微观经济学试题英文版

2024-04-10

微观经济学试题英文版(精选6篇)

篇1:微观经济学试题英文版

P:价格PriceQ:数量NumberD:需求DemandS供给SupplyE:均衡(或期望)Equilibrium效用UtilityTU:Total utility总效用MU:Marginal utility边际效用CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余 MRS:商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL:劳动力LaborTP:总产量 AP:平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率STC:短期总成本土地(Land)成本(Capital)边际效用(Marginal utility)利润(Profit)长期(Long run)TFC:总不变成本Total fixed costTVC:总可变成本Total variable costTC:总成本Total costAFC:平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC:平均可变成本Average variable cost)AC:平均总成本Average total cost平均成本(Average cost)MC:边际成本Marginal costLTC:长期总成本Long run total costLAC:长期平均成本Long run average costSAC:短期平均成本Short run average cost LMC:长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC:短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR:总收益Total revenueAR:平均收益Average revenue MR:边际收益Marginal revenue MP:边际产品(Marginal product)VMP:边际产品价值Value of the marginal product MRP:边际收益产品Marginal revenue product MFC:边际要素成本Marginal cost of factor PEP:价格扩展线Price line extension

篇2:微观经济学试题英文版

1.If the world price of a product is higher than a country’s domestic price we know that country a.should import that product.b.should no longer produce that product.c.has a comparative advantage in that product.d.could benefit by imposing a tariff on that product.2.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of trade? a.an increased variety of goods b.lower costs through economies of scale c.increased competition d.an ability to control domestic and world prices 3.When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producers a.gain and domestic consumers lose.b.lose and domestic consumers gain.c.and domestic consumers both gain.d.and domestic consumers both lose.4.The world price of yo-yo’s is $4.00 each.The pre-trade price of yo-yo’s in Taiwan is $3.50 each.If Taiwan allows trade in yo-yo’s we know that Taiwan will a.import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.b.import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.c.export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.d.export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.5.When a country moves from a free trade position and imposes a tariff on imports, this causes a.a decrease in total surplus in the market.b.a decrease in producer surplus in the market.c.an increase in consumer surplus in the market.d.a decrease in revenue to the government.6.A tariff and an import quota will both a.increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.b.increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.c.reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.d.reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.7.The major difference between tariffs and import quotas is that a.tariffs create deadweight losses, but import quotas do not.b.tariffs help domestic consumers, and import quotas help domestic producers.c.tariffs raise revenue for the government, but import quotas create a surplus for import license holders.d.All of the above are correct.8.According to the graph, consumer surplus in this market before trade would be a.A.b.B + C.c.A + B + D.d.C.9.According to the graph, consumer surplus in this market after trade would be a.A.b.C + B.c.A + B + D.d.B + C + D.10.According to the graph, the change in total surplus in this market because of trade is a.A b.B c.C d.D

参考答案:

1.c

2.d

3.a

4.c

5.a

6.c

7.c

8.a

9.c

10.d

第十章自测题:

1.An externality is the impact of a.society’s decisions on the well-being of society.b.a person’s actions on that person’s well-being.c.one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.d.society’s decisions on the well-being of one person in the society 2.If education produces positive externalities we would expect a.government to tax education.b.government to subsidize education.c.people to realize the benefits and therefore cause demand for education to increase.d.colleges to relax admission requirements.3.When a negative externality exists in a market the cost to producers a.is greater than the cost to society.b.will be the same as the cost to society.c.will be less than the cost to society.d.and society will be different regardless of whether an externality is present.4.Internalizing an externality refers to making a.buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions.b.certain that all market transaction benefits go to only buyers and sellers.c.certain government does not disrupt the internal workings of the market.d.buyers pay the full price for the products they purchase.5.Technology spillover is one type of a.negative externality.b.positive externality.c.subsidy.d.producer surplus.6.According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long as a.private parties can bargain without cost.b.government assigns property rights to the harmed party.c.the externalities that are present are positive and not negative.d.businesses determine an appropriate level of production.7.Pigovian taxes are typically advocated to correct for the effects of a.positive externalities.b.negative externalities.c.regulatory burden.d.All of the above are correct.8.If the government were to limit the release of air-pollution produced by a steel mill to 10,000 units, this policy would be considered a a.regulation.b.Pigovian tax.c.subsidy.d.market-based policy.9.When one firm sells its pollution permit to another firm, which of the following does NOT occur? a.Both firms benefit.b.The total amount of pollution remains the same.c.Social welfare is enhanced.d.Over time, pollution will be eliminated.10.Which of the following policies is government most inclined to use when faced with a positive externality? a.taxation b.permits c.subsidies d.usage fees

参考答案:

