毕业设计英文翻译

第一篇：毕业设计英文翻译

采矿工程本科毕业设计英文翻译

Use of Mineral Coal for Sorption Sewage Treatment

A.V.Mozolkova Russian University of People’s Friendship. Moscow, Russia E.V.Chekushina Russian University of People’s Friendship. Moscow, Russia A.A.Kaminskaya Russian University of People’s Friendship. Moscow, Russia

Treatment of mining, industrial, household and other sewage is an actual problem for many mining and processing enterprises. Coal-mining industry is not an exception. Usually, at coal enterprises, treatment of mine sewage before it is dumped consists in settling and subsequent filtering. Many pollutants are not removed from the sewage by this method. Hence, dumped water frequently does not satisfy sanitary requirements regarding the permissible content of oil products, dissolved substances and other parameters.

For additional cleaning of sewage it is possible to use sorption methods. By these methods water is cleaned of oil products, heavy metals, a number of organic substances and other polluting substances, depending on the used sorbent properties. Both natural and artificial materials can be used as sorbents. Constraint for wide use of sorption methods of sewage treatment in the coal industry is high cost of the majority of sorbents.

A number of technologies for obtaining inexpensive and good quality sorbents from coal minerals have been developed. These sorbents can be manufactured directly in coal mines which has additional advantage of reducing transport costs. The processes sorbents may be recycled or burnt. Apart from that production and sale of sorbents can serve the coal-mining enterprises as an additional source of income.

One of the most widespread sorbents is activated coal. Quality activated coals are carbon sorbents, having an internal specific surface of more than 500㎡/g, and characterized by iodine adsorption (iodine value) of more than500mg/g. mineral coal, peat and wood can serve as raw materials for activated coal production. Traditional production techniques of activated coal include two basic stages of thermal processing of the initial carbon-containing raw material-carbonization and activation, done in different devices. Both stages are energy-consuming and ecologically dangerous, which explains the high cost of activated coal, received through this technology (1200-4000 dollars/MT).

Carbonization is the elimination of volatile substances by heating up to the temperature of 600-900℃, because with volatile components there are basically formed the oxygen and hydrogen, and increase carbon content in initial raw material. Carbonization is done in mining or rotating furnaces with utilization of external form-holder, as a rule, waste gases with temperatures of 600℃ and higher.

Activation means increasing the volume and pore surfaces of carbonized material at heterogeneous reaction. The most used reagent is water vapour with the temperature of 900℃ and higher, and the process takes 15-20 hours.

Both stages are energy consuming and pose threat to environment. For one tonne of activated coal from 2 up to 4 tonnes of specific fuel like crude oil and natural gas are consumed. From 1000 up to 1500 m³ of processed gasses with high content of SOx (1-2 g/ m³), H2S (200-250mg/ m³), resinous substances (10-40mg/ m³), phenols (50-70mg/ m³), carbon oxides (up to 5%) and also other substances which are carcinogenic and mutagenic are formed and released into the atmosphere during both stages. High-energy consumption and environmental danger, which requires large investments in nature protection activities, result in the high cost of quality-activated coal.

Another group of carbon sorbents, which was widespread in the 80’s, consists of inexpensive carbon sorbents used in nature protection technologies and industry. Such sorbents are produced by a one-phase technology, without additional activation. Their adsorption activity is not high (iodine value less than 300mg/g) but the cost is low (250-700 USD/MT).because the price of these sorbents is comparable to the cost of their regeneration, they are used only once and are burnt after saturation. The leaders in the production of such sorbents are Rheinbraun AG (Germany, 200 thousand MT per year) and Australian Char Ltd (Australia, 150 thousand MT per year), which produce brown coal semi-coke used for treatment of wastewater and smoke. In Russia research work in this direction is conducted, but only test works have been done so far, although the quality of carbon sorbents obtained from Kansk-Achinsk coals did not concede to production from Rheinbraun AG and Australian Char. One of the directions of utilization of semi-coke from Kansk-Achinsk coals, production of which was planed at Krasnoyarsc thermal power station 2 (device ETX-175), was its utilization as carbon sorbent.

