创造出散文诗的作家是

2022-10-25

第一篇:创造出散文诗的作家是

信赖,往往创造出美好的境界

五年五班李言言

我买了一对一公一母的金丝熊仓鼠,把它们放在了一个宽敞的鼠笼里。 听别人说,这是一种难以近人的仓鼠。

我把它们放在通风透气的阳台上,那儿有一大株看起来十分高贵的富贵竹。那让人眼前一亮的翠绿搭配着鼠笼里五颜六色的配件,显得格外轻松自在。 刚开始的时候,我只要一有时间就会陪它们玩。可好像只是我自己一厢情愿——它们并不喜欢跟我在一起。我每次把手伸进笼里去抱它们,它们其中的一只就会恼火地咬我一口。我十分不解,它们为什么要这样对我。可后来想想,也悟出了点它们俩小家伙的意思:可能是我打扰到了它们快活的小小生活。 于是,我便只是周末才去看看它们。随着时间的推移,它们慢慢对我友好了。我轻轻地伸手去抱,一边抱着,一边抚摸着它们柔软的毛,犹如捧着珍奇珍宝般小心翼翼。只过了几个星期,它们就认我为主人了。我可以不像以前那样小心注意了。我把它们捧在手心上,举得高高的,我把它们放在我肩上,它们就顺着我的手臂往下走,这俩小家伙太可爱了。

我开始让它们熟悉我的书桌。起先,它们啃咬着我的笔,接着又啃咬着我书桌上的小玩意儿,然后就昂首阔步地走到我的电脑上,我对它们的可爱大加表扬。没想到,它们最后竟然理直气壮地啃咬起爸爸妈妈送给我的工艺品来。看来谁都是经不起表扬的啊!

我意识到天气有点儿变凉了,便拿出了一条柔软的裤子放在鼠笼里。它们先用好奇的眼光看了看,然后就钻了进去。我离开了它们。大约十多分钟后,我轻声慢步地走到阳台角落,轻轻地揪开裤口。眼前看到的一幕让我倍感温暖:小母鼠抱着小公鼠正呼呼大睡。谁看到这样的情景都不忍去打扰它们。

现在,宝贝们再也没有咬我,对我十分友好。我也感觉得到,它们越来越爱和我在一起了。正是因为我开始不去打扰它们的生活,才获得了它们对我的信赖。人也是一样,只要你不伤害我,我就可以慢慢地信任你。

信赖,往往创造出美好的境界。

第二篇:平凡的工作岗位创造出不平凡的人生价值

尊敬的各位领导:

您好

我们推荐的是一位在我们公司工作了四年之久的从平凡的岗位中做出了不平凡业绩的普通员工——叉车班长卓定军。

有人说人生的奇迹就是有许多的平凡人创造的,四年多来,卓定军从一名普通叉车司机成长为一名经验丰富的叉车班长,在为公司创造价值的同时也实现了自己的人生价值。在这个平凡的岗位上用自己的青春和热情去追求着自己的理想,用自己的艰辛的劳动和汗水去实现自己的价值。我们知道在他那平凡的身影背后更多的是汗流浃背,那长满老茧的双手、那青筋暴露的手臂更是叉车留给他的印迹。叉车班叉车司机的岗位是负责全公司成品纸进出仓的,作为一名班长负责调配班组人员以及协作其他部门的工作,每天完成销售定单是成品班组的日常工作。它看起来简单,但操作起来一点都不容易。就比如工作的安排吧,销售部一般在上半个月下的单少,而到了下半月下的单都会很多,根据这一情况,叉车班长卓定军为了节约公司的加班费,同时也不让叉车司机疲劳驾驶。就在上半月合理安排部分的叉车司机休息。下半月合理安排叉车司机加班工作。他的做法得到了大家的认可。当然,如此为大家着想的班长也得到了叉车班全体员工的拥护。叉车班长卓定军就是这样一个负责又细心的人。由于卓定军的认真工作,使叉车班成为了一个团结上进的集体。使叉车班的员工都能安心的在这个集体中认真工作。

叉车班长卓定军非常注重安全生产。每班工作前都会在现场督促责任叉车司机检查各自责任车辆,如有故障车必须经过叉车维修班组维修好才能交叉车司机使用。同时责任叉车司机清洗叉车上的污垢、泥土和垢埃,重点部位是:货叉架及门架滑道、发电机及起动器、蓄电池电极叉柱、水箱、空气滤清器。叉车的工作平凡又繁琐,在日常维护方面。他总是亲自检查各部位的紧固情况,重点是:货叉架支承、起重链拉紧螺丝、车轮螺钉、车轮固定销、制动器、转向器螺钉。还要检查脚制动器、转向器的可靠性、灵活性和各部分灯具(主要:转向灯和制动灯)。以及检查渗漏情况,重点是:各管接头、柴油箱、机油箱、制动泵、升降油缸、倾斜油缸、水箱、水泵、发动机油底壳、变矩器、变速器、驱动桥、主减速器、液压转向器、转向油缸。面对如此繁杂的工作,如此繁重的工作量,卓定军从未诉过一句苦,从未说过一句烦。正是他这样的认真负责的工作态度,感染着叉车班的每一个人。

卓定军工作诚实认真,注重班组团结。卓定军对每一个叉车班的员工都像对待自己的兄弟一样。能设身处地地为他们着想。对不熟练的工友总能耐心的进行教导,认真地教他们开叉车的技巧。而且能热心的关心工友们的生活。对有困难的工友给与及时的帮助。所以叉车班的工友都把他当自己的大哥一样看待。

卓定军团队意识强,能协调其它部门开展工作。记得公司12月1日-12月21日停机维修,物流部成品班组为配合造纸线维修,需要从其它部门抽调17人到造纸线协作清洗设备,叉车班长卓定军知道后,立即主动组织班组人员并且亲自带头参加到清洗设备中去。

卓定军专业技术过硬,工作积极性高,叉车班长卓定军带班时,单班装车最高记录为1480吨。他从业四年多来,经过得自己不断的学习,不断地摸索。单班装车的高记录也在不断地刷新。

卓定军做事情风格稳健、公平、公正、合理。他不仅开叉车技术水平高,安全意识也非常强,他经常用各种事故安全教育全班人员:人的生命是第一位的,没有了生命就没有了一切。他的责任心特别强。在多年的工作中,他养成了“看、听、闻”的巡检习惯,在一次装车中,听到40号车叶轮“丝丝”的响,凭着经验,他断定是叶轮打在水箱上造成的,立即要求40号叉车司机将车停下进行了维修,经过检查发现叶轮已经快要跟水箱摩擦烂了。幸好及时地发现,才避免了一次事故的发生。而作为叉车班长,他还能公平、公正、合理的处理同事之

间的矛盾。使得同事们有事总喜欢找他来解决。

卓定军的先进事例真是太多了。虽然由于时间关系不能一一跟各位领导讲述。但我相信各位领导看了以后应该对他也有一定的了解了。卓定军就是这样一个把公司的利益放在第一位,把集体的利益放在第一位的好员工。凭着对运行岗位的挚爱,凭着对人生价值的信赖,四年来,吃了多少苦,流了多少汗,只有那一台台叉车最清楚,他用无怨无悔的追求向我们诠释了什么是忠诚、什么是奉献、什么是敬业,是的,他很平凡,平凡得走出门大家都不认得他,但在平凡的岗位上,正是有了像他这样的平凡才有了单班装车1480吨的记录。

第三篇:现代作家老舍及其散文《济南的冬天》赏析

湖北当阳

祖铨

一、作者简介

老舍(1899~1966)原名舒庆春,字舍予,满族人,现代著名作家、小说家、剧作家。老舍是他最常用的笔名,其他笔名有舍予、絜青等。他生于北京一个城市贫民家庭,1918年师范毕业后,曾任北京十七小学校长、天津南开中学语文教员。在新文化运动和五四运动中,他开始用白话文创作;1924年赴英国,任伦敦大学东方学院中文讲师,并进行文学创作,1929年离英回国,先后任济南齐鲁大学、青岛山东大学教授。1937年,他的代表作《骆驼祥子》问世,被译成十几种文字,产生较大的国际影响。抗战爆发后,他在周恩来的帮助下,从事抗战文学活动,著有《茶馆》《一些印象》等,1946年赴美讲学,1949年回国后,任政务院文教委员会委员、全国人大代表、全国文联副主席、全国作协副主席、北京市人民委员会委员、市文联主席等职。他勤奋创作,解放后写了20多个剧本,被誉为文艺队伍中的劳动模范、人民艺术家。1966年,他在文革中受迫害投湖而死,终年67岁。

1、个人经历

1899年老舍生于北京,父亲是一名满族的护军,阵亡在八国联军攻打北京城的战争中。全家靠母亲替人洗衣裳做活计维持生活。1908年老舍九岁,得人资助始入私塾。1913年,他考入京师第三中学,数月后因经济困难退学,同年考取公费的北京师范学校。1918年毕业,被派到方家胡同小学当校长。1921年,他在《海外新声》上发表《她的失败》的白话小小说,署名舍予,这是迄今为止发现的老舍的最早的一篇作品,仅有700字。1923年,在《南开季刊》发表第一篇短篇小说《小铃儿》。

