安全有效的丰胸方法

2024-05-09

安全有效的丰胸方法(共18篇)

篇1:安全有效的丰胸方法

1.每天早上取青木瓜(约200克左右)轧汁与150毫升鲜牛奶搅拌均匀空腹服下,如不宜服用牛奶可以250克木瓜单独服用。

2.晚饭后发后吃150克左右木瓜

3.每晚理疗按摩:每晚临睡前用热毛巾敷两侧乳房3~5分钟,用手掌部按摩乳房周围,从左到右,按摩20~50次。

只需按上述方法,坚持按摩2~3个月,可使乳房隆起2-5厘米。

注:按以上方法2周左右胸部就会有涨涨的感觉,只要你坚持肯定能过增大,但建议你一定不要使用电视或媒体宣传的药品丰胸,那副作用太大且不会有太好的效果的,有时会对身体出现很大的副作用,甚至会出现乳腺增生。

篇2:安全有效的丰胸方法

2、除红枣之外,将其他的所有药材放入一个纱布袋中。

3、将鸡、姜和纱布袋放入锅中,加上一定量的水和米酒,用大火煮。

4、待到锅中煮沸之后,过滤掉锅中的浮沫,之后改为小火。

篇3:安全有效的丰胸方法

1 强化学习, 切实提高对隐患整改工作的认识

国家煤监机构重要的职责是监督地方政府、煤矿企业对于国家法律法规的贯彻落实。只有把相关法律法规、政策、规定掌握理解到位, 才能使之通过监察工作贯彻落实到监管部门及煤矿企业, 各项工作才能有效开展。

1.1 对现存的重大隐患进行分级。

首先, 将近年来国家及黑龙江地区制定的相关法律文件进行整理汇编, 集中分局监察人员进行深入学习研究。分局多次组织关于“分局重大隐患分级管理监察”为主题的业务学习活动, 通过大家不断的研究、交流, 使全体监察人员逐渐对《煤矿重大安全生产隐患认定办法》、《黑龙江省煤矿重大隐患分级监管办法》和《黑龙江煤矿安全监察局煤矿企业安全生产隐患排查治理分级监察实施细则》等文件, 深刻理解文件出台的重要意义、目的以及具体要求;同时通过不断学习和考核, 最终使每位监察员都达到了对发现的重大隐患, 准确把隐患按规定等级进行及时处理。

1.2 加强对县区监管、行管部门和煤矿企业的宣传教育。

目的是不断规范煤矿企业的安全生产行为, 督促企业安全基础标准化不断推进。企业是主体责任者, 而县区行管部门就是具体实施者。监察人员经常为煤矿企业免费提供相应的文件材料, 并向企业负责人强调、讲解, 同时利用执法权力严格要求, 将此项工作作为我们日常下矿监察的一项内容, 对多次督促而不整改的企业给予严厉处罚;采用联合执法或工作座谈会等多种形式, 不断向县区强调重大隐患分级管理的重要性, 并定时要求县区上报辖区煤矿企业重大隐患分级登记及整改闭合情况。通过自身的学习及宣传教育, 隐患整改闭合工作在辖区形成良好运行机制, 大的隐患由分局联系, 监察室到期复查, 一般问题和隐患由县区监管部门监督整改, 并将整改结果上报分局, 使隐患整改闭合工作不断得到提高。

2 建立制度, 不断完善长效运行良好机制

为充分发挥重大隐患分级管理的作用, 分局根据实际情况, 制定了一系列保障制度和措施。

2.1 是建立了分局隐患分级登记管理制度。

为更好地将此项工作细化到实处, 按照国家局《煤矿重大安全生产隐患认定办法》、《黑龙江省煤矿重大隐患分级监管办法》和省局《煤矿企业安全生产隐患排查治理分级监察实施细则》文件要求, 对隐患分级管理工作进行了重新的理顺, 要求各监察室在日常的监察执法过程中发现的各类问题和隐患认真做好分类登记、分级以及闭合整改工作。为提高工作效率, 统一流程, 便于管理, 分局设计制定了《每周执法情况统计表》、《分局重大隐患跟踪问效情况登记表》和《监察室重大隐患分级跟踪问效情况登记表》, 成立了专门督办机构, 综合监察室具体督办。对于一类隐患, 由分局统一汇总, 交由监察室主管领导负责督办企业整改落实;对于二类、三类隐患, 由联系监察室负责督办, 并要求必须指定专人负责跟踪监控, 督促企业认真整改, 整改完毕的隐患及时销号。

2.2 是充分发挥预案制度作用, 将预案的制定与隐患分级管理进行结合。

分局在下矿进行监察前, 事先收集该矿井的相关信息资料, 将以往该矿在重大隐患登记表中存在的问题和可能存在的隐患及时编入监察预案, 在入井监察时给予重点关注。对监察中发现存在重大隐患问题或存在问题较多的矿井, 分局建立独立的重大隐患分级管理登记档案, 将所有问题归入该档, 将每次下矿监察预案及相关文书进行存档, 直至重大隐患得到解决, 并由分管领导签字档案入库为止。

2.3 与考核挂钩, 奖惩并行。

分局在制定考核方案时, 将隐患分级管理工作纳入考核范围, 进行明确的责任划分和奖惩规定, 对隐患分级不明确、隐患跟踪管理不到位、超过整改时限等连续两次以上出现工作不到位情况的监察室给予取消评优资格并通报批评, 对好的经验做法, 在分局范围内进行交流学习, 共同营造一种积极向上、和谐奋进的良好氛围。

2.4 是注重联合治理。

分局对煤矿企业存在的重大隐患问题, 经常与双鸭山分公司监察部和县区政府进行交流, 并对问题的解决提出合理性的建议。分局注重与地方县区行管部门建立网络化管理, 通过联合治理共同达到一种群策群力, 煤监煤管全覆盖的效果。

2.5 是注重企业主体责任落实。

企业是主体责任者, 这是所有要素的重中之重, 一切措施手段最终都要落实到企业这个主体身上。分局不断督促煤矿企业按照省局《煤矿企业安全生产隐患排查治理分级监察实施细则》开展工作, 并将其列入日常监察计划, 通过分局督促, 县区监督, 企业自律, 不断完善标准, 构建安全有序和谐发展的煤矿企业隐患管理模式。

3 注重实效, 不断推进隐患整改工作的跟踪落实

通过不断加大对辖区隐患的跟踪督促, 强化企业主体责任的落实, 分局在重大隐患分级登记管理方面取得了显著成效。

3.1 解决国有重点煤矿长期悬而未决的隐患问题, 取得良好效果。

对今年没有按照时限完成整改的6处矿井进行了严格的处罚, 并督促全部整改完毕, 做到了重大隐患登记销号闭合。

3.2 发挥监察执法意见书或建议书的作用, 对地方政府、安全监管及大型煤矿企业的隐患整改工作进行针对性指导。

举一反三, 这是监察工作中始终强调的一个工作方法, 要从一、两个煤矿发现的问题和隐患中去提炼可能普遍存在的问题和隐患, 并针对这些专项方面的问题去指导县区政府、监管部门、及煤矿企业集中解决, 防范更大范围事故的发生。在这方面, 分局将辖区水患作为重点关注对象, 采取多种措施保证辖区安全形势。由于辖区地方煤矿开采时间较长, 关闭小煤井较多, 地质条件复杂, 相关地质材料不全, 已关闭矿井的开采范围难以实测, 这些地区的防治水管理工作存在一定的难度。分局针对此情况向县区政府和煤矿企业下达意见书, 要求相关县区对该地区地质存水情况进行了综合调查分析, 最大限度的将辖区水患情况掌握清楚, 同时, 组织人员针对老矿空区积水问题进行了调研, 将掌握的相关材料与矿井现况进行了分析, 向涉及水患威胁的县区及各矿井都提出了科学合理的意见书。

结束语

显而易见, 哈东分局通过完善煤矿重大隐患分级管理闭合机制的工作方法而采取一系列措施, 为煤矿安全发展提供了坚实保障, 从而使哈东辖区煤矿安全形势达到了历史最好水平。

摘要:总结介绍了哈东煤矿安全监察分局对辖区煤矿隐患分级管理和重大安全隐患闭合机制监察的工作方法。首先对辖区煤矿安全生产方面存在的重大隐患进行分级管理, 并建立相应的管理制度, 形成良好运行机制, 不间断地推进隐患整改工作的跟踪落实。

关键词:隐患,分级管理,闭合机制

参考文献

[1]煤矿安全规程.2011.