The reason for production of inexpensive carbon sorbents by one-phase technologies being not developed in Russia is the absence of demand for this product. This production is basically used for cleaning of sewage, however there is no effective ecological service in Russia, and the penal sanctions of the environmental protection legislation are so insignificant that industrial enterprises do not have ant motivation to invest in nature protection. In1992-1994 the employees from Joint-Stock Company “Carbonica-F” (at that time Open Company “Sibtermo”) have developed a new method of production of carbon sorbents, which considerably from all known technologies. During the research of dynamic effects in a layer evaporator the regime conditions were defined under which the effect of “thermal wave” could be observed in the device. Using this effect, the authors created a layer evaporator in which volatile components of coal were exposed to gasification (incomplete oxidation), and the degree of carbon conversion was adjusted by the mode of injection feed. By changing the regime parameters it was possible to conduct the process as fuel gasification (with only ashes remaining in the end) without any residue, and also as gasification of volatile components of coal, thus receiving so-called semi-coke containing solid coal. From one tonne of Kansk-Achinsk coal with calorific content of 3600-3800 kcal/kg can be produced about 0.33 tonnes of semi-coke with calorific content up to 7000 kcal/kg (as anthracite) and up to 1700 m3 of combustible gas with calorific content of 800-900 kcalJm3, suitable for use as an energy source. Technological process of Joint-Stock Company "Carbonika-F" has a large number of advantages in comparison to the already known methods of obtaining activated coal and semi-coke

1. Simplicity of hardware. One-phase process. The stages of drying, pyrolysis, thermal decomposition of volatile substances and semi-coke cooling are incorporated in one device. The device is auto- metric; it means that external heat-carrier for coal heating is not used.

2. Ecological safety. In the technology of Joint-Stock Company "Carbonica-F" all hydrocarbons, including resinous substances, are broken down and gasified inside the device during the formation of combustible gas containing only CO, H2, CO2, N2, H20, H2S and insignificant quantity CH4. Sludge, pyroligneous waters, phenols and other harmful impurities are not formed in this process.

3. Because the speed of gas filtration from a layer reactor is low (0,02-0,03 m/s in comparison to 0,5-2,5 m/s for mine furnaces), the process is less dependent on fractional composition of coal, hydraulic resistance of the layer and allows to process fine-grained coals.

4. As a result of low speed of filtration the phenomenon of carrying out of fly ashes from the layer does not occur, because the device works as a granular filter. Combustible gas is moved in user-boiler or can move to the gas turbine without preliminary cleaning. The volume of SOx, NOx, CO contained in waste gases is lower than that produced when obtaining equivalent quantity of heat by burning coal. Combustible gas without prior cleaning can be used to produce electric and/or thermal power or as an energy carrier for thermal processes. 5. Unlike the already existing technologies, in the given process there is no dump(排空孔) of gaseous heat-carrier(气体热载体) into the atmosphere and consequently(因此) the construction of other additional gas purification systems(更多的天然气净化系统工程) and catalytic burning of carbon oxide (CO)(催化燃烧的碳氧化物) is not required. 与现有的技术不同，在以上给出的过程呢个中，没有气体热载体排放的到空中的排空孔，因此，更多的天然气净化系统和催化燃烧的碳氧化物的工程是不必要的。

Test of the solid residue (semi-coke) have revealed, that this material is characterized by large specific surface (more than 500㎡/g) and high adsorption activity (iodine value 500mg/g and higher), and because of these parameter does not concede to quality-activated coal.

经过试验的固体残渣(半焦)表明：这种材料的特点是表面积大(大于五百平方米)并且有很强的吸附性(碘值是500毫克每克甚至更高)而且因为这些参数并不退让与高质量的活性炭。

The product received with the technology of Joint-Stock Company "Carbonica-F" is certificated as activated coal ABG (active, brown coal of gasification), for it there were developed technical conditions TU 6-00209591-443-95. The characteristics of ABG activated coal produced from the coal of 62 mark from "Berezovsky-1" opencast colliery.获得技术联合股份公司"Carbonica-F认证的产品被认证为ABG类活性炭(就是具有活性的棕色的气化煤)为此，在此基础上又发展了TU 6-00209591-443-95技术条件。ABG活性炭的特点来自于出产它的来自"Berezovsky-1"露天煤矿的62号煤。

