英文写作术语（共6篇）
篇1：英文写作术语
Terminology of a Contract
1.verbs to be frequently used in a contract:
copy/duplicate:复制negotiate/discuss:讨论
draw up/make up起草initial:草签
interprete/construe 解释hand over:转交
cancel/annul 取消revise:修改
execute/perform/implement: 履行sign:签订
make/conclude:订立accept:接受
forward:发送consider:审查
infringe/break:违反terminate:解除
supplement补充finalize:最后商定
2.Expressions
Market condition 市场行情
Start-up cost开发新产品费用
Lump sum cost: 一次性费用
Cover cost: 索取费用
Depreciation charges/costs折旧费
Overhead charges:杂费
3.take effect:生效
4.It’s a policy enforced by the company.这是公司实施的政策。
5.go against :违背，反对
6.our position/stand is very firm.我们的立场非常坚定。
7.branch out/diversify:扩大业务。
8.Quality is more important than appearance.质量比外观更重要。
9.to sell our image/宣传我们的形象。
10.keep up with/跟上；in the processs of/在。。过程中
11.update/upgrade: Vt.更新，省级，提高tighten up/enforce强化（限制措施等）
12.make a huge impact/产生巨大的影响;minimize the inventory level:缩减库存量
13.have a sale:搞一次促销；After-sale service is crucial/售后服务至关重要
14.I have no choice but to play it by ear/我只好随机应变
15.warrantyn.(正当)理由,(合理)根据, 授权, 担保, 保证, 根据
16.delivery n.递送, 交付, 分娩, 交货, 引渡；n.[律] 财产等的正式移交；发送,传输 17.
篇2：英文写作术语
一、律师部分
案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action
案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件);the accused(用于刑事案件)
被上诉人 appellee 被诉人 respondent;defendant 本案律师 councel pro hac vice 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma;graduation certificate
辩护词 defense;pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order;ruling;determination（指终审裁定）裁决书 award（用于仲裁）裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据 admitted evidence;established evidence
草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 产权转让 conveyancing
出差 go on errand;go on a business trip 出国深造 further study abroad
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons;subpoena 答辩状 answer;reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate
代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件 pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party
吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录 investigative record
调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail
法律顾问 legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨询 legal counseling 法庭 division;tribunal
法学博士学位 LL.D(Doctor of Laws)
法学会 law society 法学课程 legal courses 法学硕士学位 LL.M(Master of Laws)
法学系 faculty of law;department of law 法学学士学位 LL.B(Bachelor of Laws)J.D(Juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院 law school 法院公告 court announcement 反诉状 counterclaim 房地产律师 real estate lawyer;real property lawyer
非合伙律师 associate lawyer 非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice 高级合伙人 senior partner 高级律师 senior lawyer 各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts
公安局 Public Security Bureau 公司上市 company listing 公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公证书 notarial certificate 国办律师事务所 state-run law office 国际贸易 international trade 国际诉讼 international litigation 国内诉讼 domestic litigation 合伙律师 partner lawyer 合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship;cooperating law office 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人 interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect 兼职律师 part-time lawyer 监狱 prison;jail 鉴定结论 expert conclusion 缴纳会费 membership dues 举证责任 burden of proof;onus probandi 决定书 decision 勘验笔录 record of request 看守所 detention house 抗诉书 protest 控告人 accuser;complainant 跨国诉讼 transnational litigation 劳动争议 labor disputes 劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm;prison farm 利害关系人 interested party;party in interest 律管处处长 director of lawyer control department 律师 lawyer attorney;attorney at law 律师惩戒 lawyer discipline 律师法 Lawyer Law 律师费 lawyer fee 律师函 lawyer’s letter 律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication 律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness 律师卷宗 lawyer’s docile;file
律师刊物 lawyer’s journal 律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer
律师事务所 law office;law firm 律师收费 billing by lawyer 律师网站 lawyer website 律师协会 National Bar(Lawyer)Association 律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association 律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar(Lawyer)Association 律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Association 律师业务室 lawyer’s office 律师执业证 lawyer license 律师助理 assistant lawyer
律师资格考试 bar exam;lawyer qualification exam 律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate 民事案件 civil case民事调解 civil mediation 民事诉讼 civil litigation 派出所 local police station;police substation
判决judgment(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);
sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证 circumstantial evidence 企业章程 articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw 企业重组 corporate restructure 起诉状 information;indictment 取消律师资格 disbar 全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress
缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default 人民法院 People’s Court 人民检察院 People’s Procuratorate 认定事实 determine facts
上诉案件 case of trial of second instance;appellate case 上诉人 appellant
上诉状 petition for appeal 涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition
申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association 申请人 petitioner;claimant 申诉案件 appeal case 申诉人（仲裁）claimant;plaintiff
申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision 实习律师 apprentice lawyer;lawyer in probation period 实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer
视听证据 audio-visual reference material 适用法律 apply law to facts 受害人 victim 书证 documentary evidence
司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法建议书 judicial advise 司法局 Judicial Bureau 司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau 司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau 司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam 送达 service of process 诉讼 litigation;action;lawsuit 诉讼当事人 litigation party;litigious party 诉讼业务 litigation practice 诉状 complaint;bill of complaint;statement of claim
推销法律服务 promote/market legal service 外国律师事务所 foreign law office
委托代理合同 authorized representation contract 委托代理人 agent ad litem;entrusted agent 委托授权书 power of attorney 物证 material evidence 嫌疑人 criminal suspect 项目融资 project financing 项目谈判 project negotiating 刑事案件 criminal case
刑事诉讼 criminal litigation 行政诉讼 administrative litigation 休庭 adjourn the court;recess 宣判 pronounce judgement;determination 宣誓书 affidavit
业务进修 attendance in advanced studies 一审案件 case of trial of first instance 与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms 原告 plaintiff 证券律师 securities lawyer 证人证言 testimony of witness;affidavit 执行笔录 execution record 执业登记 registration for practice
执业范围 scope of practice;sphere of practice;practice area 执业申请 practice application 执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁案件 arbitration case 仲裁机构 arbitration agency 专门律师 specialized lawyer
专职律师 professional lawyer;full-time lawyer 撰写法律文章 write legal thesis 资信调查 credit standing investigation 自诉案件 private prosecuting case
二、诉讼法律
案件 case 案件发回 remand/rimit a case(to a low court)案件名称 title of a case 案卷材料 materials in the case 案情陈述书 statement of case
案外人 person other than involved in the case 案值 total value involved in the case 败诉方 losing party 办案人员 personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书 application for protective measures 报案 report a case(to security authorities)被告 defendant;the accused 被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder 被害人 victim 被害人的诉讼代理人 victim’s agent ad litem
被上诉人 respondent;the appellee 被申请人 respondent 被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed
被执行人 person subject to enforcement 本诉 principal action 必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation 变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord
辩护 defense 辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer 辩护人 defender
辩护证据 exculpatory evidence;defense evidence 辩论阶段 stage of court debate
驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim;reject a counterclaim 驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion 驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit 驳回通知书 notice of dismissal 驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩 supplementary answer 补充判决 supplementary judgement 补充侦查 supplementary investigation 不公开审理 trial in camera 不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing 不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest 不起诉 nol pros 不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
财产保全申请书 application for attachment;application for property preservation 裁定 order;determination(指最终裁定)
裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order 裁定书 order;ruling 裁决书 award
采信的证据 admitted evidence 查封 seal up 撤回上诉 withdraw appeal 撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit 撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file
撤销原判，发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial
出示的证据 exhibit 除权判决 invalidating judgement(for negotiable instruments)传唤 summon;call 传闻证据 hearsay 答辩 answer;reply 答辩陈述书 statement of defence 答辩状 answer;reply 大法官 associate justices;justice 大检察官 deputy chief procurator 代理控告 agency for accusation 代理申诉 agency for appeal 代理审判员 acting judge
代为申请取保候审 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure 当事人陈述 statement of the parties
当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court 地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction 地区检察分院 inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate 第三人 third party 调查笔录 record of investigation
定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date 定罪证据 incriminating evidence;inculpatory evidence 冻结 freeze 督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge 独任庭 sole-judge bench 独任仲裁员 sole arbitrator
对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action 对席判决 judgement inter parties 二审 trial of second instance 二审案件 case of trial of second insurance
罚款 impose a fine 法定证据 statutory legal evidence 法定证据制度 system of legal evidence 法官 judges 法警 bailiff;court police 法律文书 legal instruments/papers 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨询 legal consulting 法庭辩论 court debate 法庭调查 court investigation 法庭审理笔录 court record 法庭审理方式 mode of court trial
法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal 法院 court 法院公告 court announcement 反诉 counterclaim 反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim 反诉状 counterclaim 犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect 附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action 复查 reexamination;recheck 复验 reinspect 高级法官 senior judge 高级检察官 senior procurator 高级人民法院 Higher People’s Court 告诉案件 case of complaint 告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint 告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division
工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children
公安部 Ministry of Public Security 公安分局 public security sub-bureau
公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 公开审理 trial in public