[2]煤矿重大安全生产隐患认定办法.国家安监总局[2005]133号.

[3]黑龙江省煤矿重大隐患分级监管办法.黑安发[2007]20号.

篇4:最有效的丰胸计划

运动要领:不穿bra,直接穿上可以支撑胸部力量的运动款上衣。双膝并拢跪于地上,双脚向后抬起,俯身向前,以双手着地与肩同宽。保持背部挺直并且收紧臀部,慢慢屈臂至胸部接触地面,再慢慢以手肘的力量将身体向上推,回到原位。

为保持胸部肌肉持续的紧张状态,在身体移到最高点时不完全挺直肘关节,重复上述动作10次。注意腹部收紧,感觉胸部在用力,腰也不要贴到地面。

成效分析:这个俯卧撑运动不仅可以使胸部变得紧实丰满,还能令腹部平坦结实。其实做俯卧撑并不能使胸部脂肪增多,但可以通过锻炼使下胸肌增长,胸肌的增大和紧实使得胸部整体突出,而且弹性也有了显著的增加。

胸部下垂阻击式

1.跪坐在地面上,臀部和大腿压在小腿上,双手自然放松,搁在大腿上。

2.将手缓慢抬向身后,使双臂向后伸直,尽量到达脚后跟处,用手掌碰触脚跟。

3.双手交叉相握,使双臂在身后抬起,并尽量举向头顶,令上身向地面俯压下去,使胸部碰触到膝盖。

胸部外扩收拢式

1.双臂移到胸前,两个手掌合拢。

2.吸气,两掌用力紧压,使两个胳膊肘水平展开。

3.保持2的姿势,一边吐气一边努力挺直上身,使胸部感到有拉力,仿佛上身的前后和胸部被拉伸开的感觉,保持10秒后放松身体。反复5次,拢胸效果非常明显。

胸部缩水回复式

1.平卧在地面上,双臂放到脸前,托住下巴。

2.弯曲膝盖,使双脚尽量贴到身体后部。双臂带动上身朝下伸展,争取触到脚。两条小腿不要分开。

3.吸气。抬起头,以腹肌为支撑点,头向后仰,拉动胸部抬升,双手拉动腿部往腰靠拢。吐气放松,回复最初姿势,反复3次。

书本和椅子小练习

准备两本厚度相同的书,不宜太厚,双手各拿一本。在弯曲胳膊肘的状态下,将双臂往身体两侧张开,同时吸气。吐气,胸部用力,将胳膊肘回收到胸前。使两个胳膊肘在胸前相碰,两个小臂呈V字形,并且胳膊肘离身体越远越好。

椅子练习同样简便,在办公室午休的时候就可以操作。准备两个高度相同的椅子,让两把椅子的后背分别朝向身体两侧。踮起脚后跟,用手抓住椅子的后背,弯曲膝盖朝下压,此时胳膊肘要保持向上竖起。手臂用力拉动身体,恢复到初始姿势,反复5次。

这两个小动作对收紧胸部肌肉,塑造优美匀称的胸部线条十分有效,持之以恒是关键。再搭配丰胸菜品,定会令你事半功倍。

材料:猪尾2条,鸡脚5只,香菇4朵,红枣3枚。

做法:

1.先将香菇浸泡1小时,泡软后,切成两半;鸡脚也切成两半。

2.将猪尾切成数块,放进沸水中过水。

3.将猪尾、鸡脚、香菇和红枣一起放入瓦罐中,用大火煮滚,5分钟后调成小火,熬大约1小时,汤成。

4.加入少许盐,待凉后食用。最好在早晚分吃汤料和喝汤。

小叮咛:猪尾和鸡脚都含丰富的胶原蛋白质,有很好的丰胸效果,此外,喝一段时间后,你的肌肤也会变得又白又嫩,充满弹性,很适合中年女性长期食用。

饮品:木瓜蜂王浆

材料:木瓜1/4个,杏仁50克,蜂王浆1匙,蜜糖少许。

做法:将所有材料用搅拌机搅匀便可。

主菜:腰果鸡肉炒西芹

材料:腰果50克、核桃肉50克、红腰豆50克、花生50克、鸡肉1块、西芹200克。

篇5:丰胸的最安全最有效的方法

1、站好,抬头挺胸收腹,双手反方向交叉,向上伸直,往头顶的方向举高高。

2、手肘稍微弯曲,右手用力往下拉,带动左手至脑后的位置。

3、双手向上举起,此时重复1的动作,换手进行,可重复多次,看自己的实际情况而定。

ps:这个动作不需要占很多空间,在家、在办公室都可以进行,要能伸伸懒腰,在丰胸的同时保护你的脊椎不受长时间伏案工作的伤害喔!

二:

1、将两本薄一点的杂志或者书夹在腋下,一定要夹紧。

2、手肘弯曲,两手握拳,用力向内夹紧,做到不让书或者杂志滑落下来,如何才有效果?就是当你自己感觉手臂有疲劳感的时候,效果就慢慢出来了。

ps:不要选太厚或者太大的书和杂志来做这组丰胸运动,小编建议用两本普通的笔记本就可以了,当然也不要太薄,否则还没开始就感觉到累了。

三:

1、面对着墙壁站立,抬头挺胸收小腹,双手直直打开与肩同宽,掌心贴紧墙壁。贴紧墙壁的时候也要保持抬头挺胸收小腹的动作。

篇6:如何丰胸有效比较有效的方法

即在局部脂肪堆积的部位(腹部、腰部、腿部等)抽取脂肪,注入到乳房内。

适应人群

1、天生发育不完全,就是人们所说的小胸者。

2、由于胸部手术,乳腺切除的患者。

3、由于意外伤害造成乳房的不完美者。

4、生育之后出现乳房萎缩的患者。

5、乳房不完美者,如乳房有轻度的下垂及两侧不对称。

具体方法

如果想要进一步了解自脂丰胸,就要先知道吸脂术,因为丰胸之前是身体的其他部分多余的脂肪吸出来。据专家介绍,吸脂的部位一般会选腰腹部、后背、大腿、臀部、上臂等,5毫米的刀口会放在隐蔽处。脂肪注射隆胸注入的是活的脂肪细胞,因此脂肪细胞的吸取和处理过程很重要,吸脂均用肿胀麻醉技术,包括肿胀液的配制、吸管的选择、负压的调节、清洗液温度的控制,以保证脂肪细胞的活性。

吸脂的风险

需要注意的是,吸脂的过程也存在危险因素,比如超大剂量多部位同时吸脂、患者患有潜在疾病、术者对该技术未完全掌握、对医疗意外无相应的抢救措施和技术支持等。

注意事项

篇7:丰胸的简单有效方法

做法:室内游泳可以不分季节地进行,建议每星期进行1~2次,可以起到健胸的作用。

原理:水的压力可以锻炼呼吸肌,同时还能使胸肌更发达。

二:吃纳豆

方法:在新鲜的纳豆中拌入酱油,并可加入一点调味料,吃纳豆可起到瘦身的效果。

原理:纳豆富含钾,可起到显著的丰胸效果,可以用纳豆作为正餐食用,可降低人体摄取的热量。

三:吃青木瓜

方法:可用青木瓜来炖排骨吃。

原因:木瓜中含有丰富的木瓜酵素,能够分解脂肪及蛋白质和糖分,另外木瓜中的木瓜酶可促进乳房的发育,从而起到丰胸作用。

四:喝酸奶

方法:每天喝2~3次脱脂或低脂酸奶,并减少肉食量。

原理:酸奶可以改善便秘问题,能顺利将体内多余垃圾毒素排出体外,对瘦腿有一定效果。而酸奶中的蛋白质可以起到丰胸作用。

五:补充维生素E

篇8:安全有效的丰胸方法

1 制作电缆终端头

电缆中细微的气隙是产生局部放电现象的一个根本性的原因, 这种现象经常发生在介质不相同的界面交界位置, 同时它和介质层击穿危害相比, 其最容易出现问题的部分就是电极边缘的沿面位置。为了可以有效的避免这种问题的出现, 在制作电缆终端头的时候一定要注意以下几个内容:

首先是切剥电缆, 在电缆接头和终端制作的过程中, 一定要注意的是要尽量缩短电缆切剥到电缆终端制作的过程中绝缘装置暴露在空气中的时间, 同时还要有效的保证操作自身的连续性。在电缆切剥的时候, 一定不能对绝缘层和纤芯和造成任何的损坏, 这样才能更好的减少安全隐患。在对内衬层进行处理的时候, 一定要充分的保证铜屏蔽的完好性。切断部位不能起角。铜屏蔽的位置一定要保证其自身的紧密性。在对外半导体进行处理的时候也不能对半导体当中的纤芯产生不利的影响, 此外还要对屏蔽层用砂纸进行打磨处理。

第二是压接线芯。一般在连接中低压电缆端头的过程中都会采用压接的方式对其进行处理, 在对其进行处理的过程中一定要注意的就是如果导线的线芯和铜鼻子的内径不能形成协调的关系就会使得电阻值明显的增大, 在这样的情况下就会使其在运行的过程中释放大量的热, 如果长期处在这样的情况当中, 就会加速绝缘层的老化, 此外在这一过程中还要对线芯进行打磨处理, 消除铜鼻子表面产生的棱角此外还要对其表面存在的污物进行全面的清洁和处理, 所以技术人员在工作中必须要对其予以严格的控制, 在制作交联聚乙烯电缆接头当中, 清洁工作也是一个非常重要的工作, 因此必须要在作业的过程中选择那些环境相对较好的场所。在制作的时候, 如果清洁工作不过关, 就会使得电缆附件界面上出现比较明显的放电现象, 因此, 在对其进行制作的过程中, 一定要保证每一道工序都具有良好的清洁性。再次是密封作用。密封作用一般是两个方面, 一个是减少气隙, 一个是防潮工作。

第三, 为确保绝缘端与包绕的填充胶能够较好发生粘合, 以椎体的标准削绝缘端部;将一层硅脂膏均匀涂于主绝缘表面, 作用是为强化密封;将密封胶包绕于复合管2端;将填充物同填于内外护套前, 填平凹陷处, 让接头整体外观整齐, 最后使用PVC胶带扎紧缠绕;将密封胶缠绕于内外护套的2端后, 再进行安装。如果忽视防潮问题, 导致绝缘中含水就会破坏绝缘, 引发绝缘体形成水树枝。因此, 安装、运行电力电缆过程中, 其他杂质、空气、水分等是不允许存在于绝缘层、导体中的。在高强度电场作用下, 这些杂质会产生电离, 进而在交变电场作用下, 带电粒子会逐渐老化并击穿电缆绝缘层, 从而引起电力电缆事故, 因此做好密封工作有十分关键的意义。为有效防潮, 用密封胶填充、密封内、外护套管两端以及每相复合管两端。要想金属护套达到理想密封效果, 需要以60摄氏度至70摄氏度的温度加热金属部位。连接管等热缩关键应抱负密封金属护套。

最后, 应注意接地线。采用镀锡铜编织线亦或铜绞线作为电力电缆接地线, 通过零序电流互感器时, 接地线与电缆金属护层应对地绝缘。当互感器在电缆接地点以上时, 应将接地线直接接地。互感器在接地点以下时, 在穿过互感器基础上, 接地线接地, 三芯电力电缆终端处金属护层必须接地。

2 运行试验

试验项目为电缆主绝缘直流耐压以及电缆主绝缘电阻, 电缆主绝缘直流耐压试验, 当接头或新作终端后, 直流实验压为37干伏, 电缆额定电压为8.8/10千伏, 要求标准:耐压五分钟时的泄露电流应小于耐压一分钟的泄露电流;加压时间五分钟未出现击穿现象。电缆主绝缘电阻试验周期为三年以上及6千伏, 对1千伏以上电缆采用的兆欧表为2500伏。为防止运行电缆突发意外事故, 将电缆绝缘中存在的隐患及时发现, 可进行试验。并包括如下项目:测量泄漏电压及直流耐压试验和绝缘电阻的测量。在进行直流耐压试验的同时可进行泄漏电流试验。通过泄漏检测能够发现受潮、老化等整体缺陷, 而通过耐压试验则能够发现局部缺陷, 如损伤、气泡等。相比于测量绝缘电阻, 直流耐压试验和泄漏电流试验更加有效。因为一段良好绝缘存在于较低电压下, 在较小数值内可维持泄漏电流, 而在测量绝缘电阻时, 该数值则难以用兆欧表发现。电压足够高情况下, 与电压增长相比, 泄流电流的增长更快, 因此, 对于发现绝缘内部缺陷而言, 对直流电压下的泄漏电流进行测量更具有意义。而测量绝缘电阻则是对电缆绝缘是否良好进行检查的最好方法。例如绝缘电阻下降, 说明增大了运行中电缆泄漏电流, 绝缘材料就会发热、烧毁、击穿, 从而引发停电事故, 损坏电缆。对此, 很有必要对电缆的绝缘电阻进行检测。当击穿痕迹、全部或部分受潮等现象存在于电缆绝缘中时, 两级间是否贯穿这些缺陷是决定绝缘电阻变化的前提, 如果仅是局部缺陷, 绝缘电阻降低的几率不高, 电极间仍然有很好的绝缘。而两级间若贯穿了缺陷, 那么绝缘电阻反应就会灵敏。所以检测出贯通性缺陷及整体受潮是检测绝缘电阻的作用。

此外还要注意防火问题, 在10k V电力电缆外层上涂防火涂料或缠绕防火包带。该方法一般采用在电缆终端接头、电缆中间接头及电缆贯穿建筑物时两侧3m的区段内。施工时, 防火涂料的涂刷要分3-4次进行, 每次间隔4h, 涂膜厚度为1-2mm;防火包带应绕包两层, 且两层防火包带的搭盖率在50%左右。

对10k V电力电缆进行防火分隔。施工时, 在变电站的围墙外、公用主沟道的分支处和重要回路的电缆沟中适当位置设置防火墙或防火电缆槽盒, 同时对电缆贯穿的孔洞应用防火阻燃材料封堵周围的缝隙。防火墙宜采用能经受电缆沟内积水浸泡和鼠害的阻火包、矿棉块或耐火隔板等材料。

结束语

在城市地下电网和工矿企业内部供电的过程中, 一个非常重要的元件就是供电线缆, 其自身的供电可靠性直接影响到了电缆运行的质量和水平。其在分配和说电能传输的过程中占据着主要的位置, 当前在输电过程中, 电缆所占的比重越来越大, 所以为了更好的保证线缆的运行安全, 我们必须要采取有效的措施, 加强对其的监督和管理。

摘要:在电力系统运行的过程中, 电缆运行的安全越来越受到人们的关注和重视, 因为, 它直接关系到电力系统的运行质量和效果, 所以在当今的供电工作中, 人们也在采取有效的措施去提升电力电缆的运行安全, 在10k V电力电缆运行的过程中更是如此, 在这样的情况下, 我们必须要采取有效的方法对其进行全面的控制。本文主要分析了提高10千伏电力电缆安全运行的有效方法, 以供参考和借鉴。

关键词:电力电缆,绝缘,接地线,制作

参考文献

[1]陈善求, 周国新.新型五芯电力电缆的研制[J].电线电缆, 2007 (3) .

篇9:爱是最好的丰胸方法

自制薏仁木瓜羹?昂贵的精油按摩?或者干脆整形手术?

平胸女木木看到报刊中这类纸张优良印刷精美的丰胸广告总会忍不住多看几眼。为之代言的深沟美人让她又羡慕又仇恨,脑海里还会上演自家男人被图中蛇蝎诱惑得难以自持最终失身的场景。

回家指着广告中的蛇蝎质问男人,你喜欢大胸女不?

男人虚心回答,不喜欢。

木木怒,你虚伪你骗人!

男人老实承认,喜欢。

木木大怒,那你就是不喜欢我了!

男人只好无奈辩解道,图中蛇蝎都是假的,可远观而不可亵玩焉。她是用来看的,你是用来摸的。

木木将信将疑,多云转晴。男人双手伸向木木胸前,笑吟道,小荷才露尖尖角,早有魔爪握上头。

时间久了,木木发现往日塞着水饺也填不满的文胸居然抽出水饺也装不下自己日益坚挺的双峰了。对镜自览不禁感叹,昔日平坦地,今昔起高楼。闺蜜问原因,她说自己一没吃木瓜二没按摩三没手术,闺蜜不信,还抱怨她有诀窍不共享实在不厚道。

回家跟男人说起对这变化的诧异,男人却只在一旁神秘坏笑说,你已经试过最好的丰胸方法了。

木木一愣问道,什么?