1924年,赴英国,任伦敦大学亚非学院讲师。1926年,在《小说月报》上连载长篇小说《老张的哲学》,第1期署名“舒庆春”,第2期起改“老舍”。此后三年继续创作,在英国共创作发表了长篇小说三部《老张的哲学》、《赵子曰》、《二马》。

1929年夏,离英回国,在新加坡滞留半年,任中学教员。1930年,回国任齐鲁大学教授,边写作边教学。1931年,与胡絜青女士结婚,同年发表长篇《小坡的生日》。1932年,创作《猫城记》,并在《现代》杂志连载。此后几年,老舍陆续创作了《离婚》和《月牙儿》等在现代文学史上具有重要地位的作品。1934年,任山东大学文学系教授。1936年,老舍辞去山东大学教授一职专心从事写作。9月,《骆驼祥子》在《宇宙风》连载,1939年该书由人间书屋正式发行。1937年,8月返齐鲁大学任教。11月只身奔赴武汉。1938年,老舍被选为中华全国文艺界抗敌协会常务理事兼总务部主任,对内主持日常会务,对外代表“文协”,并全面负责总会的领导工作。同年7月,随“文协”西迁重庆。1939年,老舍翻译完成的英文版《金瓶梅》在伦敦出版,此版是为西方比较权威的《金瓶梅》译本,先后发行四次。1944年,创作并由良友复兴印刷公司出版《四世同堂》第一卷《惶惑》。1946年,受美国国务院邀请赴美讲学一年,同年出版《四世同堂》第二卷《偷生》。1949年,接文艺界三十余位友人信后决定回国,10月离美,12月抵达天津。1950年,中国民间文学研究会成立,任副理事长。

1951年,老舍因创作话剧《龙须沟》被北京市人民政府授予“人民艺术家”的称号。1953年,当选为全国文联主席,作协副主席。1957年,《茶馆》发表于《收获》第一期。1966年,文革中不忍屈辱,自沉于北京太平湖。1968年,获诺贝尔文学奖提名,且获投票第一,由于老舍已不在人世,此次诺奖遗憾颁予川端康成。1978年,老舍得到平反,恢复“人民艺术家”的称号。墓碑上刻着老舍的一句话:“文艺界尽责的小卒,睡在这里。”

2、婚姻家庭

1930年,胡絜青正在北京师范大学念书,母亲怕她因为这学业而耽误了终身大事。语言学家罗常培先生是胡絜青兄弟的朋友,有一回,他到胡家去玩,胡母托他帮忙物色。此时

老舍正好从伦敦回国,且著有作品,于是罗常培便向胡母介绍了老舍,获知老舍的才华及人品后,胡母异常高兴,便定下了这位乘龙快婿,于是与罗一同商议了一个周密的计划使老舍与胡絜青见面。1930年冬天,老舍回到北平。在罗的安排之下,老舍到处被朋友们拉去吃饭,而饭桌上总有胡絜青。在频繁的相见之后,胡与舒产生了情愫。直到1931年夏天,胡絜青毕业,两人举行了婚礼。婚后半个月,老舍携带妻子来到济南,继续在大学任教,胡絜青则在一家中学里教书。两人第一个孩子出生在济南,是个女孩,取名舒济。1935年第二个孩子,儿子舒乙出生,1937年,在重庆产下第三个孩子,次女舒立。

老舍先生在沉思、创作的时候,不喜欢被别人打扰,所以曾经与夫人赵絜清女士(画家)约定,希望她理解,不要以为自己不说话就是生闷气了,并说要和和气气过日子。事实也是如此,他们一生虽有怨言,但两人始终没有红过脸。

另传闻,老舍先生1937年11月只身一人到武汉,其夫人有些不解;再加上到重庆后,周恩来介绍女剧作家赵清阁作为其秘书,感情一度发展至同居,胡夫人知道后,虽然表面没闹,但不满在心里。因此,文革中老舍挨批挨打,胡夫人在那样的环境下,安慰不够,导致老舍外受身心打击,内受家人冷落,所以最终投湖自尽。

3、人物趣事

催稿趣事:抗战期间,北新书局出版的《青年界》,曾向作家老舍催过稿。老舍在寄稿的同时,幽默地寄去了一封带戏曲味的答催稿信:元帅发来紧急令:内无粮草外无兵!小将提枪上了马,《青年界》上走一程,吠!马来!参见元帅。带来多少人马?来个字!还都是老弱残兵!后帐休息!得令!正是:旌旗明明,杀气满山头!

改稿奴才:作家楼适夷有次去看望老舍。“最近写些什么?”楼适夷问道。满族出身的老舍笑着说:“我正在当„奴才‟,给我们的„皇帝‟润色稿子呢!”一阵大笑,方知老舍正接受一项新任务——为末代皇帝溥仪修改他的自传《我的前半生》。

献丑作诗:一次老舍家里来了许多青年人,请教怎样写诗。老舍说:“我不会写诗,只是瞎凑而已。”有人提议,请老舍当场“瞎凑”一首。“大雨洗星海,长虹万籁天;冰莹成舍我,碧野林风眠。”老舍随口吟了这首别致的五言绝句。寥寥20字把8位人们熟悉并称道的文艺家的名字,“瞎凑”在一起,形象鲜明,意境开阔,余味无穷。青年们听了,无不赞叹叫绝。诗中提到的大雨即孙大雨,现代诗人、文学翻译家。洗星海即冼星海,人民音乐家。高长虹是现代名人。万籁天是戏剧、电影工作者。冰莹即谢冰莹,现代女作家,湖南人。成舍我曾任重庆《新蜀报》总编辑。碧野是当代作家。林风眠是画家。

4、代表作品

a、长篇小说:骆驼祥子

四世同堂

老张的哲学

月牙儿 b、中篇小说:我这一辈子 c、短篇小说集

d、剧作:茶馆

龙须沟

5、创作题材

老舍的作品大多取材于市民生活。他善于描绘城市贫民的生活和命运,尤其擅长刻画浸透了封建宗法观念的保守落后的中下层市民,在民族矛盾和阶级搏斗中,在新的历史潮流冲击下。惶惑、犹豫、寂寞的矛盾心理,和进退维谷、不知所措的可笑行径。他喜欢通过日常平凡的场景反映普遍的社会冲突,笔触往往延伸到民族精神的挖掘或者民族命运的思考,让人从轻快诙谐之中品味出生活的严峻和沉重。关于自然风光的色彩鲜艳的渲染和关于习俗人情的细致入微的描摹,增添了作品的生活气息和情趣。

在现代文学史上,老舍的名字总是与市民题材、北京题材密切联系在一起的。他是现代中国文坛上杰出的风俗、世态(尤其是北京的风土人情)画家。作为一位大家,他所反映的社会现实可能不够辽阔,但在他所描绘的范围之内,却把历史和现实,从一年四季的自然景

色、不同时代的社会气氛、风俗习惯,一直到三教九流各种人等的喜怒哀乐、微妙心态都结合浓缩在一起,有声有色、生动活泼,自成一个完整丰满、“京味”十足的世界。这是老舍在现代文学史上做出的特殊贡献。

老舍的作品的另一个特点,是表现出鲜明的反帝爱国的题旨。老舍的作品中往往直接揭露帝国主义侵略罪行,从不同侧面描写它们的经济、文化、宗教渗透和种族歧视所给予中国人民种种伤害。他表现民族觉醒、表彰民族气节,同时抨击在这些侵略和渗透面前卑躬屈节、为虎作伥的洋奴汉。1960年是义和团起义的六十周年,于是写出了话剧《神拳》,再现了北京居民抗击八国联军的壮烈情景。

6、语言风格

老舍的语言俗白精致,雅俗共赏。老舍说:“没有一位语言艺术大师是脱离群众的,也没有一位这样的大师是记录人民语言,而不给它加工的。”因此,作品中人物语言是加提炼过的北京白话。其作品语言的“俗”是建立在精细的思考与研究的基础上。他的“白”,让读者易于理解却又颇有深度。用通俗、平白的文字来反应时代和生活,这才是老舍作为语言大师的境界,可谓“清水出芙蓉,天然去雕饰”。然而另一方面,老舍又使用语脱去自然形态的粗糙与随意,炼成金子,使现代的北京口语显出朴素精致如同一具精雕细刻的瓷器。

同样老舍的作品也追求幽默,一方面来自狄更斯等英国文学家的影响,另一方面也深深地打上了“北京市民文化”的烙印,形成了更内蕴的“京味”。幽默风趣,是老舍作品语言的总体风格特色。他认为:“文字要生动有趣,必须利用幽默……假荇干燥、晦涩、无趣,是文艺的致命伤;幽默便有了很大的重要。”因此,老舍的小说、戏剧,散文等也都充满了幽默风趣色彩。他的作品字里行间无不闪现着他的幽默才华:把“想得深”的思想内容,用“说得俏”的语言表达出来,含蓄隽永,充满浓郁的幽默色彩。从《老张的哲学》问世起,老舍就开始被人称为“幽默小说家”。

老舍先生更是潜台词运用的大师,其代表就是《茶馆》。《茶馆》凭借深刻含蓄的潜台词,有力地丰富了语言的内涵。最经典的例子就是第一幕庞太监与秦仲义的“舌战”。这两个人一个是西太后的宠奴,一个是讲维新的资产者,二人不期而遇表面上客客气气,骨子里却是兵刃森森。《茶馆》中像这样的台词比比皆是。它引而不发,以弦外之音调动人们的兴味与深思,耐人咀嚼。

