英语国家概况课后题总结和答案

2024-04-09

英语国家概况课后题总结和答案(通用5篇)

篇1:英语国家概况课后题总结和答案

Chapter 1 land and people

1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?

The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.2.Describe the geographical position of Britian?

Britain is an island country.It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?

The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why?

Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too.5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest? The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall,while the south-eastern corner is the driest.6.Describe the distribution of Britain’s population.Britain has a population of 57 million.It is densely populated, with an average of 237people per square kilometre.It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas.Geographically, most British people live in England.Of the total of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?

The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands.8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts.9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive? The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?

Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking more social,plitical and economic apportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.

篇2:英语国家概况课后题总结和答案

一、英译汉

1.It was a pleasure to receive your letter of 2nd and to learn that you are making plans for your Mr.Chadwik to visit our country in October.有幸收到阁下5月2日来函,得悉阁下正计划安排维克先生于10月访问我国。

2.If Mr.Mike so wishes we can also introduce him to some of our sister corporations with whom

you may like to do business.要是迈克先生想同我们兄弟公司洽谈业务,我们也可为他引见。

3.Please let us know the time of your arrival.We will then arrange to meet you at the airport and

drive you to your hotel.请告诉我们你到达的时间,届时安排去机场迎接并驾车送你到宾馆。

4.We used to import machines from England but now we wish to establish business relations

with you.我们过去通常从英国进口机器,但现在想同你们建立业务关系。5.I am making for Mr.Brown to have a discussion with Director Wang.我即将安排布朗先生和我公司的王经理会谈。

6.It gives us a great pleasure to introduce to you by this letter Mr.Ma,a manager of HongKong

Huarun company.我们十分高兴地通过刺心向你介绍香港华润公司的马经理。

7.We should regard it as a personal favor if you would give him some beneficial advice and

experience,and will be always happy to reciprocate.如蒙你给他提供一些有益的建议和经验,我们当将感同身受,并将给予报答。8.Our handicrafts have met with a favorable reception in the USA and Canada.我们的手工艺品在美国和加拿大深受欢迎。

9.Please accept our thanks for the very pleasant time we spent during the weekend at your home.上周末我们在你处度过了愉快的周末,请接收我们的谢意。

10.For your information,in our trade with customers,we always adhere to the principle of equality and mutual benefit.兹奉告,我们在同客户进行贸易时,一贯保持平等互利、互通有无的原则。

二、汉译英

1.很高兴收到你关于商务信件格式资料的请求。

I was happy to receive your request for information about business letter formats.2.能在新的商务函授课程准备上给阁下提供帮助甚感荣幸。

I am glad to be able to help you in the preparation of your new business correspondence course.3.如不能清晰地表达,就不可能在商界取得成功。

There is no success in the business world for someone who is unable to express himself or herself clearly.4.良好的沟通能力是商界成功人士的关键所在。

The ability to communicate well is a key attribute of the successful business executive.5.感谢阁下5月13日的来函,在信中阁下问及鄙人对有效沟通能力在商界重要性的意见。Thank you for your letter of May 13,in which you asked for my views on the importance in the business world of the ability communicate effectively.6.无论信息自身多么坚强有力,只有当信件的信息传递无误才能生效。

No matter how strong and powerful the message is in itself ,it can be effectively only if the letter which conveys the message is faultless.7.应当使用明了的语言,以使收信人能理解商务信函。

Comprehended language should be used in order for business correspondence to be understood by the recipient.8.事情越是急迫,信息越是要一而再、再而三地仔细检查。

The more urgent the matter is,the more carefully the communication should be checked and rechecked.9.如果贵方能与我方合作,我们将十分感激。

It will be greatly appreciated if you will give us your cooperation.10.商务信函应当始终包含收信人或者公司的姓名和完整的地址。

Business letters should always contain the name and complete address of the person or organization for whom the letter is intended.Unit 2

一、汉译英

1.根据我们在澳大利亚销售园林工具的经验,我们相信这些产品将很快在你方市场上成为畅销品。

Judging from our experience in marketing our garden tools in Australia,we are rather confident that they will soon become quick-selling products in your market.2.我们的丝绸以质量好著称。丝绸是我们的传统出口商品之一。丝绸女衫色彩鲜艳、设计美 观,在国外很受欢迎,需求量一直都很大。

Our silk is known for its good quality.It is one of our traditional exports.Silk blouses are brightly colored and beautifully designed.They’ve met with great favor overseas and are always in great demand.3.我公司作为纺织品进/出口商已有多年。我们的产品质量好,价格合理,在世界上享有极高的声誉。

We are an importer/exporter handling textiles for many years.Our products have enjoyed a high reputation in the world for their good quality and reasonable price.4.关于我们的财务状况、信用及声誉,你们可以向香港银行,或者我们的当地商会或咨询社 进行了解。

Concerning our financial position,credit standing and trade reputation,you may refer to Bank of Hong Kong,or to our local Chamber of Commerce or inquiry agencies.5.我已看过上次你在信中所附的目录和小册子,对贵公司的出口产品有了一些了解。我对你 们的丝绸女衫颇感兴趣。

I’ve gone over the catalogue and the pamphlets enclosed in your last letter.I’ve got some idea of your exports.I’m interested in your silk blouses.6.我公司是中国最大的电器用品进口商,谢谢贵公司8月3日来函,我们才十分愿意与贵公 司建立直接贸易关系。

We are the leading(greatest)importer of electric goods in China.Thank you for your letter of August 3.It’s our pleasure to establish direct business relations with your company.7.我们从驻贵国的中国大使馆商务参赞处得知贵公司是纺织品的主要出口商,并获悉贵公司

有意同我公司建立业务关系。

We have obtained your name and address through the Commercial Counsellor’s Office of the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in your country and understand that you are the largest exporter of textiles and would like to establish business relationship with us.8.如果你对我们的产品有兴趣,请尽快通知我方。一旦收到你方具体询盘,即寄送报价单和 样品。

Please let us know immediately if you are interested in our products.We will send you our price list and samples as soon as we receive your specific enquiry.9.目前我们对各种各样的帽子、手套和袜子感兴趣,如贵公司能寄来商品目录、商品样品和 价目表,我们将不胜感激。

At present,we are interested in all kinds of caps,gloves and socks and shall be pleased if you will send us the catalogue,samples and price list.10.为使你方对我方各种款式的毛毯有一初步了解,今航寄我方目录、价格表和一些样品仅 供参考。

In order to give you some idea of various qualities of woolen blankets we carry,we have pleasure in airmailing you one catalogue,a list of prices and some samples for your reference.二、英译汉

1.Your company has been kindly recommended to us by the chamber of commerce in

London,Britain as one of the leading exporters of cotton textiles in your country.承蒙英国伦敦商会的介绍,获悉贵公司是贵国主要棉纺织品进口商。

2.On the recommendation of your chamber of commerce,we have learned with pleasure the name and address of your firm.We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese

textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and

mutual benefit.经你方商会介绍,我方欣悉贵公司的名称和地址。我公司专营中国纺织品出口,很乐意在平等互利的基础上与贵公司建立业务关系。

3.We’d like to express out desire to establish business relations with you on the basis of

equality ,mutual benefit and the exchange of needed goods.我方希望能在平等、互利、互通有无的基础上与贵公司建立业务关系。

4.The Bank of China has recommended your company as being interested in establishing business relations with a Chinese company for the purpose of exporting various products of your country

and importing Chinese manufactured goods.中国银行向我们介绍,贵公司有兴趣和中国公司建立贸易关系,以便出口贵国产品,进口中国货物。

5.Our purpose is to explore the possibilities of developing trade with you.Of course to respect the local custom of buying country is one important aspect of China’s foreign policy.我们的目的是和你们探讨一下发展贸易的可能性。当然尊重买方国家的风俗习惯是我中国贸易政策的一个重要方面。

6.As you know, our corporation is a state-operated one.We always trade with foreign countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.Establishing business relations between us will be to

our mutual benefit.I have no doubt that it will bring about closer ties between us.我们公司是国有公司,我们一向是在平等互利的基础上进行外贸交易,我们之间建立业务关系将对双方有利。我相信业务关系的建立也将使我们之间的关系更为密切。

7.We’ve come to know your name and address from the Commercial Counselor’s Office of the

Chinese Embassy in London.我们从中国驻伦敦大使馆的商务参赞处得知你们的名称和地址。

8.We are now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you with a view to entering into

business relations with you.现在我们借此机会致函回公司,希望和贵公司建立业务关系。

9.We’ve never had any difficulties with our Chinese partners, and we’d like to make as many new contacts as we can.和中国同行公式从来没有困难,希望今后我们之间尽可能多地建立新的关系。

10.In order to acquaint you with the textiles we handle,we take pleasure in sending you by air our latest catalogue for your perusal.为了使贵方对我方经营的纺织品有所了解,特航寄我方最新目录,供细阅。

Unit 3

一、汉译英

1.你能寄给我们一份胶靴的目录,连同告诉我们付款方式吗?

Could you please send us a catalogue of your rubber boots together with terms of payment? 2.为了对我们的橙子询价,那家日本公司的一名代表访问了我们。

To make an inquiry about our oranges,a representative of the Japanese company paid us a visit.3.既然我们已经对你们产品询价,可否尽快给予答复?

Now that we’ve already made an inquiry about your articles,will you please reply as soon as possible? 4.兹奉上我公司新的产品目录和常用皮革样本,仅供参考。

We are sending you a copy of our latest catalogue for your reference,together with samples of some of the skins we regularly use in the manufacture of our products 5.7月16日来函已收到。的戏贵公司对我们的产品有兴趣,实感荣幸。

Thank you for your enquiry of 16 July.We are pleased to hear that you are interested in our products.6.若质量好且价格适合我方市场,我们愿考虑签署一项长期合同。

If your quality is good and the price is suitable for our market,we would consider signing a long-term contract with you.7.本公司亦制造多种系列精美的皮带和手套,贵公司如感兴趣,可参看产品目录中所刊登的插图。

We also manufacture a wide range of fine leather belts and gloves in which you may be interested.They are fully illustrated in our catalogue.8.看到我们的产品,相信也会同意我们的产品用料上乘、手工精巧,能吸引最有鉴赏力的买主。

When you see them,we think that you will agree that only the best quality materials are used,and that the high standard of workmanship will appeal to the most discriminating buyer.9.为促进双方业务往来,另寄上样品以供参考。

In order to promote business between us,we are sending you samples by separate mail for your reference.10.务请在本月底将你方的空调目录和最低报价寄到我公司。

Please send us your catalogue and lowest quotation of your air-conditioners.These should reach us by the end of this month.二、英译汉

1.We are one of the largest department stores here and believe there is a good market in our area for moderately priced goods of hand-made artificial leather bags.我公司是本地最大的百货公司之一,深信价格适中的人造革手提包在本地会有良好的销路。2.We are interested in securing a certain quantity of Chinese Cotton Piece Goods, as specified

below, for which you are requested to make an offer.我们希望获得下列一批中国棉布,请报盘。

3.We shall be very much obliged if you will quote us the price for this model and any others that you think would suit our requirements.若能开报此种型号和其他适合我们需要型号的价格,我们将不胜感激。

4.We found that one of your goods is to our satisfaction, so we now post its picture back to you.Would you please inform us in detail of its price, terms of payment and terms of shipment? 我方看中你们产品中的一种,现将其图片寄还。请详报该产品的价格、付款方式及装运条件。5.Please send us details of your products including size,colors,the lowest price and samples of

different qualities of material used.请寄送产品的详细资料,包括尺寸、颜色和最低价格,并附寄用各种质料制成的样品。

6.We hope you would quote us the most reasonable price.As we have a large population in our

country,if the goods are sold well, we are sure to place regular orders with you.希望得到贵方最合理的报价。我国人口众多,如果销路好,我方一定会成为贵方的稳定订户。7.Seeing your ad in Family Life we become interested in your silver wares of court styles.Please give your prices,delivery date,terms of payment,and discounts for regular purchases.我们看过贵公司登在《家庭生活》杂志上的广告,对你们的宫廷银器感兴趣。请贵方提供价格、交货日期、付款方式及所能提供的定期购货折价。

8.If your quotations are suitable and the quality proves good,we’ll be pleased to invite your

representative over for detailed discussion.如果报价合理并能证明质量上乘,我方将邀请贵方的代表过来详谈。

9.We have learned from Smith Company of Birmingham that you manufacture a range of

high-fashion handbags in a variety of leathers.We are very interested in your products.从伯明翰史密斯公司获悉贵公司制作了一系列款式新颖皮革手提包。我们对其非常感兴趣。10.Would you please send us a copy of your computer catalogue with details of your prices and

payment terms? We would find it most helpful if you could also supply samples.恳请惠寄计算机目录、价格表和付款方式细则。如能提供样本,不胜感激。