1.c

2.b

3.c

4.a

5.b

6.a

7.b

8.a

9.d

10.c

第十一章自测题

1.Goods that are excludable include both a.natural monopolies and public goods.b.public goods and common resources.c.common resources and private goods.d.private goods and natural monopolies.2.Which of the following would be considered a private good? a.national defense b.a public beach c.local cable television service d.a bottle of natural mineral water 3.The government provides public goods because a.private markets are incapable of producing public goods.b.free-riders make it difficult for private markets to supply the socially optimal quantity.c.markets are always better off with some government oversight.d.external benefits will occur to private producers.4.The difference between technological knowledge and general knowledge is that a.general knowledge creation is usually more profitable for the creator.b.technological knowledge is excludable and general knowledge is not.c.general knowledge is excludable and technological knowledge is not.d.general knowledge is rival and technological knowledge is not.5.A lighthouse is typically considered a good example of a public good because a.the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from enjoying the lighthouse.b.there is rarely another lighthouse nearby to provide competition.c.a nearby port authority cannot avoid paying fees to the lighthouse owner.d.all passing ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without paying.6.The Tragedy of the Commons results when a good is a.rival and not excludable.b.excludable and not rival.c.both rival and excludable.d.neither rival nor excludable.7.If the use of a common resource is not regulated, a.it cannot be used by anyone.b.the economy will end up with too much of a good thing.c.it becomes a private good.d.it will be overused.8.Government may be able to solve the problem of overuse of a common resource by doing each of the following EXCEPT a.regulating the use or consumption of the common resource.b.taxing the use or consumption of the common resource.c.selling the common resource to a private entity.d.allowing individuals to voluntarily reduce their use of the resource.9.Why do elephants face the threat of extinction while cows do not? a.Cattle are a valuable source of income for many people and elephants have no market value.b.There is a high demand for products that come only from the cow.c.There are still lots of cattle that roam free, while most elephants are in zoos.d.Cattle are owned by ranchers, while elephants are owned by no one.10.Excessive fishing occurs because a.each individual fisherman has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year.b.fishermen rely on government managers to worry about fish populations.c.fishermen are concerned about the population dynamics of fish biomass, not current harvest rates.d.fishermen have other marketable skills and do not fear exploitation of fish reserves.参考答案:

1.d

2.d

3.b

4.b

5.d

6.a

7.d

8.d

9.d

10.a

第十二章自测题

1.Which of the following is an implicit cost?(i)the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working for a Wall Street brokerage firm(ii)interest paid on the firm’s debt

(iii)rent paid by the firm to lease office space a.(ii)and(iii)b.(i)and(iii)c.(i)only d.All of the above are correct.2.John owns a shoe-shine business.His accountant most likely includes which of the following costs on his financial statements? a.wages John could earn washing windows b.dividends John’s money was earning in the stock market before John sold his stock and bought a shoe-shine booth c.the cost of shoe polish d.All of the above are correct.3.Economic profit a.will never exceed accounting profit.b.is most often equal to accounting profit.c.is always at least as large as accounting profit.d.is a less complete measure of profitability than accounting profit.4.Zach took $500,000 out of the bank and used it to start his new cookie business.The bank account pays 4 percent interest per year.During the first year of his business, Zach sold 12,000 boxes of cookies for $3 per box.Also, during the first year, the cookie business incurred costs that required outlays of money amounting to $14,000.Zach’s economic profit for the year was a.$–478,000.b.$–56,000.c.$2,000.d.$22,000.5.The marginal product of labor is equal to the a.incremental cost associated with a one unit increase in labor.b.incremental profit associated with a one unit increase in labor.c.increase in labor necessary to generate a one unit increase in output.d.increase in output obtained from a one unit increase in labor.6.Suppose Jan is starting up a small lemonade stand business.Variable costs for Jan’s lemonade stand would include the cost of a.building the lemonade stand.b.hiring an artist to design a logo for her sign.c.lemonade mix.d.All of the above are correct.7.Variable cost divided by quantity produced is a.average total cost.b.marginal cost.c.profit.d.None of the above are correct.8.The average fixed cost curve a.always declines with increased levels of output.b.always rises with increased levels of output.c.declines as long as it is above marginal cost.d.declines as long as it is below marginal cost.9.The efficient scale of the firm is the quantity of output that a.maximizes marginal product.b.maximizes profit.c.minimizes average total cost.d.minimizes average variable cost.10.Average total cost is increasing whenever a.total cost is increasing.b.marginal cost is increasing.c.marginal cost is less than average total cost.d.marginal cost is greater than average total cost.11.Which of the following expressions is correct? a.marginal cost =(change in quantity of output)/(change in total cost).b.average total cost = total cost/quantity of output.c.total cost = variable cost + marginal cost.d.All of the above are correct.12.Which of the following must always be true as the quantity of output increases? a.Marginal cost must rise.b.Average total cost must rise.c.Average variable cost must rise.d.Average fixed cost must fall.13.In the long run, a.inputs that were fixed in the short run remain fixed.b.inputs that were fixed in the short run become variable.c.inputs that were variable in the short run become fixed.d.variable inputs are rarely used.14.The length of the short run a.is different for different types of firms.b.can never exceed 3 years.c.can never exceed 1 year.d.is always less than 6 months.15.Economies of scale occur when a.long-run average total costs rise as output increases.b.long-run average total costs fall as output increases.c.average fixed costs are falling.d.average fixed costs are constant.16.Long-run average total cost curves are often U-shaped a.for the same reasons that average total cost curves are often U-shaped.b.because of constant returns to scale.c.because of increasing coordination problems at low levels of production and increasing specialization of workers at high levels of production.d.because of increasing specialization of workers at low levels of production and increasing coordination problems at high levels of production.参考答案:

1.c 2.c 3.a 4.c 5.d 6.c 7.d 8.a 9.c 10.d 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.b 16.d

第十三章自测题:

1.For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is always a.equal to marginal revenue.b.equal to total revenue.c.greater than average revenue.d.All of the above are correct.2.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market? a.Firms are price takers.b.Firms have difficulty entering the market.c.There are many sellers in the market.d.Goods offered for sale are largely the same.3.When a competitive firm triples the amount of output it sells, a.its total revenue triples.b.its average revenue triples.c.its marginal revenue triples.d.All of the above are correct.4.When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market has zero economic profit, accounting profit a.is negative(accounting losses).b.is positive.c.is also zero.d.could be positive, negative or zero.5.For a competitive firm, a.Total revenue = Average revenue.b.Total revenue = Marginal revenue.c.Total cost = Marginal revenue.d.Average revenue = Marginal revenue.6.If marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the firm a.is most likely to be at a profit-maximizing level of output.b.should increase the level of production to maximize its profit.c.must be experiencing losses.d.may still be earning a profit.7.When price is greater than marginal cost for a firm in a competitive market, a.marginal cost must be falling.b.the firm must be minimizing its losses.c.there are opportunities to increase profit by increasing production.d.the firm should decrease output to maximize profit.8.When fixed costs are ignored because they are irrelevant to a business’s production decision, they are called a.explicit costs.b.implicit costs.c.sunk costs.d.opportunity costs.9.When a firm makes a short-run decision not to produce anything during a specified period of time because of current market conditions, the firm is said to a.shut down.b.exit.c.withdraw.d.leave the industry.10.Profit-maximizing firms enter a competitive market when, for existing firms in that market, a.total revenue exceeds fixed costs.b.total revenue exceeds total variable costs.c.average total cost exceeds average revenue.d.price exceeds average total cost.11.A firm’s short-run supply curve is part of which of the following curves? a.marginal revenue b.average variable cost c.average total cost d.marginal cost 12.Suppose you bought a ticket to a football game for $30, and that you place a $35 value on seeing the game.If you lose the ticket, then what is the maximum price you should pay for another ticket? a.$30 b.$35 c.$60 d.$65 13.When new firms have an incentive to enter a competitive market, their entry will a.increase the price of the product.b.drive down profits of existing firms in the market.c.shift the market supply curve to the left.d.All of the above are correct.14.In a perfectly competitive market, the process of entry and exit will end when, for firms in the market, a.price is equal to average variable cost.b.marginal revenue is equal to average variable cost.c.economic profits are zero.d.All of the above are correct.15.In a competitive market that is characterized by free entry and exit, a.all firms will operate at efficient scale in the short run.b.all firms will operate at efficient scale in the long run.c.the price of the product will differ across firms.d.the number of sellers in the market will steadily decrease over time.16.The assumption of a fixed number of firms is appropriate for analysis of a.the short run, but not the long run.b.the long run, but not the short run.c.both the short run and the long run.d.neither the short run nor the long run.参考答案:

1.a 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.d

6.d 7.c 8.c 9.a 10.d

11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a

第十四章自测题:

1.Which of the following statements is correct? a.A competitive firm is a price maker and a monopoly is a price taker.b.A competitive firm is a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker.c.Both competitive firms and monopolies are price takers.d.Both competitive firms and monopolies are price makers.2.Which of the following is an example of a barrier to entry?(i)A key resource is owned by a single firm.(ii)The costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.(iii)The government has given the existing monopoly the exclusive right to produce the good.a.(i)and(ii)b.(ii)and(iii)c.(i)only d.All of the above are correct.3.The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly is a.constant marginal cost over the relevant range of output.b.economies of scale over the relevant range of output.c.constant returns to scale over the relevant range of output.d.diseconomies of scale over the relevant range of output.4.Patent and copyright laws are major sources of a.natural monopolies.b.government-created monopolies.c.resource monopolies.d.None of the above are correct.5.The De Beers diamond monopoly is a classic example of a monopoly that a.is government-created.b.arises from the ownership of a key resource.c.results in very little advertising of the product that the monopolist produces.d.was broken up by the government a long time ago.6.In order to sell more of its product, a monopolist must a.sell to the government.b.sell in international markets.c.lower its price.d.use its market power to force up the price of complementary products.7.For a profit-maximizing monopolist, a.P>MR = MC.b.P = MR = MC.c.P > MR > MC.d.MR < MC < P.8.For a monopoly, the supply curve is a portion of its a.marginal revenue curve.b.marginal cost curve.c.average total cost curve.d.none of the above;a monopoly does not have a supply curve.9.What is the monopolist’s profit under the following conditions? The profit-maximizing price charged for goods produced is $16.The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 10 units and marginal cost is $8.Average total cost for 10 units of output is $6.a.$20 b.$80 c.$100 d.$160 10.Antitrust laws allow the government to a.prevent mergers.b.break up companies.c.promote competition.d.All of the above are correct.参考答案:

1.b

2.d

3.b

4.b

5.b

6.c

7.a

8.d

9.c

篇3:《微观经济学》教学探讨

1 教好《微观经济学》的必要性

《微观经济学》的专业基础课地位,以及在市场经济条件下培养学生特别是经管类专业学生经济思维的必要性决定了教师要教好《微观经济学》课程的必要性。

1.1 该课程是专业基础课。

《微观经济学》是经济管理类专业的专业基础课,这门课是学生学习其他一些课程的基础,如对于人力资源管理专业的学生来说,这门课是他们学习《劳动经济学》课程的基础。所以,他们只有把这门课学好,才能把以后的相关课程学好。此外,《微观经济学》作为经济管理类很多专业的考研课程,学生要想顺利通过研究生考试,学好这门课也是大有裨益的。

1.2 可以培养学生的经济思想。

《微观经济学》对学生来说,是一门全新的课程。通过这门课的学习,可以培养学生的经济思想,让学生有全新的思维方式,如供求理论,边际分析的方法,机会成本等等。可以帮助学生在遇到经济问题时,有更合理的判断,做出明智的决策,这在当今的市场经济环境下是非常必要的,特别是对于经济管理类专业的学生。

2 教好《微观经济学》的难度

《微观经济学》课程需要具备一定的《微积分》基础,再加上该课程内容多,难度大,前后联系性强,这些都造成教好该课程具有一定的难度。

2.1 学习该课程要具备一定的《微积分》知识。

要学好《微观经济学》,需要具备《微积分》的知识。这要求学生要把微积分课程学好,这对学习好《微观经济学》课程有很大帮助。而学习好《微积分》课程本身又具有一定的难度,加上经管类的学生是文理兼收,特别是对于文科生,学好《微积分》非常困难。《微积分》学不好,对于理解《微观经济学》课程的相关内容造成了一定的障碍。比如对于利用数学方法推导利润最大化的原则,理解起来比较困难。有的学生在做题时,计算方法知道,可是由于没有较好地掌握求导公式,导致计算出错误的结果。