老舍作品成功地运用了富有生命力的北京口语词汇,使作品语言有着独特的京韵,作品生活气息醇厚,地方风物、民情风俗真实感人。同时用地道的北京话写北京人,本土本色,活泼有趣、质朴自然,生活气息迎面扑来,具有独特的魅力,透出了北京话的神韵,显示北京话活泼的生命力和老舍驾驭北京口语的能力。

7、文学思想

老舍的文学思想成分复杂,现代文学史中无产阶级文学和资产阶级文学的斗争里,他的派别色彩不明显,虽然他对左派的革命领导文学的艺术指导方式及其他艺术和思想上的主张颇有微词。同时老舍也未曾加入苏汶和梁实秋等人的第三派——不认为文学至死都是自由的。他的文学思想的基调是强调文学的自由表达,同时认为文学对社会的作用是不期然而然的和远期的。

但是由于受到时代的影响,老舍也曾一度向文学的实用性靠近,然而经过一段时间发展,艺术家的他又感到不适,于是又重新呼唤并实践文学的自由表达和艺术性,在此期间其文学思想也出现了反复和震荡。因此而言老舍没有坚定单纯的文学立场,他的文艺思想是摇摆不定的,但是他倾向于从感情角度看文学,认为“使人欣喜是艺术的目的”,“文学是认识生命的,解释生命的”。同时老舍认为“文以气为主”强调表达自我为主,不使文学变成传道的教科书。

在作家不受外力干涉下进行自由表达的基础上,老舍进一步加深了个人的文学思考深度

-----形式的美好。老舍多次提出“文学是以美好的文字为心灵的表现。”同时受到英国文学的启发,追求简洁朴素的语言风格“脱去花艳的衣裳,而露出文字的躶体的美”,这在很大程度上是与英国文学相通的,同时也是老舍受狄更斯等作家影响后在创作上的重要投影,是老舍文学思想不可分割的一部分。

表达自由和形式美好是老舍最基本的追求,在这基础上老舍也反对文以载道的文学观,但并不否认文学的社会性和社会作用,如老舍早、中期的小说《老张的哲学》《赵子曰》《二马》《小坡的生日》《猫城记》《牛天赐传》《骆驼祥子》等,中心旨意都是探索振兴国运、强盛民族之路的。老舍是以平民生活为描述对象,以传统伦理道德的哲学观为思想基础,以人道主义的善恶观为最基本的出发点,以是否有利于振兴国运、强盛民族为尺度,而进行文学描述的,而后期老舍在抗战时期则发表了大量的宣传抗战的文艺作品。

8、人物评价

胡风:“舍予是经过了生活底甜酸苦辣的,深通人情世故的人,但他底„真‟不但没有被这些所湮没,反而显得更凸出,更难能而且可爱。所以他底真不是憨直,不是忘形,而是被复杂的枝叶所衬托着的果子。他底客客气气,谈笑风生里面,常常要跳出不知道是真话还是笑话的那一种幽默。现在大概大家都懂得那里面正闪耀着他底对于生活的真意,但他有时却要为国事,为公共事业,为友情伤心堕泪,这恐怕是很少为人知道的。”

“舍予是非常欢喜交友,最能合群的人,但同时也是富于艺术家气质,能够孤独的人”。 “舍予是尽了他的责任的,要他卖力的时候他卖力,要他挺身而出的时候他挺身而出,要他委曲求全的时候他委曲求全……特别是为了公共的目的而委屈自己的那一种努力,就我目接过的若干事实说,只有暗暗叹服包在谦和的言行里面的他底舍己的胸怀。”

老舍之子舒乙:“生活中的父亲完全是矛盾的。他一天到晚大部分时间不说话,在闷着头构思写作。很严肃、很封闭。但是只要有人来,一听见朋友的声音。他马上很活跃了,平易近人,热情周到,很谈得来。仔细想来,父亲也矛盾。因为他对生活、对写作极认真勤奋;另一方面,他又特别有情趣,爱生活。”

朱光潜:“据我接触到的世界文学情报,全世界得到公认的中国新文学家也只有沈从文与老舍。”

樊骏评价幽默之于老舍:“在某种意义上,失去了幽默,就没有了老舍,更谈不上他在文学史上取得那样的成就与地位。”

9、人物影响

文艺影响:老舍致力于文学的普及和曲艺的改造,是民间曲艺改革的一位先驱者。在中国现代作家之中,老舍是唯一一个能够身体力行地将文学与曲艺进行结合,长时间地关注曲艺发展,并且在新中国成立后亲自参与了曲艺,尤其是主要曲种(相声)的社会主义改造的作家。解放初期,老舍作为知名的作家,积极投身于相声的社会主义改造,与罗常培、吕叔湘、吴晓铃等学者会同孙玉奎、刘德智、侯宝林等相声演员一起组成相声改进小组,通过撰写大量作品和理论文章,不仅指导相声摆脱了解放初期由于其旧有形式和内容所造成的生存危机,而且使相声乃至曲艺这门艺术形式完成了在新社会、新形势下的自身定位,奠定了其艺术地位,为之后新相声的发展定下了基调,并且一直影响到了今天相声的发展。

老舍的《茶馆》、《龙须沟》奠定了北京人民艺术剧院独特的风格,创立了北京人民艺术剧院演剧学派。《龙须沟》是北京人民艺术剧院演剧学派建立的奠基之作,剧本为演出建立了一个现实主义的,形象鲜明的,强调从生活中塑造一个鲜明形象的基础。这对我国的话剧事业和北京人民艺术剧院的成长起到了一个基础的关键作用,在此基础上逐渐形成的北京人民艺术剧院的风格,被北京人艺的导演、演员所继承并沿用至今。

在创作题材的角度看老舍的文艺影响,从老舍的创作经历可以看到,从最初的《老张的哲学》、《二马》和《赵子曰》就以北京的生活和北京人在海外的生活为题材,到后来重新回

到北京的市民生活题材的《离婚》、《牛天赐传》,再到他的代表作《骆驼祥子》、《四世同堂》,以及《我这一辈子》和《月牙儿》、《柳家大院》等中短篇小说,他最有特点和艺术成就的作品都与北京这座城市有关。

因此,可以说老舍是“京味小说”的源头,是北京文化孕育了老舍的创作,而老舍笔下的市民世界又最能体现北京文化的人文景观,甚至成为一种文化史象征,一说到北京文化,就不能不联想到老舍的文学世界。老舍的小说有序和完整的构建了一个艺术上的“北平世界”,同时小说中的小吃、建筑和语言都是现如今挖掘和开拓北京文化的重要源泉。

同时在批判国民性的道路上,老舍也有自己的开拓,比起鲁迅对国民心理机制的发掘,老舍对中国心理和行为的研究及描写不免失之肤浅,但也有鲁迅所不及之处显示出老舍自己的特点---既有原有的纯中国环境中中国人的缺点,也有中国人在外国人面前的心理和行为的病态和适当,后者是老舍独有的开拓,这种方式在以后批判中也是鲜见的,这种批判因此也构成和补充了一部完整的现代国民性批判史,对后来的批判具有借鉴意义。

政治影响:老舍和郭沫若等人组织了“中华全国文艺界抗敌协会”,并担任常务理事兼总务部主任,负责领导日常会务,对外代表“文协”,老舍在担任总务部主任期间团结了全国的抗战文人,使这一时期成为现代文学史上文艺界团结得最好的时期之一。

文学奖项:为纪念老舍先生以及鼓励创作优秀的文艺作品,北京市文联和老舍文艺基金会于1999年创立了老舍文学奖,该奖项主要奖励北京籍作者的创作和在京出版和发表的优秀作品,每两至三年评选一次。

10、纪念故居

老舍故居共有4处,分别位于北京、重庆、山东和伦敦。 北京故居:位于北京市东城区灯市口西街丰富胡同19号,该故居是老舍解放后居住的地方,是老舍先生1950年由美国归国后,自己花钱购买的一个普通的四合小院。老舍在此创作了《茶馆》等20余部剧作。

该故居1984年被北京市人民政府列为北京市第三批文物保护单位。1998年老舍夫人回国捐献了部分老舍的字画、古董,同年有偿捐献了老舍故居予国家,第二年在国务院的批准下在故居的原址正式建成老舍纪念馆。

重庆故居:位于重庆天生新村63号,1943年刚动完盲肠手术的老舍与一家人开始在此定居,老舍在此完成了《火葬》、《惶惑》和《饥荒》等长篇小说。八年抗战老舍几乎全是在重庆的这所房子里。2012年,该故居正式更名为“四世同堂纪念馆”,面向社会开放。 山东故居:位于青岛市市南区黄县路12号,2010年改建为“骆驼祥子博物馆”,1936-1937年间,老舍在此居住,并在此完成了他“写作生涯的第一炮”——《骆驼祥子》。

伦敦故居:位于英国伦敦市圣詹姆斯花园31号,老舍在英国担任讲师的1925—1928三年间在此居住,老舍在这里完成了长篇《老张的哲学》和《赵子曰》。

二、作品原文《济南的冬天》

对于一个在北平住惯的人,像我,冬天要是不刮风,便觉得是奇迹;济南的冬天是没有风声的。对于一个刚由伦敦回来的人,像我,冬天要能看得见日光,便觉得是怪事;济南的冬天是响晴的。自然,在热带的地方,日光是永远那么毒,响亮的天气,反有点叫人害怕。

可是,在北中国的冬天,而能有温晴的天气,济南真得算个宝地。

设若单单是有阳光,那也算不了出奇。请闭上眼睛想:一个老城,有山有水,全在天底下晒着阳光,暖和安适地睡着,只等春风来把它们唤醒,这是不是个理想的境界?小山整把济南围了个圈儿,只有北边缺着点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱,好像是把济南放在一个小摇篮里,它们安静不动地低声地说“你们放心吧,这儿准保暖和。真的,济南的人们在冬天是面上含笑的。他们一看那些小山,心中便觉得有了着落,有了依靠。他们由天上看到

山上,便不知不觉地想起:"明天也许就是春天了吧?这样的温暖,今天夜里山草也许就绿起来了吧?"就是这点幻想不能一时实现,他们也并不着急,因为有这样慈善的冬天,干啥还希望别的呢!