Unit 4

一、汉译英

1.为了使生意成交,我们荣幸地给你们一个优惠报盘,以我方落实为准。

In order to start a concrete transaction between us,we take pleasure in making you a special offer,subject to our final confirmation.2.很遗憾,你方报价比任何厂商所报高得多,我方无法接受。

Unfortunately the prices you quoted are much higher than any other manufacturers.We can’t accept it.3.对这批数量大,以现金支付的货,如你方能从价目表中,再给些折扣优待,当不胜感激。We shall be glad if you will quote us the best discount off your price list for cash for this quantity.4.针对你方5月3日的询盘,现寄上与你来函要求相似的墙纸样品一宗。

In reply to your enquiry of May 3rd,we are sending you herewith several samples of wall paper closely resembling what you want.5.我公司付款为交货后3个月内支付现金。1个月内付清货款者,可打5%折扣。

Our terms are cash within three months of date of delivery,or subject to 5 per cent discount if paid within one month.6.你将发现,我公司对贵方的报价所给予的优惠是前所未有的。

You will find that we have given you the best terms unprecedented in our business.7.如果你方认为这一报盘可以接受,即E-mail给我们,以便我方确认。

If you find the offer acceptable,please E-mail us immediately for our confirmation.8.我方已另封寄给你方样品及三本商品小册子,请查收。

Under separate cover,we have already sent you our samples and 3 brochures.9.如果你将我们的价格与其他制造商比较,你肯定能发现我们的价格非常优惠。

If you compare it with the offers of other manufacturers you will no doubt find our price is very favourable.10.谢谢你方8月2日的询价,现随函寄上你方所需的目录和价格表。

It’s a pleasure to receive your August 2nd and we are enclosing the catalogue and price list you asked for.二、英译汉

1.We have made offers recently,most of which are below 100U.S.Dollars.Moreover, we’ve kept the price close to the costs of production.我们最近的报价大多数都在100美元以下。再说,这已经把价格压到生产费用的边缘了。2.If we can receive your order within the next 10 days,we will make you a firm order at the prices quoted.如果贵方订单在10天之内到达,我们将按之前的价格做实盘报价。

3.The price we quoted is on FOB Shanghai bases instead of CIF Hongkong bases and our offer will be valid until August 31.我们的价格是FOB上海而不是CIF香港,且有效期至8月31日。

4.We’d appreciate it very much if you let us know what discount you can grant us if we give you a large order of your products.若我方向你们大批订货,请告知能给予多少折扣,不胜感激。

5.We have reduced the price to the limit.We regret,therefore,being unable to comply with your

request for further reduction.我方价格已降到极限,故无法满足你方进一步降价的要求。

6.Unfortunately we can’t accept your offer.The prices you offered are much higher than those of other manufacturers.很遗憾,我们不能接受你方报盘。你方报价比其他厂商所报高得多。

7.We must stress that this offer is valid for seven days only because of the heavy demand for the

limited supplies oh this carpet in stock.本公司必须强调,此报盘有效期仅七天,因为地毯的存货有限而需求量很大。

8.We have pleasure in attaching our price list for your reference and we would ensure prompt

delivery as soon as we receive your order.我们十分高兴地附上价格表供你方参考。一旦收到你方订单我方将立即发货。

9.If you can let us have an idea of the quantity you are going to order,we are willing to consider

offering a more liberal discount.如果贵方能让我们知道订货数量,可考虑给予更优惠的折扣。

10.In order to start a concrete transaction between us,wo take pleasure in making you a special

offer,subject to our final confirmation.为了使生意成交,我们荣幸地给你们一个优惠报盘,以我方最后确认为准。

Unit 5

一、汉译英

1.请在你地区尽力推销这种产品。

Kindly do your best to promote the new product in your area.2.关于申请参加广州交易会一事,我们正在与有关当局联系。一俟申请获准,当即通知你方。With regard to your application for attending the Guangzhou Fair,we are contacting the relevant authorities and shall inform you as soon as the application is approved.3.按照你方要求,我们把样品另行邮寄你处。

As requested,we are sending you the samples under separate cover.4.我们的手提打字系轻质硬合金制造,故携带方便,经久耐用。

Our portable typewriter is made of light hard alloy,being convenient in carrying and durable in use.5.你方需要的那种老式花样已没有存货,我们今天已寄给你方一件最新式样的样品,如果你们认为可以使用,我们可以立即供应现货。

The old design you require is no longer available from stock.We have today sent you a sample of the latest design and if you consider it suitable we are in a position to supply the goods immediately from stock.6.你11月15日来信收到,谢谢。货号2112电扇我们歉难推销,因为你方价格太高,买方无意还盘。

While thanking you for letter of Nov.15 concerning electric fan Art.2112,we regret being unable to promote sales as your price is too high to interest buyers to make a counter-offer.7.由于所需的品种目前无货供应,我们想推荐下列库存产品,可以即装,我们这一推荐是照顾到双方利益。

Since the required articles are not available,we would like to recommend the under-mentioned products,which can be supplied from stock or prompt shipment.This recommendation is made in the interest of both parties.8.我喜欢这种款式而不是那种款式。I prefer this style to that one.9.试销订货会使你们相信我们产品的品质。

A trial order would convince you of the excellent quality of our products.10.我们公司专营化工品进口业务。

We specialize in the import of chemicals.二、英译汉

1.This item,being quite popular,will also command a ready sale in your market.由于该款产品广受欢迎,你方市场势必销售火旺。

2.Our stocks now include a wide range of first-class personal computers at very attractive prices.我们的货源中有各种一流的个人电脑,价格十分诱人。

3.In views of the large demand for this commodity,we would advise you to work fast and place an order with us as soon as possible.鉴于该产品有很大的市场需求,我们建议你方尽速下单。

4.We should be glad to receive further enquiries from you for prices and samples.我们将乐于收到你方有关价格及样品的进一步询价。

5.May we expect a trial order from you while prices are so greatly in your favor? 价格如此之低,能否得到你方试销订单?

6.If you require constant supplies,we will hold special stocks for you.若你方经常需要供货,我们可以为你特地保留存货。

7.If you are likely to require any of them during the next three months,we advise your placing the order now as prices are rapidly rising.你方若可能在3个月内需要任何一种此类货物,我们建议你方现在下单,因为价格上涨很快。8.Under separate cover,we have airmailed samples of our new articles for your reference.These new articles are moderate in price and excellent in quality.我们另由航空寄上新品种的样品供你方参考。该产品价格公道,品质极好,我们认为尽早推销对你方有利。

9.We understand that you are manufacturers of optical instruments and should like to know whether you can supply microscopes of various kinds for universal use.If so,please send us your full-range catalogue with price list for our consideration.我方获悉你方为光学仪器制造商,我们想了解你方是否能提供通用性的显微镜。如果可以的话,请邮寄我方全套产品目录,包括价格,以供我方参考。

10.If required,further further details will be gladly given to assist you in your sales effort.如有需要,我们将乐于向你方提供进一步详情,以助你方销售。

Unit 6

一、汉译英

1.贵方给的10%的现金折扣,我方非常满意并愿向贵方定期订购。

We’d like to say than the 10% cash discount is quite satisfactory and wo intend to place regular orders with you.2.感谢你方5月20日的报价,这是我们10只宫灯的正式订单。

Thank you for quotation dated May 20th.And this is our official order for 10 palace lanterns.3.感谢贵方3月10日发来的报盘及彩色产品目录。我们很乐意向贵方订购下列产品,详见附件第287号订单。

Thank you for your quotation of March 10 and the illustrated catalogue.We take pleasure in enclosing our Order No.287 for the following items.4.若质量达到我们的期望,我们将在最近向贵方下新订单。

If the quality is up to our expectations we shall send further orders in the near future.5.我们发现贵公司产品在价格和质量上能使我们的客户满意,我们给你下列表格中此类物品的订单。

We find both price and quality of your products satisfactory to our client and we are pleased to give you an order for the items on this sheet.6.我们确认收到贵方订单,现随函寄去我方的销售确认书一式两份,其中一份请签字,并交还我方存档。

We hereby confirm acceptance of your order and are enclosing here with our sales confirmation in duplicate,one of which please sign and return to us for file.7.若贵公司能立马供应5000条领带的话,我们现在就下订单。

If you can fill our order of 5000 ties very soon we’d like to place the order with you now.8.我们希望贵公司能够接受买方设计和尺寸的订单。

We hoped that you can accept the order in the buyer’s design and measurement.9.11月份以前发货很重要,以便赶上圣诞节购物潮。

It’s important that the delivery should be made before the beginning of November,in time for the Christmas rush.10.抱歉无法接受贵方的订货,因为我方目前订单已满,无法给出确切的交货日期。

I am sorry to say that we must turn down your orders as we have full order books at present and cannot give a definite date of delivery.二、英译汉

1.We are pleased to receive your order of August 8 for TV sets and welcome you as one of our customers.很高兴收到你方8月8日定购电视机的订单,欢迎你们成为我们客户的一员。

2.I have received your price-list,and shall be glad if you will send me by rail as early as possible as follows.价格表已收到,请尽可能迅速以铁路货运下列商品,当不胜感激。

3.I shall be glad to if you will let me have 100 lamps of each of the various sizes,suitable for streets,hospitals,schools and offices.请送马路用、医院用、学校用,以及办公室用的各种大小适当的灯,一共100个,谢谢。4.I shall be glad if you will forward fifty tons of coal,in accordance with your sample.请按照贵公司提供的样品供应我公司50吨煤炭,谢谢。

5.In reply to your order NO.332 for DVD players,we regret to inform you that we are not in a position to accept it.兹答复你方第332号订单订购DVD播放器一事,我们十分遗憾通知你方,目前我们无法接受此订单。

6.We hope that our handling of your first order with us will lead to further business between us and mark the beginning of a happy trade relationship.我们希望这首批订单将导致双方更多的业务往来,并标志愉快的贸易关系的开始。

7.Our requirements are now fully covered for some time to come,and we therefore greatly regret that we have to cancel our order with you.很抱歉由于我司在今后一段时间内,所有货物品已完全够用,因此,不得不取消此次订货,敬请谅解。

8.We confirm our respects of the 3rd May,and inform you that your consignment has duly arrived.兹确认我们5月3日所发函并告知您发来的货物已如期到达。

9.Confirming our letter of last week,we ask you to appoint an early interview with our representative.兹确认我方上周致贵方函件,请及时约定与我方代表面谈的日期。

10.We are sorry to say that we are completely out of stock of this item and it will be at least six weeks before we get our next delivery but please contact us then.很抱歉,此类产品无现货。距离我方下次来货至少得6周时间。到时请与我方联系。

Unit 7

一、汉译英

1.我方已将200包棉花印上“OH”唛头,由“飞碟”轮运载。运费已付,特此告知。

We inform you that we have forward by the “Butterfly”,freight prepaid,200 bales of cotton,marked “OH”.2.务请使用坚固的木箱装载。木箱必须钉妥,并且以金属绳带扣紧。

Packing in sturdy wooden cases is essential.Cases must be nailed,battened and secured by overall mental strapping.3.请以4寸大小的字体标示唛头,并同时注明毛重和净重。

Kindly stencil our shipping marks in letters 4 inches high,and give gross and net weight on each box.4.所有的粉末必须以塑料袋装好,装入锡罐内,并以胶带将封盖封妥。

All powders are wrapped in plastic bags and packed in this,the lids of which are sealed with adhesive tapes.5.请以锡皮防水木箱包装,每件以油布包裹,每三十件装一箱。装运不得迟于6月5日。The goods should be packed in tin-lined water-proof wooden cases,each piece wrapped in oilcloth,and 30 pieces packed in one case.The shipment should be made not later than June 5.6.货物已严格按照要求包装妥当,刷好唛头,以便交第一艘可装货的船只于本月底运出。The goods have been packed and marked exactly as directed so that they may be shipped by the first ship available towards the end of this month.7.运到我们口岸的货物必须在汉堡转船,因此你们的包装必须具有适航性,并经得起运输途中的粗鲁搬运。

As goods to or port should be transshipped at Hamburg,they must be packed in seaworthy cases capable of withstanding rough handling en route.8.请注意箱子外面要注明“易碎品”及“小心轻放”的标记。