2.2 该课程内容多。

《微观经济学》包含的内容很多,它包括供求理论、消费者行为理论、生产者行为理论、市场论、要素理论等等,而这些理论本身又各自包含很多内容,如市场论又分为完全竞争市场、垄断竞争市场、寡头市场、垄断市场。虽然这门课逻辑严密,学生们依然会觉得内容繁多,要全部掌握比较困难。

2.3 该课程难度大。

《微观经济学》是西方经济学的组成部分,它的知识体系来源于西方。故《微观经济学》教材有国外的原版教材,还有把国外的书翻译过来的教材,还有就是国内作者所著的教材。前两种教材的思路都是西方人的,造成国内学生理解的困难。即便是国内作者所著的教材,其内容也都是西方的,其中的一些假设、案例不符合中国的实际,会让学生感觉比较生疏,造成学生理解的困难。

该课程中的很多概念、理论对于学生来说都是全新的,接受起来难度大。此外,这门课的内容逻辑性强,前后章节联系比较大,所以,如果前面的内容掌握不好,要学好后面的内容,更是难上加难。还有就是这门课所涉及到的图形多,坐标的表示又与数学上所学的相反,这些都增加了这门课学习的难度。

鉴于上述原因,再加上《微观经济学》作为经济管理类专业的核心课和基础课,现在很多高校为了提早安排其它专业课,把该课程都安排在大一下学期,而此时,这些学生刚接触了一两门经济管理方面的课程,对西方经济学的理论更是刚刚接触。而对学生本身来说,因为这门课是考研课程,所以,一部分早早立志考研的学生,会下功夫去学;而对于其他学生,特别是把大量精力花在兼职上的学生,花在学习上的精力有限,就会选择知难而退,学习积极性不高而影响教学效果。

3 提高《微观经济学》教学效果的途径

由于《微观经济学》的课程难度大,造成学生学习积极性不高,影响到《微观经济学》的教学效果,这就要求教师要采取措施来提高学生学习积极性,改善教学效果。要提高教学效果,任课教师可从以下几个方面着手。

3.1 灵活运用多媒体教学。

担任《微观经济学》课的老师,要与时俱进,运用多媒体进行教学。传统的教学方式,就是由老师在上课时借助板书同步讲解。《微观经济学》这门课要画的图形图表较多,而且,有些图形在画的时候区别不大而又比较复杂,比如关于完全竞争厂商短期均衡的五种情况,由教师在上课时逐个把这些图形画出,一方面既浪费时间又耗费老师较大的精力;另一方面画出的图形又常常因质量不高而影响教学效果。而运用多媒体教学,不但能节省时间,而且,很多图形能够让学生看得更清楚准确。当然,这就要求老师要学会课件的制作,而由于这门课中有大量的图形,这就给老师的课件制作提出了更高的要求。然而对《微观经济学》的多媒体教学有相当一部分学生持否定态度,反映老师“讲课速度过快”,导致学生的理解跟不上。因此, 多媒体虽然是一先进的教学手段,但我们应该扬其长避其短。多媒体教学并不能完全取代传统的板书,必要的公式推导、曲线生成用板书形式更具动态性,可使教师的讲解与学生的理解同步。所以,在教学过程中,应把多媒体教学和板书结合起来,还应给学生留出一定的消化时间。

3.2 切合学生的学习基础。

《微积分》作为《微观经济学》的先修课程,学生的基础参差不齐,总的来说是比较薄弱的, 这就成了学生们学好《微观经济学》的一大障碍。而在《微观经济学》的教学过程中,《微积分》的某些知识点又无法避免, 如求导无论是在效用论、生产论还是在厂商均衡中都要用到。这就要求教师在讲课时,应对导数的知识进行适当的复习,以便帮助学生更好地理解新讲解的内容。

3.3 讲授好基本概念和原理。

基本概念和原理是这门课的基础,如机会成本、边际消费倾向递减规律等这些概念和原理是我们解释现实经济现象, 分析经济问题的基本工具。任课教师首先要把基本概念和原理讲解清楚,只有这样,才能在此基础上进一步地引导学生联系实际,用基本原理去解释现实的经济问题。如果连基本概念和原理都弄不明白,还夸夸其谈其应用,那将是舍本逐末。

3.4 理论联系实际。

在教学过程中,在讲解清楚基本概念和原理的基础上,还有注重理论联系实际,把一些原理与我国的一些经济现象相联系,增强师生互动,提高学生的参与度,以达到活跃课堂气氛、增强学生学习兴趣,培养他们运用经济学原理分析问题的能力,达到学以致用的目的。如在讲解“消费者行为理论”时,可以从“你会花钱吗”等学生感兴趣的案例问题入手, 帮助学生深化对消费者行为的理解;讲到机会成本这个概念时, 可结合大学生选择上学还是选择就业这个实际问题来进行说明。此外,教师在平时的教学过程中就可给学生留出一些案例,让学生进行分析,培养学生独立思考的能力。同时,还要明确告诉学生,在期末考试中,加大案例分析试题的比例。

3.5 注重相似内容的对比。

《微观经济学》一些章节之间具有高度的相似性,教师在讲课的时候如果注意对相关内容的对比,就可以加深学生的理解,达到事半功倍的效果。如,供给理论和需求理论的比较,二者的概念、影响因素等大都一一对应。又如,消费者行为理论和生产者行为理论在结构上具有高度的相似性:消费者以效用最大化为目标、以预算收入为约束条件,而生产者以利润最大化为目标、以一定的成本为约束条件;在几何图形的分析上,消费者的无差异曲线和生产者的等产量曲线、消费者的预算线与生产者的等成本线具有相似的特征,消费者消费的均衡条件与生产者生产的均衡条件具有相似的形式等等。再如,在市场理论部分,不同类型市场的含义及长短期均衡的分析都具有相同的过程,如果在讲解的过程中注意对比不同类型市场的异同,就非常便于学生的理解和掌握。