High specific surface and adsorption activity of ABG coal is explained by the fact that both gasification of coal volatile components, and activation of carbon-containing solid residue of gaseous products occur in the device simultaneously. Because gasification products contain up to 20%n of hydrogen whose molecules are smaller than the ones of water vapour, and hence their permeability in pores of semi-coke is higher, activation (heterogeneous reaction) is done not only with vapor, but also with hydrogen, which practically is not present in the traditional technologies. Thus, carbonization stages and activation are combined in one device. 气化煤挥发性成分和激活含碳固体残留气体产品同时在装置上发生的事实就解释了ABG煤的高比表面积和强大的吸附特性。因为气化产品包含了20%以上的氢，而这些氢分子比那些水蒸汽要小一些，因此他们在半焦气孔的渗透率就高一些，激活(异构反应)就完成了，不仅与蒸汽，还与氢，而这些实际上是传统技术中不存在的。因此，碳化阶段和激活是在同一装置中同步进行的(相结合的)。

Other positive effect of application of this method of coal processing is that in "thermal wave" mode the products of thermal decomposition which contain very toxic resinous substances (coal tar pitch used in experimental medicine for the inoculation of cancer in experiments on mice, brown coal is more toxic), passing through a hot layer of semi-coke (500-700℃) are completely broken down into two and three-nuclei gases H2O, CO2, CO, H2. Measurements done at the working production plant of Joint-Stock Company "Carbonica-F" have shown that the gas does not contain hydrocarbons of lines above methane, and also carcinogens, including benzo (a) pirene.其他应用到这种方法的积极效果是在“热波”模式中产品的热分解含有剧毒物质的树脂(煤沥青用于实验医学的接种癌症的实验小鼠，褐色碳毒性更强。)经过一个半焦的热层(500到700摄氏度)完全分解成双核或三核气体：水，二氧化碳，一氧化碳，氢气。测量工作在"Carbonica-F"联合股份公司的工作生产厂完成，这表明了这种气体不仅包含了碳氢化合物甲烷以上的行，也包含了致癌物质，包括：

Cooling of the activated coal from 550 up to 70℃ before discharging is carried out by compulsory circulation of gaseous heat-carrier (waste gases) through a layer of the product and further through shell-and-tube heat exchanger in which water used in closed circuit is also provided. Total process efficiency reaches 95% due to the high degree of utilization, which is associated with utilizing the thermal energy.在把活性炭从高于550摄氏度冷却到70摄氏度的过程以前，

Departing waste gases do not undergo any cleaning; there are even no cyclones. Nevertheless, the content of harmful mixtures (NOx 150 mg/m3, SOx 50 mg/m3, ash less than 10 mg/m3) is essentially lower than the established norms and parameters of working boiler and thermal power stations, even those equipped with modern multistage systems of gas purification including electro filters. This is explained by a insignificant ablation of ash from devices, sorption of sulfur compounds in activated corner, and also focus temperature from the user-boiler is lower than 1600℃- “threshold(” 阈值) temperature at which begins the formation of nitrogen oxides due to the oxidation of nitrogen from the air.汽车尾气不经过任何清理，也没有分离器。然而，有害混合物的含量(NOx 150 mg/m3, SOx 50 mg/m3,含灰尘少于10 mg/m3)实质上比规定和工作锅炉和热电站的参数都要低。甚至是那些配备了现代化多级系统的气体净化过滤器。这是用来自仪器燃烧产生的毫无意义的灰尘来解释的，硫磺混合物的吸附作用在激活的一角进行，并且也把用户锅炉法制温度低于1600℃作为重点，而这个温度是空气中的氧化氮形成氮氧化物的开始。

The technology of Joint-Stock Company "Carbonica-F" can be used for any not conglomerating coals. "Carbonica-F"联合股份公司的技术可以被用在任意的非聚合煤上。

Similar sorbents or slightly conceding in quality to activated coal are formed by semi-coking of unconglomerated coal. Semi-coke received by using the technology developed and patented at Joint-Stock Company "Carbonika-F" is characterised by large specific surface (above 500 m2/g) and high adsorption activity (iodine value 500 mglg and more), and with these parameters does not concede in quality to activated coal. The production of this sorbent is ecologically safe. The producon by-product-combustible gas can be burnt in boilers of thermal power station.类似的吸附剂或是质量稍微差一点的活性炭油由聚合碳的半焦形成。半焦被使用该技术发展和专利的"Carbonika-F"联合股份公司使用，特点是表面积大(大于500平方米/ g)，和高吸附活性(碘值500 mglg等)而且这些参数不会影响到活性炭的质量。生产这些吸附剂是具有生态安全性的。产品的副产品会在热电站的锅炉里被燃烧。

