeding ducks on bread.Several children are feeding bread to ducks.feed on… 以…为食 Owls feed on mice.He has a large family to feed.17.overboard adv.从船上落下

Man overboard!有人落水了!18.urge v.力劝,敦促,催促

She urged him to stay.The report urged that all the children be taught to swim.19.abandon vt.遗弃,离奇,抛弃,舍弃,放弃

abandon one’s country 20.approach vt.接近,靠近

n.方法+to

Unit 4 1.fortnight n.两星期

a fortnight’s holiday 2.be dying for/to do 渴望,极想做

She is dying to go aboard.I’m dying for a glass of water.3.up to 至多,达到…数量/程度;直到;胜任;由…负责,取决于;做,干

The hall can hold up to 1000 people.The temperature went up to 35°C.Up to yesterday, I thought he was single.I don’t feel up to the task.It’s up to you to decide when to leave.What is she up to? 她在搞什么鬼? 4.one thing is for sure 有一点可以肯定

One thing is for sure—it’s not going to be easy.for sure 毫无疑问,确定如此

She won’t lend you any money, and that’s for sure.No one knows for sure what will happen.5.weekly adj./adv.每周n.周刊,周报

weekly meetings The employees are paid weekly.6.relevant adj.切题的,紧密相关的

The essay is not relevant to the topic at all.Can you give me some relevant information? 7.get to do 渐渐开始 +know,like,hate,understand,realize等表示心里感觉的词

I shall get to like him in time.8.remote adj.遥远的;关系远的;偏僻的,孤寂的

a remote beach in the remote future remote cousins a remote village in the hills 9.stick out 伸出,探出

It’s rude to stick out your tongue at others.10.adjust v.适应,调整

He adjusted quickly to the heat of India.He adjusted his tie before entering the hall.11.participate v.参加,参与+in 12.dry out 使变干,干透(浸水之物)

dry up 干涸(河、湖);使完全变干

13.otherwise adv./conj.否则;除此之外,在其他方面

Shut the window, otherwise it will get too cold in here.My parents lent me the money.Otherwise I couldn’t have afforded the trip.14.privilege n.特权,荣幸,特别恩惠

Only members have the privilege to use the ground.He is a fine musician.It’s a privilege to hear him play.15.toast n./v.I had a piece of toast for breakfast.I toasted the cheese sandwiches.I’d like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.16.donate v.捐赠,捐献+sth.to…

Last year, he donated $1000 to cancer research.17.voluntary adj.义务的,无偿的;自愿的,志愿的,自发的

Many social services are provided by voluntary groups.He made a voluntary statement to the police.18.in need 贫穷,困窘

A friend in need is a friend indeed.19.purchase v.购买

n.购买,购得物

Where did you purchase the car? the date of purchase I have some purchases to make in town.20.distribution n.分发,分配,分布

a distribution centre population distribution

distribute v.分发,分配,分送

distribute sth.to/among sb.A man is distributing leaflets to passers-by.The teacher is distributing papers among students.Unit 5 1.keep it up 不松劲,坚持下去

keep sth.up 保持;沿袭(风俗习惯)

keep up the good work

keep up with 与…齐头并进

catch up with 追上,赶上

2.fit in(with…)(与…)合得来,适应

Where do I fit in? I wasn’t sure if she could fit in with my friends.3.recommend v.推荐,举荐,介绍;劝告,建议

Can you recommend me a good hotel? Can you recommend a good hotel to me? She was recommend for the post by her colleague.I recommend her as your secretary.I recommend that she see a doctor.The doctor recommended me to take a long rest.I recommend going by subway.recommendation n.建议,提议;推荐,介绍 4.substitute n.代替者,代替物,代用品+for a meat substitute

His father saw him as a substitute for his dead brother.5.requirement n.必要条件;所需的东西

the basic requirements of life meet/satisfy the requirements 6.acknowledge v.承认;感谢

He is widely acknowledged as/to be the best player in the world.I didn’t acknowledge that he had anything wrong.He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat.We wish to acknowledge the support of the university.7.as far as one is concerned 就某人而言