Please see to it that the cases are marked “Fragile” and “Handle With Care”.9.每套茶具须用透明塑料袋包好,固定在硬质泡沫塑料衬垫里,放在硬纸板箱中,外用尼龙带加固。

Each tea set is to be wrapped in a plastic-film bag,fixed with hard fermented plastic padding,and put in a carton.Outside,it is to be strengthened by nylon straps.10.油可以散装,也可以桶装。

The oil can be supplied in bulk or in tins.二、英译汉

1.Your packing must be strong,easy to handle and seaworthy.贵方注意,包装必须牢固,易于搬运,且适合远洋运输。

2.The packing mark of this shipment is a triangle,with the initials of our corporation stenciled inside.该批货物的运输标志为一个三角形,内刷我公司名称缩写字母。

3.Please improve your packing so as to avoid any damage in transit and facilitate the promotion of sales.希望贵方对包装做些改进,以避免运输途中的损伤,影响销售。

4.Please pack the Men’s Shirts each inside a polythene bag,with a paper box outside,100 boxes to a carton,bound with two plastic straps outside.请用纸盒包装男式衬衫,每件装一盒,内套一个塑料袋。一百盒装一纸箱,箱外打两道塑料带。

5.The customers at our end are much satisfied with the quality of your goods.However,they find your packing is not so satisfactory,which makes sale difficult.此地客户对贵司产品的质量十分满意,但由于包装不够美观,影响了售价。

6.Owing to keen competition,a good commodity also also needs attractive packing to appeal to customers.由于市场竞争十分激烈,一个好的商品还需一个好的包装,这样才能吸引消费者前往购买。7.Our usual packing for tea is in cardboard boxes with gunny bags outside,two boxes in a bundle.我司出口的茶叶包装为夹板箱,外套麻包,两箱一捆。

8.In order to facilitate handling and help customers save on freight,we are going to use cardboard boxes instead of wooden cases for our further shipment.为方便搬运和节省运费,从下批订单开始,我们将采用纸箱包装代替原来的木箱包装。9.We’ll give your suggestion our careful consideration and improve the inner packing of our cameras to cater to the consumer.我方将认真研究贵方的建议,对照相机的内包装进行改进,以适应新的消费潮流。

10.These cartons are well protected against moisture by plastic lining.Garments packed thus are not so susceptible to damage by moisture as those packed in wooden cases.这些纸板箱用塑料衬里,防潮性能好。因此,衣服装在里面不会像装在木箱里那样容易受潮而损坏。

Unit 8

一、汉译英

1.请速与银行联系,告知我方开证情况,否则,装运将大大延期。

We would request you to take up this matter with the issuing bank at once and let us know what has become of the letter of credit,otherwise,the shipment may be delayed a great deal.2.该批货物已准备就绪,将于明天装上“露露”号轮,自神户开航。

The goods are being prepared for immediately delivery and will be shipped from Kobe by the steamer “Lu Lu”tomorrow.3.关于你方10000公吨大米的询盘,我方可分两批交货,2月份交5000吨,其余5000吨3月份交货,价格按照报价单。我们已经尽了最大的努力了。

As to your enquiry for 10000 tons of rice,we can supply in two lots: 5000tons for February shipment and the other 5000 tons for March shipment,at the price quoted in the sheet.This is the best we can do.4.我们获悉你们可生产高质量的合金钢。能否告诉我们能在下月供应的数量?

We are told that you are in a position to supply alloy steel of high quality.Could you tell us what quantity you can offer for delivery next month? 5.我们不能更早装运,因为本星期内没有船到你们到你们港口去。

We are unable to effect an earlier shipment,because there is no ship sailing to your port this week.6.我方报盘如下:报钢材5000公吨,规格按照我方的目录,价格每公吨192美元,FOB汉堡,2009年9、10月装船。

The order is as follows: 5000M/T steel,specifications as shown in our catalogue,at US $192.00 per M/T FOB Hamburg,shipment Sept./Oct.2009.7.像化肥这一类的大宗货得由卖方安排仓位,这对我们双方都很方便。

For bulk goods such as chemical fertilizers it’s the sellers who arrange the shipping space.That will be of much convenience for our both sides.8.你方应在合同规定的装运月份30天前,将合同号码、货物名称、数量、装运口岸和预计货物到达装运口岸的日期电传我们。

As stipulated in the contract,you should inform us by fax,30 days before the month of shipment,of the contract number,name of the commodity,quantity,loading port and the estimated date when the goods will reach the port of loading.9.我们所租的船只按期到达装运口岸后,如果你当不能按时备货装船,就应负担我方所遭受的损失。

If you can’t get the goods ready by the time the ship chartered by us arrives at the port of loading,you will be responsible for the losses thus incurred.10.第431号合同规定,2000台洗衣机于2008年12月交货,可是迄今为止未听到你方任何有关发货的消息。我方顾客急需此货,务请你方在合同规定的期限内交货。否则,我方只好向你方提出索赔并保留取消合同的权利。

We refer to Contract No.431,under which we decided 2000 sets of washing machines would be delivered in Dec.2008.Up till now we have not heard any news about delivery from you.Our clients are in urgent need.Please see to it that you should deliver the goods within the time stipulated in the contract, or we will have to lodge a claim and reserve the right to cancel the contract.二、英译汉

1.In order to catch up with the selling season,please arrange for shipment upon receipt of our L/C and cable us the Shipping Advice.为赶上销售旺季,你方一旦收妥我方开出的信用证,请安排即装,并请尽快电告装船通知。2.We take pleasure in informing you that the 1000 cases of canned pork under Order No.CF1001 have been shipped on board s.s.”Dong Feng”,which is due to leave for Tokyo on or about the 30th of this month.兹乐意告知,CF1001号订单项下1000箱罐装猪肉已装“东风”轮,定于本月30日左右开往东京。

3.The about-mentioned order is prepared especially for the Christmas season.Please see to it that you effect shipment on time and advise us of the name of the vessel,the time of departure and the approximate time of arrival so as to enable us to arrange for unloading and selling.上述订单传系为圣诞节准备,务必按时出运,并及时告知船名,启航日期及预计抵港日期,以便安排销售。

4.We are sorry that we are unable to advance shipment due to our heavy commitment.Please cooperate to extend the dates of the shipment and validity of the L/C to May 15th and 30th respectively with transshipment and partial shipment allowed.由于在手订单甚多,提前交货歉难满足。请配合将信用证装船期和有效期分别展至5月15日和5月30日,并准许分批装运和装船。

5.Much to our regret,your amendment to the L/C hasn’t reached us yet though the goods are already ready for shipment.Please expedite it so that we can book shipping space and arrange for shipment.If not,you are responsible for any loss thus arising.我们很遗憾至今未收到你方修证,我方早已备妥货物。请抓紧办理以便我方预定舱位、安排装运。否则,一切由此造成的损失由你方负担。

6.We knew that this is the first transaction we have concluded,and any delay in shipment will hinder our future cooperation.此系双方达成的首笔交易,因此延误装运将会影响双方今后长期业务合作关系,务请注意。7.As our client is in urgent need of the goods,we hope you will advance the time of delivery from August to July.由于客户要货很急,我司要求你们合作,将订单的交货期从8月份提前至7月份装运。8.We knew that our request for advancing the shipment would cause you inconvenience,but we hope you could understand our position and try your best to meet our requirement.我们料到,提前装运的要求会使你们感到不便,但希望你们会理解我们的处境,并尽量满足我们的要求。

9.We learn from the shipping agent that steamers for Hamburger due to sail before the end of May have been fully booked up.The best we can do is 10th June.我们从船公司获悉,5月底前前往汉堡的舱位已订满,最早装运时间为6月10日。

10.We would ship the goods by direct steamers if possible.It is our duty to try every possible means to satisfy the need of our customers.只要有可能,我们就将货物装直达船。尽量满足客户的要求是我们的职责。

Unit 9

一、汉译英

1.以保兑的、不可撤销的、以我方为抬头的信用证付款。

Payment is to be made by a confirm,irrevocable Letter of Credit to be opened in our favor.2.抱歉,由于你方信用证开证延期,我们不能于2月的船期装运。请尽快解决此事。

We regret that we could not ship the goods by a February vessel only because of the delay of your L/C.Please attend to this matter with all speed.3.鉴于你方经常订购且量大,建议开具以我方为抬头的循环信用证,这样既减少麻烦又节约开支。

Your purchase being regular and numerous,it would be advisable for you to open a revolving L/C in our favor,thereby saving trouble and expenses.4.随函附上支票一张,金额为2300美元,以支付欠你方的佣金。

We enclose a check for US $2300 in payment of all commissions due to you.5.请用信用证付款,由你方在交货前15到20天期间开出,其有效期到货物装船后15天截止,以便我方准备好所有装运单据提交银行议付。

Please open the L/C 15 to 20 days before the date of delivery,and it should be valid until the 15th day after shipment so that we can get all the shipping documents ready for presentation and negotiation.6.由于来自工厂方面的不可预见的困难,非常遗憾,我方无法按你方信用证规定的装期发运。如你方能将信用证展至11月15日,装运期展至11月30日,则不胜感激。

It is a matter of regret to inform you that we failed to effect shipment as per the date of shipment in the credit owing to some unforeseen reasons in the factory.We would be much obliged if you could extend the dates of shipment and validity to Nov.15 and 30 respectively.7.请修改AC-3号信用证,数量为2000公吨(卖方有权增减5%),允许部分装运和转船。Please amend L/C No.AC-3 to read:quantity:2000 metric tons(5% more or less at Seller’s option)and partial shipment and transshipment allowed.8.该信用证授权你公司于发货后按发票金额向我方开立30天期票。

You have authority to draw on us at 30 day’s against this credit for the amount of your invoice upon shipment of the goods mentioned.9.你公司22/56号发票项上由于我方将应付金额5500美元错看成5000美元,少付了500美元,甚歉。

We apologize for the underpayment of US $500 on your Invoice No.22/56 due to a misreading of the amount due as we regrettably read the final figure as US $5000.00 instead of US $5500.00.10.经核对,发现你方装运单据与信用证有一处不符,即:发票金额包括5%佣金,而信用证中未曾规定。

Upon checking your shipping documents,we found one discrepancy,i.e.,the invoice value includes 5% commission,which is not mentioned in the letter of credit.二、英译汉

1.In view of our long-standing and good business relations,we accept,as an exceptional case,payment by D/P after sight.Please expedite your order.鉴于双方长期良好的业务关系,我们破例接受远期付款交单。请速下订单。

2.In order to promote sales of your products at our end,please accept payment by D/P at 90 days’ sight.为促进贵公司产品在我地的销售,请优先考虑接受信用证见单90天付款的支付条件。

3.Please note that our terms of payment are by confirmed,irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight against shipping documents.请注意,我方支付条款是保兑的、不可撤销的,即跟单信用证。

4.The Letter of Credit must reach the seller 30 days before the time of shipment stipulated in the contract and shall be valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment.信用证需要在合同规定的交货月前30天开到卖方,在装船后15天内,在中国议付有效。5.Please be informed that the goods under Contract No.ST790 have been ready for quite some time.Please have the Letter of Credit opened with the least possible delay and advise us of the number of the L/C, otherwise we are sorry for being unable to catch s.s.”Red Star” due to sail to your end at the end of June.兹告ST790合同项下货物早已备妥,请速开证,并告证号。否则我方歉难赶上6月底开往贵地的“红星”轮。

6.Please amend the until price in the L/C to read US $ 45.50 per carton and the total amount to read US $ 45500.请把信用证单价修改为每箱45.50美元,总金额修改为45500美元。

7.When establish the Letter of Credit,please add the clause to read “10% more or less both in quality and in amount allowed” to facilitate us to prepare the goods and effect shipment.开证时请加上“数量与金额允许有10%上下”的条款,以方便我方备货、出运。

8.Please see to it that the L/C stipulations are in exact accordance with the terms of the contract to avoid unnecessary amendments,which will probably result in delay shipment.请严格按照合同条款开证,以避免不必要的修证,从而导致延误船期。

9.As a usual practice,we only accept payment by L/C, so we are much regretted for being unable to entertain your request of payment by D/P.我方通常惯例只接受信用证付款方式,故歉难考虑贵方付款交单付款方式。

10.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of US Dollars 150000.00.Party A shall remit the total sum in US Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.在任何时候,如实际累计金额超过15万美元,甲方应在该日期后的一个月内将货款汇付乙方。

Unit 10

一、汉译英

1.请为这些货物投保一切险和战争险,保险金额为发票价值的110%。

Please cover insurance on these goods against All Risks and War Risk for 110% of the invoice value.2.我方的保险条件是由卖方按发票金额的110%投保一切险和战争险。