最妙的是下点小雪呀。看吧,山上的矮松越发的青黑,树尖上顶着一臂地白花,好像日本看护妇。山尖全白了,给蓝天壤上一道银边。山坡上,有的地方雪厚点,有的地方草色还露着;这样,一道儿白,一道儿暗黄,给山们穿上一件带水纹的花衣;看着看着,这件花衣好像被风儿吹动,叫你希望看见一点更美的山的肌肤。等到快回落的时候,微黄的阳光斜射在山腰上,那点薄雪好像忽然害了羞,微微露出点粉色。就是下小雪吧,济南是受不住大雪的,那些小山太秀气!

古老的济南,城里那么狭窄,城外又那么宽敞,山坡上卧着些小村庄,小村庄的房顶上卧着点雪,对,这是张小水墨画,也许是唐代的名手画的吧。

那水呢,不但不结冰,倒反在绿萍上冒着点热气,水藻真绿,把终年贮蓄的绿色全拿出来了。天儿越晴,水藻越绿,就凭这些绿的精神,水也不忍得冻上,况且那些长技的垂柳还要在水里照个影儿呢!看吧,由澄清的河水慢慢往上看吧,空中,半空中,天上,自上而下全是那么清亮,那么蓝汪汪的,整个的是块空灵的蓝水晶。这块水晶里,包着红屋顶,黄草山,像地毯上的小团花的小灰色树影;这就是冬天的济南。

三、文章赏析

1、《济南的冬天》是现代著名作家、剧作家、小说家老舍创作的一篇散文,最初发表于1931年4月,此后长期被中国中学语文教材选用。《济南的冬天》是一篇充满诗情画意的散文,老舍在英国讲学六年之久,英国的雾气给他留下深刻的印象,还去了西南地区,因此来到被誉为“泉城”的山东省会济南后,感受非常强烈。标题“济南的冬天”,简洁阐明了地点,节令。老舍紧紧抓住济南冬天“温晴”这一特点,描述出一幅幅济南特有的动人的冬景。

2、创作背景

1930年前后从英国回到山东,先后在济南齐鲁大学和青岛山东大学任教7年之久,对山东产生了深厚的感情,山东被他称为“第二故乡”。《济南的冬天》是老舍1931年春天在济南齐鲁大学任教时触景生情写成的。是非常优美的一篇散文。据老舍夫人胡青回忆,老舍生前“常常怀念的是从婚后到抗战爆发,在山东度过的那几年”。《济南的冬天》是老舍1931年春天在济南齐鲁大学任教时写成的。原为一系列直接描写济南风景名胜的长篇散文《一些印象》中的第五节(第一节《济南的马车》、第二节《济南伪洋车》、第三节《济南的大葱》、第四节《济南的秋天》、第六节《齐大的校园》、第七节是全文的结语),发表在《齐大月刊》欧一卷第六期。此文虽系节选,但能独立成篇。

关于济南的山和水:在济南南面,距市中心五里有著名的千佛山。千佛山古名历山,传说帝舜耕稼于此,又名舜耕山。隋开皇间因岩石镌佛,遍布山崖,遂称千佛山。它东接佛懋山,西连南马鞍山、四里山,层峦叠翠,形成济南的天然屏障。它们确实都是“小山”,千佛山的主峰也只有海拔285米。

济南多泉水。有关济南泉水的记载,最早见于《春秋》,金代有人立“名泉碑”,列举泉名72个。历代各家所记72泉不尽相同。大致为趵突泉、黑虎泉、珍珠泉、五龙潭四大泉群。济南泉水,千姿百态,或白浪翻腾,如银花玉蕊;或晶莹温润,如明珠璎珞;或如洪涛倾注,虎啸狮吼;或如细雨潇潇,冰弦低语。趵突泉,名列72泉之首。济南自古有“泉城”之名。大明湖在济南旧城北部,由珍珠泉、芙蓉泉、王府池等多处泉水汇成,湖面占全城的三分之一。清人刘凤诰咏湖有“四面荷花三面柳,一城山色半城湖”的名句。

3、主题思想:《济南的冬天》老舍一反以往厚重、富有沧桑感的现实主义风格,以轻快、自然的笔调描绘了一块冬天里的宝地。该文的主题思想即对济南特有的冬景的喜爱和赞美。通过对济南冬天场景的描述,充分体现了作者对济南的冬天的喜爱之情,对济南这座城市的

热爱之情,以及作者热爱大自然,热爱生活,热爱生命的生活情操。

作者多用温情的意象来描绘济南冬天温晴之景,营造出一种温婉的整体性语感。语言层面写的是济南的“温晴”,所要表达的是济南冬天的温情 :“温晴”是所见的外象 ,是借以表现心象的客体和媒介 ;“温情”是心象 (心灵感受),它蕴涵的是作家的主观情感、生命和人生感悟及审美感受。文章不惜笔墨写景,实际是抒发对济南冬天的喜爱、赞美之情,这才真正是文章的意蕴、文章的核心。

4、文章结构

全文共五个自然段,可分为两个部分: 第一部分,(第1自然段)总写济南冬天的天气。作者以自己亲身的感受,通过和北平、伦敦、热带的对比,写济南冬天没有风声、没有重雾、没有毒日,突出它的“温晴”,赞誉它是个“宝地”。(1)与北平对比→无风声(2)与伦敦对比→无重雾(3)与热带对比→无毒日

第二部分(2至结尾),分写济南冬天的山水景物,无不涂上“温晴”色彩。 (1)山景:(第2自然段)济南的老城、阳光朗照下的山(温静)(第3自然段)写济南的山景。薄雪覆盖下的山(秀色)(第4自然段)城外的远山(淡雅) (2)水色(第5自然段)写济南的水色。水绿,清,亮。

第三部分(最后一句):小结,这就是冬天的济南。

5、作品艺术手法分析

A、修辞艺术:在《济南的冬天》一文中,修辞格的运用不仅数量多,而且质量高,质与量达到完美的统一。全文共八百来字,六个自然段,仅二十多个句子,却整理出比拟、比喻、错综、双关等近二十种修辞格,很多不常用的辞格在文章中也大量使用,如转品、示现、迭现等。

“对于一个在北平住惯的人,像我,冬天要是不刮风,便觉得是奇迹;济南的冬天是没有风声的。对于一个刚由伦敦回来的人,像我,冬天要能看得见日光,便觉得是怪事;济南的冬天是响晴的。自然,在热带的地方,日光是永远那么毒,响亮的天气,反有点叫人害怕。可是,在北中国的冬天,而能有温晴的天气,济南真得算个宝地”。这一段运用了对照的修辞手法。对照,又叫对比,是一种运用广泛,很有表现力的修辞手法,通过对比,可以使所描写事物显得更鲜明、更透彻。作者以自身的独特感受,通过与北平、伦敦、热带对比,写济南的冬天既无风声、又无重雾、也无毒日的“奇迹”和“怪事”,突出强调“温晴”这一特点,进而赞誉济南是个“宝地”,在此,作者对济南的喜爱之情得到深化。同时,运用了反复,“对于一个……的人”两个间隔反复、“像我”两个间隔反复,突出作者的感受,强调“温晴”,抒发了作者对济南冬天的喜爱以及济南的冬天给“我”的惊喜和意外。

“请闭上眼睛想:一个老城,有山有水,全在天底下晒着阳光,暖和安适地睡着,只等春风来把它们唤醒,这是不是个理想的境界?”这一段作者巧妙地运用了拟人的修辞手法,细致地描摹了景物的姿态:“晒”摹写出济南老城闲适的姿态,似一位老者安静祥和、与世无争;一个“睡”进一步深化了老城的这种悠闲。连用两个动词 ,把老城的闲适姿态摹写得自然贴切。此句中,还使用了反问。反问也是一种常用的修辞方式,运用反问可以加强语气,增强语言的感染力和表达力。这句用商量的口吻,让人倍感亲切,好像是与人面对面的交谈,又像是在征求意见,但答案是不言而明的,饱含了作者对济南冬天深深的喜爱和赞美之情。作者用反问句而非一般的陈述句,增强了语气,使感情得以完整抒发。这一句还有迭现辞格,用“一个老城”“有山”、“有水”组成的迭现,引人入胜,作者从上方俯瞰,勾画出一幅阳光下济南冬天的全景图。