Some mineral coals (called mesoporous) have internal pores accessible to water, having the size 3.5-4 manometers (mesopores), forming active surface, sized 50-120 m2/g (unlike all other natural coals with surface of 0.5-1 m2/g). These coals can be used as sorbents without additional activation. They clear water of undissolved and dissolved mineral oil, deep dispersing mixtures, iron, phenol, ions of heavy metals, ammonia, nitrates, benzo(a)pirene and so forth. Sorbent MIU-S received from poorly metamorphosed mesopore coal can be used for 3-7 years with periodic regeneration. Alkali regeneration solution is removed from the fitter without other additional neutralization, because in alkali and acid medium MIU-S presents buffer properties, neutralizing these media. 一些矿产煤(叫做孔)有内部吸水孔，面积在50-120 m2/g(不像其他自然界的煤表面积是0.5-1 m2/g)。这些煤无需激活就可以被用作吸附剂。他们可以清理不溶水和融化的矿物油，深层分散混合物，铁，酚，重金属离子，氨，硝酸盐，苯等等。MIU-S吸附剂来自劣质变形孔煤，可以在定期更改新的情况下用3-7年。碱再生解决方案从管工上移除而没有其他而外的失效，因为酸和碱的中介MIU-S存在缓冲性能，能够中和这些媒介。

Specific porous structure of mesopore coals assures sorption extraction of dissolved mineral oil products with concentration lower than 1 mg/l, and thus is not always reachable even with activated coals. 具有特殊渗透结构的孔酶能够吸附提取溶解浓度低于1毫克/升的矿物油产品，因此并非总是能获得活性炭。

Using MIU-S filters in drinking water supply systems made the stability of their work in conditions of continuous exploitation evident, maintaining the properties of sorbents at null and sub-zero temperatures and absence of biomass formation. 使用MIU-S filters在饮水供应系统中使用MIU-S filters可以使系统工作具有稳定性。可以为储蓄开采创造条件，保证吸附剂在零度或是零下温度条件下都可以持续进行且没有生物的形成。

Besides the abovementioned technologies, sorbents can be obtained from material coal by its briquetting and activation. Raw mineral for briquettes can be coals of any rank.除了上述提到的技术，吸附剂可以从矿物煤中通过成型和活化获得。制作煤球的矿物原料可以是任何一种煤。 Thus , sorbents suitable for additional cleaning of sewage are possible to be produced from mineral coals by special processing, and sometimes directly. Production of own sorbents may solve the problem of additional cleaning of sewage in coal enterprises. Mesopore coals can be used as sorbents without additional processing; the other coals need additional activation. The studied sorbents can be used for cleaning sewage water from mineral oil products, organic substances and metal ions.因此，适合附加清洗下水道里的)污物的吸附剂可以通过特殊处理从矿物煤中得到，并且有时候是可以直接得到的，不需要特殊处理。制作自己的吸附剂可以解决煤炭企业附加清洗污水的问题。有孔煤不经过额外的处理就可以直接被用作吸附剂;其他的煤需要额外的处理才行。吸附剂的研究能被用于矿物油产品，有机物质和金属离子的污水处理中。

REFERENCES Kovaleva LB., Matvienko N.G., Solovyeva E.A., Tarnopolskaya M.G.: The Application of Natural Mineral Coal in the Technology of Sewage Treatment from Mineral Oil. World n Mining Ecology. Works of the Congress 1999, pg. 310-315.2. Congress o For the preparation of the article have been used materials from the site www.carbonica.scn.ru, www.miu-sorb.ru

第二篇：学位+毕业证书英文翻译

Bachelor’s Degree Certificate

This is to certify that Han Sijing, male, born on July 6th, 1988, has studied in Shanghai Jianqiao University from September 2008 to July 2012, majored in digital media art. He has completed the requirements as stipulated in a 4-year undergraduate program with satisfactory results and hereby granted graduation.

Having passed the examination in accordance with the requirements stipulated in the Regulations on Academic Degree of the People’s Republic of China, the aforesaid student is awarded the Bachelor’s degree in Engineering. Certificate No.:1279942012001191

Proof is hereby given.