3.6 突出对图形的讲解。

在《微观经济学》里,有大量的图形。学生如果对这些图形不理解,想死记硬背就太困难了,也会漏洞百出。而一旦学生理解了这些图形,会帮助他们掌握相关的理论,达到四两拨千斤的效果。这就要求老师在讲课的时候,加强对图形的讲解,讲清它的推导过程,不但要让学生掌握某个图形是什么样的,还要明白它为什么是这样的。同时,还要注重图形和理论的结合,让二者相得益彰,使学生能够作到通过图形来理解和阐述相关理论。比如在讲解需求变动和需求量变动这两个容易混淆的概念时, 就可以通过图示法来说明。图表可以清晰地说明了需求量变动是指由于商品本身价格变动引起的消费者购买量的变化, 需求的变动是指商品价格本身不变情况下其他因素变动所引起的需求的变动。又比如,在讲解替代效应和收入效应时,把概念和画图结合起来,更便于学生的理解和掌握。再比如,在讲解斯威齐模型时,通过它的假设条件可以画出弯折的需求曲线模型图,结合图形可以很清楚的推导出寡头垄断市场的价格刚性。

此外,在《微观经济学》的教学过程中,还有其它要注意的问题。如,《微观经济学》中的很多名词都有英文缩写,也要求学生掌握。为了让学生掌握这些缩写,需要教师把这些概念的英文表达告诉学生,从而使学生在理解的基础上掌握。又如,还可引导学生阅读课外经济读物,扩大学生的知识面,可以向学生推荐一些书籍。包括经济思想史,一些经典著作,反映经济学最新研究成果的期刊如《经济学动态》等,介绍诺贝尔经济学奖获得者的研究成果的书籍,还有经济理论应用方面的书籍如茅于轼的《生活中的经济学》等等。这样即可满足学生的求知欲,增强学生自主学习的能力,还可提高学生的学习兴趣。还有,教师在讲课过程中,声音的大小、语调的抑扬顿挫、表情的丰富程度、语言的幽默诙谐、板书的工整程度等都是影响教学效果的因素。总之,《微观经济学》教学就像是一门艺术,不可能达到尽善尽美。而作为任课教师的我们,所要做的就是不断通过自身的努力和思考,经过不断地改进,让我们的教学趋向完善,进一步地提高教学效果。

摘要:对于经管类专业的学生来说, 《微观经济学》这门课程具有比较大的重要性, 这就决定了该课教师教好这门课程的必要性。而《微观经济学》课程本身又具有较大的难度, 这就进一步要求该课任课教师要有针对性地采取一些措施来提高这门课的教学效果。

关键词:《微观经济学》,教学

参考文献

[1]高鸿业.西方经济学 (微观部分) [M].中国人民大学出版社出版, 2007, 3 (4) .

[2]方福前.有针对性地讲好西方经济学课[J].中国高等教育, 2004年, 13-14:34-35.

[3]丁娟娟, 丁敏.《微观经济学》教学改革的实践与探索[J].当代教育科学, 2008, 9:61-62.

[4]阳红曼.《西方经济学》课程教学初探[J].经济师, 2004, 8:282.

[5]林素钢.《西方经济学》教学方法初探[J].职大学报, 2007, 1:131-133.

[6]刘玉玲.《微观经济学》应用型教学究[J].经营管理者, 2009, 9:243-244.

篇4:女性微观经济学

女人对于消费品牌的交流,早已不是原始的漏斗型或放射状,而是分享社交型。她们对于产品和服务,不仅仅满足于消费瞬间带来的美好体验,更会将美好的感受与闺蜜和家人分享。女人在买东西的同时,也在卖东西。如此一来,女人们不但掌握着自己家庭的消费大权,也影响了其他家庭的消费决策。

让我们来看一组数据吧:

世界80%的生意是女人的生意,80%的女人消费是本地消费,80%的女人消费容易受到意见领袖的影响;每年全球消费总额18.4万亿中的12万亿是由女性主导消费;女性承担50%的商务旅行消费决策;银行新开户89%是女性;女性决定着91%的家居布置方面的购买力;女性掌控87%的度假决策;女性负责79%的家庭开支;女性掌控72%的医疗保险决策;女性掌握60%的家电购买决策权……

女性决定消费

自2007年开始,女权消费主义在中国强势崛起。有数据表明:90%以上的已婚女性掌管着家庭日常支出的话语权;78%的已婚女性决定家庭日常开销和衣物购买;77%的已婚女性的个人好恶会影响大额商品的购买决策;51%的已婚女性将夫妻双方的工资放在一起共同管理;23%的已婚女性表示,她们能独立作出房子、汽车或奢侈品等大额商品的购买决策。

中国社会购买力70%以上掌握在女性手中,而自2005年以来每一次消费总额的巨大增长,几乎都来源于女人在消费领域的卓越贡献。

由环球网对“中国女性社会地位”的一份调查中得悉,61.6%受访者认为地位很高,27.3%的受访者认为地位一般,其余表示说不清。调查还显示,说中国女性作为消费主力军,90.8%受访者给予了充分肯定。

根据万事达国际组织预计,独居年长女性的消费力,很可能从2005年的500亿美元增至2015年的1150亿美元。而另一方面,子女已经长大离家的“师奶级”女性,购买力预计也将从2005年的1000亿美元增至2015年的1500亿美元;独居或已婚未育的中国年轻女性的总购买力,将从2005年的1800亿美元增至2015年的2600亿美元;这三类中国女性的消费能力,合计将从2005年的3300亿美元增长到2015年的5250亿美元。这个数字表示,中国女性可支配的消费金额将达到全球消费总金额的1/60。