公开审判制度 open trial system 公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation 公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公诉词 statement of public prosecution 公证机关 public notary office
共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction 管辖 jurisdiction
国际司法协助 international judicial assistance 海事法院 maritime court
合议庭 collegial panel 合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench 和解 composition;compromise 核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties 恢复执行 resumption of execution 回避 withdrawal 混合式诉讼 mixed action 基层人民法院 basic People’s Court 羁押期限 term in custody 级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels
监视居住 living at home under surveillance 监狱 prison 检察官 procurator 检察权 prosecutorial power 检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee 检察院 procuratorate 检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate
简易程序 summary procedure 鉴定结论 expert conclusion 经济审判庭 economic tribunal 径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions;judgement without notice
纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings 拘传 summon by force;summon by warrant 拘留所 detention house 举报 information/report of an offence
举证责任 burden of proof;onus probandi 决定书 decision 军事法院 military procuratorate 开庭审理 open a court session 开庭通知 notice of court session 勘验笔录 record of inquest 看守所 detention house 可执行财产 executable property 控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings 控诉证据 incriminating evidence 控诉职能 accusation function 扣押 distrain on;attachment 扣押物 distress/distraint 宽限期 period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm 劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office
类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence
累积证据 cumulative evidence 立案报告 place a case on file 立案管辖 functional jurisdiction 立案决定书 written decision of case-filing 立案侦查 report of placing a case on file 利害关系人 interested party 临时裁决书 interim award
律师见证书 lawyer’s written attestation;lawyer’s written authentication
律师事务所 law office;law firm 律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer 免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty 民事案件 civil case
民事审判庭 civil tribunal 民事诉讼 civil action 民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law 扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police 派出法庭 detached tribunal 派出所 police station
判决 judgement;determination 判决书 judgement;determination;verdict
(指陪审团作出的)旁证 circumstantial evidence 陪审员 juror 批准逮捕 approval of arrest 破案 clear up a criminal case;solve a criminal case 破产 bankruptcy;insolvency 普通程序 general/ordinary procedure 普通管辖 general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation 起诉 filing of a lawsuit 起诉 sue;litigate;prosecute;institution of proceedings 起诉状 indictment;information 区县检察院 grassroots People’s Procuratorate
取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 缺席判决 default judgement 人民调解委员会 People’s Mediation Committee
认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless
认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity
上诉 appeal 上诉人 appellant 上诉状 petition for appeal 少管所 juvenile prison 社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security
涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests 涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings 涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings
申请人 applicant;petitioner 申请书 petition;application for arbitration 申请执行人 execution applicant 申诉人宣誓书 claimant’s affidavit of authenticity
申诉书 appeal for revision;petition for revision 神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence 神示制度 ordeal system 审查案件 case review 审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest 审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution 审理通知书 notice of hearing
审判长 presiding judge 审判长宣布开庭 presiding judge announce court in session 审判管辖 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction 审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision 审判委员会 judicial committee 审判员 judge 审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings 生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order 胜诉方 winning party
省市自治区检察院 higher People’s Procuratorate 失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death 实（质）体证据 substantial evidence 实物证据 tangible evidence 实在证据 real evidence 示意证据 demonstrative evidence 视听证据 audio-visual evidence 收容所 collecting post;safe retreat
首席大法官 chief justice 首席检察官 chief procurator
受害人的近亲属 victim’s immediate family 受理 acceptance 受理刑事案件审批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人 the addressee 书记员 court clerk 书记员宣读法庭纪律 court clerk reads court rules
书证 documentary evidence 司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法机关 judicial organizatons 司法警察 judicial police 司法局 judicial bureau
司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 司法协助 judicial assistance 死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence 死刑复核权 competence for judicial review of death sentence 送达 service of process
送达传票 service of summons/subpoena 送达诉状 service of bill of complaint 搜查 search 诉 sue;suit;action;lawsuit 诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit
诉讼 litigation;lawsuit;sue;action 诉讼保全 attachment 诉讼参加人 litigious participants 诉讼代理人 agent ad litem 诉状 complaint;bill of complaint;state of claim
特别程序 special procedures 提起公诉institute a public prosecution 铁路法院 railway court 铁路检察院 railroad transport procuratorate 庭审程序 procedure of court trial 通缉 wanted for arrest 投案 appearance
退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation
委托辩护 entrusted defense 未成年人法庭 juvenile court 无行政职务的法官 associate judge 无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决 acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ” 物证 material evidence
先予执行申请书 application for advanced execution 先予执行 advanced execution 刑事案件 criminal case 刑事拘留 criminal detention
刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures 刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal 刑事诉讼 criminal proceedings 刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint 行政案件 administrative case 行政审判庭 administrative tribunal 行政诉讼 administrative proceedings 行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement
选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters
询问证人 inquire/question a witness 训诫 reprimand 讯问笔录 record of interrogation 询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect 言词证据 verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena 一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding 一审 trial of first instance 一审案件 case of trial of first instance
应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action 有罪判决 sentence;finding of “guilty” 予审 preliminary examinantion;pretrial 原告 plaintiff 院长 court president 阅卷笔录 record of file review(by lawyers)再审案件 case of retrial 再审申请书 petition for retrial 责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance 债权人会议 creditors’ meeting 侦查阶段 investigation stage 侦查终结 conclusion of investigation
征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据 evidence 证据保全 preserve evidence 证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation 证人证言 testimony of witness;affidavit 支付令 payment order/warrant 知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal 执行程序 procedure execution 执行逮捕 execution of arrest 执行和解 conciliation of execution
执行回转 recovery of execution 执行庭 executive tribunal 执行异议 objection to execution 执行员 executor
执行中止 discontinuance of execution 执行终结 conclusion of execution 指定辩护 appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator 中级人民法院 intermediate People’s Court 中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁被诉人 respondent;defendant 仲裁裁决 award 仲裁申请书 arbitration
仲裁申诉人 claimant;plaintiff 仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal 仲裁委员会 arbitration committee 仲裁协议 arbitration agreement;clauses of arbitration 仲裁员 arbitrator
主诉检察官 principal procurator 助理检察官 assistant procurator 助理审判员 assistant judge 专门法院 special court专门管辖 specific jurisdiction 专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction 追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility 自首 confession to justice 自诉案件 private-prosecuting case
自行辩护 self-defense 自由心证制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件 self-investigating case 最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民检察院 the Supreme People’s Procuratorate 最后裁决书 final award
三、民事法律
法律渊源 source of law 制定法 statute 判例法 case law;precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law;indigenous law 继受法 adopted law
实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 英吉利法 English law 衡平法 equity;law of equity
日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm
民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice
等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 act 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation
撤销权 right of claiming cancellation 否认权 right of claiming cancellation 解除权 right of renouncement 代位权 subrogated right 选择权 right of choice 承认权 right of admission 终止权 right of termination 抗辩权 right of defense
一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense 永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权 tested right 期待权 expectant right 专属权 exclusive right 非专属权 non-exclusive right 人身权利 personal right 人权 human right 人格权 right of personality
生命健康权 right of life and health 姓名权 right of name 名称权 right of name 肖像权 right of portraiture 自由权 right of freedom 名誉权 right reputation 隐私权 right of privacy 私生活秘密权 right of privacy 贞操权 virginity right 身份权 right of status 亲权 parental power;parental right 亲属权 right of relative 探视权 visitation right 配偶权 right of spouse 荣誉权 right of honor
权利的保护 protection of right 公力救济 public protection 私力救济 self-protection 权利本位 standard of right 社会本位 standard of society 无责任行为 irresponsible right 正当防卫 justifiable right;ligitimate defence 防卫行为 act of defence
自为行为 self-conducting act 紧急避险 act of rescue;necessity 自助行为 act of self-help 不可抗力 force majeure 意外事件 accident 行为能力 capacity for act
意思能力 capacity of will 民事行为 civil act 意思表示 declaration of intention 意思表示一致 meeting of minds;consensus 完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act 限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for act 准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person 保佐 protection 自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力 incapacity for act 禁治产人 interdicted person 自然人 natural person 公民 citizen 住所 domicile 居所 residence 经常居住地 frequently dwelling place 户籍 census register 监护 guardianship 个体工商户 individual business
农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household 合伙 partnership 合伙人 partner 合伙协议 partnership agreement 合伙财产 property of partnership
合伙债务 debt of partnership 入伙 join partnership 退伙 withdrawal from partnership 合伙企业 partnership business establishment 个人合伙 partnership 法人合伙 partnership of legal person 特别合伙 special partnership
普通合伙 general partnership 有限合伙 limited partnership 民事合伙 civil partnership