“小山整把济南围了个圈儿,只有北边缺着点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱,好像是把济南放在一个小摇篮里,它们安静不动地低声地说:„你们放心吧,这儿准保暖和‟。”这一句,“围”展现出小山与济南城亲密依偎的情态;“放”表现出了小山对济南城的呵护和怜爱

之情;“说”更是把小山写活了。连续用三个动词,逼真地表现了小山对济南宠着护着的情态,突出了小山对济南城的诚挚之情。“小摇篮”则将小山写得像母亲一样慈祥与体贴,令人不由得想起母亲在摇篮边低唱催眠曲时的安详情态,把济南城的地理位置温情慈祥地交待出来。 “明天也许就是春天了吧?这样的温暖,今天夜里山草也许就绿起来了吧?就是这点幻想不能一时实现,他们也并不着急。”正因为度冬如春,所以才会产生幻想,正因为冬天这样“慈善”,所以“就是这点幻想不能一时实现”,人们的心情也“并不着急”。作者连用两个设问句,引人注目,突出了济南冬天的“温晴”,重点是答案,进一步加强语势。句中的“绿”字,形容词转为动词用,使人不仅感受到山草“绿”这样一种状态,更能体会到“绿”的动态过程。与“春风又绿江南岸”的“绿”一样,使文章的语言和所表达的内容都显得生动形象。这一部分写济南人的感受,也是作者自身的独特感受,表现了作者对济南冬天的喜爱和感激之情。

“他们也并不着急,因为有这样慈善的冬天,干啥还希望别的呢!”此例用了语气错综,前一句“并不着急”是陈述语气,后一句本来仍可以用陈述句,但作者很自然地换为反问语气,把陈述语气和反问语气错综使用,使文章语言整齐有变化,语气得到加强,情感得以凸显。句中的“干啥”是北方方言,此处是方言和普通话相混,使得文章语言不仅朴素亲切,而且生动灵活,增添了作品的特色。

“山上的矮松越发的青黑,树尖上顶着一髻儿白花,好像日本看护妇”中用“日本看护妇”比喻矮松顶着雪的情景,贴切形象地表现了雪后矮松清新可爱的形态,不仅使矮松有了活力,而且使人感到新奇别致。

“山坡上,有的地方雪厚点,有的地方草色还露着;这样,一道儿白,一道儿暗黄,给山们穿上一件带水纹的花衣”。此处借“带水纹的花衣”喻雪后山坡上由于雪分布不均而形成的黄白相间的美景,富有层次美,使山坡美景这一宽泛的景物显得微妙可感知,而并非遥不可及。

“等到快日落的时候,微黄的阳光斜射在山腰上,那点薄雪好像忽然害了羞,微微露出点粉色。”此句用了拆词修辞格。拆词是一种常用的修辞手法,巧妙地运用拆词,不仅能生动简明地阐明事理,而且还能更好地抒发感情。句中把“害羞”拆开,不仅使整个句子音律和谐,更生动地描绘了夕阳斜照下雪色娇美的情态,而且“害了羞”这样一种状态,是作者独特的感受,比起“害羞”来说,更能反映出作者对“薄雪”的喜爱。此句也用了摹绘,用“微微”一词把夕阳下雪的美妙神态模拟出来,令人真切地感受到“露”这一情景。

“就是下小雪吧,济南是受不住大雪的,那些小山太秀气!”此句用了句式错综,本来可以写成同一格式:“下大雪济南是受不住的”,和前面构成统一格式,但作者加以变化,避免了呆板,使情感得以自然流露。

“天儿越晴,水藻越绿,就凭这些绿的精神,水也不忍得冻上,况且那些长枝的垂柳还要在水里照个影儿呢。”中“不忍”使水人格化,把水写得脉脉含情,水的心理和神态得以完美展现,水给他物以美的享受,同时,其他的东西又来衬托水的清澈,足以使人感受到济南冬天的和谐之美。

“看吧,由澄清的河水慢慢往上看吧,空中,半空中,天上,自上而下全是那么清亮,那么蓝汪汪的,整个的是块空灵的蓝水晶”中用“是”这一比喻词连接本体从天上到水面整个空间的清亮和喻体“空灵的蓝水晶”,这一句将空间的清亮比喻为“空灵的蓝水晶”,化抽象为具体,给人以形象之感。此句还用了摹绘辞格。运用摹绘,可以增强叙述的鲜明性和形象性,使读者仿佛身临其境,如闻其声,如见其形。这句用“蓝汪汪”把济南冬天河水的清澈、天空的蔚蓝摹绘出来,使人如见其形,感觉水光天色如在眼前。水面到空中,从河水的清亮、水藻的绿到整个空间的清亮。这一句还用了迭现辞格。迭现是一种描绘性的文学修辞方式,运用迭现,令人遐想无限,增添视觉形象。“空中”、“半空中”、“天上”迭现出一幅独特的画面,品读起来,使人产生身临其境之感。

“这块水晶里,包着红屋顶,黄草山,像地毯上的小团花的小灰色树影”,这一句运用了倒喻,倒喻是比喻的一种变式,把本体和喻体颠倒使用。用倒喻的形式,把树影比作“地毯上的小团花”,由眼前的“小灰色树影”联想到“地毯山的小团花”,形式新颖,比喻贴切。 该文章中,几种小格的变换使用,使文章显得生动有活力,避免了生硬死板,每一种辞格不仅运用合理,而且运用质量很高。在景物描写中,作者运用好辞格,能写出作者对景物不同于别人的感受,会给人一种新的视觉冲击,对描写对象印象更为深刻,对景物充满向往,产生出一种别样的想象之美。《济南的冬天》这篇散文,作者在运用修辞格过程中,使语言表达与文中的意境营造得以完美体现,修辞格的运用是这篇散文的活力之源,其辞格展现的艺术魅力和张力,堪为典范之作。

B、写景手法:

a.基调统一,色彩和谐

济南虽然地处北中国,但是冬天无大风而多日照,它在冬天最显著的气候特点是“温晴”(温暖晴朗)。文章紧紧抓住这一点,使笔下的种种景物跟这“温晴”天气紧密联系在一起,构成一幅温暖晴朗的济南冬天图景。文章写山,写水,写城,写人,都无不涂上一层温暖晴朗的色彩,就是写雪景,也仍然跟温暖有联系──因为暖和,所以“最妙的是下点小雪”;而同晴朗分不开──因为晴朗,所以有“等到快日落的时候,微黄的阳光斜射在山腰上,那点薄雪好像忽然害了羞,微微露出点粉色”的景致。

在文中,第二段主要写的是济南全景,第

三、四段主要写的是济南的山色,第五段主要写的是济南的水上景色,那么,全文就是由这几幅互相联系而又相对独立的画图组成的长轴。而这幅长轴,也就靠这“温晴”的基调统一起来,给人以和谐一致的美感。

b.景物层次,安排得当

古老的济南,景色秀丽,素有“家家泉水,户户插柳”、“一城山色半城湖”的美誉。文章依照写景的先后层次,更好地把这些美好的景色展现于出来。文章首先鸟瞰全城,得其全貌(第二段),然后给人以那一城山色,雪后斜阳(第

三、四段),最后才写那垂柳岸边,那“水不但不结冰,倒反在绿萍上冒着点热气”,而水藻越晴越绿的水上景色(第五段)。由大到小地写来,从山到水地写去,层次分明,脉络清晰。自然这是就各大层次来说的,各大层次的内部,又同中有异,如第二段的由写景而兼及写人,第三段的由写雪而兼及写晴,第五段的由写水面而兼及写天空。写来笔法活脱,不失参差错落之致。

c.远近大细,各得其宜

偌大的一个济南,在作者笔下,竟然可以放在一个由四面群山环抱而成的小小摇篮里,而水天一碧的宏伟景色,只不过是一块“空灵的蓝水晶”。这是景物的远者大者。再看,“树尖上顶着一髻儿白花,好像日本看护妇”,“水藻真绿,把终年贮蓄的绿色全拿出来了”。这是景物的近者细者。远景大景,使人视野开阔,顿感心旷神怡;近景小景,叫人近看谛听,更觉景象真切。而且远景大景,还可以冲破“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中”的局限,而近景小景,又能够避免“只见树木不见森林”的弊病。古诗云:“远观山有色,近听水无声。”这是说的非远观不能看到高山居然有色,非近听无以觉出流水竟然无声。这说明,写景手法,远近大细,不可偏废。运用得宜,就可以兼收其效。

该文写景时,不但远近并用,大细兼行,而且往往是由近而远、由细而大,或由远而近、由大而细,写来衔接紧密,推进自然。比如第五段的写景,就是由近而远,由细而大的:先写水冒着点热气,再写水藻,再写垂柳,再写水面的上空以至于半空中、天空上。而第四段的写景,则是由远而近、由大而细的:先写城外,再写城外的山坡,再写山坡上的小村庄,再写小村庄的房顶上的雪。这种写法,既符合叙述的逻辑顺序,又适应读者的视觉需要。

d.虚实手法,同时并用

实写景物的形象,对景物描写来说,无疑是十分必要的,诸如文章中的“树尖上顶着一髻儿白花,好像日本看护妇”之类。但是,要不止于摹状,还要传神,就得更多地仰仗虚写的手法。因此,在作者笔下,冬天阳光照耀下的济南,就出现了“暖和安适地睡着,只等春风来把它们唤醒”的神情;一圈围城的小山,也就说出“你们放心吧,这儿准保暖和”的细语;薄雪会有“微微露出点粉色”的羞容;水藻会有“把终年贮蓄的绿色全