在2009年金融危机肆虐时,世界著名商业杂志《经济学人》出炉了一篇在当时引发轰动的文章《Marketing to women:Hello,girls》。其核心观点是:在日趋恶化的全球消费环境下,抓好女性市场才是解决问题的关键。通俗一点说——女人的生意没有不景气。

2000年2月,消费行为学家帕克·昂德希尔在他那本著名的《顾客为什么购买》里作了一个小心翼翼的预言:将来零售市场会跟着女性生活品味的变化而变化。

比这个时间稍早一点,1999年,高盛日本总经理兼首席策略师Cathy Matsui发布了一份关于“Womenomics”的报告,这个复合词就是“女性经济”的意思。报告说,因为出生率低下,人口萎缩以及经济疲软等问题,越来越多日本女性重回职场,而她们的回归也改变了日本的消费趋势。

据NHK报道,在日本,购买新车时,男性一个人能够拿主意的情况只占了19.7%,日产公司由此成立一个全部由女员工组成的“创造女性魅力”小组,因为“女性才是购买新车时的主角”。Facebook的COO谢丽尔·桑德伯格表示,女性不仅是 Facebook 的主要用户,还是信息、更新和评论的主要力量。她们提供了62%的内容(包括信息、更新和评论),参与了71%的粉丝活动。

而奢侈品代理公司捷成集团称,价格更高、更耐耗的商品,在女性的消费比重中份量越老越大。比如汽车,捷成代理的保时捷就拥有许多女车主,因而保时捷会举办专门面向女车主的派对活动。

女性消费逻辑

帕克的预言正在一点点被证实,但事实上,要赚女人的钱也并非那么容易。

帕克的《顾客为什么购买》贡献之一,就在于帕克率先分析了女性的消费逻辑。我们不妨在这里列上几条:

一、挑剔,无论是对哈密瓜、房子,还是丈夫。这主要因为女人常会陷入某种想象,比如使用这种产品的感觉,并以此总结是否购买的理由。

二、女人更在意环境。女人希望在商场从容地四处走动,如果一个地方压抑嘈杂、拥挤不堪,它就不会讨女性顾客喜欢。

三、她们是开放式销售的拥趸。女性消费者在购买的时候希望有一点私人空间,尤其是在买化妆品这件事上。

四、商品的关联性。女性希望获取建议,所以如果你开一家五金店,螺丝和石膏板可以和厨房橱柜及按摩浴缸放在一起。

……

对许多奢侈品牌而言,零售店中的导购,其实是让那些女性顾客们产生“受到瞩目和欣赏”、“被悉心对待”的体验,进而让她们将这些体验与品牌联系在一起。而在H&M、ZARA这类快时尚门店中,有宽敞的试衣间让她们感受自在,有柔和的灯光让肤色看上去均匀透亮,有大面积的落地镜使人像轮廓更鲜明……所有这些,无非都是在为其“自我欣赏”创造氛围。

购物网站Opensky因为成功建立起和女性消费者的对话,在六个月内三次融资4900万美元,已经拥有了60万注册用户,主要用户群是30岁左右的女性。这些用户平均每单消费50美元,是亚马逊平均每单消费额的两倍。

Opensky的CEO John Caplan在总结成功经验时说:“我们帮助她们发现新东西,也为她们提供最好的专家购物经验,给予她们额外的信息,帮助创造更多产品价值。”Opensky上经常分享许多名人购物的经验。按照John Caplan的说法,Opensky更像Twitter,而不是普通的电商网站。

“发现好产品”是女性购物最大的推动力,网站的UI交互、社交工具的应用、产品的质量和描述等,都是支持她们去发现新东西的动力。在所有Opensky的用户中,超过一半的女性会在网上分享消费经历,而其中的36%会帮助其他人变得“更精美”。

“今天,一件产品的诉求不应该再是仅仅针对男性或女性的,其诉求应该是,它是不是能够给购买者带来更好的生活,以及更多的乐趣。”John Caplan说。

但这并不意味着对女性消费行为的探究可以放在一边。解剖女性行为习惯,不仅仅是为了更精准地定位营销目标,女性消费者也不仅仅可以利用社交网络促进更多购买,而且在探究女性消费者习惯过程中,商家往往可以让整个产品或者服务流程得到进化,科技产品尤其如此。

视觉感和舒适感

女人都是“外貌控”。看看美容行业的发达就知道她们对视觉的要求比任何时代都要高,包括对她们自己。在这个全民瘦身的时代,高、瘦这种唯美形象,成了主宰一切审美的终极标准!

同样,女性消费者对商品外观、形状、终端陈列等一切与视觉相关的元素极度敏感。能够产生情感互动和共鸣——长得好看才会买,视觉因素已经成为促成购买的主要动机。

如何才能让女人购买?视觉营销——“图像就是权力”,产品的多种颜色、终端的整体氛围,形成一种完整的视觉的营销力量。像H&M、ZARA这些品牌的终端陈列,都显示出十足的人性化,产品摆放得整齐而充实,各种衣衫裤裙琳琅满目,供人随便拣选。丰富也是一种美,几十种水果放在一起卖,这种强烈的饱满感,让人愿意花更多的时间挑选。陈列之美,也是一种取悦女性眼球的方式。

除了视觉感,还有什么?那就是内心的舒适感。

夏普在设计手机的时候很注重按键的舒适感。因为他们发现,女生的指甲有时候会留得比较长,又喜欢发短消息,怎样让她们不觉得累,这是考量键盘材质的重要因素。同样关注到女性用户指甲的还有索尼。在设计Cyber-Shot T系列相机的时候,考虑到很多女性指甲很长,所以触控的界面要做得大些,按键做成圆弧形,能使女性用户舒适地抓握相机。