隐名合伙 sleeping partnership;dormant partnership 私营企业 private enterprise;proprietorship 法人 legal person 企业法人 legal body of enterprise 企业集团 group of enterprise 关联企业 affiliate enterprise 个人独资企业 individual business establishment
国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise 中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise 社团法人 legal body of mass organization 财团法人legal body of financial group 联营 joint venture
法人型联营 association of legal persons 合伙型联营 coordinated management in partnership 协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社 cooperative 民事法律行为 civil legal act 单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal act 双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal act 多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal act 有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with consideration
无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration;civil legal act without award
实践性民事法律行为 practical civil legal act 诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act 不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal act
要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act 主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act 从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal act
附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil legal act 附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after death 准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act 无效行为 ineffective act
可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act 违法行为 illegal act;unlawful act 侵权行为 tort 欺诈 fraud 胁迫 duress 乘人之危 taking advantage of others’ precarious position 以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention
恶意串通 malicious collaboration 重大误解 gross misunderstanding 显失公平obvious unjust 误传 misrepresentation 代理 agency 本人 principal 被代理人 principal 受托人 trustee 代理人 agent 本代理人 original agent 法定代理人 statutory agent;legal agent 委托代理人 agent by mandate 指定代理人 designated agent 复代理人 subagent
再代理人 subagent 转代理人 subagent 代理权 right of agency 授权行为 act of authorization 授权委托书 power of attorney 代理行为 act of agency 委托代理 agency by mandate
本代理 original agency 复代理 subagency 次代理 subagency 有权代理 authorized agency 表见代理 agency by estoppel;apparent agency 律师代理 agency by lawyer 普通代理 general agency 全权代理 general agency
全权代理委托书 general power of attorney 共同代理 joint agency 独家代理 sole agency 居间 brokerage 居间人 broker 行纪 commission;broker house 信托 trust
时效 time limit;prescription;limitation 时效中止 suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断 interruption of limitation/prescription 时效延长 extension of limitation 取得时效 acquisitive prescription 时效终止 lapse of time;termination of prescription 期日 date 期间 term 涉外民事关系 civil relations with foreign elements
冲突规范 rule of conflict 准据法applicable law;governing law 反致 renvoi;remission 转致 transmission 识别 identification 公共秩序保留 reserve of public order
法律规避 evasion of law 国籍 nationality 国有化 nationalization 法律责任 legal liability 民事责任 civil liability/responsibility 行政责任 administrative liability/responsibility 刑事责任 criminal liability/responsibility
违约责任 liability of breach of contract;responsibility of default 有限责任 limited liability 无限责任 unlimited liability 按份责任 shared/several liability
连带责任 joint and several liability 过失责任 liability for negligence;negligent liability 过错责任 fault liability;liability for fault 单独过错 sole fault 共同过错 joint fault 混合过错 mixed fault 被害人过错 victim’s fault 第三人过错 third party’s fault 推定过错 presumptive fault 恶意 bad faith;malice
故意 deliberate intention;intention;willfulness 过失 negligence 重大过失 gross negligence 疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence
过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption 损害事实 facts of damage 有形损失 tangible damage/loss 无形损失 intangible damage/loss 财产损失 property damage/loss 人身损失 personal damage/loss 精神损失 spiritual damage/loss
民事责任承担方式 methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害 cease the infringing act 排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance;removal of obstacle 消除危险 elimination of danger 返还财产 restitution of property 恢复原状 restitution;restitution of original state 赔偿损失 compensate for a loss;indemnify for a loss
支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage 消除影响 eliminate ill effects 恢复名誉 rehabilitate one’s reputation 赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology
物权 jus ad rem;right in rem;real right
物权制度 real right system;right in rem system
一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right 物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem
物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法 jus rerem 物 property 生产资料 raw material for production 生活资料 means of livelihood;means of subsistence
流通物 res in commercium;a thing in commerce 限制流通物 limited merchantable thing
禁止流通物 res extra commercium;a thing out of commerce 资产 asset 固定资产 fixed asset 流动资产current asset;floating asset 动产 movables;chattel 不动产 immovable;real estate 特定物 res certae;a certain thing 种类物 genus;indefinite thing
可分物 res divisibiles;divisible things 不可分物 res indivisibiles;indivisible things 主物 res capitalis;a principal thing 从物 res accessoria;an accessory thing 原物 original thing 孳息 fruits 天然孳息 natural fruits 法定孳息 legal fruits 无主物 bona vacatia;vacant goods;ownerless goods 遗失物 lost property 漂流物 drifting object 埋藏物 fortuna;hidden property 货币 currency
证券 securities 债券 bond 物权分类 classification of right in rem/real right
自物权 jus in re propria;right of full ownership 所有权 dominium;ownership;title
所有权凭证 document of title;title of ownership 占有权 dominium utile;equitable ownership 使用权right of use;right to use of 收益权 right to earnings;right to yields 处分权 right of disposing;jus dispodendi 善意占有 possession in good faith
恶意占有 malicious possession 按份共有 several possession 共同共有 joint possession 他物权 jus in re aliena 用益物权 real right for usufruct 使用权 right to use;right of use 土地使用权 right to the use of land 林权 forest ownership 采矿权 mining ownership
经营权 managerial authority;power of management 承包经营权 right to contracted management
相邻权 neighboring right;relatedright 地上权 superficies
永佃权 jus emphyteuticum;right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权 servitude;easement 人役权 servitus personarum;personal servitude 担保物权 real right for security 物的担保 security for thing 物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of a thing
抵押权 hypotheca;hypothecation;right to mortgage 抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage 抵押人 mortgagor 抵押权人 mortgagee 抵押标的物 collateral;estate under mortgage 抵押权的效力 deffect of right to mortgage 抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage
抵押权的抛弃 abandonment of right to mortgage 抵押权的让与 alienation of right to mortgage 抵押权的实现 materialization of right to mortgage
抵押权的消灭 extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登记 registration of estate under mortgage 抵押优先权 priority of mortgage 留置权 lien 一般留置权 general lien 特别留置权 special lien 质权 hypotheque;pledge;right of pledge 佃权 tenant right
债权 jus in personam;right to give or procure;claim;creditor’s right
债权人 creditor 债务人 debtor 相对人 counterpart;offeree 给付 give;pay
债务 debt;liability;obligation 债务的偿还 payment of debt 债务的偿清 discharge of debt 债务的担保 guarantee of debt 债务的合并 consolidation of debt
债务的给付日期 debt maturity 债务的免除 exemption of debt 债的分类 obligatio;obligation 法定之债 legal obligation 任意之债 voluntary obligation 简单之债 simple obligation 选择之债 alternative obligation 主债 prime/principal obligation 从债 accessory obligation 单一之债 single obligation 按份之债 several obligation 连带之债 joint obligation
特定之债 certain obligation 种类之债 indefinite obligation 合同之债 contractual obligation 侵权行为之债 tort obligation
损害赔偿之债 obligation of compensation for injury;obligation of damages 人身损害 damage to person 精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage
医药费 hospital treatment expense 医疗费 medical charge 抚恤金 pension
慰问金 consolation money 产品瑕疵 defect of product 不当得利 unjust enrichment 无因管理 voluntary service
债的担保 guarantee of obligation 财产担保 property guarantee 信用担保 credit guarantee 让与担保 alienation guarantee 保证 guaranty 明示保证 express guaranty
默示保证 implied guaranty 保证人 guarantor 保证合同 contract of guaranty/suretyship 保证金 guaranty bond;security deposit 押金 deposit;foregift 预付款advanced payment 定金 earnest money;deposit 违约金 liquidated damages
法定违约金 liquidated damages by law 约定违约金 liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行 performance of obligation 实际履行原则 doctrine of specific performance 情事变更原则 doctrine of change of circumstances 不当履行 misfeasance 清偿 discharge;satisfaction
提存 debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority 抵销 setoff
知识产权 intellectual property
知识产权国际保护 international protection of intellectual property
国民待遇原则 doctrine of national treatment 优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine 自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection 特许权使用费 royalties
智力成果 intellectual property 著作权 copyright 版权 copyright 著作权人 copyright owner 创作 creation 作品 opus;product;work 著作人格权 right of personality of copyright 发表权 right of publication 署名权 right of authorship;right of paternity
修改权 right of modification;right of revision 完整性保持权 right to maintain integrity 不可侵犯权 inviolability 收回权 right of recall;right of retrieval
自费出版 publish a book at the author’s own expense 著作财产权 property right in work 使用收益分享权 right to share usufruct 利用权 right to make use of
获得报酬权 right to get payment 重播权 right of rebroadcasting 录制权 right of fixation 机械复制权 right of mechanograph;right of mechanical reproduction
著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright 剽窃 plagiary;plagiarism 盗版 pirate 盗版VCD pirated VCD 伪造 forge工业产权 industrial property 专利权 patent right 优先权日 priority date 申请在先原则 prior application rule 使用在先 priority of use 新颖性 novelty 创造性 creativity实用性 practicability 发明创造 invention and creation 实用新型 utility model 外观设计 design;industrial design 发明权 right of invention 发现权 right of discovery 专利申请 patent application 专利异议 objection to a patent 专利公告 patent gazette 专利续展费 renewal fee of patent
专利许可协议 patent licensing agreement 技术诀窍 know-how 专有技术 know-how 专利证书 certificate of patent 专利事务所 patent office 专利代理 patent agency 中华人民共和国专利局 Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China
商标权 trademark right 商标国际注册 international registration of trademark
商品商标 commodity trademark 服务商标 service trademark 驰名商标 reputed trademark 广告商标 advertisement trademark近似商标 similar trademark
商标评审委员会 trade review and appraisal board 商标审查 trademark examination
商标侵权 trademark infringement 商标注册 registered trademark 商标公告 trademark gazette 注册商标使用许可 licensing of registered trademark 注册商标转让 assignment of registered trademark
商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement 商标事务所 trademark office 商标代理 trademark agency
婚姻、家庭、继承、收养 marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法 marital law;marriage law 包办婚姻 arranged marriage
财产分割 partition;dismemberment of property 重婚 bigamy 独生子女 only child
法律婚 legal marriage 非婚生子女 illegitimate child 夫妻共同财产 community property
夫妻关系 conjugal relationship 夫妻分居 divorce a mensa et thoro;divorce from bed and board 复婚 resumption of marriage 感情破裂 incompatibility