Our terms of insurance are to be effected by the sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risk.3.根据你的要求,我们已为你方货物投保至目的地。

According to your request,we have insured your shipment to the final destination.4.如果客户没有明确指示,我们一般投保水渍险和战争险。

Generally we cover consignments against WPA and War Risk in the absence of the definite instructions from our clients.5.保险使用的货币一般与信用证中的相同。

It is the general practice that the insurance be covered in the same currency as in the letter of credit.6.如果你希望我们投保特殊险别,则要收取额外保险费。

If you desire us to insure against a special risk,an extra premium will have to be charged.7.保险费率岁保险范围变动而不同,如需增保其他险别,额外保险费由买方支付。

Since the premium varies with the extent of insurance,extra premium is for buyer’s account if additional risks be covered.8.保险费连同运费合并在发票金额之内。

Premium will be added to invoice amount together with freight charges.9.一接到保险人的保险凭证,我们就立即寄给你方。

Insurance Certificate will follow as soon as we receive it from the underwriters.10.一旦发生损失,你可以在货物到达60天内,向你方保险代理人提出索赔。

Should any damage be occurred,you may file a claim with the insurance agent at your end within 60days after the arrival of the consignment.二、英译汉

1.We wish to cover the consignment against All Risks,including breakage and pilferage.我们希望为货物投保一切险,包括破碎险和盗窃险。

2.Please arrange to insure from warehouse the following consignment.请为以下货物安排仓至仓保险。

3.This consignment is to be covered under our “Open Cover” terms.该批货物按预约保单所列条款投保。

4.Following your instructions,we have insured the consignment against All Risks and War Risk for 110% of the invoice value.我们已根据贵方指示按发票价值的110%为货物投保一切险和战争险。

5.We shall arrange insurance on the usual terms and the certificate of insurance will be sent to you through our bankers, along with the bill of landing and other shipping documents.我们将按通常条件办理保险,保险凭证将连同提单及运输单据一起通过我方银行寄至贵方。6.The People’s Insurance Company of China enjoys a high prestige in settling claims promptly of seeking the truth from facts and fairness and reasonableness.中国人民保险公司本着实事求是、公正、合理的原则做到迅速理赔,享有很高的声誉。7.If the insured makes any claim knowing the same to be false or fraudulent as regards amount or otherwise,this policy shall become invalid and all claim thereunder shall be forfeited.若被保险人故意虚报保险金额或其他项目,则该保单无效,并丧失索赔权。

8.The Seller shall arrange marine insurance covering W.P.A plus T.P.N.D.and War Risks for 120% of the invoice value,and provide for claims,if any,payable in London City in U.S.currency.卖方应按发票金额120%投保水渍险、附加偷窃、提货不着险和战争险,若索赔,在伦敦以美元支付。

9.If broader coverage is required,the extra premium will be for buyers’ account.如果要求投保更多的险别,额外保险费将由买方负担。

10.As you would hold the policy,we should be grateful if you would take the matter up for us with the underwriters to ensure indemnification.由于贵方持有保险单,如果你们能代我们与保险商进行交涉以确保获得赔偿,我们将十分感激。

Unit 11

一、汉译英

1、我们在此行业经验丰富,现提出担任你方在该地区的经理。

With rich experience in this line,we would like to offer to act as your agent in this area.2、不知贵方是否愿意考虑我们做你们产品在我国的销售代理的申请。

We wonder if you would consider our application to act as an agent for sale of your products in our country.3、我们想与你们签订一份关于你们产品的为期3年的独家代理协议。

We would like to sign a sole agency agreement with you on your products for a period of three years.4、我们正在努力扩大交易额以取得独家代理的资格。

We are trying to build up a large turnover so as to qualify for sole agent appointment.5、很高兴你们准备让我们做你们产品的总代理。

We are pleased that you are prepared to appoint us as your general agent for your products.6、作为你方代理,我们将不遗余力地在我们的市场上推销你们的产品。

As your agent we shall spare no effort to promote the sale of your products of other origins.7、作为我方的独家代理,你们不能经营其他产地的相同或类似产品。As our sole agent,you are to handle the same or similar products of other origins.8、作为在中国的独家代理,你们代理的地区将会很广。As a sole agent in China,you are to cover a very large area.9、你们必须通过大量的广告和促销活动向顾客进行宣传。

You have to do a lot in advertising and promotion to let the customers realize that.10、你们必须每三个月向我们提交我方产品的市场报告。

You will have to forward us every three months a market report on our products.二、英译汉

1.Since we have worked well together and have built up a strong working relationship,we would like you to entrust us with the sole agency for your products in China.我们之间合作融洽,建立了良好的业务关系,我们希望你们能将你们产品在中国的独家代理权授予我们。

2.Since you are not represented here in this country,we would like to offer our services as your sole agent,handling your export trade with this country.由于你们在我国没有代理机构,我们愿作为你们的独家代理,办理你们向我国的出口业务。3.To push the sale of your products,we offer to be your sole sales agent in Britain,as we have been in the line for more than 20 years and have good connections with the wholesalers and retailers at home.我们从事这一行业已有20多年了,在国内同该行业中的批发商和零售商都建立了较好的业务关系,我们愿做你们在英国的独家销售代理,从而推销你们的产品。

4.We can provide first-class reference,and have adequate storage facilities and well-situated showrooms;you will find us a qualified agent.我们可以提供一流的资信证明,而且仓储设施充分,样品陈列室地点好,你们会发现我们是合格的代理。

5.We shall do our best to help promote your products if you appoint us as your sole agent.如果贵方指定我们为你们的独家代理,我们一定尽力推销你们的产品。

6.As the sales volume of our products in your market is limited,we are thinking of appointing a local agent to help push the sales.由于我方产品在你们市场的销量不大,我们考虑在当地指定一名代理,以促进销售。

7.We are ready to appoint a sales agent.Would you please let us know what yearly sales volume you can guarantee? 我们了解了你们的业务状况,请告知贵公司能保证多大的年销售量。

8.Having investigated your business standing,we decide to grant you the exclusive selling right for our products.我们了解了你们的业务状况,决定将我们产品的独家销售权授予你方。

9.It seems premature for us to discuss the question of agency at the moment.Let us take up this subject at a future date when we are well acquainted with each other.我们现在讨论代理问题时间还不成熟,让我们在将来彼此充分了解之后再谈论此事。

10.If you want to extend our agency agreement for another two years,you must guarantee an increase of 8% in the annual turnover.如果你们想将我们之间的代理协议再延长两年,那么你们必须保证年销售量增加8%。

Unit 12

一、汉译英

1.感谢你方5月30日的来信,心中说到我们错发了你方256号订单的货物。

Thank you for your letter of May 30 in which you said that you had receive a wrong delivery to your order No.256.2.检验报告表明实际到达货物的重量与发票重量相差35吨。

The inspection report shows a difference of 35 tons between the actual landed weight and the invoiced weight.3.我们检查货物时惊讶地发现它们的质量不如原先的样品。

Upon examining the goods,we discovered to our surprise that they were inferior in quality to the original samples.4.对于货物质量低劣所招致的损失,我们必须要求赔偿。

We have to ask for a compensation to cover the loss incurred as a result of the inferior quality of the goods concerned.5.检查发现,将近20% 的包装破损,很显然这是不正确包装所致。

It was found upon examination that nearly 20% of the package had been broken,obviously attributed to improper packing.6.对于延误给我们造成的损失,我们要求你们负责。

We have to hold your responsible for any loss that may occur to us through the delay.7.经过认真调查,我们估计损坏的可能是运输或卸货过程中粗暴搬运造成的。

After going into the matter carefully,we estimate that the damage might be due to rough handling in transit or during unloading.8.我们建议先对货物进行检验,如果证实你方估计准确,将立即给予赔偿。

We propose to have the goods inspected first.If the inspection confirms the accuracy of your estimate,compensation will be allowed at once.9.撤销合同所造成的一切损失应由贵公司承担。

We asked you to cover any loss which might be caused as a result of the cancellation of the contract.10.这是我方所能做出的最大让步。如果你方不能接受我们的建议,那么我方希望通过仲裁解决。

This is the maximum concession we can afford.Should you not agree to accept our proposal,we would like to settle it by arbitration.二、英译汉

1.Unless you can supply us with the best quality in every case,we shall have to fill our requirements elsewhere.如果贵方不能每次向我方供应优质货物,我方只好从别处订购以满足需求。

2.Yet the latest lot,to our regret,is too serious to be overlooked so that we find we must file a claim on you.但令我方遗憾的是,最近一批货物问题严重,不容忽视,我方必须向你方提出索赔。3.They attribute the damage to the effects of dampness during the long sea voyage.他们把损失归咎于货物在长途海运中受潮。

4.Would you send someone with my consignment as soon as possible and at the same time pick up the wrongly delivered goods? 你方可否尽快派人送来我方所订货物并取回错发货物?

5.May I point out that your contract with us did have a clause stating that delivery dates would be met unless unforeseen circumstances arose? 我想指出的是,我们的合约中有这样一条规定:若出现不可预见的情况,交货日期可推迟。6.We are still without your advice of dispatch of the cameras;we are receiving urgent requests from customers and you will understand that this delay places us in an awkward position.我们仍未收到你们的照相机装船通知。由于客户催货迫切,你们可以理解装运延误是我们处境尴尬。

7.This is the third time this mistake has occurred and we are far from satisfied with the service you offer.这一错误已是第三次出现,我方对你方提供的服务深感不满。

8.This is the first time you have to complain.We would certainly solve the matter to your satisfaction.这还是第一次让贵公司提出异议,我们一定解决问题,让贵方满意。

9.In view of our friendly business relations,we are prepared to meet your claim for the short weight.鉴于我们之间的良好业务关系,我方拟接受你方关于货物重量短缺的索赔。

10.With mutual efforts,this case has been settled amicably and we shall remit to you an amount of $500 in compensation for the loss arising therefrom.该问题经过双方努力已经以友好方式解决,我方将向你方汇款500美元以赔偿损失。

Unit 13

一、汉译英

1.我们迄今犹未收到有关你方订货的装运要求。我们只得取消已订的舱位。(传真)

Having received on instruction from you regarding the shipment of your order,we have now been compelled to cancel the shipping space already booked.2.你方12日电传获悉,因录像机价比你方竞争者约高7%,用户对此不感兴趣。如能降价on10%,可能达成交易。市场呆滞,希按我方建议价重新报盘,谨此问候。(电传)

YTLX 12TH VIDEO SET ABT 7 PCT HIGHER THAN UR COMPETITORS.ENDUSERS UNINTRSTD.IF U REDUCE BY 10 PCT TRANSACTION MAY BE CONCLUDED.MKT DULL,HOPE OFR AGAIN AT SUGGESTED PRICE.RGDS.3.关于信用证1178号的修改书,我已与此间银行联系,据告仍未收到,请向你方银行查询,并速电复。(电传)

RE AMDMT TO L/C 1178,V HV CONTACTED BNK HIR WHO INFMD US THA IT STILL HAS NOT BEEN RCVD.PLS CHECK WZ YR BNK N RPLY ASAP.4.我方11月22日电传未获答复。货已备妥。但未收到信用证。请立即电告你方何时及经过哪家银行开出。(电传)

ROT NOV22 HV RCVD NO RPLY.GDS R RDY BUT L/C STILL UNRCVD.PLS TEL IMM THEN N THRU WHICH BNK U OPEND L/C.5.我456号报价单,3%佣金不能接受,甚憾。建议改为1.5%。星期五中午电复有效。(电传)RE OUR QTN 456, 3 PCT COMM RGRET CANT ACPT.SUGST CHANGE TO 1.5 PCT, SBJ TO RPLY HIR FRI NOON.二、英译汉

1.OWG TO LATE ARRV OF UR LC,IMPSBL CATCH DRCT STEAMER DESJGNATED.CAN ONLY SHP GDS BY FIRST AVLBL STEAME FRYR PORT NEXT MNTH.REGRET INCONVENIENCE.(telex)因你方信用证迟到,难以赶上所指定的直达轮,仅能将货物装于下月驶往你港的第一艘便轮,对你造成不便深感遗憾。

2.YT JUNE TKS.WL REPLY UR ORDR WHN DETAILS RCVD.MATERIAL COST GOINGUP.PLS ADV IF MOR ORDRS FLWG.(telex)谢谢你方6月8日来电,收到详情后再答复你方订单。原料费用上升,请告随后是否还有更多订单。