男人伸了伸双手笑答,早就告诉你这是双魔爪,能种豆得瓜。

最好的丰胸方法,是来自一双懂爱的手。

童话里不贪财的傻小子总能意外地遇上仙女,要么被赠予金银财宝,要么抱得美人归。

尘世中懂爱的人也往往会有意外收获。不懂爱的人,他失去的永远比得到的要多。

篇10:简单有效的丰胸方法

记住睡觉得时候不用穿内衣,可以让身体放松,而且也可以加强夜间的睡眠,睡眠好了,可以起到保养肝脏的作用。

2、每周按摩两次

一周不用按摩太多,2次就可以,坚持按摩自己的乳房,既可以防老化,常保美貌,又可以活络气血,预防乳腺疾病呢!

如何科学有效的按摩:

四个手指并拢,拇指分开,两手分别握住两侧的乳房,从外侧向着中心然后顺着乳腺管的方向,打圈按摩。

如果有的姐妹胸部是向外的,在按摩的同时向中间推。如果是下垂的,则同时向上推。注意不要太用力,一般5至10分钟,感觉微涨热即可。

3、持续补充胶原蛋白

补充胶原蛋白粉,会很快的作用到胸部肌肤中,修复胸部受损的结缔组织,回复胸部原有的弹性,并且可以构筑新的结缔组织,配合醒肤焕颜按摩乳的塑形按摩,可以增强胸部的新陈代谢,增强胸部的细胞再生能力,刺激胸部的二次发育。

4、每周做3-4次美胸运动

很多人经常小看运动的力量,其实适当的运动绝对可以令我们的胸部变得更加完美。拿个2公斤的小哑铃或是弹力绳做抽马达的动作,和竞走时的上臂动作,可以减少外扩,消除蝴蝶袖,提高胸线。(哑铃可以向上举20次,侧面20次)

5、不乱用丰胸产品(包括各种丰胸精油)

尽管很多产品都声称不含激素,包括一些中草药配方的产品,事实上,不含激素的产品不可能见效特别快的。

乱在乳房区域用激素,停用后会反弹,而且造成内分泌紊乱,引发各种乳房疾病,胸腺纤维瘤等。

如何鉴别含激素的产品?含激素的产品用后会使乳头、乳晕发黑,而且可能会影响月经周期,皮肤也会变暗。

★ 什么方法丰胸安全有效

★ 丰胸真正有效的方法

★ 丰胸安全又有效的方法有哪些

★ 一个月有效减肥方法

★ 什么土方法有效去眼袋

★ 去除眼袋有效的方法

★ 减小肚腩的有效方法是什么

★ 护肤有哪些方法简单有效的

★ 快速有效长高的方法是什么

篇11:真正能有效丰胸的方法

2、加强锻炼,便如俯卧撑,引体向上等锻炼,胸大肌增大,使乳房显得隆起;

3、按摩和吸吮乳头;异性的按摩和婴儿吸吮乳头,可刺激内源性激素的分泌,增加血液循环,有助于乳房增大;

能丰胸的食物:

1.木瓜、鱼、肉及鲜奶等含丰富蛋白质的食物,均可健胸。

2.黄豆、花生、杏仁、桃仁、芝麻及粟米等种籽和坚果类,是有效的健胸食品,不妨多吃。

3.橙、葡萄、西柚及蕃茄等含维他命C的食物,可防止胸部变形。

4.芹菜、核桃及红腰豆等含维他命E的食物,有助胸部发育。

按摩方法:

一:

1.先在乳房上涂上按摩霜;

2.顺着乳腺组织,用手由下往上,由外往内将乳房往上提升;

3.再将按摩延伸至胸部上方到颈项的部位,手法同样为向上提升,按摩5分钟左右。

二:

1.沐浴时利用花洒,将温水或冷水交替着由下往上冲洗、刺激胸部;

2.洗完后,趁着身体微热时,擦上滋润露,按摩胸部;

篇12:丰胸最有效最快的方法

做法:伸直背脊,打开双脚保持与肩一样的宽度,向左右两侧伸直手臂,手掌向外,两边手臂慢慢地向前画圈30次,然后再向后画圈30次,如此反复。

功效:常做这个丰胸运动可以帮助你活动胸部肌肉,使得胸大肌变得更加发达。

温馨小贴士:做这个丰胸运动的时候一定要站直身体,切忌驼背,呼吸要自然平顺,切忌憋气。

壁式伏地丰胸运动

做法:手掌紧紧贴着墙壁,手肘向外,扶着墙壁做伏地挺身,一次大概12-15下左右,一次之后休息一下,根据自己的身体情况,至少要持续30分钟以上。

篇13:安全有效的丰胸方法

一、明确安全培训内容, 提高安全技能培训质量

作为煤矿企业, 要结合企业的实际, 强化安全基础培训, 培养扎实的技能功底。在培训内容上, 重点强调三个方面:一是从增加知识面、提高安全指挥能力、培养安全教育思维能力和安全知识的应用方面入手, 加强安全法律法规以及上级安全文件、政策等安全管理方面知识的学习, 同时, 加强煤矿安全技能等一系列现代化的教育培训, 使其在政策水平、专业知识、业务能力和技术管理方面都走在前列, 富有远见卓识的战略思想, 培养组织能力、协调能力、决策能力和创新能力, 提升总揽和驾驭安全大局的水平, 做到观察问题和处理问题, 既立足当前又放眼长远, 紧紧抓住安全工作的中心任务, 重视解决安全生产中的薄弱环节, 采取有效措施, 得到果断处理, 达到企业的安全生产。二是重点学习安全技能、生产技术、煤炭质量技术等方面的培训, 全面提高技术人员的安全管理技能和安全工作的能力。三是有针对性地开展安全技能的学习与培训, 重点对职工的安全意识、岗位技能和操作手段进行培训, 增强职工适应新技术、新装备、新工艺的能力, 进一步提高职工的安全意识和安全技能水平, 为实现安全生产提供强有力的技能保障。

二、要结合自身特点, 开展多种形式的安全培训

安全培训形式和安全培训方法之间有着不可分割的联系, 它们都是为实现某一培训目标和培训任务服务的。但是, 培训形式和培训方法又有其概念上的区别, 首先, 两者的出发角度不同。例如, 根据培训的目标要求, 首先要确定采取什么样的培训形式, 然后再确定用什么样的培训方法。所以, 一定的培训形式决定了应采取什么样的培训方法。在实际培训工作中, 如果没有好的培训形式, 也难以完成一定的培训任务;而培训形式再好, 如果没有好的培训方法, 也难以达到理想的培训目的。因此培训形式和培训方法, 有着相辅相成的关系。具体说, 安全培训形式是指对参培人员在培训过程中以什么样的方式进行培训。例如有长期脱产培训 (即脱产三个月或半年以上的) ;有短期脱产培训 (脱产3天至一个月左右的) ;有不脱产 (业余) 培训或以区队岗位进行培训或走出去 (到异地) 进行培训等。很难说哪一种培训形式好, 哪一种培训形式差。关健是要根据培训的目标和任务的要求来选择一种较为合适的培训形式。

三、不断改进安全培训方法, 努力提高安全培训质量

安全培训方法是在培训过程中, 老师和学员为实现其共同的培训目的, 完成学习任务而采取的教与学相互作用的活动方式的总称。它具有以下特点:一是安全培训方法与安全培训的目的相联系, 是完成培训目标的重要手段, 安全培训的目标主要是通过教师向学员传递理论知识、安全信息、安全技能、操作技术、实践经验教训等来强化学员的安全意识, 提高其安全技能和操作技能, 增强其安全技术素质;二是安全培训方法包括教师教的方法和学员学的方法, 是教授方法和学习方法的统一;三是安全培训方法, 是由一系列的教学形式和教学技术及技巧所组成的。所以, 安全培训方法是决定安全培训质量的关键。随着安全培训工作的不断深入发展。安全培训方法也日益丰富多彩, 目前较常用而且效果较好的有以下几种:

1、理论与实践相结合培训法

在以往的安全培训中, 往往都是采取集中授课, 由教师向学员灌输理论知识, 学员成为被动地接受填鸭式地教育, 学员的积极性不高, 学习效果不好, 最后应付一下理论考试则万事大吉。现在, 人们逐渐地意识到, 职工安全技术培训不同于中小学生学习, 应侧重于应知应会知识技能的掌握与应用, 所以, 就理论讲理论是难以奏效的。学员是教学过程中的主体, 只有在学员积极主动的参与下, 才能实现理论知识向操作技能的转化。因此, 要加大由理论学习向实践操作过渡的力度, 改过去那种理论学习与实践操作有机地结合在一起, 并且把教学的重点放在实践操作上。即教师在讲授理论时应侧重实践经验教训的总结, 让学员多积累一些实践知识, 实地操作。这样教练结合, 从感性认识直接到理性认识、视觉、触觉、感观同时投入学习, 不但易懂而且记得牢, 也利于工作学习一些真本领。在培训结束进行考核时, 理论知识和实践操作分别考核, 有一项不合格, 学员仍要继续参加培训学习, 直到理论与实际操作全部合格为止, 例如, 井下电钳工、井下绞车工、电车司机, 四大件维护工等培训班, 采取这种培训方法较好。

2、先进典型示范培训法

在我们日常安全生产中常有一些安全生产先进区队、班组和个人, 要及时把他们的先进经验做法总结出来, 使其经验做法更具有可操作性, 作为安全培训中的教材, 老师在讲课时把这些先进个人或区队的好经验、好做法作为安全培训中的例证一一介绍给学员, 使老师的讲课更加有说服力, 同时也使大家学有目标、赶有方向, 操作起来也方便。因为都是发生大家身边的事, 通过教师的总结归纳, 使其更具有条理化、知识化。因此, 对这种方法职工反映较好, 使他们的认知水平提高很快, 大家达成一定的共识, 有力地推进全处质量标准化建设和本质安全型区队的创建活动。

3、案例警示培训法

众所周知, 每一起煤矿伤亡事故案例都是矿工用生命和鲜血换来的, 可以说是煤矿安全培训教材是一笔宝贵财富。所以在职工安全技术培训中, 要充分利用一些典型案例进行讲解, 一是可以强化学员安全意识;二是可以唤起学员对有关安全法律条文或有关规程措施规定的理解和重视程度;三是避免了空洞的说教;四是给学员积累了实践上的经验或教训, 使大家真正理解“条条规程血染成, 不可再用血验证”的含义, 特别是在安全法律法规培训班或《工种操作规程》培训班都可以采用案例警示培训法, 她可以起到事半功倍的效果。

4、互动式安全培训法

这是近几年应用比较广泛的安全培训方法。它的优点主要就是充分调动学员的积极性, 让学员充分发表自已的见解和看法, 有利于深化主题, 提高大家对某一问题的认识程度。例如:我处要改进创新工艺, 锚喷棚支护培训班过程中, 要结合实际到工作现场, 让大家结合实际对影响锚、喷、棚支护, 工程质量的主要工艺和原因进行讨论, 发表自已的意见和见议, 对我们制定锚、喷、棚支护工艺, 质量验收标准提供帮助。又如, 针对煤矿安全生产周期较长。少数职工安全思想出现麻痹松劲现象。我们采取的方法, 一是举办事故案例展, 把本处的典型事故案例做成漫画进行展出, 二是把报上发表的事故家属感人肺腑的信件, 嘱咐向职工宣讲。三是举办巡回安全演讲, 这些方法对职工震动大, 易接受, 强化了职工的安全思想意识。大家普遍称赞这种活动式教育叫情感教育, 以情感人, 深入人心。

篇14:丰胸后母乳喂养 安不安全?

/本版专家支持/

成都玉之光整形美容医院美容整形外科主任 鲁树荣

成都悦好医学美容医院副院长 王祥

成都医美整形医院院长 刘国权

>>>新闻链接

《南方都市报》报道,来自安徽的周女士于10年前在广州进行了注射丰胸。如今,她生完孩子后使用母乳喂养,发现奶水时黄时白,有时含有黄黄的液体。如此喂了女儿3个月后,周女士才想起当年丰胸注射了奥美定液体,怀疑奶水发黄是因为材料渗漏,于是给孩子断了母乳。但是孩子送往医院检查时被发现为脑瘫,老公也因为怀疑妻子因为注射丰胸而使材料渗透入奶水,造成女儿成为脑瘫,愤而与周女士离了婚。

奥美定与婴儿脑瘫关系未明

奥美定,即聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶,是一种无色透明,类似果冻状的液态物质。最初它是由乌克兰发明用于特工临时改头换面的一种注射整形材料。1997年,经我国国家药监局批准,奥美定被广泛运用于丰胸领域。不过其后发现,奥美定注射入人体后,容易引起乳房疼痛、感染、变形,产生包块和肉芽等大量并发症,严重者只能被迫切除乳房。因此,国家药监局在2006年下令,全面禁止生产、销售和使用奥美定。

对新闻中做过奥美定丰胸的周女士母乳喂养后发现孩子脑瘫,专家表示,由于发病机理不同,目前尚未有科学依据证明奥美定会导致婴儿脑瘫。记者走访了成都的几家医院,医生们均表示没有遇到因注射奥美定丰胸后母乳喂养而引起婴儿脑瘫的案例。

医生告诉记者,造成新生儿脑瘫的原因主要有3种。一是先天性的,即女性在怀孕期间造成的,比如先天畸形、遗传缺陷、子宫内感染、先兆流产、母亲中毒、母亲接受X线照射、药物中毒和妊娠中毒症等原因引发的新生儿脑瘫;二是生产过程中造成的脑瘫,如难产、亟待绕颈和早产等,造成胎儿缺氧、新生儿窒息等因素;三是后天因素,如一些新生儿易患的疾病,如溶血性黄疸、新生儿休克、颅内损伤、脑炎、脑膜炎、肺炎以及各种感染引起的脑病,造成婴儿脑瘫。

注射奥美定的女性

谨慎进行母乳喂养

虽然奥美定与新生儿脑瘫之间的关系未明,但并不代表注射过奥美定丰胸的女性就可以放心大胆地进行母乳喂养。专家表示,奥美定本身作为一种聚合体,虽然无毒,但被注射入人体之后,时间久了就会降解成为单胺的有毒单体,世界卫生组织已将奥美定列为可疑致癌物之一。尤其是奥美定作为一种流体,在女性怀孕和哺乳期很容易和乳汁混在一起,变成黄色的液体,婴儿通过乳腺管吮吸到体内,就会出现呕吐等症状,但对婴儿未来健康的害处有多大,目前还不能确定。

由于奥美定与肌肉组织混在一起后呈水凝胶状,容易被水溶解,所以临床上可以通过注射生理盐水而将其抽出。但这种盲式抽出并不能完全将其抽干净,往往还是需要借助手术将其彻底取出。但即使这样,也不能保证能够100%地抽取干净。因此,注射过奥美定丰胸的女性想要进行母乳喂养,必须到医院进行专业检查,确定乳腺体内完全没有奥美定材料后,方可为婴儿进行哺乳。

假体丰胸和自体脂肪丰胸后

是否可以进行母乳喂养?

注射奥美定进行丰胸的时代已经过去,那么时下主流的假体丰胸和自体脂肪丰胸两种手术后,又是否可以进行母乳喂养呢?

【假体丰胸】

假体丰胸手术中,主流的假体材料有国产的威宁、康宁、万和和东岳等品牌,进口的有麦格、德美茜、娜高、曼托、妙桃、麦格和娜琦丽等品牌,它们都是通过国家药监局认证的正规材料,对人体无毒副作用。这些假体材料的防渗漏功能和凝化功能也都很好,在人体组织中能形成一定厚度的包膜,不会伤及乳腺组织。同时,就其假体置放的位置而言,假体是置于乳腺组织下面或胸大肌下方,无碍于乳腺发育和乳汁分泌,乳汁的排出也不会通过假体。整形专家通过20多年上万例假体丰胸手术总结出,目前并未出现过丰胸假体对哺乳有影响的案例。因此,假体丰胸手术后进行母乳喂养是安全的。

【自体脂肪丰胸】

自体脂肪丰胸是在自己身上局部脂肪堆积的部位,如腹部和腰部等处提取脂肪,再移植注射到乳房内,不但手感真实,而且不会产生任何排异反应。这种手术的材料不是来自于人工合成,而是取自人体自身,当然没有毒性,不会影响母乳喂养。

成都医美高清内窥镜

为假体丰胸保驾护航

乳房是世界上最美丽的“山峰”,傲人的“双峰”是男人无法抵抗的诱惑,也是女人梦寐以求的靓丽风景。如何在缔造美丽的同时,让美丽更安全细致呢?2012年,坐落于成都市青羊区大石西路239号的成都医美整形,引进当今国际整形界广泛运用高清内窥镜手术,为假体丰胸手术保驾护航!