婚后财产公证 notarization of postnuptial properties 婚姻登记 marriage registration 婚生子女 ligitimate child 计划生育 birth control 结婚 marry 离婚 divorce 买卖婚姻 mercenary marriage 拟制血亲 blood relations in fiction of law
旁系血亲 collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻 marriage with foreign elements 配偶 spouse 事实婚 de facto marriage 诉讼离婚 divorce by litigation
探视权 visitation right 同居 cohabitation 晚婚 late marriage 无效婚姻 void marriage 协议离婚 divorce by agreement 一夫一妻制 monogamy 早婚 early marriage 直系血亲 lineal descent 自然血亲 natural blood relation 收养法 adoption law 收养协议 adoption agreement 收养人 adoptive parent 送养人 person or institution placing out a child for adoption
涉外收养 adoption with foreign elements 继承法 inheritance law;law of succession
法定继承 legal seccession 遗嘱继承 intestate succession 遗赠继承 succession by devise 自然继承 natural succession 代位继承 representation;succession by subrogation 世袭继承 hereditary succession 间接继承 indirect succession 转继承 subsuccession 共同继承 joint succession 单独继承 single succession 继承人 heir;successor
第二顺序继承人 successor second in order 第一顺序继承人 successor first in order 继承参与人 succession participant 遗产 inheritance;heritage 遗产继承人 heir to property;inheritor 遗言 last will and testament 遗书 last words 遗赠 bequest;legacy;devise 遗赠抚养协议 legacy-support ageement
四、商事法律
会计法 accounting law 税法 tax law;taxation law 反不正当竞争法 anti-unfair competition law
消费者权益保护法 consumer’s interest protection law 产品责任法 production liability law 消费者权益法 consumer rights and interests law 公司法 company law;corporate law 公司 company;corporation 有限责任公司 limited liability company 股份有限公司 company limited by shares 无限公司 unlimited company
股份两合公司 joint stock limited liability partnership 两合公司 joint liability company 控股公司 holding company 集团公司 group company 合资公司 joint venture company 联营公司 associated company;affiliated company 国营公司 state-own company 国有公司 state-owned company 民营公司 civilian-run company
本国公司 national/domestic company 外国公司 foreign company 上市公司 listed company 母公司 parent company 子公司 subsidiary 皮包公司 briefcase company;fundless company 募集设立 incorporation by stock floatation 发起人 floater;initiator 公司名称 name of company 公司住址 domicile of company
出资 contribution;capital subscription现金出资 investment in cash
实物出资 investment in kind 工业产权出资 investment in industrial property right 非专有技术出资 investment in non-patent technology 劳务出资 investment in labor 高新技术成果出资 investment in hi-tech achievements 注册资本 registered capital 实缴资本 paid-in capital 验资报告 capital verification report
会计师事务所 certified public accountants 注册会计师 certified public accountant 资本三原则 three doctrine of capital 资本确定原则 doctrine of capital determination
资本维持原则 doctrine of capital maintenance 资本不变原则 doctrine of unchanging capital 最低资本额制度 minimum capital system
公司章程 articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw
公司登记 incorporation;corporate registration 公司存续 existence of company
公司合并分立 merger and split of company 公司并购 corporate merger and acquisition 公司管理 corporate governance;company management 公司法律顾问 corporate counsel
公司整顿 company rectification 公司歇业 closure of business 公司和解 company composition
公司解散 company dissolution 公司清算 company liquidation 公司清理 company winding-up
竞业禁止 non-commpete;competition prohibition 招股章程 prospectus 股本 stock capital 股东 shareholder 股东大会 shareholders’ meeting 股东大会决议 resolution of shareholders’ meeting
股东大会议事规则 rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting 表决权 voting right;right to vote
董事 director 董事长 president/chairman of the board 首席执行官 chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官 chief operation officer(COO)执行董事 executive director 常务董事 managing director 董事会 board of directors
董事会领导下的经理负责制 responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors
经理独立负责制 manager independent responsibility system 监事 supervisor
监事会 board of supervisors 股 share;stock 普通股 common stock 特别股 special stock 资格股 qualification stock 优先股 preferred stock 劣后股 inferior stock
表决权股 stock with voting power 溢价股 premium stock 折价股 converting stock 国家股 state-owned share 集体股 collective share 法人股 corporate share 企业股 enterprise share 个人股 individual share 股息 dividend
红股 bonus stock;dividend stock 法定公积金 legal accumulation fund
资本公积金 capital accumulation fund 盈余公积金 surplus accumulation fund 任意公积金 optional accumulation fund 公司犯罪 corporate crime
证券法 securities law
证券发行 issuance of securities 证券上市 list securities;float an issue
证券交易所 stock exchange 证券商 securities dealer 证券公司 securities company 证券承销商 consortium of underwriters 证券承销合同 underwriting contract 证券经纪人 securities broker 披露制度 disclosing system 交割日 closing date 风险投资基金 venture capital fund 上海证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange
深圳证券交易所 Shenzhen Stock Exchange 证券监督委员会 securities supervision committee 票据法 law of negotiable instrument 票据 notes;bills;commercial instruments 商业票据 bill;commercial instrument 远期票据 time bill;;long-dated bill
到期票据 matured bill 即期票据 sight bill 记名票据 bill payable to order;note to order 不记名票据 bearer instrument 本票 promissory note 支票 cheque
汇票 bill of exchange 发票日 ticket day 出票日 date of draft/issue 发票地 place of draft/issue
票据到期日 bill to mature 票据金额 sum of bill 票面价额 face value 票据出票人 drawer 票据持票人 bill holder 票据承兑人 bill acceptor 票据行为 act on commercial paper
承兑票据 honor a bill 票据议付 negotiation 拒付票据 protest a bill 票据付款人 drawee 票据支付人 payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人 bill collector
票据背书人 endorser/indorser of a bill 被背书人 endorsee 票据保证人 bill guarantor 票据被保证人 bill pledgee/warrantee 再追索人 renewed recourser 前手 remote holder 后手 subsequent endorser 票据权利 right of bill 票据期限 term of bill;tenor 票据债务人 debtor of commercial instrument 追索权 right of recourse
票据抗辩 exception to bill 票据丧失 loss of bill 票据时效 prescription of exchanges 票据贴现 discount of bill 再贴现 rediscount of bill 恩惠期间 term of benevolence 票据代理 agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments
海商法 maritime law
船舶国籍证书 certificate of registry;certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋国 flag country 船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership 船舶检验 register of ship 船舶保险 insurance on hull 船舶保险单 hull insurance policy
船舶登记证书 certificate of registry 船舶丈量 tonnage measurement of ships 船舶进港费 groundage 船舶抵押 ship mortgage 船舶租赁 ship chartering
船舶转租 ship subchartering 船舶所有人责任限制 limitation of liabilities of ship owners 船舶碰撞 ship collision 船舶遇难 maritime distress 海上灾难 perils of the sea 海上拖航 marine towage 船舶扣押 detention of ship 船舶债权 ship’s credit
船级社 classification society 船级证书 certificate of class 海上留置权 maritime lien 船舶留置权 maritime lien 船舶抵押权 maritime mortgage
海上优先请求权 priority claim to seagoing ships 救助优先权 priority claim to salvage 共同海损优先权 priority claim to general average 服务优先权 priority claim to service 货物损害优先权 priority claim to cargo damage
传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权 priority claim to ship credit and goods credit 海运合同 shipping contract 提单 bill of lading(B/L)空舱费 dead freight 租船费 charterage 租船合同 charter-party contract of affreightment
期租船合同 time charter-party;time CP 航次租船合同 voyage charter-party
定期租船合同 time charter-party 光船租船合同 bareboat charter-party;bareboat CP 包租运输合同 shipping charter-party
海上旅客运输合同 contract for carriage of passengers by sea
远洋拖带合同 contract of ocean towage 港内拖带合同 contract of port towage 海难救助合同 salvage contract 海事报告 master’s protest;;sea protest
海事声明书 sea protest 海事争议 maritime dispute 海事法院 maritime court;;admiralty court 海事诉讼程序 maritime proceedings
船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权 civil jurisdiction of sea collision 船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权 criminal jurisdiction of sea collision 海事争议的审理 hearing/trial of maritime disputes 海事诉讼保全措施 measures for maritime attachment 海事优先请求权 preferential right top maritime claim
海事请求保全申请书 application/petition for maritime attachment
海事诉讼法律文书送达 service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings 涉外海事诉讼管辖权 jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements 强制变卖被扣押船舶 compulsory realization of the distrained ship 海事仲裁程序规则 rules of maritime arbitration procedure
保险法 insurance law
自愿保险 voluntary insurance 强制保险 compulsory insurance
商业保险 commercial insurance财产保险 property insurance 人身保险 personal insurance 人寿保险 life insurance 健康保险 health insurance 意外保险 accident insurance
社会保险 social insurance 养老保险 endowment insurance 医疗保险 medical insurance 失业保险 unemployment insurance 信用保险 credit insurance 保证保险 guaranty insurance 保险合同 insurance contract
保险人 insurer;underwriter 被保险人 the insured 受益人 benificiary 投保人 applicant for insurance;;policy holder
保险单 insurance policy 保险标的 insurance object 保险费 premium 保险期限 time limit of insurance 保险利益 insurable interest
保险金额 insurance;insurance compensation 保险事故 insurance accident
保险赔偿 insurance indemnity 保险代理人 insurance agent 保险经纪人 insurance broker 索赔 claim 代位索赔 claim by subrogation 理赔 settlement of claim
代位求偿权 right of subrogation 委付 abandonment 退保 cancellation/discharging of insurance
五、刑法总论
刑法学 criminal law;penal law
犯罪学 criminology 犯罪心理学 criminal psychology 劳动改造法学 reform-through-labor 中国刑法史 history of Chinese criminal law 比较刑法学 comparative criminal law 刑事侦查 criminal detection 司法精神病学 forensic psychiatry
罪刑法定原则 principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime 罪刑相适应原则 principal of suiting punishment to crime
罪责自负原则 principal of bearing responsibility solely for one’s own crime 惩罚与教育相结合原则 principal of combining punishment with education
从旧原则 the doctrine of observing old laws 从新原则 the doctrine of observing new laws 从旧兼从轻原则 the doctrine of observing old laws and new ones when with lighter punishment 从新兼从轻原则 the doctrine of observing new laws and old ones when with lighter punishment 追诉时效 limitation of prosecution 刑事责任 criminal liability/responsibility 刑事责任年龄 age for criminal responsibility
刑事责任能力 criminal responsibility;capacity for criminal responsibility
犯罪 crime;commit a crime 故意犯罪 intentional crime;willful crime 过失犯罪 negligent crime
犯罪构成 constitution of a crime 犯罪主体 subject of a crime 犯罪客体 object of a crime 犯罪的主观方面 subjective elements of a crime 犯罪的客观方面 objective elements of a crime 犯罪对象 target of a crime 犯罪故意 criminal intent;mens rea
直接故意 actual intent;direct intent 间接故意 indirect intent 犯罪过失 criminal negligence 疏忽大意的过失 careless negligence 过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption 不能预见 unforeseeable;unpredictable 不能避免 unavoidable 犯罪动机 criminal motive 犯罪目的 criminal intent;criminal purpose 防卫过当 unjustifiable self-defense
紧急避险 act of rescue;necessity 犯罪既遂 completion of a crime 犯罪未遂 attempted crime 犯罪形态 criminal pattern 犯罪预备 a crime in preparation;preparation for a crime 犯意表示 expression for a crime 犯罪中止 abandonment/discontinuance of a crime
篇3：英文写作术语
关键词：保险,术语,翻译,译者,工具书
1 Introduction
Insurance plays an important role in protecting against dangers to life and property and promoting savings and investment.Insurance industry in China has been absorbing insurance rules and terms and learning from abroad,especially after the implementation of opening-up and reform in China.China's entry to the World Trade Organization has also facilitated this trend.
