一般英文格式

2024-04-17

一般英文格式(通用8篇)

篇1:一般英文格式

一般货物进口合同格式英文

英文:

「名称」 1.PURCHASE CONTRACT

「题注」

「章名」 Whole Doc.Contract No:

Date:

The Buyer:

The Seller:

The Contract,made out,in Chinese and English,both version being equally authentic,by and between the Seller and the Buyer whereby theSeller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goodssubject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:「章名」 SECTION 1Name of Commodity and specificationCountry of Origin & ManufacturerUnit Price(packing charges included)QuantityTotal ValuePacking(seaworthy)Insurance(to be covered by the Buyer unless otherwise)8 Time of ShipmentPort of LoadingPort of Destination mark shown as below in addition to the port of destination,package number,gross and net weights,measurements and other marks as the Buyer may require stencilled or markedconspicuously with fast and unfailing pigments on each package.In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es),the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.Terms of Payment: One month prior to the time of shipment the Buyer shall open with the Bank of _______an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favour of the Seller payable at the issuing bank against presentation of documents as stipulated under Clause 18.A.of SECTION II,the Terms of Delivery of this Contract after departure of the carrying vessel.The said Letter of Credit shall remain in force til the 15th day after shipment.13 Other Terms: Unless otherwise agreed and accepted by the Buyer,all other matters related to this contract shall be governed by Section II,the Terms of Delivery which shall form an integral part of this Contract.Any supplementary terms and conditions that may be attached to this Contract shall automatically prevail over the terms and conditions

of this Contract if such supplementary terms and conditions come in conflict with terms and conditions herein and shall be binding upon both parties.FOR THE SELLER FOR THE BUYER

「章名」 SECTION 2

「章名」 14 FOB/FAS TERMS

14.1 The shipping space for the contracted goods shall be booked by the Buyer or the Buyer‘s shipping agent __________.14.2 Under FOB terms,the Seller shall undertake to load the

contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer,within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.14.3 Under FAS terms,the Seller shall undertake to deliver the contracted goods under the tackle of the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer,within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.14.4 10-15 days prior to the date of shipment,the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number,name of vessel,ETA of vessel,quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent,so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.The Seller shall advise by cable or telex in time the Buyer of the result thereof.Should,for certain reasons,it become necessary for the Buyer to replace the named vessel with another one,or should the named vessel arrive at the port of shipment earlier or later than the date of arrival as previously notified to the Seller,the Buyer or its shipping agent shall advise the Seller to this effect in due time.The Seller shall also keep in close contact with the agent or the Buyer.14.5 Should the Seller fail to load the goods on board or to deliver the goods under the tackle of the vessel booked by the Buyer.Within the time as notified by the Buyer,after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight,demurrage.Consequential losses incurred upon and/or suffered by the Buyer.14.6 Should the vessel be withdrawn or replaced or delayed eventually or the cargo be shut out etc.,and the Seller be not informed in good time to stop delivery of the cargo,the calculation of the loss in storage expenses and insurance premium thus sustained at the loading port shall be based on the loading date notified by the agent to the Seller(or based on the date of the arrival of the cargo at the loading port in case the cargo should arrive there later than the notified loading date)。The abovementioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at the port should be borne by the Buyer with the exception of Force Majeure.However,the Seller shall still undertake

to load the cargo immediately upon the carrying vessel‘s arrival at the loading port at its own risk and expenses.The payment of the afore-said expenses shall be effected against presentation of the original vouchers after the Buyer’s verification.「章名」 15 C&F Terms

15.1 The Seller shall ship the goods within the time as stipulated in clause 8 of this Contract by a direct vessel sailing from the port of loading to China port.Transhipment on route is not allowed without the Buyer‘s prior consent.The goods shall not be carried by vessels flying flags of countries not acceptable to the Port Authorities of China.15.2 The carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall be seaworthy and cargoworthy.The Seller shall be obliged to act prudently and