Shanghai Jianqiao University

Office of Academic Affairs

Date Issued: July 6th, 2012

Graduation Certificate

This is to certify that Han Sijing, male, born on July 6th, 1988, has studied in Shanghai Jianqiao University from September 2008 to July 2012, majored in digital media art. He has completed the requirements as stipulated in a 4-year undergraduate program with satisfactory results and hereby granted graduation. Certificate NO.127991205000215.

Proof is hereby given.

Shanghai Jianqiao University

Office of Academic Affairs

Date Issued: July 6th, 2012

第三篇：毕业论文英文翻译

水产养殖对环境造成的影响及中国对水产养殖污染的对策

摘要

目标、范围和背景。水产养殖活动是广为人知的增加水中有机废物和有毒化合物的主要因素。随着水产养殖业在中国的密集的发展,已激起了关于不断增加的水产养殖废弃物对生产力都在水产养殖系统和水生生态环境可能造成的影响。因此,很明显,适当的废物处理流程是必须维持水产养殖业的发展。本文旨在识别当前状态的水产养殖和水产养殖废弃物在中国生产。

主要特点。中国是世界上最大的渔业国家以总海产品产量,这一地位一直保持了1990年以来。淡水农业的主要部分我国渔业行业。海洋水产养殖在中国既包含了陆地和海上水产养殖的,后者主要操作在浅海、淤泥和保护海湾。水产养殖业对环境的影响也同样引人注目。 结果。案例研究造成污染热点已经被介绍。水产养殖质量和数量的废物从水产养殖主要取决于文化系统的特点和选择的物种,但也在饲料质量和管理。废水没有治疗,如果不断排入水体环境,可能导致显著的海拔的总有机质含量和造成巨大的经济损失。废水的处理主要可分为三个类别:物理、化学和生物学方法。

讨论。对环境的影响不同的水产养殖物种是不一样的。新的废物处理治疗还介绍了参考了中国的发展潜力的废物处理系统。最合适的废物处理系统为每个站点选择应根据网站的条件和经济状况以及通过把握各系统的优缺点。策略和视角提出了可持续水产养殖业的发展,强调环境保护。

结论。负面效应的废物从水产养殖对水生环境越来越得到认可,尽管他们只是一个小比例陆基污染物。适当地计划利用水产养殖废弃物污染问题以及有利于缓解水资源不仅节约宝贵的水资源也利用在废水的营养成分。它要求很高,发展可持续水产养殖使动物密度和污染环境容量下加载。

建议和观点。传统的水产养殖废弃物的处理程序，主要是基于物理和化学方法，应该克服的更多的特定方法,考虑了特征和抵抗力的水生环境。进一步的研究需要改进或优化当前方法的废水处理方法和重用。提出了新的处理技术进行了可行性评价应在实际应用的规模。 关键词:水产养殖;水产养殖污染;水产养殖废弃物;中国;对策;环境污染

介绍

水产养殖是一个一直快速增长的行业，因为整个世界对鱼和海鲜的需求的增加。它是增长速度超过任何其他部分动物的文化产业。中国有悠久的水产养殖历史,追溯到2000年前。自20世纪70年代以来，在改革政策和所推动的经济效益,迅速发展的中国的水产养殖无论是在淡水水体和海域一直是世界的关注的焦点。中国现在是世界上最大的渔业国家以总海产品产量,这一地位保持了持续1990年代之后。根据渔政处、中国农业部(MOA)，总生产总量2005吨,占世界总量的四分之一(自然统计局年的中国)。水产养殖导致渔业总产量的65%,其中淡水、海水养殖的一个重要部分。毫无疑问，中国的水产养殖将继续发挥重要作用在全球鱼类资源的未来。然而,随着发展,关注的是诱发的潜在影响,不断增加的水产养殖废弃物导致生产力、水产养殖系统和水生生态环境的恶化。但它仍是自相矛盾的是依赖于供应清洁