With the emerging market of insurance,the demand for insurance references is increasing.Nowadays the printed or online versions of insurance encyclopedia,dictionaries and glossaries are available.This paper explores these resources that are accessible in the library of Chinese University of Hong Kong from the points of terminological record,the usefulness in facilitating the translation and standardization of terms.It points out the appropriateness and deficiencies of these resources and the paper concludes that the standardization of terms is essential for the development of insurance industry.
2 A Brief Review of Insurance Terminologies in Different References
2.1 Terminological record
Terminological record contains all the information relevant to a term.Cabré(1999)pointed that the information of a term can be presented in different models to meet specific needs and objectives.She listed that the standard terminological records usually contain information about"identification of the term,entry term,source of term,grammatical category,subject area(s),definition,source of the definition,context(s),source of the context,cross-references,author of record and data written…source of each equivalent(p.124)."
Apart from the encyclopedia,the resources that I have consulted are small-sized or medium-sized,so the number of terms covered is quite restricted.The presentation of terms varies in different resources.The English insurance terms are presented alphabetically.The Chinese terms are ordered according to the thematic categorization or strokes or the initial sound of the first word.Some insurance dictionaries and encyclopedia contain entries and descriptions of terms.Examples in the same language are also provided in such dictionaries to clarify the description For instance,"the drunken man shoots other people death"is an example for the term"wrongful death".The compliers also mention the equivalence or antonym of the term.For instance,"insurance"means the same thing with"assurance".Insurance dictionary published by Silver Lake Publishing is the only one dictionary that label terms.When a term belongs to the automobile insurance,a cartoon of car is labeled below the term.Such resources are informative and thus can satisfy the decoding need of users.
However,the final goal of the terminology compilation is to achieve appropriate communication.Apart from the reference need,the pragmatic information and encoding need of users can not be ignored.From this point of view,there are some deficiencies with these resources.
The first one is that the terminological information provided in some monolingual and bilingual insurance dictionaries is quite limited.For example,Glossaries of Insurance Terms compiled by the Hong Kong Federation of Insurers merely contains the English terms and their equivalents in Chinese.Most of the resources that I access do not record the grammatical category,contexts and cross reference of the term.Without such information,one may meet obstacles when deal with terms that are polysemous and have different parts of speech.Users may have no clear idea about how the terminological unit functions grammatically and how to use the terms appropriately.One of such terms is"cover".
1)Periods to be covered保险期间
2)Commonly known as an"All Risks Policy",the insurance contract covered accidental loss in buildings and household contents.
家居综合保单,保障投保人的居住单位和家庭意外造成的损失。
3)Mr.Liang then explained the policy covers to me.
梁先生逐向我解释保单所提供的保障。
The above sentences show that"cover"can be used both as a verb like the first two examples and a noun such as the third one.
The second problem with these resources is that the lack of cross reference,which may confuse the readers.Scholars such as Sager and Dungworth&McDonald(1980)held that a special language can be divided into different levels of specialization(as cited in Cabré,1999).A specialized dictionary such as insurance dictionary can be used by experts for professional communication or by the layman for the consultation of general information Thus,the cross-reference is necessary for users to have a better understanding of terms.
The third problem faced by the present printed insurance dictionaries is timely updating.The compilation of printed insurance dictionaries has to take a long time although it has speeded up with the assistance of computer,For example,according to Google book,the latest English-Chinese insurance dictionary was published in 2009 and the latest English one was in 2002.
At present,glossary of insurance terms can be found online The striking feature of such resource is that they are portable free and provide quick search.The interface is user-friendly and users can click the hyperlink to obtain further information such as illustrations on the screen.In addition,the online resources are machine readable,so they can be easily processed by computer and become part of the terminological data banks.However,at present the glossaries or dictionaries of insurance online are issued by government,insurance companies or individuals like translators.The main problem is that the online glossaries are not as complete as those in hard copies.Their quality is not guaranteed.
2.2 Usefulness in facilitating translation
Translation aims at facilitating the precise and unambiguous communication among professionals.Translation relies on the bilingual vocabularies.Bilingual terms in the dictionaries or glossaries can improve the efficiency of translators.
However,it always happens that some terms and their equivalents are not listed in the available dictionaries or glossaries.On this occasion,translators have to find equivalents by themselves.Different translators may come up with different versions.Three reasons may account for this.The first one is that the personal style,competence and insurance knowledge of translators.Secondly,the updating of knowledge has accelerated than ever before.Thirdly,the regional or historical factors effect the translating.Domino theory(of accident causation)is translated into“多米诺事故发生理论”and“骨牌效应”by adopting different translation methods.A typical case for the third reason is that the same insurance term can be rendered differently in mainland,China,Hong Kong and Taiwan.For example,the equivalents of administration bond are行政担保(mainland,China),遗产承办保证(Hong Kong)and遗产管理费用(Taiwan)consequential loss is rendered into后续损失(mainland,China)从属损失(Taiwan)and后果损失(Hong Kong).
2.3 Standardization of terms
Just as mentioned above,the translation of the same term is inconsistent due to several factors.Even for the same concept,it can be expressed by different terms.For instance,"insurance agent"or"underwriting agent"refers to the same thing that is“保险代理人”in Chinese.Similarly,“保险标的”can be rendered into"subject matter"or"subject-matter insured".The equivalents for“担保人”are"surety"or"guarantor".
These inconsistencies may hinder the effective and complete communications.Therefore,it is necessary to standardize these terms.
In the industry of insurance,standardization contributes to achieving effective and complete communication by discarding other variants for the same concept and choosing one alternative over others.Standardization involves fixing a concept with a more precise and appropriate linguistic form."Mortality table"was translated into“生命表”in mainland but now it is translated into“死亡表”which is commonly used in Hong Kong.From this point,some terms have a tendency to be consistent with globalization and increasing communication.Just as Sager mentioned that,standardization plays a crucial role in establishing an agreed system of concepts and their symbolic representation to facilitate communication(1990).
3 Conclusion
This paper discusses the problems that exist in the insurance encyclopedia,dictionaries and other resources from three perspectives.Some deficiencies such as inconsistencies of terms are illustrated.To achieve professional and unambiguous insurance communication worldwide and enhance the competitiveness of domestic insurance industries,it is essential to standardize the insurance terms and achieve successful translation.
参考文献
[1] Budin G,Wright S E.Handbook of Terminology Management [M].Amsterdam; Philadelphia:J.Benjamins Publishing Compa- ny,1997.
[2] Cabré M T.Terminology: Theory, Methods and Applications [M].Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Publishing Com- pany,1999.
[3] Sager J C.A Practical Course in Terminology Processing[M]. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990.
[4] 陈彩稚.保险字典[M].台北:广场文化出版事业有限公司, 1999.
[5] 何靜芝,吴申元,魏原杰.中国保险百科全书[M].北京:中国发 展出版社,1992.
[6] 吳越,徐文虎,乌通元.中国保险词典[M].北京:中国社会科学 出版社,1989.
[7] 香港保险业联会.保险业常用词汇[M].香港:香港保险业联 会,1996.
篇4：英文写作术语
[关键词] “编辑学”英文术语 讹传
[中图分类号] G230 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1009-5853(2012) 01-0023-04
[Abstract] The paper reviews the coin of the term “Redactology” by the author and its misrepresentation in the process of citation by the circles of redactology in China. It is helpful for reminding people of what right citation is and how the history of redactology in China will be recorded.