As far as I’m concerned, the essay is alright.8.contradict v.反驳,驳斥,批驳;相矛盾,相反,相抵触

All evening, her husband contradicted everything she said.The two stories contradict each other.9.occupy v.使用,居住(房屋、建筑);使用,占用;侵占,占领

He occupies an office on the twelfth floor.The bed seems to occupy most of the room.The capital has been occupied by the army.occupied adj.忙于+with sth./+in doing sth.10.onwards adv.from …onwards 从…时起一直

They lived there from the 1980’s onwards 11.settle in 安顿下来

settle into习惯于(新居);适应(新工作)

篇2:高中英语选修七笔记

Unit 1 Living well

1.不幸的是,他们也不能告诉我,我的病是否会随着年龄的增长而恶化,或者还是保持现状。

___________, they can’t tell me whether I will get worse as I get older, or I will ______ _______ _________as I am now.2.我的雄心是长大后我要在电脑行业里工作。

My___________ is to work in the computer___________.3.我的座右铭是:活一天算一天。

My ________ is: live one day _____ ______ ________.Unit 2 Robots

4.它将由莱瑞的妻子克莱尔检验。

It was going _____ _____ _________ by Larry’s wife, Claire.5.当她转向时,她发现格拉迪斯.克拉凡就站在身旁。

As she ________ _________, there _________ Gladys Claffern.6.被这些女人们嫉妒是个多么甜美的胜利啊!

What a sweet_________ to ______ ________ by these women!

Unit 3 Under the sea

7.由于受了很严重的伤,鲸没过多久就死了。

________badly __________, the whale soon died.8.看到这样的美景,我周身的每个细胞都苏醒了。

Seeing such ________ beauty, I think every cell in my body ________ ______.9.我首先注意到的就是我周围那些鲜艳的颜色。

The first thing I _______ ______ _____ was all the vivid colours surrounding me.Unit 4 Sharing

10.收到你的来信真是太高兴了。

It was wonderful to ________ ________ you.11.说实在的,我真的不知道我教的课是否让这些孩子的生活有所改变。I wonder whether I’m ________ ______ __________ to these boys’ lives at all.12.跟汤贝一家度过一天,真是一种殊荣。

It was such a ________ to have ________ a day with Tombe’s family.Unit 5 Travelling abroad

13.这是她第一次离开自己的祖国。

It was the ________ time she ________ ever ________ her home country.14.你必须习惯一种全新的生活方式,在一开始的时候这就会占去你的全部注意力。

You have to _______ _______ ______ a whole new way of life, which can ________ ______ all your concentration in the beginning.15.她是应该取得成功的。

篇3:高中英语选修七笔记

《高中英语课程标准 (修订版) 》将学生的语言能力定义为“借助于语言, 以听、说、读、看、写等方式理解和表达意义的能力”。由此看来, 除英语教学中强调了多年的听、说、读、写四大技能外, “看”将变成和“听、说、读、写”具有等同地位的第五大技能 (刘晓斌2015) 。

目前的高中英语阅读教学很少使用各种“看”的工具来辅助阅读教学, 阅读材料基本以纯文本的形式呈现。这种单一、乏味的教学方式既无法激发学生的学习兴趣, 也无法培养学生在互联网时代所需要的视觉素养。知识可视化工具包括文字云图、思维导图、流程图、树状图等, 合理运用以上工具, 不但能使阅读教学更为有效、有趣, 还符合教育信息化和“互联网+教育”等社会背景的要求。

一、可视化与可视化工具

(一) 可视化与视觉表征

“可视化”一词源于英文的“visualization”, 原意是“可看得见的、清楚的呈现”。赵国庆 (2005) 认为, 知识可视化除了传达事实信息外, 还可以传输见解、经验、态度、观点和预测等, 并且可以帮助他人重构、记忆和应用所传达的内容。