3.WELCOME MR SCHMIDT N MR JEPPENSEN VISIT BEIJING FR TECHNICAL SERVICE 10TH SEPT.20-.PLS CONTACT OUR CONSULATE IN HOUSTON.TEN WORKING DAYS AHEAD OF SCHDL FR 30 DAYS VISA APPROVAL KINDLY LET US KNOW FLT NO.N DATE OF ARVL RGDS.(telex)欢迎密斯特先生和杰布逊先生于20-年9月10日来京进行技术服务。请按计划提前10个工作日与我驻休斯顿领事馆联系获准30天的签证事。请告知航班号及达到日期。致意。4.YTLX SEPT 10 SEWING MACHINES.PLS BE ADVD GDS R READY NV INTEND SHP BY SSTSINAN SLG LONDON SEPT30.PLS RUSH LC REACHING HERE BFR 15 OTHWS SHPT WL BE DELAYED AS ANOTHER VSL WL ONLY BE AVLBL AFTER ONE MNTH.BEST RGDS.(telex)你9月10日有关缝纫机额电传已收到。兹告知货已备妥,拟装9月30日驶往伦敦的济南轮。请速开证在15日前到达我方,否则将延误装期,因下条船只能过一个月才能租到。致意。5.We sincerely recommend you to accept our proposal as our stocks are getting lower day by day,and we are prepared to allow you a 2% discount on the above rate.(fax)我们真诚地劝告你方接受我们的建议,因为我们的库存逐日在减少。我方愿在上述价格上给予2%的折扣。

Unit 14

一、汉译英

1.在谈判过程中,美方提出为该工厂购买各种设备,这将会增加产量,提高质量和效能。

During the negotiation,the American partner has offered to purchase various equipment for the factory,which will increase its products,improve its quality and rise its efficiency.2.六个月后进口商寄来一份销售月报表,总计划成本50000美元。

Six months later the importer sent us a monthly account of sales showing a total US $50000.3.我们已空邮寄售商品的形式发票,注明你们推销商品应定的价格。

For the goods consigned to you we have airmailed a pro forma invoice showing prices at which the goods shall be offered for sale.4.如你方能将投标期限延长两个月至8月15日止,我方将不胜感激。

We would be most grateful and feel it great honor if you would be good enough to entertain our wish for the extension of the deadline by two months up to August 15.5.兹通知,ABC贸易公司将于8月15日上午9点开标购买5000公吨2006年产一等小麦,12月份交货。情报大连离岸价和纽约成本加运费价。

We wish to inform you that the ABC Trading Co.Intends to purchase 5000 metric tons grade No.1 wheat, 2006 crop, for December shipment through open tender at 9.00 a.m.on August 15,2006.Please send us your firm bid on FOB Dalian and C&F New York as soon as possible.6.据悉,贵公司准备就开发渤海石油进行投标。

We were told that your company is prepared to call for a bid for offshore oil exploration in the Bohai Sea.7.投标前我们需要了解招标条件的细节。

Before submitting the bid,we need to know all the details about the conditions for the bid.8.随函附上我公司同某美国公司所签补偿贸易协议副本一份,供参考。

For your information,we enclose a copy of our compensation trade agreement with an American firm.9.你公司对JB989复印机的效率进行了示范,给了我们很深的印象,现提出租赁5台JB989型号的复印机。

We were very impressed with the performance of your copier at the demonstration and wish to lease 5 JB989 Copiers.10.我方将另函寄送正式寄售合同一式两份,请签署后退回,以便会签。

Our formal consignment agreement in duplicate will be sent under separate cover.Please sign and return for counter signature.二、英译汉

1.If you agree to our proposal of a barter trade,we will give you chemical fertilizer in exchange for your wheat.如果你方同意易货贸易的建议,我方将用化肥与你方交换小麦。

2.The bid may be sent to:International Tendering Department,China National Technical Import Corporation, Erligou, Xijiao,Beijing, China 100044.标书可以寄到北京西郊二里沟中国技术进口公司国际招标部。邮政编码:100044.3.We have studied your proposal to receive a trial delivery of our silk garments on consignment 4.We have received your counter sample of the children’s coat but find the stitches are not so good as what we expected,which we feel can be easily solved if you use our machine Model BG-234.我方已收到你方对应童上衣样品,发现缝制不理想。如果使用我们的BG-234型缝纫机,相信此问题会很容易克服。

5.The cost of the 100 machines will be advanced by us and can be repaid by you by installments,plus freight and interest at xxx per annum.100机器的货款我方可事先垫付,你方可分期偿付货款和运费,我们每年收取xxx的利息。6.The fees of assembly for each set are RMB 200,not including insurance premium.装配费用为每台人民币200元,不包括保险费在内。

7.The arrangement will be for a trial period of twelve months and we shall pay you a commission of 5% on the next value of all sales against orders received through you.本和约定为12个月试用期。你放佣金以你方公司所接订单净值的5%计算。

8.Importation of advanced technology from aboard is a very effective way, a short cut, to boost our technological progress.This is also one of the aims of China’s open policy.从国外引进先进技术是促进技术进步的有限方法,是一条捷径。这也是中国开放政策的目的之一。

9.There are several ways of selling manufactured goods to foreign buyers.A manufacturer may sell direct to wholesalers.He may also set up his own offers or companies abroad.Alternatively he may sell to an export merchanting house.A third possibility is for the manufacturer to appoint foreign agents.向外商出售制成品的方式有很多。制造商可以直接出售给批发商或在国外设办事处或公司。他们也可以将或卖给出口商。第三种可能性是由制造商指定外商做代理。

篇3:英语国家概况课后题总结和答案

一、将思维导图引入教学符合建构主义的教学观与学习观

《英语国家概况》教材显著的特点是信息量大且更新快,专有名词多且阅读量大。传统的教学模式已经不能满足该课程的需要。为实现有效的教与学,教师在教学中应坚持以学生为主体,发挥学生学习的主观能动性,积极探究知识,形成有意义的知识建构。

把知识和思维过程图形化的思维导图是英国学者托尼·巴赞在1970年初所创,它是用图表来组织和阐述表达知识的工具。将思维导图引入教学与建构主义教学观和学习观是一致的。教学中教师提供思维导图,为新知识的构建提供概念框架,帮助学生将所学内容与原有认知结构中背景知识发生联系,促进有意义的学习。学生将新旧知识组织,使之结构化为今后知识的提取和吸收提供内容架构。

二、将思维导图引入教学实践能有效处理好教学过程中的各种关系

1. 能处理好点与面的关系和详与略的关系。

《英语国家概况》内容多、信息量大,其中涉及英语国家的史地、政治、经济和社会文化的各个方面且各点都要展开,就要做到点面结合。下面就本校使用教材《英语国家社会和文化概况》第一章“Land and People”英国部分作一介绍。

由于第一章介绍的内容多而杂,且关联性不强,在授课时将其分为八个要点,提供结构图,通过师生间讨论交流和各项活动将就各要点展开,从而做到点面结合。面对包罗万象的教学内容很难做到面面俱到,因此在教学中要把握好重点,处理好详与略的关系,如国家名称是重点,在介绍时要拓展开,教学时先让学生说出英国的名称,然后分别归类到official name和geographical name,再就正式名称中Ireland前为什么有Northern展开讨论,最后结合英国地图帮助学生对国家名称建立感性认知。但当讲到气候时,通过5分钟活动“想象英国绅士形象”,再由一把雨伞推导出英国气候特点changeable即可。思维导图通过个各节点及分支多少,清楚地反映出教学中点与面、详与略的结合。

2. 能处理好教和学的关系。

针对《英语国家概况》课程的特点,教师易采用“满堂灌”的方式,对每个国家进行详细的介绍,学生只需倾听,无需参与。显然这种不注重学生反馈的“填鸭式”教学不符合以人为本的教学理念。思维导图的引入确立了教师为主导,学生为主体的地位。教师通过思维导图给学生一个建构知识的“脚手架”,师生间共同交流,丰富思维导图结构和内容,展示从不同角度对同一主题的理解,实现教学方法和学习方式的转变,有效地平衡了教和学的关系。

三、将思维导图引入《英语国家概况》的教学模式特点

1. 支持互动式教学,在教学中,学生积极参与,教与学相辅相成。

将思维导图引入教学实践采用的教学模式是导入结构图—课堂讨论—总结(丰富结构图内容)。由于课程教材内容信息量大且更新快,要体现这门课程的现实性,课前教师提供导图框架,指导学生熟悉课本相关章节内容并同时浏览相关网站,学会用搜索引擎对关键词进行检索,阅读有关书籍、报刊。有了课前的准备和课堂上知识建构的支架,学生的认知结构始终处于激活状态,在师生间共同交流讨论的过程中,学生做到了在建构中学、协作中学。学生学到的不仅仅是知识,更多的是一种思维方式、一种探究知识的方法,同时学习的主动性和创造性也得到了提高。

2. 采用个性化考试方式,学习情况通过思维导图来反馈。

对于《英语国家概况》课程的考试,教师通常采用开卷或闭卷的方式,通过包含判断、选择、填空及回答问题等这样几种题型来检查学生对于英语国家史地、政治、经济、社会文化等方面知识的理解和掌握情况。确实卷面成绩在某种程度上反映了学生的学习情况,但多数学生为了应付考试一味死记硬背知识点,标准化的考试形式容易抑制学生的创造力和学习的积极性。我的做法是让学生从教材任意章节中自选主题展开,构建反映自身认知结构的思维导图,为生动反馈导图内容,各节点内容可由图片或视频音频材料支持,课堂上进行展示,评价方式采用自评、同学互评和教师评价相结合。学生在展示活动中相互学习,并且表现出极大的学习热情,在具有独特个性的思维导图作业中表现出学生丰富的想象力和创造力。

在将思维导图的引入教学的实践中,我感受到学生主动参与课堂的积极性在提高,在和学生讨论交流中,教师体会到教学相长的乐趣。但《英语国家概况》课程的特点决定仅仅提供架构知识的框架是不够的,教学中需借助多媒体网络教学等先进教学手段,集图、文、声、像于课堂之中,通过感官刺激激发学生的学习兴趣。总之,教师不管采用何种教学模式或采用何种教学手段都应让学生主动参与学习,使其主体的积极性得到充分发挥。

参考文献

[1]托尼.巴赞 (Tony Buzan) 著.李斯译.思维导图[M].北京:作家出版社, 1999.

[2]裴光钢.思维导图和外语教学[J].山东外语教学, 2007.2.

[3]刘安洪.关于英语国家概况课教学的思考[J].重庆教育学院报, 2004, (7) .

[4]张家荣.试论《英美概况》的教学改革[J].边疆经济与文化, 2005, (13) .

篇4:高中生物选修三课后题答案和提示

专题一 基因工程

1.1 DNA重组技术的基本工具

(一)思考与探究

1.限制酶在DNA的任何部位都能将DNA切开吗?以下是四种不同限制酶切割形成的DNA片段:(1)„CTGCA(2)„AC(3)GC„ „G „TG CG„(4)„G(5)G„(6)„GC „CTTAA ACGTC„ „CG(7)GT„(8)AATTC„ CA„ G„ 你是否能用DNA连接酶将它们连接起来? 答:2和7能连接形成„ACGT„

„TGCA„; 4和8能连接形成„GAATTC„

„CTTAAG„; 3和6能连接形成„GCGC„

„CGCG„; 1和5能连接形成„CTGCAG„

„GACGTC„。

2.联系你已有的知识,想一想,为什么细菌中限制酶不剪切细菌本身的DNA?

提示:迄今为止,基因工程中使用的限制酶绝大部分都是从细菌或霉菌中提取出来的,它们各自可以识别和切断DNA上特定的碱基序列。细菌中限制酶之所以不切断自身DNA,是因为微生物在长期的进化过程中形成了一套完善的防御机制,对于外源入侵的DNA可以降解掉。生物在长期演化过程中,含有某种限制酶的细胞,其DNA分子中或者不具备这种限制酶的识别切割序列,或者通过甲基化酶将甲基转移到所识别序列的碱基上,使限制酶不能将其切开。这样,尽管细菌中含有某种限制酶也不会使自身的DNA被切断,并且可以防止外源DNA的入侵。

3.天然的DNA分子可以直接用做基因工程载体吗?为什么?