拿出来了”的“精神”;而那水呢,对那水藻也就可以有一副“不忍得冻上”的和善心肠了。至于小雪覆盖不匀的山坡,要“给山们穿上一件带水纹的花衣”,“那些长枝的垂柳还要在水里照个影儿”,自然也是文章中虚写传神的佳句。

e.适当点题,意义深远

画之所以有题跋,原因之一是题跋可以使画本身蕴含的意义更为显豁。应该说,题跋是一幅画的一个有机的组成部分,虽然它并不是所画的景物的本身。同样,对所写的景物,作者出面直接点题,也是容许的,这些点明题旨的话,不是可有可无的。该文点题得法,寥寥数语,便收到画龙点睛的效果。比如说,文章在描写了小山雪景之后,突然掉转笔锋,作者以评论者的身份,说起点题话来:“就是下小雪吧,济南是受不住大雪的,那些小山太秀气!”这话,既可以说是在所描绘的画面之外,又可以说是在所描绘的画面之中,因为它是画面所本有而又有点不甚明了的。一经点出,济南下点小雪(不能是大雪)的妙处,也就跃然纸上了。题不可不点,也不可滥点,本文点题恰到好处。最后一句“这就是冬天的济南”,令人读起来有意犹未尽、话犹未了之感,引发读者更深远的思考,这也许正是作者使文章戛然而止的原因吧。

f.山水画法,以大观小

描绘济南的大地,老舍先生所用的是“以大观小”的中国山水画的构图取景方法。作者展开想像的翅膀飞上济南的云天俯瞰大地,然后对济南大地作了简笔的写意描绘。画城,不画它的东西南北,“一个老城,有山有水,全在天底下晒着阳光,暖和安适地睡着,只等春风来把它们唤醒”(注:此句中的山是济南城中的山)。一些琐碎的细部都被略去了,画的只是冬天济南城秀美的睡态,留下充分的余地让读者去联想、想像,进行艺术的再创造。画山,不画它的上下左右,“小山整把济南围了个圈儿,只有北边缺着点口儿”。一起笔就抓住了景物的主要特征,紧接着就引导读者展开艺术的联想和想像:“这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱,好像是把济南放在一个小摇篮里,它们安静不动地低声地说:„你们放心吧,这儿准保暖和。‟”借这种联想、想像,使画面活灵飞动起来。画人,不画人的男女老少,不但如国画一样略去耳鼻眉目,连形体也完全略去,而只画了济南冬天人物情态的最主要的特征:“济南的人们在冬天是面上含笑的。”这和山、水、城,浑然构成一幅完美的图画。

6、名家点评

《济南的冬天》这篇文章,作者充分调动了读者的想像力,使《济南的冬天》具有绘画艺术的特色。同时,也可以说它是一篇成功的写景散文,它的写景艺术是值得后人学习与借鉴。

——中国考试命题研究中心主任委员田昊明

在促膝而谈的氛围中,更显老舍先生的情真意切,一切尽在无言的回味中,无须大书特书热爱、喜爱等字。全篇留给读者无尽的想象空间,慢慢体会、细细品味,如撞钟已止而余音缭绕不绝,更有一番情韵在其中。

——高密市书法家协会支部委员会书记李连鸿

这篇短文的叙述语调是平易朴实的,语言是凝炼而亲切的,用词是准确生动的。但是最重要的是结构。它似乎无结构,但是内容组合的又是这么自然、精巧、恰当。

——浙江工商大学西湖学者、教授吴炫

我说,《济南的冬天》是一篇充满诗情画意的散文,这里的山、水、城和人们无不带着一层温暖晴和的色彩,这样一幅生动的图画,不仅唤起了读者对光、色、态的联想,而且让我们读着读着就进入到了一个暖和安适的境界。这样的文章,让人难忘。

2016.10.18

第四篇:为莫言介绍的是作家

为莫言介绍的是作家、诺贝尔文学奖评委会提名小组主席佩尔·瓦斯特伯格,他介绍说,莫言是个诗人,粉碎了陈腔滥调,让茫茫人海中的个体得以升华,莫言的想像力翔越了人类存在的全部。

他以俏皮而难以掩饰的轻快口吻,揭示人类存在的极端阴暗面,几乎无意识地就找到了极具象征意义的形象。

高密东北乡收藏着许多中国民间故事与历史往昔,但只有极少真正意义上的旅程得以超越这些,描述出一个爱善与邪恶皆有超乎寻常之能量的地方。 莫言的想像力翔越了人类存在的全部,他对大自然有了不起的描绘……他描写英雄、恋人、拷打者和强盗——他尤其擅长描写坚强不屈的母亲形象。

莫言的故事里带有神话与寓言的伪装,但到头来他却颠覆掉这一切。 莫言采用了源自神话与民间故事的夸张、模仿与派生手法。

何时曾有如此史诗式的春潮席卷过中国与世界?在莫言的作品中,世界文学与一个声音对话,这个声音足以湮没大部分的同行者。

刚刚领取了诺贝尔文学奖的中国作家莫言,在颁奖礼后举行的晚宴上,发表获奖感言。

莫言形容,自己出身中国高密农村,能站在世界着名场所接受诺贝尔文学奖,就像童话故事成真。莫言说,明白现今是政治争拗和经济危机时代,文学只能发挥微少影响力,但他认为,文学自古以来对人类社会有重大意义,对能以作家为专业感自豪。他又说,深知世界上有很多比自己更值得获奖的作家,获得诺贝尔文学奖是一个黄金机会,让他更了解世界和自己。他感谢家人和家乡长辈的支持和鼓励,也感谢评审委员会和为他把作品翻译的人士。他说,翻译工作令文学走向世界,成为人类彼此认识和尊重的桥梁。

第五篇:自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴

1.

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.

the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。

3.

Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4.

Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.

Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6.

The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.

The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式),组织结构,意象(比喻,描述)与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.

The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛,威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。

9.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚

17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love‟s Labour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:《亨利六世》,《理查三世》,《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧:《错误的戏剧》,《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:《理查三世》,《约翰王》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯商人》,《无事生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第十二夜》,《温莎的风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。

19. Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧),悲剧有:《哈姆雷特》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20. The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。 21. Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。

22. Shakespeare‟s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。

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23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。

25. Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是:《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》

26. “The King‟s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。

27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,从梦幻中找安慰。

28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与现实。

29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。

30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。

31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿

44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。 45. Milton‟s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类:早期诗作,中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。

46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作:《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。

47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中,亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界,其中也包括罪恶。

49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路,这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。

50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton‟s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中,整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样,以生命为代价,与敌人同归于尽。

51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

【英国】Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义

1.

In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。 2.

The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。

3.

Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

2

4.

Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。

5.

As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.

Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿,亚历山大.蒲柏,约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱),乔纳森.斯威夫特,丹尼尔.迪福,理查.B.谢立丹,亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.

In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。

8.

They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序,逻辑,确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.

Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅,充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。

11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧(抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗)写就;时间,地点,事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。

12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序,优美的格式,统一的结构,简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶,还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福,塞缪尔.理查德,亨利.费尔丁,劳伦斯.斯泰思,托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。

16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classicliterary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔,鼓励及预示的转移。

17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18. Jonathan Swift‟s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.

28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智,充沛的精力,旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾

3

逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说,是笛福的代表作。

30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中,他都表达了对勤劳,坚强的中产阶级的赞誉,以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。

31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆,朴素直白,时而又气势磅礴,泼墨如水,为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化,有时甚至是俗语方言。 34. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作,完全是大众英语。 35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》:整部小说分为三个部分

The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此,鲁宾逊是真正的英雄:一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特

36. In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年,他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品,一为《桶的故事》,一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。

37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日,斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。 38. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵,为了使人的生活更美好,人们需要启蒙。

39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中,他提倡的不是谴责,而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。

40. His“A Modest Proposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。 41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。

42. He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风,即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文,诗歌,还是小说,简洁,具体,精确,没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43. Swift‟s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier‟s Letters(1724-1725), Gulliver‟s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》,《书籍的战斗》,《德拉皮尔的信》,《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44. Gulliver‟s Travels: Jonathan‟s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游记》:是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说,全书分为四卷,它具有重大的社会意义,同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。

(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁

45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里,费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》,《悲剧中的悲剧》,《巴斯昆》,《1736历史年鉴》。

47. a“comic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”,主题是人类本性中的荒唐,对人性进行了真实的讽刺。

48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画,及时的出场退场,笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。

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49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说,伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。

50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯:一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。

51. the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.,小说不仅供娱乐,而且更有教育意义,他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活,使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”,并将说教巧妙的引入作品,教导人们认识自己,寻求适宜的人生态度。 52. Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”,因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”,并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。

54. He“thinks the thought”of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”,因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为,还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55. Fielding„s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅,通俗易懂,同时又栩栩如生并富有活力,他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长,小说结尾总是水到渠成,顺理成章。

56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷,汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄,他----诚实,善良,高尚,忠诚,勇敢,同时也有着易冲动,鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57. Tom Jones brings its author the name of the“Prose Home.”The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名,小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。

【英国】Chapter3

The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义

1.