视觉表征是知识可视化构成的关键因素和实现知识可视化的具体途径。严晓蓉 (2015) 指出, 视觉表征从本质上看, 就是视觉符号。视觉表征借助于视觉符号编码对意义进行深层次表征。知识的意义可以通过多种媒介进行表征, 无论通过何种媒介来表征知识, 其内在的意义机制都是一样的。现有的研究表明, 知识可视化教学应用对学生成绩、认知技能及学习情感可产生积极影响。

(二) 多模态教学与多元识读能力

传统的高中英语阅读教学大多采用单一模态的文字形式, 而知识可视化往往借助于图形、视频等方式呈现知识, 将阅读教学从单一模态转变为多模态。张德禄 (2011) 指出, 真实交际往往有两种或多种感官同时参与, 极少出现单一感官参与的情况。运用视觉、听觉、触觉等多种感觉, 通过语言、图像、声音、动作等多种手段和符号进行交际的现象就是多模态话语。

吴丹 (2015) 在研究中指出, 在高中英语阅读教学中应用多模态话语对于培养学生多元识读能力有一定帮助, 并且有助于提高学生在阅读中把握文章主旨和细节信息的能力。另外, 为完成任务, 学生会对各种可视化资源进行识别、归类、筛选和评价, 并且能提高与学习伙伴的合作能力和协同能力。可见, 将知识可视化工具运用于高中英语阅读教学是非常有意义的实践。

(三) 知识可视化工具两例———文字云图与思维导图

文字云图是指通过文字云图工具制作而成的反映文字频率的可视图, 它可以作为一种有效的文本分析工具应用在教学中 (杜华2012) 。根据文字云图的特征, 词汇云图在教学中可让学生关注凸显词汇并进行分类或连线, 为碎片化的知识建立联系。它也可以用于听读活动之前进行预测活动, 开拓学习者的思维。

与文字云图不同, 思维导图以一种节点和信息的方式呈现, 具有逻辑性, 可通过学生的联想来构建。结合二者的异同, 灵活运用这两种可视化工具, 对教学设计有很大的帮助。

下面笔者以人教版高中《英语》选修七Unit 5Traveling abroad为例, 具体阐述文字云图和思维导图这两种典型的知识可视化工具在教学实践中的运用。

二、知识可视化工具在高中英语阅读的教学实践

人教版高中《英语》选修七Unit 5 Traveling abroad单元的话题是“出国留学”, 单元任务始终围绕这一主题展开。阅读第一课时Reading部分是一篇在报纸上刊登的关于Xie Lei第一次到国外留学的文章, 讲述她在读预科班时面临的问题, 以及在房东和导师的帮助下正视困难, 迎接挑战, 最终树立了信心的故事。

从文章结构来看, 第一部分为第1段, 介绍Xie Lei是一名从中国到伦敦求学的留学生。第二部分从第2段至第6段, 描述她在预科班学习、寄宿家庭、写论文以及社会生活等方面遇到的问题和解决办法。第三部分是第7段, 表明这篇文章是刊登在报纸上的, 并且之后还会继续关注。文章结构完整清晰, 且涉及较多生词, 是运用知识可视化工具的好素材, 特别适合运用文字云图和思维导图辅助教学。结合本单元主题和内容, 笔者对这堂阅读课进行了如下设计。

1.教学目标

(1) 学生能借助文字云图获取文本关键词并推测主要内容;

(2) 学生能通过思维导图理清文本信息脉络并作出评价;

(3) 学生能借助可视化工具对文本信息进行分析、组织和加工, 提高合作学习的能力。

2.教学思路

由于学生欠缺背景知识, 本课导入部分采用文字云图鼓励学生获取关键词, 并将关键词归类, 从而猜测文章内容, 降低阅读难度。在阅读后, 通过问题引导学生合作完成思维导图。最后, 让学生根据思维导图内容完成输出任务:给中国留学生提建议。

本课的设计结合文字云图和思维导图两种工具, 培养学生对可视化图形的识别、加工和分析能力, 以期提高学生的思维能力和学习兴趣。

3.教学步骤

Step 1:导入———“头脑风暴”