美丽是一种信仰,是女人一生都应该学习的生命哲学。但不少现代女性,在追求美丽的道路上却经历着这些烦恼:胸部发育不良,一马平川;胸部一大一小,胸型难看;哺乳后乳房干瘪下垂,玲珑曲线不再……如何让自己的胸部更加挺拔迷人,让美丽永驻?这是我们共同关心的话题。

与其求助于水果宴的维他命、美型束身的瑜伽术、挥汗如雨的健美操,还不如丰胸手术来得立竿见影,更容易带给女性自信。不过,对于没有尝试过这种手术的人来说,丰胸显得很神秘。关于丰胸手术的诸多问题,也成为不少女性朋友担心的话题:手术安不安全?出血量大不大?手术过程中是否疼痛?拥有20多年的成都医美的丰胸专家团队在缔造美丽的同时,更是锲而不舍地追求让美丽更安全细致,并为此专门引进了高清内窥镜手术。

相比传统的假体丰胸术,高清内窥镜手术的优势显然更明显。成都医美整形特邀专家王显荣说:“内窥镜在医疗领域运用非常广泛,很多胃肠道手术和牙科等精细操作类手术都会运用到。近年来,随着医疗技术的发展,整形技术从单纯的美观逐渐过渡到追求更加精准和安全方面。内窥镜丰胸术与除皱术整形术也是国际现在流行的新技术之一。”

爱美女士为什么亲睐使用内窥镜手术呢?内窥镜整形手术又与其他普通整形手术有什么不同呢?成都医美整形院长刘国权院长接受采访时告诉记者,内窥镜整形术比之传统的手术有着以下优势:

1.借助内窥镜操作,手术切口隐蔽,组织分离在可视下操作 ,肌肉组织损伤少,几乎不会引起出血。

2.因为定位精准,术后疼痛轻,恢复很快,一般情况下,求美者术后24-36小时就可以正常上班,这是传统手术无法比拟的。

3.术后效果非常好,假体和胸部肌肉契合度很好,动感明显,手感也能舒适,最重要一点是,可最大程度地杜绝包膜暖缩。

“显而易见,内窥镜手术较之传统手术有着无比可逆的优势,这也是我们大力推行的原因,在注重美感和效率的同时兼顾爱美者的手术体验与安全性,这是我们整形医师的职责与天性。”刘国权院长这样说。

成都医美专家热线:028-87052928

成都医美官方网站:www.cdymzx.com

篇15:产后丰胸有效方法

产后的乳房会随着哺乳期的结束而导致营养流失,加上身体上的生理变化等原因,胸部的胶原蛋白也在流失。因此产后要多摄入胶原蛋白丰富的物质。猪蹄、牛蹄、鸡翅、猪皮、猪尾巴、鸡爪等都是胶原蛋白的重要来源。

2:吃青木瓜

产后的饮食是产后丰胸的方法之一,吃青木瓜对丰胸很有帮助。最简单的做法是用青木瓜炖排骨。这个堪称丰胸最经典的丰胸汤,可以刺激荷尔蒙分泌,促进乳腺发育,畅通乳腺,对丰胸催乳都非常有效。

3:吃维生素E

维生素E对乳房发育有重要的作用。维生素E可以保持胸部的丰满和弹性,同时还能延缓衰老。口服维生素E丸或者多吃富含维生素E的食物,是摄入维生素E的两种方式。卷心菜、菜花、葵瓜子油、牛奶、猪肝、牛肉、蘑菇等都富含维生素E哦。

4:游泳

游泳是一项非常有益的运动。无论是减肥还是丰胸都非常有效。产后妈妈身体恢复后,可以尝试定期游泳。游泳可以锻炼胸大肌,预防胸部下垂,让胸部更加坚挺,紧实。每周游泳1-2次即可。

5:吹气球

篇16:最快最有效的丰胸方法是什么

做法:站立,双脚并拢。吸气,右手抬高靠近耳朵。呼气,身体倒向左侧。保持3次呼吸。吸气,身体还原。另外一侧重复同样动作。

第2式:牛面式

做法:跪立,左腿向前抬起,将左小腿放在右小腿外侧,臀部坐在两小腿中间的地面上。吸气,左手向上,右手向下,双手背后相扣。挺直脊椎,保持4次呼吸。吸气,慢慢还原。另外一侧重复同样动作。

第3式:骆驼式

做法:跪位,双腿分开同肩宽,双手撑在髋部。吸气,脊椎挺拔。呼气,身体充分向后弯曲。保持2-4次呼吸。重复练习两组。

第4式:眼镜蛇式

做法:俯卧,额头触地,双手触肩膀两侧地面。吸气,慢慢抬头,整条脊椎向上后方卷起。呼气,手臂完全伸直。均匀呼吸保持动作。呼气,屈肘使身体慢慢回到俯卧位。重复练习两组。

第5式:炮弹式

做法:仰卧,双腿弯曲,膝盖靠近胸部。吸气,双臂环抱小腿。呼气,手臂用力下压,头抬离地面。收缩腹肌,下颏靠近膝盖。保持4次呼吸。呼气还原。重复练习3组。

第6式:顶峰式

做法:跪坐,双臂向前伸展到最远处。臀部抬离脚跟,脚趾踩地。吸气,臀部向上抬起,使身体形成三角形。脚跟向地面下压,保持4次呼吸。呼气,屈膝触地,还原身体。重复练习两组。

第7式:简易棍棒式

做法:俯卧,十指交叉,肘关节和小臂外侧触地。吸气,脚趾踩地,使身体抬离地面,成直线。保持2-5次呼吸。呼气还原,重复练习两组。

第8式:猫伸展式

篇17:什么方法可以有效丰胸

1、富含高蛋白的食物要多吃、比如牛奶鸡蛋等食物,乳房发育的黄金时期就是青春期,因此一定要把营养跟上来。

2、豆浆可以多喝,这是由于豆浆含有雌激素,对于女人的身体整体发育是有益无害的,具有很好的促进作用。

3、番木瓜(未成熟使用效果更好)要经常吃,可以让女性荷尔蒙促进分泌,让胸部血液循环提高,乳腺促进发育,对于促进胸部的发育有很显著的效果。

温馨提醒:人想要健康生活的前提就是全面合理的膳食营养搭配,在这个前提上适当地食用一些对丰胸有利的食物是很好的,可以让胸部的丰满程度更好更快地提高。

二、运动丰胸

1、不要久坐,经常起身活动,让身体和乳房的血液循环促进,要知道任何运动的直接效果就是能让血液促进循环。

2、胸部要经常有意识地按摩,这对胸部的美观和健康非常有益。

3、胸罩要佩戴合适,不要太紧,防止挤压乳房不利发育,睡觉胸罩最好不要佩戴,可以穿睡衣。

温馨提醒:运动丰胸不但可以让胸部丰满程度有效地提高,对身体健康也是非常有帮助的!

三、中药丰胸

篇18:安全有效的丰胸方法

A medical device is generally used in patients, and its use may be associated to potential injuries. Since the risk of use of a medical device may be associated with a severe outcome, it can result in patient injuries. It is important for medical devices to achieve the required safety by reducing potential risks. Risk management for medical equipment should be carried out in accordance to the ISO 14971 standard. This standard presents the process and framework applied to the risk management of medical devices[1]. The process includes identifying hazards associated with medical devices, estimating and evaluating risks, controlling the risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of the applied controls.

As part of the risk management activities, the safety of medical devices has to be evaluated according to the IEC 60601standard. This standard deals with the requirements that ensure the basic safety and essential performance of medical electrical equipment and systems. The IEC 60601 standard is divided into the IEC 60601-1 and the IEC 60601-2/ISO 80601-2 series.The IEC 60601-1 standard includes the general requirements that should be applied to medical devices[2]. It covers the basic safety requirements of medical electrical equipment, and serves to ensure that no single electrical, mechanical, or functional failure poses an unacceptable risk to patients and operators. The IEC 60601-2/ISO 80601-2 series account for the basic safety and essential performance requirements in accordance to the features of each medical device.