conscientiously when selecting the vessel and the carrier when chartering such vessel.The Buyer is justified in not accepting vessels chartered by the Seller that are not members of the PICLUB.15.3 The carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall sail and arrive at the port of destination within the normal and reasonable period of time.Any unreasonable aviation or delay is not allowed.15.4 The age of the carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall not exceed 15 years.In case her age exceeds 15 years,the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.15.5 For cargo lots over 1,000 M/T each,or any other lots less than 1,000 metric tons but identified by the Buyer,the Seller shall,at least 10 days prior to the date of shipment,inform the Buyer by telex or cable of the following information: the contract number,the name of commodity,quantity,the name of the carrying vessel,the age,nationality,and particulars of the carrying vessel,the expected date of loading,the expected time of arrival at the port of destination,the name,telex and cable address of the carrier.15.6 For cargo lots over 1,000 M/T each,or any other lots less than 1,000 metric tons but identified by the Buyer,the Master of the carrying vessel shall notify the Buyer respectively 7(seven)days and 24(twenty-four)hours prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of destination,by telex or cable about its ETA(expected time of arrival),contract number,the name of commodity,and quantity.「章名」 16 CIF Terms:

Under CIF terms,besides Clause 15 C&F Terms of this contract which shall be applied the Seller shall be responsible for covering the cargo with relevant insurance with irrespective percentage.「章名」 17 Advice of Shipment:

Within 48 hours immediately after completion of loading of goods on board the vessel the Seller shall advise the Buyer by cable or telex of the contract number,the name of goods,weight(net/gross)or quantity

loaded,invoice value,name of vessel,port of loading,sailing date and expected time of arrival(ETA)at the port of destination.Should the Buyer be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Seller‘s failure to give the above mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex,the Seller shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure.「章名」 18 Shipping Documents

18.A The Seller shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation of payment:

18.A.1 Full set of clean on board,“freight prepaid” for C&F/CIF Terms or “Freight to collect” for FOB/FAS Terms,Ocean Bills of Lading,made out to order and blank endorsed,notifying ___________at the port of destination.18.A.2 Five copies of signed invoice,indicating contract number,L/C number,name of commodity,full specifications,and shipping mark,signed and issued by the Beneficiary of Letter of Credit.18.B Any original document(s)made by rephotographic system,automated or computerized system or carbon copies shall not be acceptable unless they are clearly marked as “ORIGINAL.” and certified with signatures in hand writing by authorised officers of the issuing company or corporation.18.C Through Bill of Lading,Stale Bill of Lading,Short Form Bill of Lading,shall not be acceptable.18.D Third Party appointed by the Beneficiary as shipper shall not be acceptable unless such Third Party Bill of Lading is made out to the order of shipper and endorsed to the Beneficiary and blank endorsed by the Beneficiary.If the goods under this Contract are to be dispatched by air,all the terms and conditions of this Contract in connection with ocean transportation shall be governed by relevant air terms.

篇2:一般英文格式

中英文个人简历的一般格式

说实话,我们不认为简历格式会在简历筛选时起多大作用。网上有很多关于求职简历格式的介绍文章,讲得都对,借鉴一下就可以了。做到从个人信息、应聘职位、教育背景、工作经历和个人评价,这几部分条块分明、顺序正确、表述干净清楚就可以了。当然,恰好一页(任职5个单位以上的.管理人员的简历应恰好二页)A4纸的内容以及干净悦目的排版是必要的。有的网站上还有介绍英式简历和美式简历的区别的,未免是矫枉过正了。

篇3:来稿要求及一般技术格式规范

1、文稿应资料可靠、数据准确、书写规范, 文责自负。一版字数在2200字左右 (含字符) , 2版4500字左右 (含字符) , 以此类推。来稿严格按学术论文格式要求, 附有摘要、关键词、参考文献等。

2、署名在文题下按序排列, 多名作者排列应在投搞时确定。来文随附作者单位、邮编、手机、电话、电子信箱等个人信息。

3、论文涉及的课题如取得国家或部、省级以上专项基金或属攻关项目, 应脚注于文题页左下方。

4、来稿一律采取电子档, 投稿邮箱为:xxtxbjb@163.com, 电子档一律为作者姓名, 以便查询。电话:027-88615253。

5、本刊常年征稿, 来稿不退;严禁抄袭, 文责自负。请勿一稿多投!来稿必复, 如采用, 将在一周内通知作者。6、本刊所发论文将为中国学术期刊网、万方数据库收录。若有异议, 来稿时请予以注明。

一般技术格式规范:

1、篇名一般不超过20个汉字且黑体 (副题除外) , 一般用小二以上字号。

2、作者、单位篇名下署作者姓名、单位全称、所在省、城市、邮政编码。如:李丽 (武汉大学信息工程学院, 湖北武汉430072) 。

5、文内标题简洁、明确, 层次不宜过多, 序号为:1、1.1、1.1.1。第一层次一般为黑体, 不加任何标点符号;同一层次的格式须统一。

6、数字用法凡公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻、各种记数、计量均用阿拉伯数字;夏历和建国以前的历史纪年用汉字, 并以圆括号加注公元纪年。

7、表格采用三线表, 表内序号一律为阿拉伯数字, 表序与表题居中置于表格上方。

8、注释用于对文内某一特定内容的解释或说明, 其序号为: (1) (2) (3) …。注释置于正文尾部、“参考文献”上面。

9、参考文献对文章所参考的文献的作者、出处、版本等详细情况注明。

篇4:英文书信的格式你知道吗?

英文信包括信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语和签名六个部分。比中文信多了一个信头,而信头包括两项:写信人的地址和写信的日期。写时是先写地址再写日期。在写地址时要注意哟,和中文写法有点不同,是先小后大,也就是说,第一行写门牌号及街道名,第二行写区名、市名、省名。寄往国外还要记得在第三行加上国家名,日期是写在地址的下方。如:

江西省赣州市文清路65号(邮编341000),英文写法是:

65 Wenqing Road

Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000

China

信内还有个地址,它是指收信人的姓名、职业、单位和地址,且位于信纸的左上角,比信头低一二行就行了,其顺序是先写收信人的姓名与头衔,再写地址。有时信内的地址常省略。其它部分和中文格式没多大区别,但要注意,称呼关系密切的要加上dear,如:Dear Tom。而不太熟悉的可加上Mr.,Mrs.或 Prof.如:Prof. Green,后要用逗号。正文只要行文流畅,传情达意,字迹清楚。结束语放在正文的下一二行右下。首字母大写,别忘了加个逗号。常用的有:Yours/Yours sincerely/Yours faithfully/Yours respectfully。签名时如果不是特别亲密,一般要用全名。例如:

Ganxian High School

Jiaoyu Road

Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341100

China

June 26, 2007

Dear Liu Xin,

I was glad to receive your letter.

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

Best wishes for you.

Yours sincerely,

Lee Xiaoming

最后,还有个信封(envelope)。英语的信封和中文的一样,由三部分组成,即发信人地址、收信人地址和邮票。只不过英语信封的格式除了邮票所贴的位置(信封的右上角)和中文的一样外,英语信封上要写的发信人和收信人的地址和中文的大不一样。发信人的地址应写在信封的左上角,收信人的地址应写在信封偏中右偏下处,如:

Liu Fanghua

Bayi Road

Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 340069

Sun Yihua

Hongqi Middle School

Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510902

篇5:论文一般写作格式

论文格式

1.题目:题目应当简明、具体、确切地反映出本文的特定内容,一般不宜超过20字,如果题目语意未尽,用副题补充说明。

2.作者:署名的作者只限于那些选定研究课题和制订研究方案、直接参加全部或主要研究工作、做出主要贡献,并了解论文报告的全部内容,能对全部内容负责解答的人。其他参加工作的人员,可列入附注或致谢部分。

3.摘要:摘要应具有独立性和自含性,有数据结论,是一篇完整的短文。摘要一般200-300字.摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。

4.正文:论文中的图、表、附注、参考文献、公式等一律采用阿拉伯数字编码,其标注形式应便于互相区别,如图;附注:;文献等.具体要求如下;

4.1图:曲线图的纵.横坐标必须标注量、标准规定符号、单位(无量纲可以省略),坐标上采用的缩略词或符号必须与正文中一致。

4.2表:表应有表题,表内附注序号标注于右上角,如“1)”(读者注意:前面“”引号中的实际排版表示方式应该是“1)”在“1”的右上角),不用“﹡”号作附注序码,表内数据,空白代表未测,“一”代表无此项或未发现,“0”代表实测结果确为零。

4.数学、物理和化学式:一律用“.”表示小数点符号,大于999的整数和多于三位的小数,一律用半个阿拉伯数字符的小间隔分开,不用千位擞“,”,小于1的数应将0列于小数点之前。例如94,652应写成94 652;.319,325应写成0.314 325。