笔者询问学生:如果你有机会到外国留学, 你刚到外国时可能会遇到怎样的问题和挑战?鼓励学生多角度思考问题并由笔者在黑板上进行记录。

【设计意图】

由于大部分学生没有去国外旅游和留学的经历, 该话题对于他们来说较为陌生。因此, 该问题旨在激活学生已有的内容图式和词汇图式, 或通过听取他人的答案了解更多的背景知识, 并引入新的词汇和语块。

Step 2:读前———文字云图

笔者呈现一幅文字云图 (见图1) , 并向学生做大致介绍, 再与学生经常在网络上看到的微博关键词进行对比。之后, 笔者让学生两人合作圈出文字云图上最抢眼的若干关键词, 鼓励学生对所有关键词进行分类。分类后, 笔者要求学生猜测文章所涉及的主要方面, 并与头脑风暴的结果进行对比。

【设计意图】

用可视化工具引起学生对文本信息的兴趣, 有利于进一步激活学生的内容图式和词汇图式, 降低其处理文本信息的难度, 为阅读做好铺垫。

Step 3:读中———思维导图

(1) 背景阅读

笔者在通过文字云图的方式对背景内容进行铺垫后, 让学生阅读标题和第一段, 获取文本主要内容, 并回答:

(1) Who is Xie Lei?

(2) What could be the author’s possible attitude towards Xie Lei?

【设计意图】

本活动旨在引导学生从阅读材料的语篇特征入手, 从标题和首段获取新闻报道的主要内容, 通过不同的词汇推敲作者的观点态度, 训练学生获取信息和处理信息的能力。

(2) 正文阅读

笔者引导学生画出每一段的关键句, 让学生通过寻读的方法获取该新闻报道的角度。接着, 笔者让学生分享他们的发现并和学生共同总结获取文章大意的方法。

【设计意图】

本活动旨在引导学生获取每一段的段落大意, 理解段落推进的层次。这对于思维导图的创建有重要意义。思维导图的组成部分包括主题、节点、分主题和具体信息等。要利用文本信息绘制思维导图, 首先要获取文章的大意, 并将其作为主题, 再确定每一段的大意, 作为各个分主题, 这是思维导图的主干。

(3) 创建思维导图

首先由笔者引导, 让学生圈出每一段关键句的关键词, 从而制作中心层次和第一层的思维导图初稿 (如图2) ;接着, 让学生4~6人为一组合作完成余下的第二层的思维导图。

【设计意图】

本活动旨在通过思维导图培养学生挖掘细节信息的能力, 并在获取细节信息的过程中系统有序地整理文章写作思路。由于学生单独完成本任务有一定的难度, 教师可以鼓励学生合作完成并在讨论中确定更准确的思路。

Step 4:读后———小组汇报

笔者要求学生分组展示合作完成的思维导图, 并借助思维导图口头复述所负责部分的文段内容。其他学生听完该小组汇报后, 可以点评或提出疑问。每组学生完成后, 将所负责的思维导图卡片贴在相应位置。当所有小组完成后, 一幅完整的思维导图就完成了。

【设计意图】

本活动让学生借助思维导图的方式对文章进行解码, 这一过程可以有效培养学生的协作能力。

Step 5:作业———运用巩固

笔者设计一篇100词的应用文写作, 要求学生根据思维导图完成。写作任务如下:

你的朋友李华即将到加拿大读大学, 请给他写一封信介绍去外国学习的好处和困难, 并给予一些建议。

【设计意图】

本活动侧重输出环节, 让学生综合运用思维导图的内容进行书面写作, 既检测了学生对于该话题的内容和语言的掌握程度, 又锻炼了学生的表达能力。

四、知识可视化教学实践的反思

(一) 思维导图与文字云图的异同分析

在本课例实践中, 笔者将文字云图用于阅读前环节, 凸显高频实义词, 让学生对复杂的纯文本信息进行加工处理并提炼关键词。文字云图的呈现方式是频率凸显的、无序的, 适合阅读前的猜测活动并且能有效引导学生总结全文大意;而思维导图是有序的, 本课例实践中, 笔者用思维导图帮助学生理清文章要点, 把握文章脉络。实际上, 文字云图也可以用于读后的复述活动, 但由于其无序性, 学生只有对文章高度熟悉才能完成任务。因此, 教师可以根据学生的实际情况和语篇难度对两种可视化工具进行选择。