Although risk management and safety assessment have been carried out for improving medical device safety, an increased number of failures of medical devices have occurred due to the increase in their operation hours. The probability of failures is raised owing to the degradation of hardware components as a result of cumulative loading after continuous use[3]. These failures permit the patient to be exposed to intolerable risks. The methods that treat the reliability and safety of medical devices over time should be applied to the design and development phases. As one of the alternative approaches, functional safety has recently been required to be enforced to improve the safety of medical devices.

Functional safety is required for equipment under control(EUC), where the control systems depend on electrical/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems[4]. These control systems can be defined as being a part of the overall safety system. Kim et al[5]emphasized that the key concept of functional safety is consisted of safety functions and safety integrity. A safety function is a specific function implemented to mitigate or eliminate the risks to acceptable levels. Safety integrity is the probability that the required safety function is successfully performed by E/E/PE safety-related systems. When a selected safety function is operated with the required safety integrity, functional safety of the designated system is implemented according to the required level.

Prior research studies on functional safety have been mainly conducted using software available in the medical device field.The IEC 62304 standard includes the software development process to achieve functional safety of medical devices[6].Studies on the quality of the medical device software that was developed according to the IEC 62304 standard have already been conducted[7,8]. Investigators have sought to develop schemes for the traceability of medical software to ensure the safety and the quality[9,10]. When medical software is developed, the application of the IEC 61508 standard is inappropriate in the medical device sector[11]. MDev SPICE-Adept process is thus utilized to evaluate the software safety of medical device[12].

Several studies have been conducted to implement functional safety to medical devices at the system level. Risk analysis is conducted to enhance the safety for the wearable walking assistant robots[13]. The effect of risk reduction is compared between traditional and functional safety methods. Even though healthcare systems are in place, safety verification has not been carried out sufficiently in the development and integration phases. In order to solve the problem, functional safety must be applied in the fields of medical information and devices[14].

Although several studies related to functional safety of medical devices have been performed, previous research studies have been associated with limitations. These research studies have mainly focused on the software development process of the medical devices. Conceptual studies have been partially conducted for functional safety. The needs for functional safety in the medical field have only been emphasized in the published research studies.The specific scheme for the approach of functional safety is not provided in previous studies. Application targets and scopes of functional safety do not reflect the characteristics of the medical device sector. The subject of the functional safety is the E/E/PE system involved in safety functions. Nevertheless, previous studies are associated with errors in that the systems other than the E/E/PE systems are considered as the boundary of functional safety.The safety integrity level (SIL) has been determined not for the safety functions but for the E/E/PE systems. To solve this problem,studies related to the approach of functional safety have to be executed for medical devices.

The purpose of this study is to present a method to determine the safety functions and SIL of functional safety based on the characteristics of the safety aspects for the medical device sector. The scope and subjects are defined in order to implement the functional safety of medical devices. Functional safety analysis is performed based on the relationship of safety functions, and on the essential performance specified in the standards related to the medical device safety. The SIL of the essential performance is determined according to the potential risk levels, based on the classification rules of medical devices.As a case study, the approach is applied to the pulse oximeter.

1 ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF MEDICAL DEVICES AND APPLICATION SCOPES OF FUNCTIONAL SAFETY

Risk management in accordance to the ISO 14971 standard is the highest level of activity performed to achieve the safety of medical devices. The assessment of the basic safety and essential performance is a fraction of risk management activities for medical devices. The requirements for satisfying the basic safety of medical devices are specified in the general standard IEC 60601-1, and the standard series IEC 60601-2/ISO 80601-2. The IEC 60601-1 deals with the general requirements that should be applied to the medical devices. The IEC 60601-2/ISO 80601-2 series present the requirements of basic safety and essential performance reflecting the characteristics of each medical device. Figure 1 shows the hierarchical structure of standards related to the safety of medical devices.

Basic safety means freedom from an unacceptable risk directly caused by physical hazards, when the medical equipment is used under normal and single-fault conditions[1].Essential performance is the collective capability of a clinical function related to the safety. It is not included to the range of basic safety. Essential performance is easily understood by considering whether its absence or degradation would result in an unacceptable risk[15]. The essential performance of each medical device used in the market has been selected based on the hazard analysis and risk assessment by medical device experts. The essential performance of several medical devices that are extensively used and potentially have a high potential risk is specified in the particular standard series IEC 60601-2/ISO 80601-2. Essential performance has relevance to functional safety. Therefore, an additional theoretical study should be conducted to investigate the two concepts.

Essential performance is analogous to functional safety[16].Nevertheless, essential performance should be distinguished from functional safety[17]. Essential performance is thought to correlate significantly with functional safety from the risk point of view. The application targets of these two concepts are the same as the safety-related areas that can be caused by the intolerable risk. Therefore,essential performance must be considered in the determination of the application scope of functional safety for medical devices. As shown in Figure 2, essential performance of medical devices is defined as the safety function of functional safety. In accordance to the functional safety concept, the safety function is the important feature that must be executed to reduce or prevent the risk, based on the hazard analysis and risk assessment. If the safety function of functional safety is inappropriately executed, the intolerable risk results in harm and injuries to the patients. The essential performance of the medical device is also one of the safety-related factors. If essential performance is not properly executed, harm can be incurred when a hazardous situation occurs. Therefore, the essential performance can be regarded to be equally important to the safety function, and is one of the most significant elements of functional safety.

Essential performance of medical devices is grouped into two categories: functions with E/E/PE systems, and functions without E/E/PE systems. The safety functions are categorized into two types: One is only executed to enhance safety, and the other is conducted to achieve better performance and safety simultaneously. Figure 3 shows the relevance between safety functions and essential performance. Among the variety of essential performance of medical devices, the essential performance using the E/E/PE system is only included in the safety function of functional safety. In contrast, the essential performance in cases where the E/E/PE system is not used is excluded from the application boundary of functional safety. For example, essential performance such as the energy output function of electrical surgical instruments, is included in the boundary of functional safety. However, essential performance, such as maintaining the sterilized electrode that does not use the E/E/PE system, has no relevance to the safety function of functional safety.

If the essential performance is not specified in the particular standards it should be determined based on the ISO14971 standard. The essential performance of a medical device is defined by the risk management activities. The essential performance should be checked depending on whether the E/E/PE systems are used or not. When the E/E/PE system is used for the implementation of the essential performance, it can be considered that it constitutes the safety functions of functional safety. If the E/E/PE system is not used, the essential performance is not included in the application boundary (Figure 4).

2 SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL OF ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE

Safety integrity is a probability that an E/E/PE safety-related system properly performs the safety functions under specified conditions, and within a stated period of time. SIL is the measure for evaluating at which degree of reliability the safety-related function operates, as it is implemented in EUC[18].As shown in Table 1, SIL is the discrete level corresponding to the range of safety integrity values in the IEC 61508 standard,which is the typical standard of functional safety. Specifically,SIL4 is the highest level of safety integrity, and SIL1 is the lowest level[4]. The higher the SIL is required, the lower the probability that the specified safety functions of the safety-related system will fail to operate.

PFDavg:Average probability of a dangerous failure on demand of the safety function;PFH:Average frequency of a dangerous failure of the safety function.

The mode of operations has to be determined for establishing the target SIL. The mode of operations is the way of operating safety functions, according to the demand rate. It is divided into three types: low-demand mode, high-demand mode, and continuous mode[19]. If the demand rate of safety functions is no greater than one per year, the specified safety functions are considered to be in a low-demand mode. The parameter for the target SIL is selected as the average probability of a dangerous failure on demand of the safety function (PFDavg), in the low-demand mode. If the demand rate of safety functions is greater than one per year, the specified safety functions are regarded to exist in the high-demand more or in the continuous mode. The parameter for the target SIL is selected as the average frequency of a dangerous failure of the safety function (PFH), in the high-demand more or in the continuous mode. When the demand rate is unknown, PFH is used as the parameter to determine the target SIL.

Information on application areas of functional safety should be fully taken into account to conduct the risk assessment and determine the target SIL of the selected safety functions of functional safety. Although the same safety function is implemented, the SIL has different targets, depending on the application sector[20]. SIL determination should be performed by taking into account the characteristics of the medical devices sector. Medical devices are classified in accordance to the potential risk levels. As shown in Table 2, the recommended target SIL is decided according to the detailed classification scheme.