应特别注意区分拉丁文、希腊文、俄文、罗马数字和阿拉伯数字;标明字符的正体、斜体、黑体及大小写、上下角,以免混同。

4.4计量单位:论文中使用的各种量、单位和符号,必须遵循国家标准等的规定.单位名称和符号的书写方式,一律采用国际通用符号。没有相应符号的非物理量单位可使用中文(如“件”、“台”、“人”等),它们可以与其他单位的符号构成组合单位(如“件每秒”的符号为“件/S”)。

参考文献格式

4.5参考文献的格式:论文参考文献的写法应按下列次序——著者/题名/出版事项,由于论文的参考文献品种繁多,择其主要示例如下: 唐罗忠, 赵丹, 诸葛强, 杨玉娟.麻栎组织培养外植体选择与灭菌方法[J].江苏林业科技, 2010, 37(5): 22-25 He SS, Liu CZ & Saxena PK.Plant regeneration of an endangered medicinal plant Hydrastis canadensis L..Scientia Horticulturae, 2007, 113: 82–86 Hamish A Collion, Sue Edwards.Plant Cell Culture[M].UK: Bios Seientifiec Pubishers, 1998 即著录论文的著者的姓和名的首字母(中国人写全姓名),出版年,句点,论文题目,句点,期刊名缩写,卷(期):页(每卷编连续页码的期刊不写期)。

篇6:一般货物出口合同格式

一般货物出口合同格式正文:

「名称」 1. PURCHASE CONTRACT 「题注」 「章名」 Whole Doc. Contract No: Date: The Buyer: The Seller: The Contract, made out, in Chinese and English, both version being equally authentic, by and between the Seller and the Buyer whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 「章名」 SECTION 1 1 Name of Commodity and specification 2 Country of Origin & Manufacturer 3 Unit Price (packing charges included) 4 Quantity 5 Total Value 6 Packing (seaworthy) 7 Insurance (to be covered by the Buyer unless otherwise) 8 Time of Shipment 9 Port of Loading 10 Port of Destination mark shown as below in addition to the port of destination, package number, gross and net weights, measurements and other marks as the Buyer may require stencilled or marked conspicuously with fast and unfailing pigments on each package. In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package. 12 Terms of Payment: One month prior to the time of shipment the Buyer shall open with the Bank of _______an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favour of the Seller payable at the issuing bank against presentation of documents as stipulated under Clause 18. A. of SECTION II, the Terms of Delivery of this Contract after departure of the carrying vessel. The said Letter of Credit shall remain in force till the 15th day after shipment. 13 Other Terms: Unless otherwise agreed and accepted by the Buyer, all other matters related to this contract shall be governed by Section II, the Terms of Delivery which shall form an integral part of this Contract. Any supplementary terms and conditions that may be attached to this Contract shall automatically prevail over the terms and conditions of this Contract if such supplementary terms and conditions come in conflict with terms and conditions herein and shall be binding upon both parties. FOR THE SELLER FOR THE BUYER 「章名」 SECTION 2 「章名」 14 FOB/FAS TERMS 14.1 The shipping space for the contracted goods shall be booked by the Buyer or the Buyer‘s shipping agent __________. 14.2 Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of

篇7:一般策划书书写格式

一.活动名称

二.活动口号

三.活动主题

四.活动背景

五.活动目的及意义

六.活动时间

七.活动地点

八.活动对象

九.举办单位

十.报名方式

十一.宣传方案

十二.活动具体流程(前·现场·后期)十三.应急预案

十四.附表(报名表·人员表·预算表等)

注释:包括封面页·目录页·页脚

主标题·黑体 小二号

项目标题·宋体 小四/四号 加粗

正文·宋体 小四/四号

篇8:中英文信封格式书写差异的再思考

关键词:信封书写,邮政历史,文化差异

0 引言

中英文信封书写格式有很大的差异。中文信封先写收信人地址,从国家、省、市、城区、街道、门牌号,最后才写收信的人的姓名。而英文信封先写收信的人,然后才是门牌号、街道、城区、市、省、国家。两种信封写法前后顺序刚好相反。有学者认为这种格局反映了中西方思维方式的差异:中国人考虑问题习惯于从大到小,由远及近,而西方人则反之;正是这种思维的差异导致了中西方信封书写上的不同格局。(张业菊,2006)笔者对这种文化角度的解释不能认同。特从英汉语言角度和中西邮政史角度提出不同的看法,以活跃学坛。