(二) 知识可视化工具与现代教育技术的结合

本课例实践中, 笔者采用学生卡纸和教师板书结合的方式完成思维导图任务。但在当前移动设备使用越来越便捷的情况下, 教师可以利用智能手机或平板电脑上的概念图和思维导图软件 (如Simple Mind+, i Brain Stormer等) , 把i Pad上的现场绘制过程投影到教室的电脑屏幕上。

具体操作如下:教师用智能手机或平板电脑的思维导图软件, 通过投影的方式带着全班绘制思维导图的主题词和第一层思维导图, 再让学生用平板电脑接着绘制第二层内容, 学生可以拿着平板电脑或智能手机进行复述, 也可以由其他同学进行修改等。

结束语

随着科学技术和移动交互的不断发展, 知识可视化工具在英语教学中的使用将越来越广泛。教师要紧跟时代潮流, 提升自身技能, 更新教学观念, 运用多种手段使课堂教学生动、活泼、有趣;还要熟悉教材特点, 了解学生情况, 选用合适的工具辅助英语阅读教学或其他课型, 使课堂效率事半功倍。

摘要:“看”作为一种技能, 对培养学生的知识识别、归类、筛选和评价有着重要意义。知识可视化工具是在阅读教学中培养和发展学生“看”的技能的有效工具。介绍两种知识可视化工具——文字云图和思维导图, 并以人教版高中《英语》选修七Unit 5 Traveling around为例, 探讨如何在阅读教学中有效运用知识可视化工具, 培养学生“看”的技能, 从而提高学生的语言能力。

关键词:知识可视化,英语阅读,文字云图,思维导图

参考文献

杜华.2012.文字云图在英语阅读教学中的应用研究[J].中国电化教育 (8) :115

刘晓斌.2015.英语新课堂上如何“看” (上篇) ——从“听说读写”到“听说读看写”[EB/OL].http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6f010eec0102wknj.html.

吴丹.2015.高中英语阅读教学中多元识读能力培养研究[D].闽南师范大学.

严晓蓉.2015.视觉学习视角下的语言可视化表征与教学应用[J].远程教育杂志, (2) :46-53.

张德禄.2011.动态多模态话语的模态协同研究[J].山东外语教学, (5) :9-16

篇4:碎玉轩藏玉笔记(七)

钗与簪的区别,是钗柄为两股,簪仅一股。这支钗购于上海东台路的一家古玩店,价钱当时感到很贵,但是这只钗独特的造型抓住了我,我思忖再三还是将它带回了家。

从某种意义上说,女人对于首饰天生就是掠夺者,对于我而言还可以冠以一个词——研究者。

首先,看造型及其内涵。这支钗造型是最吸引眼球的。它的造型属于对称形,十分紧凑。三朵梅花自上而下排成一列,两只喜鹊分别背靠着梅花,正在张嘴鸣叫。梅花盛开,喜鹊报春,好一幅双喜登梅报春图啊!

其次,看材质。由于是组合式镶嵌,色彩的搭配可以更为丰富。正中的梅花选用细腻、没有一点杂质的上好和田白玉,喜鹊则选择纯净、色泽稍深的和田青玉。

最后,看工艺。五个玉件分别用银托托住,每个托上用一些精巧的银丝扣将玉件扣住。这些盘卷的银丝扣同样也起到了很美的装饰作用。顺便说一下,两只雀的雀脚各有一个孔,我猜是先有玉后有钗,即雀是一对旧嵌件,经过重新设计才有了这么一只钗。

这支嵌玉银钗不但材质优良,而且工艺精湛,是一件难得的古代艺术品。如果哪位女士拥有浓密、长长的头发,盘起发髻,再插上这样的发钗,那一定会成为舞会的皇后,抓住所有人的目光。