的水域。传统的农业系统主导水产养殖生产在许多地区,但这些是现在慢慢被密集面向西方技术。快速增长的强化海水养殖规模系统常常可以导致对环境的负面影响。密集的鱼和虾的农业，被定义为基础的系统吞吐量,是一个连续或脉冲释放的营养补充富营养化。氮化物视为在水产养殖废水的主要污染物。氨是主要的含氮废料生产的水生动物。过去，过时的技术和不完整的安排垃圾管理系统在水产养殖大大促进了水产养殖环境的恶化。Ackefors & Enell(1994年)估计9.5公斤P和78公斤N /吨鱼被释放到水中,每年饲料中的主要成分是0.9%p， 7.2% N时，饲料的转化系数是1.5。饲料中大约72%的 N和70%的P不被鱼吸收。在提高饲料成分、消化、和饲料转化效率近年来，释放或许是现在减少到7.0公斤P和49.3公斤N每年每吨鱼。水产养殖污染事故发生在1999年和2000年的数量万吨2067,导致经济损失1.32亿美元。旨在解决日益恶化的环境问题所提出的水产养殖废弃物,中国政府应该采取一系列的规定和控制措施。水产养殖系统将垃圾处理和污水重用设施在迅速发展,因为它们的优点是最少量的水输入和污水排放的同时允许完全控制文化环境。这个形式的水产养殖废物处理系统可能不同,但一般可分为三类:物理治疗、化学法和生物法。许多研究已经开展检查不同处理系统水产养殖废弃物的处理效率。然而,每次处理的缺点也是显而易见的,比如过度的污泥生产、不稳定的性能、硝酸盐积累。因此,研究新的方法养殖废水处理正在进行中。本综述的目的是为了研究水产养殖在中国的现状,分析水产养殖浪费和评估常见废弃物的处理方法应用于中国的水产养殖。

1主要内容

1.1中国的水产养殖

1.2水产养殖对环境的影响

1.2.1水产养殖废弃物

质量和数量的废物从水产养殖主要取决于文化系统的特点和选择的物种,但也在饲料质量和管理。从密集的水产养殖系统，主要废物是固体废物、化学品和疗法。释放细菌、病菌和养殖物种逃犯还应该包括作为废物组件。固体废物,或称为颗粒有机物,通常由粪便或未吃的食物。一个建立在系统的固体废弃物应该预防,因为它会导致氧元素的损耗和氨中毒。有机废物中存在的三种主要形态再循环系统:沉积的固体颗粒定居在内胆底部;悬浮性的固体颗粒悬浮在水中，而不会溶于水;精细和溶解的固体浮在水中,而会导致有害刺激和损害鱼的健康。从水生动物排出的尿和粪便会导致高含量的氨氮和增加生化需氧量(生化需氧量)。氨是主要的含氮废物。亚硝酸盐是一种天然的硝化过程的中间产品。硝态氮离子(NO3)是最氧化氮的形式在自然和相对无毒到鱼。然而，当硝酸盐含量变得过度和其它必需的营养因素存在,富营养化和相关的海藻可以成为一个严重的环境问题。广泛的化学物质用于水产养殖行业,包括化合物应用于建筑材料、颜料纳入提要、消毒剂和化学治疗剂。抗菌素给予饮食和大多数人最终在环境相关的东西和粪便的食物。许多研究报告增加阻力,甚至多个电阻病原体的结果是广泛使用的抗菌剂的水产养殖。滥用化学物质也能杀死有效微生物可能占一个平衡的生态系统的水。人们普遍认为,带有某种特殊病原体的物种可能会扩散并摧毁当地的野生种群。Penczaket(1982)估计，大约5%的笼子里的虹鳟鱼每年逃了出来。令人担心的是野生动物成为建立和减少生物多样性通过生活环境的改变,竞争,或者与本地种群的杂交。

1.2.3水产养殖废水造成污染

如果不断污水排放没有治理,其中包含高浓度氮、磷的营养物质，可能会导致一个非常慢性总有机质含量的提高,特别是在管理不善或很差的网站定位。因此,一系列的负面生态影响可能发生:(1)所造成的严重缺氧状态分解的有机物质。(2)富营养化水藻或者造成累积的有机营养,如氮和磷,从而促进高生物质浅表水。除了增加了浮游植物产量、富营养化会导致许多其他效果可能更加敏感和相关指标的变化如:能量和营养的通量,远洋和底栖生物和社区的结构,鱼类,沉积、养分循环和氧气耗竭。(3)水恶化将导致低效率(4)疾病可能爆发。除了这个废水的处理不足严重后果对人类健康、环境和经济发展。其污染的水供应增加了感染疾病的风险和恶化的地下水和其他当地的生态系统,例如洪水。