[Key words] Redactology Misrepresentation
近日不期收到我国编辑和出版界老前辈邵益文先生的来信[1]，令晚辈喜出望外。邵老希望我谈谈当年在美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》（Cleveland Daily Banner）刊登《中国人研讨编辑学》一文的来龙去脉，以免学界就“编辑学”的英文术语Redactology和所谓的美国报道以讹传讹。
我按令即行。原因有三：一是难辞邵老盛情，深为邵先生的精神所感动；二是确有澄清的必要，以免编辑学界在撰写我国编辑学史时以讹传讹；三是怀着一己之见，如鲠在喉：我于1990年8月26日发表在美国报纸上那篇短文中所用的“编辑学”英文术语“Redactology”并非源于林穗芳先生。大致情形是这样的。
我当时兼职于《河南大学学报》编辑部，主编是王振铎教授，张如法教授是资深编审。张如法教授在他的博客[2]上对我和这件事这样记述道：
周领顺先生现在是扬州大学教授，当时为河南大学公共外语教研室教师。他英语水平极高，被《河大学报》编辑部聘请为外语稿件的兼职编辑与英语目录翻译。他业余喜欢写些英语短文，常给美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》投稿并获刊载。《河大学报》编辑部的一位先生便请周领顺写写学报的编辑学研究情况，给该报投稿，并得刊载，署名为周领顺（汉语拼音）先生。这当然是件好事。
我在《河南大学学报》编辑部工作期间，适逢王振铎教授等撰写的《编辑学通论》一书出版。王老师要我用英语写个书评，碰巧美国的《克利夫兰旗帜日报》向我约稿。我和该报有多年联系，在河南大学读本科时发表了第一篇用英语写的文章Christianity in China is Reviewed（1985年4月11日），后来陆续发表了十几篇，主要写一些中国的民风民俗。该报对我信任有加，聘我做专栏作者，称有稿必发，且配以“编者按”和我的照片，连我孩子1995年出生的纪念文字和大幅照片也刊载了（1995年11月19日），这些短文有几篇还转录于我主编的《英语写作》（中国人事出版社2000年版）一书中。“编者按”不乏溢美之词，如1987年3月31日刊发拙文时赞扬道：Zhou Ling Shun, whose command of a foreign language (English) is remarkably good…。
这家报纸是美国田纳西州克利夫兰市的一份市报，读者面有限。为了方便读者阅读，我故意把我的名字Zhou Ling Shun分开写（按规则应拼为：Zhou Lingshun），竟使他们分不清我的姓氏，报纸上常称呼我为Shun（顺）而不是Zhou（周）先生，比如该报在刊发我这篇编辑学书评（Chinese groups studying ‘redaction’）时配发了王老师和我的照片，照片下方就注的是：Duo（铎）和Shun（顺）。这些英语文章全是闲来习作，主要以练习英语文笔为目的。虽后来不再投稿，但原件和来往信件至今保存着；虽然纸张均已发黄，但一切历历在目，宛然如昨。
该书评的发表，封藏的是一段美好的回忆，从不奢望有什么反响。尽管后来因特网遍布千家万户，而我也时常上网搜索有关我的信息，但从未检索到该文及其可能的反响。迟至2009年5月，我在网上检索我的信息时链接到张如法教授博客上所写的一篇文章，题目是《编辑学存在研究学派之论的虚妄性》。在这篇文章中，与我有关的信息张教授是这样记述的：
上个世纪，曾出现一种说法：美国有关学界也认可中国“编辑学”一词及其英文翻译名，有美国报纸为证。发表此小消息的原河南大学外语部周领顺先生对我说，那是他听说我校学报在研究编辑学后写的，那张报纸并非是美国主流媒体，甚至不是大报，影响很小，是他想发表英文习作，锻炼锻炼能力时找到的，以后常有联系，根本谈不上美国学界已认可。难怪，北京的一位有名的学者在听说美国有关学界也认可中国“编辑学”一词及其英文翻译名时，发出疑问道：中国编辑学会为什么不知道这件事？美国学界为什么不通过北京的研究机构了解中国编辑学研究的情况呢？眼下盛行浮夸吹嘘之风，以提升政绩、名望，此风也该刹刹了！
我顺着该线索往下寻找，不禁愕然，旋即在张教授的博客中简单作了回应。张如法教授在“附记”中写道：
《克利夫兰旗帜日报》只是该市的一家报纸，影响有限。中国人写投并发表此稿件，并不意味着“中国系统的出版理论研究已在20世纪90年代引起了西方的关注”，也不意味着美国传播学界也认同“编辑学”采用周领顺先生提出的redactology英语译名。
该书评被多人引用，沸沸扬扬，且讹误不断，靠臆猜立论者不在少数。转眼20年过去了，应前辈邵先生之约，就此将有关事实向编辑学界作个汇报并讨论有关问题。该书评的英语原文是：
Chinese groups studying ‘redaction’(Book Review)
Editor’s Note: Zhou Ling Shun is an English teacher at Henan University in China, who occasionally submits articles to the newspaper. The following is a book review he wrote about “General Redactology”.
I would like to introduce a newly-developed Chinese science to my Western readers—“redactology”, or the study of editing and publishing.
The study of editing and publishing has been going on all over the world, but in-depth study of redaction as a form of serious learning is very rare. In recent years, Chinese editing circles have started studying redaction, thus, the term“redactology”has been coined.
nlc202309011257
Since the beginning of this new science in 1983 to now, some pictorials and over 10 books on redactology have appeared. The latest, most systematic and comprehensive is “General Redactology”, which was published by the Henan University Publishing House in October 1989.
“General Redactology” was written by Wang Zhen Duo, a well-known professor at the famous Henan University and several others.
The book is good, both in theory and in practice. It introduces several new innovative theories of editing, including those which follow the rules of information screening. In practice, it outlines principles and concrete approaches to the editing of news, science, literature and art, broadcast, film, and TV, textbooks, local records and reference books, etc .
Western readers, especially those in editing circles, may be interested in learning more about redactology. If you would like to obtain a copy of “General Redactology”, an English translation can be made available to you. For more information, contact me by writing Zhou Ling Shun, Public English Department, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan P.R.China.
About the author: Wang Zhen Duo, professor of literature and redactology at Henan University, and also Special Research fellow of China’s Publishing Research Institute.
我提出的问题与我的解答有两点。
一是学界对Redactology一语在做法上有两个极端。第一种极端是，在提及《克利夫兰旗帜日报》这篇书评时将Redactology归于林穗芳先生。网上[3]看到有道编辑学考题问的是哪国人首先提出了英文的“编辑学”术语，当然认可的是来自中国的林穗芳先生。比如，作者吴飞在《“天才编辑”的消失与编辑学研究的困境》中就写道：“1990年8月26日美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》有一篇关于中国编辑学研究情况的报道，文中的‘编辑学’也采用了林穗芳先生所创的redactology。”王波在《编辑学刊》2000年第5期发表的《编辑学为什么首先在中国诞生》一文也作如是说。
林先生是编辑学界名家，认可英文的“编辑学”术语源于林先生无可厚非：一是林先生确实经过了深思熟虑，二是提出的时间也早于我。这些是近来检索有关信息时才得知的。但是一定说我发表于《克利夫兰旗帜日报》上所用的Redactology来自林穗芳先生，我却不敢苟同。
王一禾在《出版发行研究》1999年第11期发表的《得益于内容,获教于治学态度：读〈中外编辑出版研究〉》一文还作恍然大悟状：
1990年8月26日，美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》报道说，中国新近发展起一门科学——编辑学，并创造了编辑学的英文术语redactology。最近读了林穗芳先生所著《中外编辑出版研究》（武汉，华中师大出版社1998年版，以下简称《研究》），才知道首创这个英文术语的中国人就是他。
王先生还在《编辑之友》2010年第4期发表的《一笔一画的觉悟：追忆恩师林穗芳先生》一文中明确说：“美国《克利夫兰每日旗帜报》1990年8月28日报道我国编辑学研究进展情况时采用了这一术语，并承认这是一门new science（新科学）。”他虽然把美国的这份报纸名称重新翻译了一遍，可惜把发表日期误写为28日。
第二种极端是说到redactology乃“编辑学”的英文术语时，经常和我那篇文章挂钩。比如有一份资料叫《出版专业基础(中级)编辑概论》，其中这样写道：“把编辑学作为一门独立的学科来研究，是从中国开始的。美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》1990年8月26日发表一篇报道，作者在其中说道：……”。有一份《编辑学概述》的资料也写道：“我国最早提出编辑学。1990年美国报纸进行了这方面的报道。英文redactology。”
我不在编辑学界，编辑学的信息不够敏感，也不够畅达。但作为一个外语学者，在英语redact（编辑）一词后加个-ology（学问、学科）后缀来表示一个学科，是一种本能的、自然的构词联想，这是构词常识。比如，“翻译学”（translatology）就是在translate（翻译）后加上-ology构成的。况且，在此基础上，我在文章中还作了进一步的解释，即：or the study of editing and publishing（或者说是编辑和出版的学问/即对编辑和出版的研究）。从这个角度讲，命名的理据不够充分并不是最关键的，只要有同位语做出解释并做到自圆其说即可。
二是有的甚至将所评介的书名弄错了，比如有人写道：“（美国）《克里夫兰旗帜日报》载文：《中国人研讨编辑学》，在欧美出版物中第一次使用了中国人创造的编辑学术语redactology，评介了《编辑学原理论》一书。”
在引用该书评时，夸大宣传是比较突出的现象。比如吴赟在《“写给‘而立之年’的编辑出版学：对我国编辑出版学科发展的总结与前瞻”》写道：
1990年8月26日，美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》（Cleveland Daily Banner）以题为《中国有组织地从事编辑研究》的文章报道了中国编辑学的研究情况。可见，中国的编辑出版学已在20世纪90年代初受到西方关注。
赵航在《出版科学》2002年第4期发表的《析编辑学中的变量因素 :读〈编辑学理论纲要〉的联想》更是把“大洋彼岸”的上述反应看得特别重要：
这门学问是由中国编辑和学者搞起来的。……就连大洋彼岸也有了反应。1990年8月26日美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》在报道中说：“我想向我的西方读者介绍中国新近发展起来的一门科学——编辑学。在全世界一直对编辑出版进行研究，但把编辑工作作为一门严整的学问加以深入研究则很少见。”
nlc202309011257
王波在《编辑学刊》2000年第5期发表的《编辑学为什么首先在中国诞生》一文的一个小节标题还以“国外媒体的承认”为题进行了报道，认为“报道的内容和语气都表明, 国外至少是西方一直到1990 年代是没有编辑学的。”
龚维忠甚至在《编辑学研究综述》（《湖南大学学报》2000年第1期）引述阙道隆等著的《书籍编辑学概论》（辽宁教育出版社1996年版）写道：
1990年,美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》介绍中国的编辑学研究情况时,最先接受了国际用语Redactology的英文表达形式,说明由中国人最早提出的编辑学这门独立学科已经得到国际认可。
以上仅限于网上检索到的部分信息，至于未上网的信息又是怎样传播的，却不得而知。
编辑学界的作者似更应强调引文的规范：当引用二手资料时，要么努力寻求第一手资料去求证，追根溯源，要么明确标以“引自”或类似的文字。像作者杨春兰所写的《在艰难中探索 在探索中前进：关于河南大学编辑出版学专业建设》模糊地叙述为“美国《克里夫兰旗帜日报》载文《中国人研讨编辑学》，在欧美出版物中第一次使用了中国人创造的‘编辑学’术语——redactology，评介了《编辑学通论》一书”，虽然宣传效果甚佳，但读者不免会产生疑虑：作者何许人也？通过什么途径了解了中国的编辑学？也许有读者会产生错觉，误以为该文作者是美国编辑出版传播界的有名人士而发出的赞许之声。