提示:基因工程中作为载体使用的DNA分子很多都是质粒(plasmid),即独立于细菌拟核处染色体DNA之外的一种可以自我复制、双链闭环的裸露的DNA分子。是否任何质粒都可以作为基因工程载体使用呢?其实不然,作为基因工程使用的载体必需满足以下条件。

(1)载体DNA必需有一个或多个限制酶的切割位点,以便目的基因可以插入到载体上去。这些供目的基因插入的限制酶的切点所处的位置,还必须是在质粒本身需要的基因片段之外,这样才不至于因目的基因的插入而失活。

(2)载体DNA必需具备自我复制的能力,或整合到受体染色体DNA上随染色体DNA的复制而同步复制。(3)载体DNA必需带有标记基因,以便重组后进行重组子的筛选。

(4)载体DNA必需是安全的,不会对受体细胞有害,或不能进入到除受体细胞外的其他生物细胞中去。(5)载体DNA分子大小应适合,以便提取和在体外进行操作,太大就不便操作。

实际上自然存在的质粒DNA分子并不完全具备上述条件,都要进行人工改造后才能用于基因工程操作。

吗?若想将一个抗病基因导入单子叶植物,如小麦,从理论上说,你应该如何做?

提示:农杆菌可分为根瘤农杆菌和发根农杆菌,在植物基因工程中以根瘤农杆菌的Ti质粒介导的遗传转化最多。根瘤农杆菌广泛存在于双子叶植物中。据不完全统计,约有93属643种双子叶植物对根瘤农杆菌敏感。裸子植物对该菌也敏感。当这些植物被该菌侵染后会诱发肿瘤。近年来,也有报道该菌对单子叶植物也有侵染能力。

根瘤农杆菌侵染植物是一个非常复杂的过程。根瘤农杆菌具有趋化性,即植物的受伤组织会产生一些糖类和酚类物质吸引根瘤农杆菌向受伤组织集中。研究证明,主要酚类诱导物为乙酰丁香酮和羧基乙酰丁香酮,这些物质主要在双子叶植物细胞壁中合成,通常不存在于单子叶植物中,这也是单子叶植物不易被根瘤农杆菌侵染的原因。近年来还发现一些中性糖,如L-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖等也有诱导作用。酚类物质和糖类物质既可以作为根瘤农杆菌的趋化物,又可以作为农杆菌中Ti质粒上Vir区(毒性区)基因的诱导物,使Vir区基因活化,导致T-DNA的加工和转移,从而侵染植物细胞。

需要注意的是农杆菌中不同的菌株,侵染能力有差别,在基因工程中需要加以选择使用。利用农杆菌侵染单子叶植物进行遗传转化时,是需要加上述酚类物质的,同时单子叶植物种类不同,农杆菌侵染进行遗传转化的效果也有很大差异。

如果想将一个抗病毒基因转入小麦,也可以用农杆菌,但要注意两点:①要选择合适的农杆菌菌株,因为不是所有的农杆菌菌株都可以侵染单子叶植物;②要加趋化和诱导的物质,一般为乙酰丁香酮等,目的是使农杆菌向植物组织的受伤部位靠拢(趋化性)和激活农杆菌的Vir区(诱导)的基因,使T-DNA转移并插入到染色体DNA上。

3.利用大肠杆菌可以生产出人的胰岛素,联系前面有关细胞器功能的知识,结合基因工程操作程序的基本思路,思考一下,若要生产人的糖蛋白,可以用大肠杆菌吗?

提示:有些蛋白质肽链上有共价结合的糖链,这些糖链是在内质网和高尔基复合体上加工完成的,内质网和高尔基复合体存在于真核细胞中,大肠杆菌不存在这两种细胞器,因此,在大肠杆菌中生产这种糖蛋白是不可能的。

4.β-珠蛋白是动物血红蛋白的重要组成成分。当它的成分异常时,动物有可能患某种疾病,如镰刀形细胞贫血症。假如让你用基因工程的方法,使大肠杆菌生产出鼠的β-珠蛋白,想一想,应如何进行设计?

提示:基本操作如下:

(1)从小鼠中克隆出β-珠蛋白基因的编码序列(cDNA)。

(2)将cDNA前接上在大肠杆菌中可以适用的启动子,另外加上抗四环素的基因,构建成一个表达载体。(3)将表达载体导入无四环素抗性的大肠杆菌中,然后在含有四环素的培养基上培养大肠杆菌。如果表达载体未进入大肠杆菌中,大肠杆菌会因不含有抗四环素基因而死掉;如果培养基上长出大肠杆菌菌落,则表明β-珠蛋白基因已进入其中。

(4)培养进入了β-珠蛋白基因的大肠杆菌,收集菌体,破碎后从中提取β-珠蛋白。

(二)求异思维

你能推测出由mRNA反转录形成cDNA的过程大致分为哪些步骤吗?

提示:1970年,特明(H.M.Temin)和巴尔的摩(D.Baltimore)证实了RNA病毒中含有一种能将RNA转录成DNA的酶,这种酶被称为依赖RNA的DNA聚合酶,由于与中心法则中的从DNA到RNA的转录是反向的,所以称为反转录酶(reverse transcriptase)。

反转录酶既可以利用DNA又可以利用RNA作为模板合成与之互补的DNA链。像其他DNA聚合酶一样,反转录酶也以5′→3′方向合成DNA(图1-3)。

当于天然产品的十分之一,虽然在大肠杆菌中合成的β-干扰素量很多,但多数是以无活性的二聚体形式存在。为什么会这样?如何改变这种状况?研究发现,β-干扰素蛋白质中有3个半胱氨酸(第17位、31位和141位),推测可能是有一个或几个半胱氨酸形成了不正确的二硫键。研究人员将第17位的半胱氨酸,通过基因定点突变改变成丝氨酸,结果使大肠杆菌中生产的β-干扰素的抗病性活性提高到108 U/mg,并且比天然β-干扰素的贮存稳定性高很多。

在基础理论研究方面,蛋白质工程是研究多种蛋白质的结构和功能、蛋白质折叠、蛋白质分子设计等一系列分子生物学基本问题的一种新型的、强有力的手段。通过对蛋白质工程的研究,可以深入地揭示生命现象的本质和生命活动的规律。

2.蛋白质工程操作程序的基本思路与基因工程有什么不同?

答:基因工程是遵循中心法则,从DNA→mRNA→蛋白质→折叠产生功能,基本上是生产出自然界已有的蛋白质。蛋白质工程是按照以下思路进行的:确定蛋白质的功能→蛋白质应有的高级结构→蛋白质应具备的折叠状态→应有的氨基酸序列→应有的碱基排列,可以创造自然界不存在的蛋白质。3.你知道酶工程吗?绝大多数酶都是蛋白质,酶工程与蛋白质工程有什么区别?

提示:酶工程就是指将酶所具有的生物催化作用,借助工程学的手段,应用于生产、生活、医疗诊断和环境保护等方面的一门科学技术。概括地说,酶工程是由酶制剂的生产和应用两方面组成的。酶工程的应用主要集中于食品工业、轻工业以及医药工业中。α-淀粉酶、葡萄糖淀粉酶和葡萄糖异构酶这三个酶连续作用于淀粉,就可以代替蔗糖生产出高果糖浆;蛋白酶用于皮革脱毛胶以及洗涤剂工业;固定化酶还可以治疗先天性缺酶病或是器官缺损引起的某些功能的衰竭等。至于我们日常生活中所见到的加酶洗衣粉、嫩肉粉等,就更是酶工程最直接的体现了。通常所说的酶工程是用工程菌生产酶制剂,而没有经过由酶的功能来设计酶的分子结构,然后由酶的分子结构来确定相应基因的碱基序列等步骤。因此,酶工程的重点在于对已存酶的合理充分利用,而蛋白质工程的重点则在于对已存在的蛋白质分子的改造。当然,随着蛋白质工程的发展,其成果也会应用到酶工程中,使酶工程成为蛋白质工程的一部分。

(二)正文中讨论题

某多肽链的一段氨基酸序列是:„—丙氨酸—色氨酸—赖氨酸—甲硫氨酸—苯丙氨酸—„ 讨论:(1)怎样得出决定这一段肽链的脱氧核苷酸序列?请把相应的碱基序列写出来。(2)确定目的基因的碱基序列后,怎样才能合成或改造目的基因(DNA)?

答:(1)每种氨基酸都有对应的三联密码子,只要查一下遗传密码子表,就可以将上述氨基酸序列的编码序列查出来。但是由于上述氨基酸序列中有几个氨基酸是由多个三联密码子编码,因此其碱基排列组合起来就比较复杂,至少可以排列出16种,可以让学生根据学过的排列组合知识自己排列一下。首先应该根据三联密码子推出mRNA序列为GCU(或C或A或G)UGGAAA(或G)AUGUUU(或C),再根据碱基互补配对规律推出脱氧核苷酸序列:CGA(或G或T或C)ACCTTT(或C)TACAAA(或G)。

(2)确定目的基因的碱基序列后,就可以根据人类的需要改造它,通过人工合成的方法或从基因库中获取。

(三)异想天开

能不能根据人类需要的蛋白质的结构,设计相应的基因,导入合适的细菌中,让细菌生产人类所需要的蛋白质食品呢?

提示:理论上讲可以,但目前还没有真正成功的例子。一些报道利用细菌生产人类需要的蛋白质往往都是自然界已经存在的蛋白质,并非完全是人工设计出来而自然不存在的蛋白质。主要原因是蛋白质的高级结构非常复杂,人类对蛋白质的高级结构和在生物体内如何行使功能知之甚少,很难设计出一个崭新而又具有生命功能作用的蛋白质,而且一个崭新的蛋白质会带来什么危害也是人们所担心的。

(二)正文中讨论题 【实验 胡萝卜的组织培养】

1.在组织培养实验中,为什么要强调所用器械的灭菌和实验人员的无菌操作?

提示:植物组织培养中用到的培养基含有丰富的营养成分,有利于培养物的生长,然而各种杂菌同样也可以在上面迅速生长,所以植物组织培养过程中污染现象经常发生。培养基一旦被污染,迅速生长的各种杂菌不但会和培养物争夺营养,而且这些杂菌生长的过程中会生成大量对培养物有害的物质,导致培养物迅速死亡。

造成培养基污染的因素有很多,一般包括:外植体带菌、培养瓶和各种器械灭菌不彻底、操作人员操作不规范等。所以在组织培养实验中用到的植物材料和各种器械都要进行彻底地灭菌,实验人员操作一定要规范,避免带入杂菌。

2.在本实验中,切取胡萝卜块根时强调要切取含有形成层部分,原因是这部分容易诱导形成愈伤组织。请思考一下,胡萝卜的其他部分(如茎、叶、花),是否也能培养成小植株,你能用实验的方法进行验证吗?

提示:胡萝卜的其他部分(如茎、叶、花)也能培养再生形成小植株,只是诱导愈伤组织比较困难。可以让学生参考利用胡萝卜根进行组织培养的实验,尝试设计出利用胡萝卜的茎、叶、花进行组织培养的实验流程。3.请根据上面的实验过程,概括出植物组织培养技术的流程简图。

提示:

提示:针对植物种类和土壤等条件,在人工种子的包裹剂中还可以加入适量的养分、无机盐、有机碳源以及农药、抗生素、有益菌等。为了促进胚状体的生长发育,还可以向人工种皮中加入一些植物生长调节剂。4.高效抗癌的药物紫杉醇,虽然能造福人类,但却为濒危的红豆杉带来一场灭顶之灾。以“我们能否利用植物组织培养技术大量生产紫杉醇,从而拯救红豆杉”为题,与同学展开讨论,说出植物组织培养技术在节约资源、保护环境方面的重要意义。

提示:可以利用植物组织培养技术来大量生产紫杉醇。现在国内外的科学家们正在研究利用植物细胞培养技术来大量培育红豆杉细胞,希望利用这种方法来大量生产紫杉醇。国内外许多实验室开展了用组织培养法生产紫杉醇的研究,红豆杉属的11种植物现都在进行组织培养。ESC Agenetics公司宣布他们用细胞培养法所得紫杉醇的含量是树皮的2~5倍。国内外在分化细胞株系和培养条件方面做了不少工作,摸索了外植体、光照、培养基组成等因素对细胞培养及紫杉醇生成的影响。现在工艺条件已基本摸清,正研究反应的放大技术等,有望实现通过细胞培养进行工业化生产紫杉醇的目标。2.2 动物细胞工程

2.2.1动物细胞培养和核移植技术

(一)思考与探究

1.幼龄与老龄动物的组织细胞比较,分化程度低的与分化程度高的组织细胞比较,哪一种更易于培养?思考一下,这是什么道理?