This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。

2.

In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.

The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4.

The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。

5.

Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此,我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6.

The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。

7.

They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们(浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克,华兹华斯,科勒律治,拜伦,雪莱及济恩)认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药,可以净化人的灵魂。

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8.

Wordsworth defines the poet as a“man speaking to men,”and poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人,而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露,发乎情,止乎静。

9.

Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象,还强调灵感与创作的自发性,认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律,他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。

13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特. 14. Jane Austen‟s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义. 15. The major theme of Jane‟s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱. 16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分,它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力,恐怖及对超自然力(鬼神)的描写。

(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克

18. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad. He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解,认为他是个天才,又是个疯子,他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。

19. Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中,童年是布莱克主要描述的中心,这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。

20. Blake‟s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟,并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。

21. The“marriage,”to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和,而并非一方从属于另一方。

22. Blake felt bound to declare that“I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision”and that“The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布:“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界,我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”

23. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。

24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。

(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯

25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the“Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。

26. In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政

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府为他发了津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。

27. According to the subject, Wordsworth‟s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题,华的短诗可分为两大类:关于自然的和关于人类生活的。 28. Wordsworth is regarded as a“worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。

29. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题,她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。

30. His works contain“The Solitary Reaper”,“To a Highland Girl”,”The Old Cumberland Beggar”and“The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》,《致高地姑娘》,《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。

31. In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest,“Resolution and Independence”is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题,同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度,“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论,这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。

32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。

33. Wordsworth‟s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求,对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。

34. he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源,他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历,普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。

35. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。

36. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。

(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱

57. He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公,强权与宗教,战争与剥削。

58. He realized that the evil was also in man‟s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。

59. One of Shelley‟s greatest political lyrics is“Men of England. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”,这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。

60. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley‟s“Ode to the West Wind”; here Shelley‟s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”,这首诗语气狂热,宜于诵读。 61. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临,春天还会远吗?”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。

62. Shelley‟s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound,The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind‟s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as“the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》,它赞扬了人类自身的潜力,雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。

63. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样,由于不同于其他人,他是个备受推崇的诗人,他的作品博学,具有深厚文化底蕴,含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。

(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀

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75. Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands; and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品,讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程;《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。

76. Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness ; Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存;《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思;《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。

77. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位,而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感,责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。

78. And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上,她提倡新古典主义,坚持理性,秩序,典雅的原则。 79. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。

80. It is her conviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子,儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业,信仰---同样重要。

81. plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题,角色,社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活,总是三,四口之家的日常生活。

82. ride and Prejudice, originally drafted as“First Impressions”in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen’s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。

83. Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。

84. The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. 85. The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意,是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察,向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。

86. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟,实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。

87. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感,奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟,众多评论家都认为她是英国最出色的小说家之一。

【英国】Chapter 4

The Victorian Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期

1.

Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。

2.

Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory of“art for art’s sake.”唯美

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主义者奥斯卡.王尔德与沃尔特.培特都极力推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的观点。 3.

Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.实用主义大行其道。

4.

The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新,表达立异的特点。

5.

Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学,真实地反映了时代的现实与精神,其中体现出的高度的活力,脚踏实地的精神,善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。

(I)Charles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯

6.

Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthly installments. It is once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了,这使狄更斯一度名利双收。

7.

Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。

8.

The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking.他所能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。

9.

Whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性,他都深受人民大众喜爱,不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良,更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。

10. In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London.在他的作品中,狄更斯对19世纪的英国,特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。

11. His early works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Paper(legal fraud), David Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》,《尼古拉斯.尼克尔比》,《皮克威克外传》(合法欺骗),《大卫.科波菲尔》和《马丁.瞿述伟》等等。

12. This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the constant jokes and laughter.作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。

13. His later works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《双城记》,《荒凉山庄》,《小多利特》,《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。 14. Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。

15. Dickens’works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.狄更斯的作品还有一个特点,是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来。

16. Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下,但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染,有时会破坏故事的连贯性。

17. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人,他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。

(II)The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹(只考察Charlotte Bronte)

18. Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂,艾米丽.布朗蒂,安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。 19. Charlotte’s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily’s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne’s Agnes Grey were also published.夏洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即大获成功。同年,艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。

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20. Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗,都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情,理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。 21. In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看来,人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。

22. All her heroines’highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。

23. She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面,她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷,虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面,她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。

24. Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.《简爱》:它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。

25. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小说通过对简热烈的情感,思想以及内心冲突的生动描写,向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。

26. Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外来者的故事。

(VI)Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代

42. his last two novels: Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》。

43. His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodlanders, Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. These works, known as “novels of character and environment,”are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩,如《还乡》,《号兵长》,《卡斯特桥市长》,《林地居民》,《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为纲的小说”,最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。

44. Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl. She finally becomes a victim of the modern society.苔丝,一个单纯忠诚的乡村女孩,她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。

45. Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。

46. In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗传的品质,促使他追求某一种幸福成功,从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲突中。

47. He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是个善于深入思考的故事家。

48. They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他们不仅个别的例子,还是普遍的真理。 49. Their plight is not just their own; it applies to any one, any age. And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.他们(小说中的人物)的故事不仅是他们自身的经历,而且具有相当的普遍性。最后,哈代的作品结构完美,语言极富乡土气息与诗情画意。

50. Tess of the D‟Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.《德伯家的苔丝》:苔丝远离故土,外出谋生,与牧

10

师之子安吉尔相识相爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德,抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。

【英国】Chapter 5

The Modern Period现代时期

1.

The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2.

Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3.

Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后,更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神,推崇强权与霸权。

4.

Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学,强调创造力,直觉,非理性与无意识。

5.

The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。

6.

The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。

7.

literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后,所有的现代主义文**流都产生了:表现主义(强调自我表现,反对艺术的目的性),超现实主义,未来主义,达达主义(颓废派文艺),意象主义以及意识流等等。

8.

The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡,毕加索,庞德,韦伯恩,T.S.埃略特,乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。 9.

After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后,另一种形式的现实主义,即后现代主义,比如存在主义文学,荒诞派戏剧,新小说及黑色幽默,如雨后春笋涌现出来,其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的,人生则是巨大的痛苦”。

10. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。

11. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然,人与社会,人与人,人与自我之间被扭曲的,渐渐疏远的,病态的关系。

12. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来,现代主义作品常被称为反小说,反诗歌与反戏剧。

13. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代,现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。

14. D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing. His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature. In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships. D.H.劳 伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法,与乔伊斯不同,劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣,依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节,但他极力展现角色的心理发 展,尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中,如《虹》,《恋爱中的女人》,劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理,人际关系,尤 其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15. by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。

16. Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重

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要性》。

17. Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后,英国最优秀的戏剧大师。

18. The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers’heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子,其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平,还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。 19. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代,英国的戏剧复兴了,最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说,戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。

20. This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution)戏剧发展为两派:工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。

21. The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。

(I). George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧伯纳

22. Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.萧主张艺术应该为社会服务,应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。

23. The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view. His works contain Widowers’House, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会,经济,道德,宗教中的罪恶,表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫的房产》,《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。

24. Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of“Life Force,”the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧,探索了“生命的力量”---一种能够与上帝齐平,解决各种社会,道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。

25. Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject. The Apple Cart is about politics; John Bull’s Other Island is about racial problems.萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》,关于种族问题的《约翰.布尔的另外岛屿》。

26. Too True to be Good is a better play of the later period, with the author’s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《难以置信》,主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。

27. One feature of Shaw’s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。

28. Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。

29. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中,也体现在对白的内涵中。(情节丰富,但不以情节取胜,生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩)

(IV). T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特

40. His first important poem,“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,”appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要诗作“J. A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”于1915年问世。

41. He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获许多大

12

奖,包括1948年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。

42. As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explore in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年,凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气,埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文明在各方个面的衰败,传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。

43. The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness technique.《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法,而且埃略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。 44. The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot’s poems.《空洞的人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》,是埃略特最黑暗的诗。 45. “The Waste Land”not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.《荒原》不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败,而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。

46. The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.《荒原》一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃,人生已失去了意义与目的。

47. In his famous essay,“Tradition and individual Talent,”Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.在著名散文“传统与个人天才”中,他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。

48. Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation.埃略特认为现代社会的弊病是每个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总合,只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。

49. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock:The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speaker’s incapability of facing up to love and to life a sterile upper-class world.“J. A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”:全诗的形式是戏剧独白,暗示了虚假的“情歌”与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊得上流社会生活之间的讽刺性对照。

(V). D.H.Lawrence戴维.伯特.劳伦斯

50. His autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers.《儿子与情人》是他的自传体作品。该作品出版后,他才确立了杰出小说家的地位。

51. The following two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love, are generally regarded as his masterpieces.接下来的两部小说《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》被认为是他的代表作。

52. In Lawrence’s opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships.劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展,爱情扭曲,婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。

53. Gerald Crich, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.《恋爱中的女人》中杰拉德象征着精神的死亡,代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观。而勃金则是劳伦斯的一幅自画像,他反抗着工业机械化带来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条,代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动。