2结果

2.1中国淡水、海水养殖的案例研究

太湖是中国第三大淡水湖,太湖总水面积2338平方公里。水产养殖业的主要形式是pen-fish-culture太湖。水产养殖一直仅限于东太湖、一个主要是大型植物的湾湖的东南部面积131平方公里,其中2833 hm2用于水产养殖。在这一区域,估计环境负荷的氮和磷的生产1吨鱼分别是141公斤，14公斤。在pen-fish-culture领域,增加营养加载导致快速浮游植物,浮游动物,和细菌的生长。在一年的养鱼,浮游植物的丰富了三次高于无植物地区,和异养细菌大量增加3到4倍。总有机碳、总氮、总氮有机表层沉积物中增加了1

41、87.5和86%,经过两年的鱼培养。最近,鱼培养已经取代了更有利可图的淡水蟹培育，这将增加在投入的饲料,而进一步增加有机材料残余的饲料。从1984年到1993年,鱼和蟹养殖在东太湖总计分别为11165吨和109吨。氮和磷的加载到这个湖是1634吨和166吨。无水产养殖地区相比,NH4 +n、磷和鳕鱼与1983年相比分别增加为55% 180%、43%和91%。水质的变化在东太湖水产养殖在1990年代的影响提出了表2。水产养殖在东太湖增加养分的含量在水和沉积物,加速开发富营养化和沼泽。

2.4废物处理方法

物理方法,旨在去除悬浮物获得并减少BOD和化学需氧量(COD)的人,是最广泛应用于水产养殖在中国的废物处理。它们包括沉降、机械过滤,和砂滤。这些类型的方法通常是简单和廉价。然而,他们属于水质预处理和主要处理,其中只有温和的影响可溶有机质除去诸如N和p . 由挪威Hydrotechnical实验室进行了广泛的测试期间处理效率的一个60-mm孔径鼓屏幕差异很大范围内SS(6786%)和TN(4366 L / h。蒸馏生产线性增加风速。大约7097%的氮肥浪费出现在罗非鱼废水。平均回收率膜用于这个系统是约-57.5% - 39.2。生产的成本约为1立方米的淡水从水产养殖废水是4.00美元。尽管生产水使用风力驱动RO系统似乎过于昂贵,在目前情况下,该工艺具有伟大的承诺一旦系统规模可以升级。

4结论

中国的水产养殖将继续发挥全球鱼类资源的重要作用。负面效应的废物从水产养殖对水

生环境越来越得到认可,尽管他们只是一个小比例陆基污染物。适当地计划利用水产养殖废弃物污染问题以及有利于缓解水资源不仅节约宝贵的水资源也利用在废水的营养成分。 它要求很高,发展可持续水产养殖使动物密度和污染环境下的负载能力。

5建议和观点

这种治理水产养殖废水的方法和在中国仍处于初步阶段，没有定量的计算数据。此外，检测系统不足的水生环境和废水排放标准的水产养殖促进环境造成直接的废物排放。因此,有必要适当的政策和实践管理系统调节水产养殖废弃物被采纳。不同阶段的废物管理在水产养殖应该是一体的，所以总体水平的污染物的去除和重用进行优化。这样的阶段将包括饲料质量操纵，喂养管理、浪费预处理、主要分离,污泥稳定化和处置。它可能会更有效的和有益的结合了两种方法在未来更多。传统的水产养殖废弃物的处理程序,主要基于物理和化学方法,应该克服的更多的特定方法，考虑了特征和抵抗力的水生环境。进一步的研究需要改进或优化的当前方法污水处理和重用。拟议的新治疗技术应该评估其可行性在实际应用的规模。

第四篇：大学毕业证书英文翻译-竖版

CERTIFICATE FOR GRADUATION

**** UNIVERSITY

Certificate No: ************

This is to certify that NAME, femalemale, born on Sep 21, 1986, majoring in the Department of **** of this university from September 2005 to July 2009, has successfully fulfilled all curriculums of the four-year undergraduate program of study, and passed the examinations. Hereby he is allowed to graduate.

President: NAME

******** University J

uly 1, 2009

第五篇：毕业论文英文翻译攻略

五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】

在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：

1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献;

2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了;

3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

注：

1、Google翻译：http:///6946901637944806

翻译时的速度：

这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致

最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典(金山词霸等)在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。

具体翻译时的一些技巧(主要是写论文和看论文方面)

大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下：

1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白(你重视的论文);懂得其某部分讲了什么(你需要参考的部分论文)，在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，你可以试一试

2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。

3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。