索尼这样总结女性使用相机的思维方式:第一,女性会选择和自己风格相近的产品,选相机的颜色也会和穿衣配色联系起来;第二,女性希望相机镜头盖上之后,让人看不出是相机,而是和化妆盒、钱包一样的精致物件。

马蒂·巴雷塔写过三本和女性营销有关的畅销书,她告诉企业:吸引女性上门,任何细节都不能马虎。比如订个旅馆,男性顾客只要酒店房间的价格符合心理价位,就会下订单;而对女性而言,健身房、SPA水疗、床上用品的舒适程度也很重要。

有句话是:“满足男人的胃口,你只能做成一笔生意;满足女人的胃口,你可以得到一个客户。”

上帝是女人

但是,女性在很多情况下并非真的明白自己的需求。弗洛伊德也说过:“我研究女性心理30年,到现在也不知道,女人到底最想要的是什么。”

从表面上看,女性消费者会时常表达出自己的各种需求,而实际上对于大多数女人而言,能够清晰地说明购买动机的人并不多见。她们敏感、复杂、感性、多虑、善变。有调查表明,很多女性在购物时常常冲动,而在迅速消费后,她们大都记不起当时为何会有强烈的欲望和需求。调查显示,高达93.5%的18~35岁的女性,都有过各种各样的冲动消费行为,而这种莫名其妙的花费,居然占到了女性消费总支出的30%之多。

而对于大宗商品和耐用消费品,虽然她们的购买动机是清晰的,且趋向于理性消费,但由于不懂产品,她们最终还是不知道自己真正需要的产品是什么样的。比如电冰箱、洗衣机等,要买什么功率,哪些功能合适,品牌之间有什么差异,她们对此都一头雾水。

如今,在女性消费者的情感面前,认知的作用不再像传统意义上认为的那么明显。而这种认知,必定会随着消费者对产品、品牌情感的变化而变化。

女性营销机构尚道公司认为,做女性营销,与女人建立某种情感关系,是销售产品的关键。

如果说消费者是上帝,那么,上帝就是女人。

篇5:中级微观经济学期末试题

1.Suppose the airlines fares are reduced by 50% after one flies 25,000 miles a year.Show that the preferential price will NOT affect a typical flyer-customer with well-behaved preferences.(Graphing is enough)(10 points)

2.Depict the income effect and substitution effect of a non-Giffen inferior good under SLutscky decomposition.(10 points)

3.Suppose in the market of some commodity, the supply curve is P=Q+20, the(inverse)demand curve is P=50-Q/3.Roughly graph and(accurately)calculate to a.Determine the equilibrium.(5 points)b.Determine the new equilibrium if an export demand P=50-Q/2 is added.(5 points)

4.Draw a typical edgeworth box showing very clearly how to determine the final monopolistic equilibrium when one of the two agents behaves as a monopolist.Please also indicate in the graph that the final allocation is Pareto inefficient.5.Smith is the owner of a sole mineral water spring in an isolated economy.It costs Smith $2 per gallon to get his water bottled.The inverse demand curve for Smith’s water is P=20-Q/5, where p is the price per gallon and q is the number of gallon sold.a.Write down an expression π(q)for profits as a function of q.find the profit-maximizing choice of q for Smith, and the corresponding price and profit.(5 points)b.Suppose now Henry, Smith’s neighbor, finds also a mineral spring that produces mineral water just as good as Smith’s, but it cost Henry $6 a bottle.The total market demand remains as before.Suppose that Smith is the leader and Henry is the follower, please determine the Stackberg leadership equilibrium.6.A monopolist can sell outputs Q1 and Q2 in two markets that are effectively isolated from one another.His cost function is C=1988+29Q+Q2/40, where Q=Q1+Q2.The demand in the two markets are given by Q1=480-4P1 and Q2=200-2P2 respectively.Graph to show roughly your solution to the following 2 questions: a.How much does he sells in each market? Compare the prices and the price elasticities of demand in the 2 markets.(10 points)b.If the markets are not separated any more and he must charge the same price in the two markets, what price does he charge? How much does he sell in each market?(10 points)c.Calculate the profit change from case a)to case b).(5 points)

7.John Henry, an avid gardener, has found that the number of happy plants, h, depends on the amount of light, l, and water, w.the production function is as follows: h=min﹛4l, w﹜.Assume that each unit of light costs $1 and each unit of water costs $2.Suppose John wants to produce 10 happy plants at the minimum cost.a.What are the amounts of light and water required?(5 points)b.How much does John have to pay for?(5 points)c.Derive Henry’s cost function.(5 points)8.Player 1 and 2 are bargaining over how to split one dollar.Both players simultaneously name shares they would like to have, s1 and s2, where 0 ≤s1,s2≤1.If s1+s2≤1, then the players receive the shares the named;if s1+s2>1, then both players receive 0.What are the pure-strategy Nash equilibrium of this game?(10 points)

Answer: 1、2、图略。注意是non-giffen。即SE和IE的方向相反,|SE|>|IE|

3、a P= 45/2,Q=85/2

b P=45 Q=25(两个小问都要画图)

4、图略(B的提供曲线,A、B的无差异曲线,预算约束线or relative price,效率损失的区域)

5、a q*=45,p*=11, π*=405

b qH =(70-qS)/2, qS =55 qH=7.5

6、a Q1*=160,Q2*=60,p1*=80,p2*=70, ε1=-2,ε2=-7/3

b Q1*=520/3, Q2*=140/3

c πa=22266/3, πb=21866/3

7、a l*=2.5, w*=10

b 22.5

c 2.25h

篇6:微观经济学试题及答案

1、看不见的手是指(D)

A、机会成本 B、政府 C、利润 D、价格

2、经济学中的“稀缺性”是指(B)