就该书评的整个传播过程看，学界似有先入为主、错误判断语词来源的不当之处。在把“Redactology”和《克里夫兰旗帜日报》对号入座时，这个英文术语一定是作者周领顺构造的，起码文中没有任何词语或叙述证明它来自林穗芳先生。
我的“Redactology”一语是否被美国接受？张如法教授在博客中提及了林先生的疑问。他说，“林穗芳先生精通几国文字，是人民出版社的资深编辑，韬奋奖得主，他最早以疑问的口气提出：说西方学界关注并认同中国首创编辑学一词，为什么没有通过中国编辑学会来传递信息？”当众人把Redactology一语发明权全归功于林先生时，他却没有简单接受，而是对美国报纸上我这篇短文和所谓的美国接受产生了疑虑。
据《关于“编辑学”国际用语定名问题的通信》（《编辑之友》1996年第2期）一文说，林穗芳先生在写给孙同志的信中介绍道，他在《明确基本概念是出版科学研究的重要课题》一文中引用过我这个书评，见于1993年出版的《第六届国际出版学研讨会论文集》（北京高等教育出版社1994年版，第85—86页）。在这封信的末尾，林先生说：“《克里夫兰旗帜日报》大概是通过河南大学的渠道获悉中国编辑学研究情况，所以报道中特别推荐了河南大学专家教授的研究成果。”
不管是哪位学者第一次引用鄙文或者是出于什么样的需要，均无可非议。林先生转引自哪里，已作交待，但他始终没有明白作者是谁、是怎么刊载与传播的，潜意识中也认为是外国媒体主动报道的。遗憾的是，先生生前没能见到我的原文，不然早会阻止讹传之风，因为原文的“编者按”清楚地写着：“周领顺是中国河南大学的英语教师”。
未来中国编辑学史会怎样记录这段历史？比如吴赟在《河南大学学报》2008年第5期发表的《中国编辑出版研究学术史简论》一文中写道：
1990年8月26日，美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》（Cleveland Daily Banner）以题为《中国有组织地从事编辑研究》的文章报道了中国编辑学的研究情况。可见，中国系统的编辑出版学理论研究已在20世纪90年代引起了西方关注。
周国清在《编辑学导论》写道：
1990年出版的姜振寰主编的《交叉科学学科辞典》、1994年出版的《第六届国际出版学研讨会论文集》，其中的“编辑学”均译为redactology。1992年10月通过的中国编辑学会章程第一条把中国编辑学会的名称定为China Redactology Society。1990年8月26日美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》关于中国编辑学研究情况的报道中的“编辑学”也采用了redactology，可见国外至少西方一直到20世纪90年代都没有编辑学。
诸位作者都是把这个书评作为编辑学史的一部分来讨论的。笔者期望编辑学界在未来讨论《克里夫兰旗帜日报》上这篇书评和中国编辑学史的关系、“编辑学”英文术语“Redactology”一语的诞生和传播等有关信息时，加以甄别并慎重对待之。
注 释
［1］邵益文先生的信：
周领顺先生：
您好！
友人下载了张如法先生和您对《克利夫兰旗帜日报》刊登《中国人研讨编辑学》的博客对话送我，让我这个闲人了解一点情况。据记忆这段文字，国内引用者不止一二人，首引者可能是林穗芳先生或王振铎先生，后来就增加了。这事不大，但正如你们博客上写的那样，我认为有必要加以澄清，免得以讹传讹。为此，我很希望您能写一篇文章，讲一讲来龙去脉，在相关报刊上予以发表，以便像我这样不玩电脑的老朽也可以了解真相，又可避免有人再予炒作，影响学界风气。
顺颂
冬安！
邵益文 敬上
2010.11.2
[2] 张如法.编辑学存在研究学派之论的虚妄性［OL］.http://blog.sina.com.cn/zrf269
[3] 文中的有关检索信息，均来自Baidu网上检索工具，具体网址不再一一注明。
（收稿日期：2011-05-28）
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媒介策划media planning
媒介载体media vehicles
讯息力度message weight
方法methodology
组合媒介法mixed-media approach
资金money
驱动值motivation value
看见机会opportunity to see
脉冲式pulsing schedule
视听率rating
到达率reach
每册读者数readers per copy
近期策划recency planning
路障式roadblocking
外溢媒介spillover media
增效效应synergy
电视户television households
广告英语术语——媒介运用用语
发行量审核局ABC
出血bleed
批量折扣bulk discounts
行业杂志business magazines
发行量审核circulation audit
分类广告classified ads
纽约分类广告网络CANNY
分类图片广告classified display ads
截稿日期closing date
彩色样品纸条color strip
混合收费制combination rates
消费者杂志consumer magazines
合同收费制contract rate
赠阅发行controlled circulation
联合形式cooperative/co-op programs
千人成本CPM
封面日期cover date
封面位置cover position
购物杂志custom magazine
日报daily newspapers
人口版demographic editions
图片广告display advertising
实际收费earned rates
农业刊物farm publications
统一收费制度flat rate
香味纸条fragrance strips
频率折扣frequency discounts
黄金版位full position
门式折页gatefold
地理版geographic editions
基本发行量guaranteed circulation
横向刊物horizontal publication
独立购物指南independent shopping guide
插页insert
加插刊登通知insertion order
岛形半版island halves
小单元junior unit
地方城市杂志local city magazine
杂志出版人协会MPA
媒介采购员media buyer
媒介标尺调查有限公司MRI
全国性杂志national magazines
全国性价格national rate
美国报业协会NAA
报纸版面库NSB
上市日期on-sale date
公开收费制度open rate
订阅发行paid circulation
自动弹启式广告pop-up ad.自选版位费preferred-position rates
预印广告插页preprinted inserts
初级发行量primary circulation
清样proof copy
公告public notice
费率基准rate base
价目表rate card
阅读告示reading notice
地区性刊物regional publications
任意版位费制ROP advertising rates
二级读者量secondary/pass-along readership
欠资收费制short rate
赛蒙斯市场调查局SMRB
多胞胎版split runs
标准广告单位SAU
标准收费与数据服务公司SRDS
标准型报纸standard-size newspaper
周日增刊Sunday supplement
小报型报纸tabloid newspaper
撕样tear sheets
三维广告3-D ads
纵向刊物vertical publication
数量折扣volume discounts
周报weekly newspapers
广告英语术语——销售用语
广告津贴advertising allowance
回购津贴buyback allowance
目录catalog
减价促销cents-off promotion
套装赠送combination offer
公司大会与经销商聚会company conventions & dealer meetings
消费者销售推广consumer sales promotion
竞赛contest
联合广告cooperative/co-op advertising
优惠券coupons
顾客终身价值customer lifetime value
数据进入data access
数据管理data management
数据库database
数据库营销database marketing
直接营销direct marketing
直接反应广告direct-response advertising
直接销售战略direct-sales strategy
直接销售direct selling
陈列津贴display allowance
易地销售diverting
电子优惠券electronic coupons
提前购买forward buying
广告插页free-standing inserts
游戏game
店内样品试用in-store sampling
联络媒介linkage media
人员销售personal selling
售点材料point-of-purchase materials
什锦袋装样品polybagging
奖品premiums
拉式战略pull strategy
推销奖金push money/spiffs
推式战略push strategy
部分退款rebates
近期、频次、货币方程RFM formula
销售推广sales promotion
样品试用sampling
货位津贴slotting allowance
抽奖sweepstake
电话营销telemarketing
贸易广告trade advertising
贸易集中trade concentration
贸易折扣trade deals
贸易推广trade promotion
广告英语术语——行政用语
明确表示affirmative disclosure
美国广告联盟AAF
美国广告公司协会AAAA
全国性广告主协会ANA
商业促进局BBB
停止/中止令cease-and-desist order
比较广告comparative advertising
服罪判决书consent decree
消费者保护团体consumer advocate
消费者信息网络consumer information networks
消费者保护主义consumerism
版权copyright
更正广告corrective advertising
欺骗性广告deceptive advertising
推荐endorsements
道德广告ethical advertising
联邦通讯委员会FCC
联邦贸易委员会FTC
食品与药品管理局FDA
知识产权intellectual property
长期宏观论long-term macro arguments
全国广告处NAD
国家广告审查局NARB
国家广告审查委员会NARC
非产品事实nonproduct facts
营养标识与教育法Nutritional Labeling and Education Act
专利patent
隐私权privacy rights
夸大puffery
短期操纵论short-term manipulative arguments
社会责任social responsibility
潜意识广告subliminal advertising
证据substantiation
证实testimonials
商标trademark
不正当广告unfair advertising
美国专利与商标署U.S.Patent and Trademark Office
网络广告名词解释
一、以下是网络广告中常用名词的解释
1.Banner：
横幅广告，一个表现商家广告内容的图片，放置在广告商的页面上，是互联网广告中最基本的广告形式，尺寸是480*60像素，或233*30像素，一般是使用GIF格式的图像文件，可以使用静态图形，也可用多帧图像拼接为动画图像。Banner 一般翻译为网幅广告、旗帜广告、横幅广告等。
2.Button:
其实是从banner广告演变过来的一种广告形式，图形尺寸比banner要小。一般是120*60像素，甚至更小。由于图形尺寸小，故可以被更灵活的放置在网页的任何位置。
3.Moving icon:
会飞的button广告，可以根据广告主的要求并结合网页本身特点设计“飞行”轨迹，增强广告的爆光率。
4.Impression:
即广告的收视次数。counter(计数器)上的统计数字即该网页的 Impression。广告主希望他的广告被10万人次看到，这10万人次就是10万个Impression.5.Clicks:
也就是点击次数，访问者通过点击横幅广告而访问厂商的网页，称点击一次.点击这个广告，即表示他对广告感兴趣，希望得到更详细的信息。
6.Click rate：
广告被点击的次数与广告收视次数的比率。即click/impression。如果这个页面出现了一万次，而网页上的广告的点击次数为五百次，那么点击率即为 5%。目前，亚太区的点击率平均为 0.5%。点击率可以精确地反映广告效果，也是网络广告吸引力的一个标志。
7.CPM：
cost per thousand impression(千人成本)，即广告主购买1000个广告收视次数的费用或者是广告被1000人次看到所需的费用。比如说一个广告 Banner 的单价是$1/CPM的话，意味着每一千个人次看到这个Banner的话就收$1，如此类推，10，000 人次访问的主页就是$10。
8.Page view:
综合浏览量，网站各网页被浏览的总次数。一个访客有可能创造十几个甚至更多的 Pageviews。是目前判断网站访问流量最常用的计算方式，也是反映一个网站受欢迎程度的重要指标之一。
9.First View:
它是我们访问一个页面时，所看到的第一屏。这是投放广告的最佳位置，所以，我们的广告条一般都设在这个位置。
户外广告分类
根据户外广告不同的特性，可大致将目前中国的户外告分为两种类型：
一、固定广告牌，主要包括：
（1）大型广告牌
（2）人行道广告牌
（3）交通类广告
二、移动广告，主要包括：
（1）公交车身广告
（2）热气球、飞船广告
也可将户外广告媒体分为电子类和非电子类两种：
电子类广告媒体有电视墙、LED显示屏、Neon等。
不同类型户外广告特点
形式 特点 主要功能受众