54. By portraying, in Aaron’s Rod, a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children,Lawrence tries to show that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated.在《亚伦神杖》中,劳伦斯塑造了一个幻想破灭的男人,为了维护美德与尊严一次次逃离妻儿,表现了每个人都是神圣的,独立的,其人格与尊严不得侵犯。

55. Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories.讽刺,幽默,机智都是他短篇小说的特点。

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56. Lawrence is also a proficient poet.劳伦斯还是个天才多产的诗人。

57. Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” at the Royal Court. These three plays: A Collier‟s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年,劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品,称为“劳伦斯三部曲”,在彼得.吉尔的帮助下,在皇家剧院登台演出,从而劳伦斯又成为重要的剧作家,这三部戏是《矿工的周五夜晚》,《儿媳》以及《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》,这三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶级。

58. Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual „s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.劳伦斯是首先将心理透析引入作品的小说家之一,他认为人类心理的健康主要在于生命的冲动,或曰性冲动,性行为是生命活力的体现。

59. Lawrence’s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.劳伦斯继承了现实主义创作手法,将戏剧化情节与权威性的评说结合起来。

60. Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning. Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters’subconscious life.劳伦斯通过将传统的现实主义手法与改革后的象征主义与诗化联想结合为一体,劳伦斯成功的展示了角色潜意识的跌宕起伏,赋予传统现实主义新的意义。

【美国】Chapter 1

The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期

1.

From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called“the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。(也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”)

2.

The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会,回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。

3.

The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。

4.

Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.在霍桑,麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

5.

The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。

6.

This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗,他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7.

Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as“the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识”。

8.

Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过:“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣

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的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,因此人必须自助。

9.

It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性,多样性,与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说,有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事,有库柏的边疆历险故事,有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事,有霍桑的心理罗曼史,有戴维斯的社会现实小说。 10. To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人,因此需要道德力量来改善人性。

(III) Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔。霍桑

27. The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作,讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事,情节简单,但内容感人。 28. According to Hawthorne,“There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity.”霍桑认为,人人内心都有邪恶,这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心,但在一定的条件下就表现出来。 29. “The Birthmark”drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。

30. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。 31. Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的,必然向上帝赎罪。

32. Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in“Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅长隐喻,像《小伙子布朗》一样,他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。

33. The scarlet letter A is ambiguous. And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。

(IV) Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼

34. His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情,开创一种新的诗歌传统,抒发独特的自我。

35. the poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic“en-masse”of America, which is established in the opening lines of“Song of Myself.”诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我,更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。

36. As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼认为,诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。

37. In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时,惠特曼强调子我的物理存在和性爱。

38. Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic“I”.他的诗总用第一人称。 39. “Song of Myself”-àIn this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰:一是普遍性信仰,二是人类个别性和平等性。

(V) Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

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40. Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。

41. Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.这些有关航海历险的书中,《白鲸》最好,达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。

42. Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。

43. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述,而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。

44. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然,复杂,深不可测,也很美丽。但对埃哈布,白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙,隐藏着未知和神秘。

45. Melville’s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华,创造才华,心理分析能力,观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。

【美国】Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期

1.

This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣,产生了新的创作灵感。

2.

The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯,亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。

3.

In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之,他们为后来的现实文学在题材,技巧和风格上都树立了典范。 4.

Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式,而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5.

In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之,自然主义产生现实主义,只是在创作上更富讽刺,更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。

(I)

Mark Twain马克.吐温

6.

Mark Twain is considered as“the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。

7.

Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classicbook written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy‟s book specially written for the adults, is Twain’s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事,却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说,描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。

8.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.《汤姆.索亚历险记》,尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。

9.

The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world; and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.汤姆.索亚和哈

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克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录,感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直,口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格,广泛的幽默,天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。 10. Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which“all modern American literature comes.”The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。

11. The climax arises with Huck’s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实,对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。 12. Huck’s final decision--- to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后决定:遵循自己内心的良知,而非世俗的道德。

13. Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物,包括地方任务,风光,风俗,方言和服饰等等。

14. Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化,具体可感,直率有力。句子结构简单,不合语法。 15. Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。 16. Twain’s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生动有趣,充盈着实用的笑话,喜剧情节,智慧的语言以及动听的故事。 17. His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。

18. Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克,他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛,我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目,同时,通过马克.吐温对比性的描写,我们还看到了率真与世故,自然与文化,野蛮与文明的对立。

(II)

Henry James亨利.詹姆斯

19. While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统,而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。

20. In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes. James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America. The works include“The American”“,Daisy miller”“,The Europeans”“,The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中,他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化,情感和道德方面的冲突,每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》,《黛西.米勒》,《欧洲人》,《贵妇人的画像》。

21. In his middle period, the works contain“The Bostonians”,“The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期创作包括《波士顿人》,《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。 22. In his last and major period, James returned to his“international theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主题”。 23. These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.(国际主题的小说)这些小说以国际,主要是欧美为大背景,

17

集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。

24. The theme of his essay“The Art of Fiction”clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出,小说的目的是现实生活。

25. The artist should be able to“feel”the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活,理解人性,然后忠实地将这些录入作品。 26. James’s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。

27. One of James’s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative“point of view”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析,以叙述着的视角为线索。 28. As to his language, James is not so easy to understand. He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。

29. “Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象,是美国精神的代表。

(III). Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森

30. Dickinson’s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。

31. Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature. In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的,包括宗教,死亡,不朽,爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。

32. Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence. Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽,包括身体,心理和情感三个方面。

33. One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。

34. More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的,诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。

35. her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她对自然的观察敏锐,描写细致,兴趣丰饶。

36. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern. eg. Capital letters as a means of emphasis. The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的诗大多无题,常以首句引用,诗中节奏特别,例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌,不讲规则,为人喜闻乐见。

37. Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.她用词简洁,直率,平易。 38. Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显,但内容多样化,微妙而又深刻。

(IV)

Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞

39. In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his“Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年,Jennie Gerhardt出版,随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》,《巨头》相继出版,第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。 40. In his words, man is a“victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的话来说,人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者,这些力量人类是无法控制的”。

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41. From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be ---materialistic to the core.在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后,德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。

42. For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不够简洁,他的作品包容有余,选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。

43. His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.他的写作风格虽显粗糙,但内容严肃,与表现主题十分相符。

【美国】Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期

1.

The idea of“seize the day”or“enjoy the present”was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行,他们不把希望寄托在将来。

2.

The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动,也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴,就是移居国外的运动。

3.

These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”. (why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”(原因)--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮,贪婪的生活,于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。

4.

Ezra Pound’s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。

5.

F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德,海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。

6.

O’Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。

7.

J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。

8.

In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer‟s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之,1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃,道德沦丧的观点,作家也使用新技巧,告别老传统。

9.

A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端任意,发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。

10. There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实,语气上较前有变化,其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界,从公众生活转到私生活描写,从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索,从客观描述转到主观渲染。 11. Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the“central consciousness”or one character’s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性,而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称,或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。

(II)

Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特

21. Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man‟s life in his long

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poetic career: the individual‟s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人,他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物,但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索,探讨了个人对自己,对别人,对世界以及对上帝的关系。

22. His pomes contains“Mending the Wall”,“The Road Not Taken”,“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown),and“After Apple-Picking”.他的诗包括《补墙》,《未选择的路》,《雪夜林边停》(作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味)和《摘苹果后》。

(IV)

F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲兹杰拉德

30. Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。

31. His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。

32. He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒,并且酒后做出许多出轨的事,但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。

33. Fitzgerald’s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。

34. But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。

35. “The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby‟s dream and decides to go back home to the West. Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself. Gatsby‟s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时,尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物,他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。

(V)

Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威

36. In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。

37. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway‟s first true novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品,通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造,表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。(迷惘的一代:一群离开祖国,参加战争的美国青年,战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历)

38. Hemingway‟s second big success is A Farewell Arms. Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God’s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在战争中受了伤,对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里,作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点,而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善,表明人类被命运投入了火坑。

39. For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。

40. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用诚实,纪律和控制来实现抗争(海明威式英雄)。

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41. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.虽然打败仗,但吃败仗也是有尊严的,人类的肉体可以消亡,但精神永远不可战胜。

42. Hemingway himself once said,“The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾说过“冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面”。

43. No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for“his powerful style-forming mastery of the art”of creating modern fiction.诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的:他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。

44. “Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is“Indian Camp.”《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个,也是很典型的故事。

(VI)

William Faulkner威廉.福克纳

45. Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克纳成功的表现了整个南方社会的历史意识。

46. Of Faulkner’s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam! And Go Down, Moses.福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说:《喧嚣与骚动》,《八月之光》,《押沙龙,押沙龙!》和《摩西,走下去》。 47. The best story to highlight Faulkner’s concern is“The Bear,”in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》,在这部小说里,对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。

48. To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他认为,作家的主要职责就是探索并重视人类生活所秉承的各种可能性。

49. The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.现代意识流法也为福克纳所娴熟的运用来强调叙述的反映和内心深思。

50. Moreover,Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克纳还善于从多视角来描述。 51. The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他还运用了象征主义手法,并且大量引用了神话和圣经典故。

52. “A Rose for Emily”----In this story, Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration.《给爱米丽的玫瑰》----在这篇小说里,福克纳充分利用了哥特式的叙述方法。

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