提示:细胞的衰老与动物机体的衰老有着密切的关系,细胞的增殖能力与供体的年龄有关,幼龄动物细胞增殖能力强,有丝分裂旺盛,老龄动物则相反。所以,一般来说幼年动物的组织细胞比老年动物的组织细胞易于培养。同样,组织细胞的分化程度越低,则增殖能力越强,所以更容易培养。2.动物细胞培养要经过脱分化的过程吗?为什么?

提示:脱分化又称去分化,是指分化细胞失去特有的结构和功能变为具有未分化细胞特性的过程。植物的任何一部分,甚至单个细胞都具有长成完整植株的能力。但要发育成完整植株,必须先脱分化,脱分化的细胞具有发育成任何组织的能力,然后进行再分化,形成完整植株。植物细胞培养主要用于农林生产中的作物、苗木育种,快速繁育种苗、培育无病毒植株等,这就要求植物的组织或细胞先进行脱分化。动物细胞的培养有各种用途,一般而言,动物细胞培养不需经过脱分化过程。因高度分化的动物细胞发育潜能变窄,失去了发育成完整个体的能力,所以,动物细胞也就没有类似植物组织或细胞培养时的脱分化过程了。要想使培养的动物细胞定向分化,通常采用定向诱导动物干细胞,使其分化成所需要的组织或器官。

3.1997年,美国威斯康星州的一个奶牛场有一头名叫卢辛达(Lucinda)的奶牛,年产奶量为30.8 t,创造了世界奶牛产奶量最高新纪录。目前世界各国高产奶牛场奶牛,年平均产奶量一般为十几吨,而我国奶牛产奶量年平均水平仅为3~4 t。

(1)能利用体细胞核移植技术克隆高产奶牛卢辛达吗?请说明理由。

提示:可以用体细胞核移植技术克隆高产奶牛卢辛达。卢辛达的产奶量很高,说明它有高产奶的遗传基础,利用卢辛达的体细胞克隆的奶牛其遗传物质基本上全部来自该奶牛,其克隆牛具有高产的遗传基础,如果精心培育和饲养,有可能在世界范围内推广,克隆牛再与高产的公牛自然繁殖,可得到很多高产的后代,从而加快奶牛改良进程。

但同时需注意,该克隆牛不能无限制地推广,其数量不宜过多,尤其是在小范围内不能无限的繁殖,以避免奶牛群出现近亲繁殖而引起种质衰退。

(2)如果将克隆高产奶牛卢辛达的任务交给你,你将如何对它进行克隆?

提示:首先从卢辛达耳朵(也可用别的组织、器官,耳朵在活体上容易取)上剪取一小块组织,在体外培

是细胞合成蛋白质的基本成分,其中有些氨基酸动物细胞本身不能合成(称为必需氨基酸),必须由培养液提供。血清激素有胰岛素、生长激素等及多种生长因子(如表皮生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、类胰岛素生长因子等);血清还含有多种未知的促细胞生长因子、促贴附因子及其他活性物质,能促进细胞的生长、增殖和贴附。因此,细胞培养时,要保证细胞能够顺利生长和增殖,一般需添加10%~20%的血清。2.2.2动物细胞融合与单克隆抗体 思考与探究

1.植物体细胞杂交技术与动物细胞融合技术有什么不同?

提示:植物体细胞杂交技术与动物细胞融合技术基本相同,不同的是植物体细胞融合前需去掉细胞壁,然后再融合;动物细胞融合是两个体细胞直接融合。

2.制备单克隆抗体时,为什么要选用B淋巴细胞和骨髓瘤细胞融合形成杂交瘤细胞?

提示:哺乳动物感染抗原后,其体内会形成相应的B淋巴细胞,B淋巴细胞能分泌相应的抗体凝聚或杀死这些抗原。动物在免疫反应的过程中,每一种B淋巴细胞能分泌一种特异性抗体,要想获得大量的特异性抗体,必须使能分泌该单一抗体的B淋巴细胞大量增殖。B淋巴细胞具有产生单一抗体的能力,但不能在体外增殖;骨髓瘤细胞是一种癌细胞,它能在体外培养条件下无限增殖,但不能产生抗体。因此,把一种B淋巴细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,产生杂交瘤细胞,它会兼有两个亲本细胞的特性──在体外培养条件下能不断增殖,同时能产生出某种特异性的抗体。

专题三 胚胎工程

3.1 体内受精和早期胚胎发育

(一)思考与探究

1.以精子的运行途径为线索,设计一幅简图,来说明哺乳动物的受精过程。

提示:哺乳动物的受精过程主要包括精子穿越放射冠、透明带、进入卵黄膜、原核形成和配子融合等步骤(详见教材中的受精过程)。

2.哺乳动物精子和卵子的发生主要有哪些相似点或不同点?

相似之处:细胞分裂的最初阶段为有丝分裂,不断增加生殖原细胞的数量;经过两次减数分裂(M I和M II)才能形成精子或卵子。

不同之处:由一个精原细胞分裂最后可产生多个精子;一个卵原细胞最后只能生成一个卵子。精子的形状为蝌蚪状;卵子为球形。多数哺乳动物卵子的形成和在卵巢内的贮备是在胎儿出生前完成。

3.当你了解到精子需要获能,受精过程中有防止多精入卵的现象时,你是否提出过这样的问题:精子在雌性生殖道内是如何获能的?防止多精入卵的两道防线的形成机制究竟是什么?

精液由精子和精清(精浆)两部分组成。精清中含有一种能抑制精子获能的物质,因此,在一般情况下,精液中的精子无法获能。只有当交配后精液进入雌性动物的生殖道时,由生殖道分泌产生一种物质解除对精子获能的抑制,才能引起精子获能。精子在雌性动物生殖道内获能的部位因种类而异,但主要是子宫和输卵管。

防止多精入卵主要通过透明带反应和卵黄膜封闭作用两道屏障。在受精过程中,当精子穿越透明带触及卵黄膜时,透明带会立即封闭,阻止后来的精子进入透明带,可看作是防止多精受精的第一道屏障。而精子入卵后,卵黄膜会立即拒绝其他精子再进入卵内,可看作是防止多精受精的第二道屏障。其生理、生化机制,请参阅有关专著。

(二)正文中讨论题 【精子的发生】

1.家畜每次射精排出的精子数以亿计,但是通常只有一个精子能够与卵子结合,这能说是一种浪费吗?怎样理

1答:① 对供、受体母畜进行选择,并进行同期发情处理;③ 配种或人工授精;④ 收集胚胎;⑥ 胚胎移植;⑦ 对受体母畜进行是否妊娠的检查。

(2)应该怎样选择供体公、母牛和受体母牛?在②中,为什么要用促性腺激素处理供体母牛,在促性腺激素处理供体母牛前,为什么需要对供体和受体母牛进行同期发情处理?

答:供体公、母牛应该是具有人类所需的优良遗传性状的个体,而受体母牛必须具有正常的孕育、生殖后代的能力;需要用促性腺激素处理供体母牛是为了引起超数排卵,这样就可以获得较多的胚胎;在促性腺激素处理供体母牛前,对供体和受体母牛进行同期发情处理,才能使它们的生理条件达到同步或一致,使供体的胚胎移入受体后有相同或相似的生存条件。

(3)在右侧的流程图中,哪一步需要进行冲卵?冲卵是把母畜的卵子冲出来吗?

答:第④步需要进行冲卵,冲卵是指将供体母畜体内的受精卵冲出来,而不是把卵子冲出来。(4)用胚胎移植繁育良种种畜具有哪些实用意义?

提示:胚胎移植可充分发挥雌性优秀个体的繁殖潜力。具体表现为:缩短了供体本身的繁殖周期,同时通过超数排卵处理和胚胎移植可获得比自然繁殖多十几倍到几十倍的后代。

可在短期大幅度增加优良个体母畜和公畜的后代数量,迅速扩大良种畜群,加速育种和品种改良工作。经冷冻保存的胚胎可进行国内和国际交换,代替活畜的引种或进出口。

通过胚胎移植可以人为生产双胎或多胎。可以通过保存胚胎来保存品种资源和濒危动物。

(二)正文中讨论题

1.在胚胎移植操作中,怎样才能使胚胎在移植前后所处的生理环境保持一致?例如,供、受体的发情时间要一致吗?供体胚胎移入受体子宫的位置,应与在供体内的位置相同或相似吗?

答:应对供体和受体母畜进行同期发情处理,使它们的生理条件达到同步或一致,这样才能使供体的胚胎移入受体后有相同或相似的生存条件,这是胚胎移植成功与否的关键。因此,必须做到供、受体母畜的发情时间一致。同时还要做到移入受体子宫胚胎的位置应该与其在供体内的位置相同或相似,移入胚胎一侧的受体子宫角对应的卵巢必须有黄体存在。

2.胚胎移植实质上是早期胚胎在相同生理环境条件下空间位置的转移。你认为这样的概括正确吗?

答:胚胎移植成功率的高低与供、受体生理环境条件一致性密切相关。只有供、受体生理环境高度一致,移入受体的胚胎才能被接受,并继续发育。所以我们可以把胚胎移植简单概括为早期胚胎在相同生理环境条件下空间位置的转移。这样的概括是正确的。

(三)旁栏思考题

对囊胚阶段的胚胎进行分割时,为什么要将内细胞团均等分割?

提示:内细胞团一般到囊胚阶段才出现,它是发育为胚胎本身的基础细胞,其他细胞为滋养细胞,只为胚胎和胎儿发育提供营养。若分割时不能将内细胞团均等分割,会出现含内细胞团多的部分正常发育的能力强,少的部分发育受阻或发育不良,甚至不能发育等问题。

专题四 生物技术的安全性和伦理问题

4.1 转基因生物的安全性

(一)正文中讨论题

【论坛1】3.我国为了保证转基因食物的安全性,都采取了哪些监控和预防措施?

答:(1)立法是监控农业转基因生物安全的有力措施。例如,中国已制定了《农业生物基因工程安全管理实施办法》(1996年)、《转基因农产品安全管理临时措施》(2002年)和《农业转基因生物标识管理办法》(200

2-13【热点问题讨论1】

2.伦理学家和科学家看待克隆人的角度有什么不同?

提示:伦理学家主要是从伦理学、社会学和心理学角度看问题,而科学家更多的是从科学的可行性和科学意义的角度看问题。

4.你愿意被科学家克隆吗?为什么?

提示:参见教科书中的内容,可以从科学角度、伦理角度和社会需求角度讨论,现在不宜克隆人。我国明确禁止生殖性克隆人,一再重申的四不原则,体现了中国大多数人的价值观取向。5.克隆人如果真的来到人间,你认为应该怎样正确对待他们?

提示:到时候我们恐怕并没有必要去追究他是出于什么目的被克隆出来的,也没有必要去争论该成果有什么科学价值,而应该把克隆人当作我们社会中的一个普通成员,尊重他的人权、人格。要用他做实验时,必须征得他自愿同意,绝不能伤害他的身心健康。社会应该以平常心态看待克隆人,使克隆人获得和我们一样的生存和发展的条件。目前,克隆动物还那么困难,克隆人更加不易,当世界上有那么几个克隆人来到人间时,他们并不会破坏我们正常的生活秩序。【热点问题讨论2】

1.你是否支持设计试管婴儿?为什么?

提示:设计试管婴儿只是在特定背景下的一种应急措施,需要经过国家有关部门严格审批。它不宜推广,并要严防滥用。

2.为什么捐出一部分骨髓救治他人,不会给捐献者的身体健康造成损伤?你愿意为救人一命而捐献自己一部分骨髓吗?为什么?

提示:(1)所谓捐献骨髓,实际上医生只是从你的骨髓中分离出一部分造血干细胞供移植。因为造血干细胞在人的骨髓中相对较多,而在外周血液中却很少。

(2)干细胞的一个重要特点是自我更新能力很强,被分离走的那部分造血干细胞,很快就会被“补齐”。因此捐献骨髓不会影响捐献者身体健康。

(3)医生只是在医学公认的安全条件下,分离出捐献者有限数量的造血干细胞,而且整个抽取、分离过程,都是在设备良好的大医院中进行的,一般不会对捐献者造成意外伤害。

(4)捐献有限造血干细胞救人一命,对个人来说是一种美德、一种欣慰和快乐,是一种高尚的人道主义表现。【热点问题讨论3】

1.你愿意获得一张自己的基因身份证吗?为什么?