白玉橄榄头珐琅银簪,和田白玉质,清代。长9厘米。

簪首色泽洁白,通透无暇,形如橄欖,又似未开的白兰,让人见之难忘、走之不舍。簪身为银质,上刻五层纹饰,并覆盖红绿蓝三色烧蓝。

烧蓝,实际上就是所谓的珐琅彩。众所周知,珐琅彩明清两代在宫廷中用的比较多,现今的大型拍卖会总会出现高贵的珐琅器的身影,可有谁想到那美轮美奂的珐琅彩的另一个名字就是“烧蓝”。同样是西施,在乡下就是一个浣纱女,一旦进入吴宫便身价百倍,变为中国四大绝色美女之一。烧蓝和珐琅彩就是这样一个例子。烧蓝在百姓日用品上应用非常广,银首饰上尤多,晚清时期一般女子都有个银发簪,讲究一点的则在发簪上点上烧蓝,再讲究的配以玉制的簪首。

这支玉首银簪可算得上这类首饰中的佼佼者。制作是先打制扇形的银片,錾刻上纹饰和堂号,卷成长锥形,焊品接缝,上三色烧蓝;另选择上等白玉,磨制簪首;最后将两者合拢。这是制玉与制银两种工艺的结合,因此别小瞧这小小的簪子,不精工细作是无法完成这件作品的。

篇5:高中英语选修七知识点总结

1. 关系代词 that, which (物) that, who, whom(人)whose(人和物)

①关系代词在从句做主语,宾语,表语。当做宾语时,可以省略。

A plane is a machine that can fly.(that做主语,先行词是物)

The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.(which先行词是物,在从句中作宾语可省,) She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.(that先行词是人,在从句中做宾语可省)

②who在从句中多做主语,whom只能做宾语,(介词和动词后)

Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?(who在从句中做主语,先行词是人)

The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.(whom在从句中做宾语,可省)

③ whose先行词即可是人也可是物。

I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.

2. 关系副词

where 在从句中作地点状语 when 在从句中作时间状语 why 在从句中作原因状语 I will never forget the day when we met there.

This is the house where I was born.

I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.

三、介词/介词短语+关系代词(which, whom)

Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. This is the hotel in which you will stay.

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。

例如:There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

四、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

1. 形式不同

2. 作用不同

限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:

3. 翻译不同 He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。

4. 先行词不同

五、 as引导的定语从句 as可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,在从句中做主语,宾语和表语。翻译成“像?一样”或“像” such?as 像??一样,之类 the same?as 和??一样

He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(as在从从句中做宾语,)

That’s the same tool as I used last week.

六、 as引导的定语从句和which的区别

①which 限制性非限制性位于句后修饰整句或先行词

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.

As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

② as 多 和 被 动 语 态 连 用 , be known, be said, be reported, be announced, be expected等

③当非限制性定语从句是否定时,只能用which。

He came here very late, which was unexpected.

七、 特殊情况

只能用that的情况:

1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时

2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时

3.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时

4.先行词有序数词修饰时

5.先行词既指人又指物时

6.先行词被the only, the very修饰时

7.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时

例如:

1.He told me everything that he knows.

2.All the books that you offered has been given out.

3.This is the best film that I have ever read.

4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.

5.He is the only man that I want to see.

6.Who is the man that is making a speech?

二、 只能用which不能用that的情况:

1. 非限制性定语从句

2. 介词+which

3. the way 做先行词时,定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。

篇6:外研高中英语选修七知识点

be named/called…   被称作/命名为

be named after     以…命名

change one’s name to   把名字改为…

in one’s career    在某人的职业生涯中

hold the record    保持纪录

attend the university   上大学

win the championship   赢得冠军

admire one’s ability       崇拜/羡慕某人的能力

one after another    一个接一个

be delighted to do    很高兴去做

feel nervous about    对…感到紧张

be disappointed with   对… 感到失望

the same…as…     和…一样

bring up      抚养,养大

in reply to       回应

draw one’s attention to把某人的注意力吸引到…上

be absorbed in       全神贯注于…

obtain control of     取得…的控制权

take possession of    掌管/接管…

base A on B    把A建立在B的基础上

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