1 英汉语言习惯

英汉信封书写格式的不同并不是由所谓“中国人考虑问题是从大到小,由远及近;而西方人考虑问题是从小到大,由近到远”的思维模式不同引起的。因为这种思维模式二元对立的命题很难成立。在现实中,中国人考虑问题从小到大,由近及远的例子俯拾即是。反之亦然,西方人也不尽是思考问题从小到大,从近到远。那么,中西方信封格式为何有这种差异呢,笔者认为这应从英汉两种语言的语法特点的层面做出解释。

汉语和英语在书写中最大的不同在于修饰语位置的不同。这种差异,反映在信封的书写上,就形成了在英汉信封书写格局的不同。在英语里,短小的修饰语一般放在被修饰名词的前面。如:President Barack Obama.但是,如果修饰成分稍长,则往往采用所有格,同位语或定语从句的形式,将修饰部分后置。比如,英语常用of构成表示无生命的名词的所有格,其词序和汉语习惯正相反。如:the gate of our school,或the windows of the house。其中被修饰的在前,修饰语在后。在某些固定搭配中,形容词作定语也常常后置,比如:“Secretary General(秘书长,总干事)”。英语表示“坐在我身旁的姑娘是我表妹”这句话,将姑娘一词放在前边,然后具体说明是怎样的姑娘,形成“The girl sitting by my side is my cousin.”这样的句式。英语“The young man has read all kinds of books,ancient and modern,Chinese and foreign.”这句话中,古、今、中、外用来修饰“书”时都放在所修饰语之后。此外,还常用which引导的定语从句后置来修饰或定义名词事物。“这是要搬进城里的一家人”这句汉语,在英语可以这样表达:“This is the family which is planning to move to the city.”英语修饰语后置是英语不同于汉语的一大特色。只要有需要界定的词汇,概念,事物出现,都可以把修饰语放在后边。这种特色使得英语在表达上较之汉语有一定的优势。一句话出来能够边写,边思考,边修饰。这样句子可以写的很长,甚至一直写下去。在汉语里,古汉语中有些定语后置的情况,现代汉语一般都将修饰语放置在所修饰名词之前。因此在写作上,下笔前头脑中要对词汇进行更多的排序,然后下笔。如果修饰语与被修饰事物之间只是两个词汇,这种排序并不费劲,但是在修饰语多的情况下,排序绝对成了必要。比如,要对“菩萨”一词进行修饰,要给他加一些头衔。汉语的正常语序是“南无大慈大悲救苦救难广大灵感观世音菩萨”。又如,明代正德皇帝好武,将国家大事视为儿戏,自封为“总督军务威武大将军总兵官太师镇国公朱寿”。以上英汉举例,说明了英汉两种语言的修饰语和被修饰语之间的语序关系特点。

写信封地址无论中西其实本不存在思维上“从大到小”或“从小到大”的思维方式问题。中西方信封写法的差异其实源于两种语言语序习惯的不同。设令中西二人同写两信,而信封封面上只能写一个字或词。那么这个字或词肯定都是收信人的名字。此时,无论中西方,思维中心肯定都是那个收件人。实际情况正是如此。我们看到的一些中外私递的旧信封,封面上就都只有名字。这种情况说明,书写信封时,无论中外,大家都是想着收件人。但是当收信人的名字和地址同时出现在信封上时,就出现了差别。这个差别是语言语法上的差别引起的。西方人在表示曼哈顿的约翰时,一般会使用所有格标志of联结二者,表示所属。因而会写成“John of Manhattan”如果,加上城市名则成了“John of Manhattan(of)New York”很明显,这种看起来从小到大的排序,实在是取决于语法规则。而中国人处理地名和人名同时出现时,会写绍兴鲁迅。这也是固定的语言习惯。因此,西方信封上书写格式可以理解为:Name(of)House name(of)Street name(of)City name(of)State name(of)Country.在这个书写格式里,邻近的名词之间是所属关系,但在信封上表示时,为了节省空间,通常去掉了所有格的标志符号“of”。