大型广告牌 单面面积大于90平方米
所在位置一般比较高
以独立方式选购和发布 建产品牌树立形象
引起广大受众对品牌的注意
提升广大受众对品牌的认知度
道路使用者
行人 人行道小型广告牌 离地面不太高 在2-5米之间
以网络套餐方式选购及发布 覆盖较大的目标城市
配合产品的投放
行人
交通类广告 通常位于交通始发站如火车站及机场
单面面积一般不大于10米
以独立或套餐方式选购及发布 将讯息辐射到邻近区域
引起广大受众对品牌的注意
行人
户外英文名词解释
广告礼品advertising specialty
基本巴士单位basic bus
展台booths
路牌bulletin structure
车内尾部招贴car-end posters
电子显示屏electronic signs
陈列媒介exhibitive media
车内广告牌inside cards
100露出数100showing
户外媒介out-of-home media
车体招贴outside posters
看板spectaculars
标准户外广告standardized outdoor advertising
成品招贴stock posters
优惠赠券take-ones
出租车外壳taxicab exteriors
整车牌位total bus
商业展示会trade shows
篇6：木材干燥术语(英文)
天然干燥 natural drying;natural seasoning 大气干燥 air seasoning；air drying 强制气干 forced air drying 人工干燥 artificial drying；artificial seasoning 室干 kiln drying；kiln seasoning ．
常规干燥 conventional drying；usual drying 常温干燥 normal temperature drying 高温干燥 high temperature drying 低温干燥 low temperature drying 过热蒸汽干燥 super heated steam drying 炉气干燥 furnace gas drying 特种干燥 special drying
除湿干燥 dehumidification drying 真空干燥 vacuum drying
太阳能干燥 solar drying solar-energy drying
高频干燥 high frequency drying;radio frequency drying 微波干燥 microwave drying 红外线干燥 infra-red drying 加压干燥 pressure drying 化学干燥 chemical drying 太阳能除湿干燥 solar-dehumidification drying 高频真空除湿干燥 high frequency-vacuum and dehumidification drying 高频真空干燥 high-frequency-vacuum drying 热风干燥 hot-air drying 熏烟干燥 smoke drying 预干 predrying 再干 re-drying
干燥设施
木材干燥室 wood drying kiln
强制性循环干燥室 forced circulation kiln 自然循环干燥室 natural circulation(draught)kiln 周期式干燥室 compartment kiln 周期式强制循环干燥室 forced circulation compartment kiln 周期式自然循环干燥室 natural circulation compartment kiln 连续式干燥室 progressive kiln
连续式强制循环干燥室 forced circulation progressive kiln 连续式自然循环干燥室 natural circulation progressive kiln 空气干燥室 air kiln
过热蒸汽干燥室 superheated steam kiln 炉汽干燥室 furnance gas kiln 长（纵）轴型干燥室 line-shaft kiln 短（横）轴型干燥室 cross-shaft kiln 侧风机型干燥室 side-fan kiln 端风机型干燥室 end-fan kiln 喷气型干燥室 jet kiln 除湿干燥室 dehumidification drying kiln 真空干燥室 vacuum dryer 间歇真空干燥机 alternate vacuum dryer 连续真空干燥机 continuous vacuum dryer 高频真空干燥机 high frequency-vacuum dryer 太阳能干燥室solar drying kiln 太阳能除湿干燥室 solar-dehumidification drying kiln 微波干燥室 microwave dryer 红外线干燥室 infra-red drying kiln 热风干燥室 hot-air kiln 烟道干燥室 smoke channel kiln 熏烟干燥室 smoke drying kiln 单轨干燥室 single track kiln 双轨干燥室 double track kiln 砖混凝土体干燥室 brick and concrete kiln 金属壳体干燥室 all-metal kiln 预制组装结构干燥室 pre-fabricated modular construction kiln 高温干燥室 high temperature drying kiln 预干室 pre-dry kiln 干端 dry end 湿端 green end 进气道 inlet air duct;fresh air duct;air inlet flue 排气道 exhaust air duct 闸门 damper 导风板 baffle 气道 vent
检查门 inspection door 吊门 vertical lifting door 折叠门 folding door 拉门 sliding door
平滑管加热器 heating coil made with plain pipe 肋形管加热器 heat exchanger made with cast iron ribbed pipe 喷蒸管 steam spray pipe 翅片管加热器 heating coil made with fin pipe 喷水器 water sprayer 疏水器 trap
供汽主管 main feed header
排水主管 drain header;discharger header 回水线路 water-return lines 单线车 single track truck 载料车truck
转运车 transport truck 装堆机 stacking machine 卸堆机 unstacking machine 干湿球温度计 wet and dry bulb thermometer(psychrometer)除湿器 dehumidifier
含水率电测计 electrical moisture content meter 干材库 storage for dried timber
干燥工艺
干燥过程 drying process
干燥前期 the early stage of drying 干燥后期 the later stage of drying 干燥基准 drying schedule 含水率干燥基准 moisture content drying schedule 时间干燥基准 time drying schedule 波动干燥基准 fluctuant drying schedule
半波动干燥基准 semi-fluctuant drying schedule 软干燥基准 mild drying schedule 硬干燥基准 harsh drying schedule 连续升温干燥基准 continuously rising temperature drying schedule 热湿处理 conditioning treatment 初期处理 pretreatment 中期（间）处理 intermediate treatment 终期处理 final treatment平衡处理 equalization treatment 汽蒸处理 steaming 冷却 cooling
材堆 stack;piles;loads 材堆区 pile area
垫条 sticker;stick;crosser 垫条间隔 sticker spacing 堆基 foundation 顶盖 roof
堆积方法 piling method平堆 flat stacking
竖（立）堆 end stacking;end piling 斜堆 slope piling 叠对 lap piling 层堆 open piling 实堆solid piling 单元堆 package piling 自垫堆积 self-crossing 堆间距离 space between piles 堆内通气道 chimneys in pile 板间间隙 cracks
垂直通气道 vertical flue;chimney 装堆 stacking;loading 卸堆 unstacking;unloading 宽材堆 wide piles 窄材堆 narrow piles
干燥缺陷与干燥质量
干燥缺陷 drying defects 干裂 drying checks 端裂 end check 表裂 surface check 劈裂 split
轮裂 ring shake;ring crack 内裂 internal check;heneycombing 变形 distortion 翘曲 warp 顺弯 bow 横弯 crook 翘弯 cup 扭曲 twist
菱形变形 diamonding 表面硬化 case hardening
逆表面硬化 reverse case hardening 变定 set
皱缩 collapse;crimp 变色 discoloration 炭化 char 降等 degrade 过干 overdrying 试材 test piece
检验板 sample board 含水率检验板 moisture content sample board 应力检验板 stress sample board 试验板 test board
含水率试片 moisture content section 应力试片 stress section 叉齿（齿片）prong 干燥质量 drying quality 干燥成本 drying cost
能量消耗 energy consumption
比能耗（单位能耗）specific energy consumption 热耗量 heat consumption 热损失 heat loss 蒸汽耗量 steam consumption
电耗量 electrisity consumption;power consumption 加热面 radiating surface
干燥理论
木材干燥 wood drying;wood seasoning 干燥机理 drying mechanism 木材干燥静力学 wood drying statics 木材干燥动力学 wood drying dynamics 木材干燥运动学 wood drying kinematics 干燥速度 drying rate 干燥曲线 drying curve
温度曲线 temperature curve 干燥速度曲线 drying rate curve 干燥梯度 drying gradient 干燥势 drying power 干燥介质 drying medium 湿空气 moist air
过热蒸汽 superheated steam 炉汽 furnace air 新鲜空气 fresh air 废气 exhaust air
绝对含水率 absolute moisture content 相对含水率 relative moisture content
木材平衡含水率 wood equilibrium moisture content 吸湿稳定含水率 adsorption stabilizing moisture content 解吸稳定含水率 desorption stabilizing moisture content 初含水率 initial moisture content 终含水率 final moisture content 分层含水率 layer moisture content 平均含水率 average moisture content 当时含水率 actual moisture content 要求含水率 desired moisture content 生材含水率 moisture content of green wood 运输含水率 transport moisture content 木材含水率梯度 moisture content gradient of wood 初重 initial weight;original weight 绝干重 absolute dry weight;oven dry weight 干燥时间 drying time;drying cycle;drying duration 干燥应力 drying stress 拉应力 tensile stress 压应力 compressive stress 残余应力 residual stress 干球温度 dry-bulb temperature 湿球温度 wet-bulb temperature 干湿球温度差 hygrometric difference;wet-bulb depression 最初温度 initial temperature 最终温度 final temperature 最高温度 highest temperature 冷却极限温度 cooling limit temperature;wet-bulb temperature 木材水分移动 moisture movement in wood 解吸 desorption 吸湿 adsorption 吸湿滞后 sorption hysteresis 不均匀干缩 restrained shrinkage 等温解湿线 desorption isotherm 等温吸附线 sorption isotherm 绝热蒸发过程 adiabatic evaporation process 稳定蒸发过程 steady evaporation process 强制循环 forced circulation(draught)自然循环 natural circulation(draught)横向循环 cross(transverse)circulation 垂直循环 vertical circulation 往复循环 recirculation