SIL:Safety integrity level;N/A:Not available.

The medical devices are classified into three classes in the United States: class Ⅰ, class Ⅱ, and class Ⅲ[21]. In Europe, the medical devices are classified into four classes: class Ⅰ, classⅡ a, class Ⅱ b, and class Ⅲ[22]. In South Korea, the regulation enacted by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety classifies medical devices into four classes, as in Europe:class 1, class 2, class 3, and class 4[23]. In every country, the classification regulations of medical devices have a similarity in that, when the risk of a medical device is high, the number assigned to each class is increased. The item list of medical devices belonging to each class is similar among the United States, European Union, and South Korea.

Based on the classification performed in South Korea,tongue depressors and manual exam tables are typical class1 medical devices. Class 1 medical devices have a low risk and a simple structure. Almost all class 1 medical devices do not carry out functions of measurement, diagnosis, or energy radiation. They do not commonly use the E/E/PE systems to operate safety functions. Therefore, class 1 medical devices are excluded from the boundary of functional safety.

The medical devices that are primarily used for diagnostic purposes are included into the class 2 boundary. Diagnostic X-ray equipment and diagnostic ultrasound are included into class 2 medical devices. Failures of class 2 medical devices enable the patient to be directly or indirectly exposed to harm.For example, excessive doses of radiation or ultrasound result in causing harm and direct damage to the tissue. The diagnostic functions cannot be executed owing to the decrease of image quality. A misdiagnosis can result due to the poor image quality of the diagnostic medical devices. The patient is exposed to a potentially hazardous situation. In this case, risk reduction activities are required. SIL1 should be established for safety functions in order to reduce potential risk and to enhance safety of class 2 medical devices.

Class 3 mainly consists of medical devices used to treat the patient or the disease. Electro–surgical systems and surgical laser are contained in class 3. Medical devices for treatment require higher electrical or mechanical energy than diagnostic medical devices of class 2. They transfer the energy to patients through the applied parts that directly contact the body. Therefore, the severity of the risk applied to the person is higher than class 2 medical devices. SIL2 should be established for safety functions to reduce the potential risk and to enhance the safety of class 3 medical devices.

Class 4 medical devices are inserted and implanted into the body to work semi-permanently, and are associated with the heart and blood vessels. Among a variety of class 4 medical devices, cardiopulmonary bypass devices, pacemakers and intra-aortic balloon pumps are operated by the E/E/PE systems.These medical devices have a high risk in regard to infections and biological portability. The risks associated with functional safety issues also lead to fatal harm and may threaten the life of the patients. Therefore, the safety functions of medical devices that belong to class 4 should be targeted as SIL3.

The SIL determination based on the classification of medical devices is not complete. The minimum guidelines are presented to define the target SIL of essential performance that is included in the functional safety boundary. The effect of malfunctions or failures of essential performance should be confirmed. SIL1 is allocated to the safety functions whose failures result in minor injuries. When the failures of the safety functions give rise to serious injuries in a few people or to curable injuries in many people, the safety function’s target is considered to be SIL2. SIL3 is targeted to the safety function for which the malfunction causes serious injuries to many people or death to a few people due to failures.The death of many people is rarely caused by the failures of the medical devices[24]. Therefore, SIL1, SIL2, or SIL3, are usually enough to establish the target of safety functions of medical devices.

Functional safety of the medical device is implemented for hardware systems by using determined safety functions and SILs. Information for the target hardware system is collected.The requirements for implementing safety functions and SILs are specified at the system level. The requirements are divided into two groups; hardware safety integrity requirements and systematic safety integrity requirements. These requirements are allocated to the subsystem level.

3 CASE STUDY

This research conducted a case study to define the safety functions of functional safety and to establish the target SIL of the safety functions. The pulse oximeter was selected as the target medical device for the case study. A pulse oximeter is the medical device used to measure blood oxygen saturation,that is, the percentage of the amount of hemoglobin bound to oxygen with respect to the total amount of hemoglobin[25].Oxygen is an essential element for metabolism in human beings. If the blood oxygen concentration decreases, people can experience an increase in their heart rate, headaches,and nausea, in mild cases. When the symptoms are severe,convulsions, morbus ceruleus, and unconsciousness can occur.Finally, cardiac arrest or brain death may occur due to a severe decrease of blood oxygen concentration. Therefore, the pulse oximeter has to operate properly in order to prevent additional damages in patients.

In accordance to the specified process of this research,the related standards of the pulse oximeter have to be checked to define the safety functions of functional safety.The essential performance is confirmed to select the safety functions of the functional safety for the pulse oximeter.The essential performance of the pulse oximeter is specified by the paticular standard ISO 80601-2-61[26]. The groups of essential performance include the accuracy of measurement,detection of error/alarms, and prevention of incorrect output.Since all essential performances of the pulse oximeter use the E/E/PE system, it is considered as a device with safety functions of functional safety. The accuracy of Sp O2and heart rate is included in the safety functions related to the measurement accuracy. The measured data have to be quickly updated to display the current measurement, and must be renewed within time intervals of 30 s or less. This function is related to the prevention function of incorrect outputs. Error detection enables the users to know that the optical sensor is disconnected from the extension cable, or that the power supply is converted from an external power into an internal power. In regard to the alarm functions, the IEC 60601-1-8standard, commonly applied to medical devices, specifies the priority of alarms considering the risk level[27]. Every essential performance of the pulse oximeter is included in the scope of functional safety. Therefore, the relationship between safety functions of functional safety and essential performance of the pulse oximeter is shown in Figure 5.

The essential performance related to the accuracy of measurement and prevention of incorrect outputs constitutes fundamental functions that are continuously performed.Therefore, the mode of operations is selected to be in continuous mode. In regard to the essential performance related to the detection of error, alarms are only activated to ensure the safety of the pulse oximeter. These functions have relatively lower demand rate compared to the primary functions. All of the essential performance operates more than at least once per year. The operating mode is determined to be in a high-demand mode or in a continuous mode of operations for the essential performance. PFH is selected as the quantitative parameter for the target SIL.

The pulse oximeter is a class 2 medical device based on item classification regulations. SIL1 should basically be assigned to the essential performance of the pulse oximeter in accordance to SIL determination rules, as shown in Table 2.Additional risk assessment is performed by considering the characteristics of the essential performance. The functions that measure the pulse rate and blood oxygen levels are closely related to human life support. If these functions do not operate properly, this may lead to serious patient injuries.The probability of patient deaths due to the malfunction of the pulse oximeter is very low. Although the alarms of the pulse oximeter are not operated normally, hospital staff visually confirms the symptoms and takes action on patients in order to avoid incidents that may lead to death.

The assigned SILs are modified by the results of risk management. The function for the power-failure alarm condition is considered to be SIL1. Even though the specified essential performance is out of the order state, the hazardous situation does not occur immediately in this case. This essential performance has a low probability of causing harm to patients. Therefore, the target of the power-failure alarm condition is established to be SIL1. In contrast, SIL2 is assigned to other functions, such as the Sp O2accuracy, pulse rate accuracy, protection against hazardous output, detection of probe and probe cable extender fault, and alarms condition priority.

When five types of essential performance are in failure occurrence situations, this can directly result in serious injuries for the patients, such as convulsions and morbus ceruleus. Therefore, the target for this essential performance is selected to be SIL 2, as shown in Table 3.

4 CONCLUSION

This study has presented the approach method of functional safety for medical devices. The analysis comparing the concept of safety function and the essential performance has been performed to approach functional safety. Essential performance of the medical device is similar to the safety function of functional safety. Therefore, the lists on the essential performance should be considered to define safety functions of functional safety. Essential performance based on E/E/PE systems is selected to define the safety function of functional safety. Information on the essential performance that is presented in particular standards permits designers and developers to efficiently define safety functions of functionalsafety. When essential performance of medical devices is used for selection of the safety function, the cost and time can be reduced, and the validity and adequacy can be ensured.

SIL:Safety integrity level.

SIL is determined in accordance to the characteristics of the medical devices sector. Medical devices are classified according to the potential risk level. Information on classification regulation and risk management of medical devices is used to determine the target SIL of essential performance. SIL1,SIL2, or SIL3 are universally applicable for the target of safety functions of medical devices. SIL3 is allocated to a high-risk essential performance of medical devices and SIL1 is targeted to a low-risk essential performance.

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