2 文化与历史

中西方的邮政发展历史上一些文化因素曾促成信封书写格局的形成。就中国信封书写来看,它的确给人以特别重视地址的印象。这种情况的形成可以从下面的情况得到解释。中国早在秦汉时期就建立了统一的驿递制度和地名体系。其时,中国幅员辽阔,控制地域覆盖36郡,后又增至46郡,郡下又有乡里组织,形成数以万计的地名。可以想象,不论公函私信,在这么大的版图中传递,正确的地名地址书写是何等的重要啊。虽然,秦汉时期还没有现代信封,但不管公私信件用什么样的信函传递,地名是非写清楚不可的。

相比之下,英国17世纪才有了官方控制的邮路建设,而范围不出英伦诸岛。美国在18世纪后期才开始了东海岸的邮路的使用(Day,2007)。不管是英国或是美国,邮递机构在早期都不开展投递业务,邮件只在邮局之间传递,再由收件人前往邮局查看领取。因此,对于早期的西方民众来说,通信的具体街道地址意义不大,而收信人的名字则较为重要。因而有了中国人重地址,西洋人重名字的表面现象。

无论中西方,信件封面上的地址姓名都有个从简单随意到复杂规范的书写演变过程。这个演变过程与邮政发展的历史息息相关。首先,制作信封材料的价格对信封封面的写法有影响,但这种影响与书写顺序无关,而与信封地址书写详略有系。英国和美国早期写信并不使用信封,主要原因是纸张昂贵。人们通常只是写完信后,把信纸折叠起来进行蜡封,利用背面的空白来书写邮寄对方的信息。邮资以邮递的距离和信件的重量来计算。因此,为节省费用,信件尽量少用纸。1775年,美国建国之初的政治家萨缪尔·亚当(Samuel Adams)从波士顿向费城发了一封信,价格为22美分。这封信就没有信封,由一页信纸折叠而成。因为此时使用信封,意味着多付一页纸的邮费,当时只有极少数富人能够支付的起。信封的使用当在1838年前后,当时,英国曾进行过信封设计大赛。有一种“Mulready”信封曾赢得过奖。这种“四角折叠,会于中心,然后蜡封的新式信封”是现代信封的原始样式。其时,英国邮政当局,决定生产邮资付纥信封,通过邮局发售。当时虽然是一种创新,但是,也获得不少民众批评。一般英国民众认为这种发明史愚蠢的。美国历史记载,1843年皮埃森先生曾在自己的作坊里,用带刀模具切纸,进行手工信封制作。不久,各种信封制作机相继发明,终于使信封的价格下跌,大大促进了人们使用信封的习惯。当然,从简单的信纸背面书写,到信封封面书写是个不小的飞跃。在这一转变中,信封的书写有了较大的空间。(Benjamin,2002)

其次,对信封书写习惯影响最大的应该属住址投递制度的改变。1863年以前,付费信函邮递都是邮局之间进行,民众到邮局取信件。在这种情况下,信封的门牌号码,街道地址并不重要,重要的是落地邮局信息。而邮局信息也常常只是个邮局的代号。因此,信封上可以不写对方具体地址,而只写对方邮局编号。1863以后,美国推行城市住址免费投递制度,对信封的街道,门牌号码的细节提出了要求。到1880年美国有104个城市实行免费投递,到1900年则升到796个城市。1896年,乡村也开始实行住址投递,先在西佛吉尼亚的三个邮局试行,当时覆盖29各州的44条邮路。到1902年,乡村住址投递遂成定局。到了1930年城市乡村到处都有了“方便的路边信箱。”(Benjamin,2002)

此外,邮递价格的下降对信封的使用有积极意义。西方邮政部门在19世纪中期曾努力降低邮寄费用。1845年前高昂的邮费价格抑制着一般的通信使用信封。以美国为例,1799-1815美国东部邮路上报纸的邮费为2美分以下,而信件的邮寄价格却按邮程远近每页信纸在6~25美分之间。邮资的多少和信件的大小,重量和邮寄距离都有关系。1840,年从巴尔的摩到纽约的一封信邮资为18.5美分。其时,一个劳动力的日收入为72美分,一封信占去日薪的4分之一。美国1845年国会立法大大降低了通信费用。由过去五等距离计算变为两等距离计算。巴尔的摩到纽约的邮资降至5分。1863年,价格又有降低,距离因素取消,统一按重量收费。信封的机器制作,邮寄费用的价格降低和住址投递的实行鼓励了人们使用信封,并且将信封的地址延至街道和门牌号码。(John,2008)