提示:(1)现在要对个人所有基因进行检测,是不现实的。因为现在有不少基因还没得到确定。即使只是对个别或少数基因进行检测,也并不是每个人都需要的。现在西方国家对某几种致病基因进行筛检时,接受测定的人也只是有这类遗传病家族史的个人,或这类疾病的高危个人。目的是使他们能及早采取防范措施,如养成良好生活习惯、定期检查身体、适时手术等。

(2)有某种致病基因,并不一定就会患病。患某种疾病,往往不是由单一原因引起的。况且已知人的很多疾病是多基因病,它是由遗传因素和环境因素共同决定的。如果有良好的生活习惯等,往往可以使人避免患上某些遗传性疾病。

(3)有许多疾病,测定其致病基因是相当困难的。因此科学家认为不如测定其所表达的蛋白质更为快捷、有效。

(4)基因检测给受试者造成的心理负担或压力必须考虑到。特别是给出似是而非的结论之后,往往会使受试者无所适从。

5提示:根本原因:长江上游乱砍滥伐森林,水源涵养和水土保持功能急剧降低,造成大量泥沙淤积河道;中游围湖造田、乱占河道,造成具有蓄洪作用的湖泊面积急剧减少。

直接原因:1998的罕见降雨。但这也与全球温室气体排放量增加而导致的温度升高、气候异常有关。解决长江洪水泛滥的措施有:我国政府提出的“积极营造长江中上游水源涵养林和水土保持林”计划,即以生物措施为主,结合工程措施,提高森林覆盖率;“退耕还湖”和改革不合理耕作方式等。

在进行生态工程建设时,要考虑到怎样解决农村(尤其是湖区或山区的迁出人员)的能源来源问题以及如何提高农民的经济收入。

2.洪灾的发生反映出经济发展模式存在什么问题?

提示:传统的经济发展模式不注重生态环境的保护,没有考虑生态成本,经济的发展以巨大的生态环境破坏为代价。

【“关注生态工程建设”资料分析2】 1.你对“石油农业”是如何理解的?

提示:“石油农业”大量使用化肥、农药和机械的生产方式,因对石油等能源有高度的依赖性而得名。它把农业生产这一复杂的生物过程,变成了简单的机械过程和化学过程。由于其投入高,产出也高,对粮食安全保障和提高人民生活水平起到了巨大的作用,但同时它所产生的废弃物和有害物质的数量也很庞大,大大削弱了农业生态系统的稳定性和持续生产力,并造成日益严重的农产品污染和环境污染等问题。2.你能举出一些农业生产活动对人体健康以及环境造成危害的实例吗?

提示:除日常生活中能够发现的实例外,农业活动对环境和人类健康造成危害的实例中,世界上影响较大的有蓝婴病。1973年,美国内布拉斯加州首次出现幼儿高铁血红蛋白症(蓝婴病)。其原因是饮用水中硝酸盐含量超过10 mg/L,这时过多的硝酸盐会与红细胞中的血色素结合,形成高铁血红蛋白。高铁血红蛋白不能为细胞和组织运输足够的氧。患儿的临床症状是在口、手或脚等部位出现时断时续的蓝色或淡紫色,呼吸困难、腹泻、呕吐、抽搐,严重的会失去知觉,甚至死亡。硝酸盐来源于点源污染,如下水道、畜禽养殖场等,或非点源污染,如对农田、公园、草地等的施肥。3.如何理解“污染物是放错地方的资源”这句话?

提示:对环境造成危害的污染物,采用一定的措施和技术,就能够进行回收和循环利用,这样不但能够减少环境污染,而且提高了资源的利用效率,减少了资源的浪费。例如,对废污水中的重金属或氮、磷等养分就可以进行回收再利用。因此说污染物是放错了地方没有被利用的资源。4.石油农业的生产模式应当怎样改进?

提示:在不同的国家有不同的改进措施。例如,在我国,人多地少,应该大力发展生态农业。实施的具体措施包括:可以根据田间作物的需要适量施用高效、低毒、低残留的农药,多施有机肥,提高作物对水、肥等资源的利用效率,对作物秸秆和畜禽粪便进行再利用,实现物质的多级利用,等等。一方面要不断提高土地的产出水平;另一方面要减少农业活动对环境的污染,促进社会的可持续发展。【“物种多样性原理”资料分析】

1.为什么樟子松林的松毛虫会肆虐,几十亿株杨树会毁于一旦?而珊瑚礁区却能够在养分稀少的深海中,保持着很高的生物多样性?

提示:纯樟子松林、杨树林的生物多样性低,食物链短而单调,缺少松毛虫、天牛的天敌,而成片单一的林木又为其提供了丰富的食物来源,因而会导致了树林的毁坏。

珊瑚礁区的生物多样性高,食物链复杂,不同的生物占据了不同的时间位、空间位和资源位,因而充分利用了珊瑚礁生态系统的环境。例如,氮、磷等养分就能够在该区生物体间充分地循环利用而很少流出系统外。

7提示: 21世纪是实现我国农业现代化的关键历史阶段,现代化的农业应该是高效的生态农业。沼气工程把农业生产、农村经济发展和生态环境保护、资源高效利用融为一体,不仅较好地解决了农村的能源来源问题,而且实现了废弃物的再循环利用和资源化,创造了新的生态产业,如沼气设施的建设和维护,促进了以农牧结合为中心的多种经营,从而为农村剩余劳动力提供了就业机会,促进了农村的综合发展。2.目前沼气工程还有哪些亟待解决的问题?

提示:目前沼气工程存在的问题有:北方地区沼气产气在冬天不稳定,需要加热;沼气的一次性投资较大,相当部分的农民财力有困难;对沼气的研究较薄弱,例如,对发酵过程中有关微生物及一些酶的研究。应当加强这方面的研究,以促进沼气工程的推广。5.2 生态工程的实例和发展前景 答案与提示

(一)思考与探究

1.分析朝鲜三八线的资料(具体资料见教材),说明它所蕴涵的意义。

提示:生态工程的恢复作用是有限的,不能认为只要有了生态工程,就可以先污染,后治理。人类迄今尚没有能力完全模拟出自然的生态系统。自然生态系统发展到今天已经过几十亿年的进化,每平方公里每年的无形服务价值高达6.4万美元,而为了达到同样的效果,用人工制造和模拟的办法,人类至少要花费10亿美元还不尽如人意。

另一方面,自然生态系统具有相当的自我恢复能力,我们在生态工程建设中应该积极利用自然生态系统的这种能力,以节省投资。

2.在我国北方地区,由于冬天气温很低,会导致农作物不能生长,家畜生长缓慢,甚至停止,沼气池不能正常产气;而农民要解决蔬菜的不间断生产问题。很显然,大量使用造价昂贵、并用燃料加热的玻璃温室是不符合我国国情的。你能用所学知识,设计一种生态工程,来较好地解决上述问题吗?请在画出其物质和能量结构图的基础上,说明你所依据的生态工程原理。

提示:(以下为参考答案,可让同学们进行其他设计)

教材中“四位一体”的图所示为近年来出现在我国北方农区的一种生态工程类型,它较好地解决了习题中所述问题。“四位”指沼气池、猪禽舍、厕所及日光温室四部分,是庭院经济与生态农业相结合的一种生产模式。它的运行原理为:日光温室的增温效应可使蔬菜等作物在冬天也能正常生长;同时也使猪禽免受严寒而快速生长;温室内的植物为动物提供氧气,同时吸收二氧化碳;人、猪、禽的粪尿及蔬菜废弃物和秸秆等物质投入沼气池产气,同时温室的高温也提高了沼气在冬天的产气稳定性;沼液和沼渣又是蔬菜的良好肥料,有助于减少蔬菜的病虫害,提高蔬菜的产量和质量。

“四位一体”充分应用了物质循环和生物多样性等原理,提高了单位土地面积的产出,同时减少了环境污染,大大提高了农业的综合效益。“四位一体”的物质循环见下图:

9恢复植被;山腰、荒地等土壤,虽然水分条件较好,但是仍不适宜种植农作物,对于这样的地方可以自然恢复,也可以人为种植适宜的林木、草或果树等,加快植被恢复速度,这样既能降低土壤侵蚀,又能创造一定的经济效益;对沟底而言,应建设堤坝系统,它可以蓄水和淤积土地,还能够减少山体的崩塌和滑坡,保证人民的生命财产安全;对坡地和山脚农田来说,土壤、水分条件良好,交通也较方便,土地生产力高,适宜种植农作物来解决人们的粮食和收入等问题,但是在坡地上要水平梯田种植,以减少水土流失。根据不同的地形采取不同的措施,既要考虑到生态效益,又要考虑到人们的生活和收入问题,这体现了生态工程协调与平衡、因地制宜的原理和思想。

3.从这一案例看,当地是怎么做到经济效益与生态效益相统一的?这一模式在其他小流域能够照搬吗?

提示:上题分析中已解答了经济效益与生态效益的统一问题。这种模式在其他小流域不能照搬,还是要因地制宜地进行生态工程建设,不同气候带、不同自然条件和不同经济发展水平的地区,其生态工程的模式应各具特色。

【大区域生态系统恢复工程──“三北”防护林案例】

1.国家为什么投入巨大的人力和物力兴建三北防护林工程?这一工程为什么需要如此漫长的时间?

提示:三北防护林跨越中国13个省、直辖市、自治区,对我国具有重要的意义:生态环境的质量关系到这一地区人民的生产和生活问题,对维护社会稳定具有重要意义;更重要的是,这一地区的生态环境关系到下游地区人民的生产、生活和经济发展,如黄河上游的水土流失容易导致下游地区的洪水泛滥,而危害巨大的沙尘暴的发生也与这一地区的土地沙漠化关系密切;同时这里自然矿产资源丰富,对我国的经济发展和国家安全具有重要战略意义。

这一地区区域广阔,气候、自然条件复杂,总体经济发展水平较低等情况也决定了这个工程需要较长的时间,非一朝一夕之功。

2.这一工程横跨多个省区,根据协调与平衡原理和生物多样性原理,不同地区在造林设计上应当注意什么问题?

提示:首先应考虑树种的生态适应性问题,种植适宜品种,宜林则林,宜灌则灌,宜草则草;其次要考虑树种的多样性,保证防护林体系的稳定性;不同地区应根据当地情况采取不同的策略,如条件恶劣的地区应该结合自然恢复力,而农区的防护林中农田防护林网可能占较大比重。【湿地生态恢复工程案例】 1.当初人们为什么要围湖造田?

提示:主要原因:我国历来人多地少,在“以粮为纲”的年代,围湖造田,种植农作物,以生产更多的粮食;片面强调经济发展,没有认识到湖泊的巨大生态调节功能也是重要原因。

2.为什么说“退耕还湖”是一项巨大的系统工程?实施这一工程面临的主要困难是什么?

提示:退耕还湖不仅包括退耕地为湖区,还包括退耕后湖区上游以及湖区周围的生态环境保护工作;更重要的是原耕地上居民的迁移,要解决迁出居民的生活和就业等问题,这是退耕还湖工程的主要困难。3.地处湖区上游的人们对湿地恢复生态工程负有什么责任?

提示:保护环境,减少水土流失和水污染。例如,减少工厂、生活污水往水体中的排放,农田中减少化肥和农药的施用量等。

【矿区废弃地的生态恢复工程案例】

1.在这一案例中,恢复植被的措施是植树和种草,为什么不是种植农作物?

篇5:英语翻译第二章课后题参考答案

1.delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤

2.delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器

3.delicate living奢侈的生活

4.delicate health虚弱的身体

5.delicate stomach容易吃坏的胃

6.delicate vase易碎的花瓶

7.delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交关系

8.delicate difference 细微的差别

9.delicate surgical operation复杂的/难做的外科手术

10.delicate sense of smell灵敏的嗅觉

11.delicate touch 生花妙笔

12.delicate food美味的食物

Task 2

1.申请书 letter of application

2.报告书 report

3.协议书 agreement

4.说明书 directions/instruction

5.旅行委托书 booking form

6.成交确认书 sales confirmation

7.电视机使用说明书 TV operation guide

8.白皮书 white book/statement, document

9.家书 letter(from)home

10.文凭/毕业证书 diploma/degree certificate

Task 3

1.他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。

A little flattery would set him carried away.2.答英语卷越认真越好。

You can never be too careful in answering an English paper.3.公费吃喝是群众反映强烈的不良之风之一。

Sumptuous banquets, financed by state money, have long been a bane on Chinese society.4.要筹集2万5千英磅她完全无力办得到。

The raising of twenty-five thousand pounds was a task altogether beyond her powers.5.不屑于干自己工作的人终有一天会发现自己不配干那份工作。

The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.6.有钱能使鬼推磨。

Money can make a mare go.7.他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。

He has a strong dislike for the sentimental.8.你认为我幼稚可欺吗?

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