A、世界上大多数人生活在贫困中 B、相对于资源的需求而言,资源总是不足的

C、用资源务必思考下一代 D、世界上的资源终将被人类消耗光

3、如果x与y商品是互补品,x价格下降,将使y(B)(x价格下降,需求量必定增加,y的需求也增加)

A、需求量下降 B、需求增加 C、需求量减少 D需求减少

4、冰棒的需求价格弹性(A)药品的需求价格弹性

A、大于 B、小于 C、等于 D、大于或等于

5、下列命题中哪个是规范经济学的命题(A)

A、征税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 B、1982年8月政府把贴现率降到10%

C、1981年失业率超过9% D、社会保险税的课税依据已超过30000美元

6、如果消费者地预算收入为50美元,商品X和Y的价格均为5美元,消费者打算购买6单位X和4单位Y,商品X、Y的边际效用分别为25和20,那么,要到达效用最大化,他就应(D)

A、按原计划购买 B、减少X和Y的购买量 C、增加X、Y的购买量 D、增加X的同时减少Y的量

7、消费者预算线发生平移时,连接消费者均衡点的曲线称为(C)

A、需求曲线 B、价格-消费曲线 C、收入-消费曲线 D、恩格尔曲线

8、当某人应对一张彩票时,如果是U[PW1+(1-P)W2]

则意味着这个人是属于下列哪一类人(B)

A、风险回避者 B、风险喜爱者 C、风险中立者 D、都不是

9、如果某厂商增肌以单位劳动使用量能够减少三单位资本,而仍生产同样的产出量,则MRTSLK为:(B)

A、1/3 B、3 C 、-3 D、6

10、MC曲线到达最低时(A)

A、MP最大 B、AVC最小 C、TC最大 D、AC最小

11、某厂商每年从企业的总收入中取出一部分作为自我所带给的生产要素的报酬,这部分资金被视为(D)

A、显成本 B、隐成本 C、会计成本 D、经济利润

12、LAC曲线(A)

A、当LMCLAC 时上升 B、随LMC曲线下降而下降

C、随LMC曲线上升而上升 D、透过LMC曲线的最低点

13、在完全竞争市场中,(C)

A、消费者是价格理解者。而企业不是 B、消费者和企业都不是价格理解者

C、消费者和企业都是价格理解者 D、企业是价格理解者,而消费者不是

14、一个企业在以下哪种状况下就应关掉?(A)

A、PMR

15、短期内,完全竞争厂商只能透过对(D)调整来实现最大利润

A、生产规模 B、价格 C、全部生产要素 D、产量

16、完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线就应是(C)

A、曲线上超过平均成本最低点的部分 B、曲线上超过收支相抵点的部分

C、曲线上的停滞营业点和超过停滞营业点以上的部分

D、曲线上的收支相抵点和超过收支相抵点以上的部分

17、下列哪一种状况对单一价格垄断者是不正确的?(B)

A、由于只有一个企业,企业的需求就是行业的需求 B、由于没有替代品,需求缺乏弹性 C、平均收益曲线就是需求曲线 D、边际收益曲线就是需求曲线

18、寡头垄断和垄断竞争之间的主要区别是(C)

A、厂商的广告开支不一样 B、非价格竞争的种类不一样 C、厂商之间相互影响的程度不一样 D、以上都不对

19、下列哪一个不是垄断竞争的特征(A)

A、厂商数目很少 B、进出该行业容易

C、存在产品差异 D、厂商忽略竞争对手的反应

20、垄断竞争厂商实现最大利润的途径有(D)

A、调整价格从而确定相应产量 B、品质竞争 C、广告竞争 D、以上都有可能

21、在囚犯的两难选取中,(C)

A、双方独立依照自身权益行事,导致最好的结果 B、双方进行合作,得到了最好的结果 C、双方独立依照自身权益行事,导致最不好的结果 D、以上说法均不正确

22、如果厂商处于完全竞争的产品市场中,且要素A是其唯一的可变要素,则该厂商对要素A的需求曲线由以下何者给出(A)

A、VMP曲线 B、MRP曲线 C、MFC 曲线 D、以上都不是

23、基尼系数的增大将证明(A)

A、收入不平均程度的增加 B、收入不平均程度的减少

C、洛伦茨曲线与横轴重合 D、洛伦茨曲线与纵轴重合

24、土地的供给曲线是一条(D)

A、向右上方倾斜的线 B、向右下方倾斜的线

C、与横轴平行的线 D、与横轴垂直的线

25、某工人在工资率为每小时2美元的时候每周挣80美元,每小时3美元的时候每周挣105美元,由此能够断定(A)

A、收入效应起着主要作用 B、替代效应起着主要作用

C、收入效应和替代效应都没有发生作用 D、无法确定

26、某项生产活动存在外部不经济时,其产量(A)帕累托最优产品

A、大于 B、等于 C、小于 D、以上三种状况都有可能

27、从社会角度来看,效率要求(C)之间相等

A、社会边际收益和社会边际成本 B、社会边际收益和私人边际收益

C、社会边际成本和私人边际收益 D、社会边际成本和私人边际成本

28、市场失灵是指(C)

A、在私人部门和公共部门之间资源配置不均 B、大多数产品的市场价格上升太快

C、以市场为基础的对资源的低效率配置 D、不能产生任何有用成果的市场过程

29、试图确保每个人在经济这个蛋糕中分得公平的一块的努力,(A)

A、经常导致一个更大的蛋糕 B、增加每个人分得的蛋糕的大小

C、对蛋糕没有影响 D、经常导致一块更小的蛋糕

30、如果上游工厂污染了下游居民的饮水,按科斯定理(B)问题即可妥善解决

A、不管是产权是否明确,只要交易成本为零 B、只要产权明确,且交易成本为零

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