总之,信封的书写格局的形成和邮政历史发展事件关系密切,却与思维方式很难挂上钩。

3 技术与教育

中国人和西方人书写信封的格式的形成,还可归因于现代邮政体系的暗示、引导和规范。现代邮寄制度产生以前,人们在信封上或多或少可以看到写信人个体意志的表现,个性化的信封时有所见。比如,宋代进士李逊一时遭难,寄了个空信封,委托名士刘元普照顾家人,信封上写:“辱弟李逊书呈洛阳恩兄刘元普亲拆。”刘元普本不认识李逊,接到空信封后,揣摩再三,有所领悟,于是承担起照顾李逊家人的责任。又比如,从民国期间的私人信件上看,地址和人名是写给不同的人看的。其中地址是给邮差看的,而名字则是给收信人看的。不少信封上写着:捎,交,面交,烦致,烦交,拜托等字样,且信封没有邮戳,说明信件是通过私人或信使等传递。这样的信件往往能看到保留的个性文化痕迹。

清代和民国时期,我国民众识字率低,有一种代人写信的职业。这些专业写信人对信封的书写极为讲究。这时期的信封,有时双面书写。根据书信人与收信人之间的地位不同,需要用不同等级的敬语或谦语。于是信封写得文雅古朴,成为信封史上的佳话。西方信封早期也能见到代表个人意志的文化痕迹。比如火漆封印的使用,欧洲就很有讲究。棕色漆为赴宴请贴,红色漆为官方文件,白色漆为婚嫁喜庆,黑色漆为丧事讣讯等。

自从现代邮政业务展开以来,无论中西方,都出现一个趋势,即写信人对如何写信封的主观意志体现的越来越少,而邮政系统为实现现代标准化服务,越来越多地干预信封的书写格式。为了以最有效的方式处理和投递邮件,现代欧美国家邮政机构都规定了信件地址书写标准要求民众遵守。

邮政机构推行标准化信封书写的措施之一是利用信封上的提示文字指导信封书写。写信人地址写在何处,收信人地址写在何处,一一均有注明。其次,利用出版物进行宣传。各国邮政部门都在邮局里张贴或悬挂信封书写标准提示。这种做法逐渐统一了人们书写信封的格式。不仅如此,英语国家邮政机构重视邮政知识的普及,并且非常重视对民众和儿童的邮政知识教育,以致小学生都要学习信封书写方法(Aibelweiss,1994)。

此外,各国邮政部门,一直致力于邮政信件分拣机械化,信件电脑识别和邮政智能化。对信封格式的书写提出了更高的要求。比如,加拿大邮政机构希望书写信封时不使用标点符号,包括缩写语后边的逗号。在表示乡村道路(RD)和郊区服务缩写(SS)语前,不使用数码符号#,只用空格隔开等等。信封封面的每一个字母都提倡大写,包括回信地址。最后形成这样的格式。

如:BRIAN HUNTER SYLVIA BURTON

RR 3 PO BOX 1234

FREDERICTON NB E3A 1H9 NEWCASTLE NB E1V2V5

在邮政机构的强势干预下,信封的书写逐渐摆脱了对个人意志的反映。信封书写中的文化因素越来越为技术因素所取代。写信人越来越多地服从机器对信件的要求,而个人的主体意识越来越少地表现在信封上。写信者如何写信封强烈地受到邮政体系的约束和规范。

4 结语

以上对英汉语言习惯和邮政历史的回顾清楚地表明,中西方信封书写的差异渊源已久。书写顺序相反的差异主要是由汉英两种语言语法结构引起。而在漫长的邮政发展史上,信纸的价格,信封的发明,邮寄价格的降低,住址免费投递,机械分拣,电脑识别技术的需要,以及邮政知识普及教育等,都对信封的写法产生过影响。很显然,没有证据表明,中西方信封写法的差别反映了中西方民族“从大到小,从远到近”或者相反的思维习惯。

江苏省无锡市锡山职业教育中心校校立项目

参考文献

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