英语翻译中的拆译技巧

2024-05-24

英语翻译中的拆译技巧(共4篇)

篇1:英语翻译中的拆译技巧

一、     拆常数项

例:分解因式x2+8x-9

解:x2+8x-9= x2+8x-1-8=(x2-1)+8(x-1)=(x-1)(x+9)

二、     拆一次项

例:分解因式x2+11x+28

解:x2+11x+28= x2+4x+7x+28=x(x+4)+7(x+4)=(x+4)(x+7)

三、     拆二次项

例:分解因式6x2+5x-1

解:x2+5x2+5x-1=(x2-1)+5x(x+1)=(x+1)(x+1+5x)=(x+1)(6x+1)

四、     同时拆常数项和一次项

例:分解因式x2+7x+12

解:x2+7x+12=x2+x+6x+3+9=(x2+6x+9)+(x+3)=(x+3)(x+4)

五、     同时拆二次项和一次项

例:分解因式2x2+3x+1

解:2x2+3x+1=x2+x2+x+2x+1

=(x2+2x+1)+(x2+x)

=(x+1)2+x(x+1)

=(x+1)(2x+1)

篇2:英语翻译中的拆译技巧

关键词: 大学英语;翻译;词类转换;英语翻译论文;英语论文格式

一、翻译教学的重要性

随着国际贸易的发展和国际间交往的日益频繁和不断深入,英语的使用越来越多,作为人与人活动的主要联系方式之一,其重要性毋庸置疑而且作用愈显重要,对大学生尤为如此。大学英语教学的目的正如《大学英语教学大纲》所明确规定的“:培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、读、写、译能力,使他们能用英语交流信息。”听、说、读是英语学习的基础和根本所在,而翻译和写作是英语学习的关键和核心所在。尤其是翻译的学习对于学生英语能力的提高有着本质的作用:通过翻译,学生可以更加准确的理解词汇的意思和用法,更加清晰的判断文章的句法结构,更加准确和地道的理解原文,并会在翻译中了解语言的地道使用方法,从深层次提高学生的读写能力。随着中国加入WT0,国际间的交流愈加频繁,社会对于既懂外语又懂专业知识的翻译人才的需求量越来越大,外语系由于专业的局限,根本无法满足这种日益增长的需求。因此这类型的翻译人才在很大程度上要靠各类院校来培养。从这一角度而言,大学英语教学中学生英语翻译能力的培养十分重要,因此,翻译教学在大学英语教学中的地位尤为重要,不可忽视。

二、大学英语翻译教学的问题

长期以来,在各院校的英语教学中注重听、说、读、写能力的提高和培养,忽略了翻译的教学,使的翻译成为大学英语教学中的薄弱环节。由于大学英语四、六级考试中,涉及的翻译内容较少,并且分值较低,因此学生的翻译学习缺乏动力和方向性。这些原因造成了学生的大学英语翻译学习较少,因而翻译能力较差并且存在各种各样的问题。这些问题可归纳为三个主要方面:(1)不能根据上下文准确判断最佳词义,只能用自己所掌握的词义生搬硬套,造成译文不准确,甚至出现谬误。(2)不能准确把握语句、语篇的结构,语法概念模糊导致理解和翻译上的错误。(3)死译、硬译造成译文文理不通,结构混乱,逻辑不清。不符合译入语的表达习惯,表达不流畅。这三个问题充分说明了学生在做翻译之前,对翻译的基本知识和翻译标准没有一个明确和基础的认识。

世界的翻译活动至今已有一两千年的历史了,人们给其下过许多定义,例如,英国著名翻译理论家J.C.Catford认为“:翻译是一项对语言的文本的过程”。美国的翻译理论家Eugene A.Nida则认为“:翻译是在接受语中寻找和原文信息尽可能接近的自然的对等话语,首先是以上对等,其次才是风格上的对等”。从上述定义可以看出,翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表达出来的语言实践活动,是一种跨文化的信息传播。同时翻译也是一种艺术的表现形式,是一种语言艺术的再创作和再加工。

我国历来对于翻译标准就有不同的标准。如1951年傅雷先生提出了文学翻译的“传神”论。傅雷先生认为“:以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而是神似”。1964年,钱钟书先生提出了“化境”理论。他认为“文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’。比较全面的翻译标准是严复1898年提出的,即“信”“、达”“、雅”,即忠实于原文,译文流畅,文字典雅。

学生在大学英语翻译中不能把握词的正确意思,不能根据上下文来判断最佳词义,造成译文的不准确,没有做到“忠实于原文”这个翻译标准。但词义的正确判断,这第一个问题不是本质和根本的问题,原因在于学生可以通过词汇量的增加和字典的帮助得以提高和改善。而第二和第三个问题,即不能准确把握语句和语篇结构、死译和硬译则是更为关键的问题,需要在教学中得到重视并采取相关策略帮助学生提高和改善。

三、大学英语翻译中的技巧———词类转换

学生在翻译时往往会拘泥于原文,过多的受到原文的束缚,不能理顺原文的篇章和句法结构,因而很容易出现死译和硬译的翻译问题。学生通常会完全按照原文的词汇词性、位置和句子的结构来生硬翻译,从而造成了翻译的句子或文章不符合译入语的表达习惯,译文文理不通,结构混乱,逻辑不清,不能按照目的语的表达习惯流利畅达的表达出来。

这第二和第三个问题的出现与学生不了解两种语言的语言特点和语言表达形式有着十分密切的关系。英汉两种语言在语言特点和表达形式方面有着显著的差异,汉语是意合的语言,而英语是形合的语言。汉语遵循语义的连接,注重整体和谐,缺乏严格的逻辑性的特点,句子结构简短而松散。英语语言惯用结构复杂而严密的长句,句式构架严整,表达思维缜密,行文注重逻辑,偏爱使用大量连接手段连接句子。

因此学生在大学英语翻译的学习过程中,应该在老师的帮助下注意到语言各有所长,都有其独特的词法、语序、遣词造句方法和各种特殊的语言形式。语言的不同,主要在于其不同的语言形式,因此在翻译中如要保持“忠实”,保持原文的内容,就必须改变表现形式。在翻译时,应根据两种语言的所长和差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文必须改变词类,这就叫词类转换法。这样可以使译文忠实于原文又通顺自然,符合译入语表达习惯,真正做到翻译的标准:“忠实”“、通顺”。在大学英语的翻译中,词类转换法是基本的翻译技巧之一。

词类转换法是指在翻译过程中,根据译文语言的习惯进行相关的转变。这不仅是指词类的转变,而且还包含词类功能的改变和一定词序的变化。但主要还是指词类的变化。英语和汉语词汇之间没有完全对应的关系。汉语单词没有词形变化,而英语单词却有,同一个词根加上不同的词缀可以变成动词、名词、形容词或副词。比如:character这个词,它是一个名词,意思是“特征“。加上后缀istic,就形成了形容词,意思是“有特点的”;加上后缀ize,就形成了动词,意思是“具有┉的特点”。其次,汉语句子多用动词,而英语句子则多用其他词性的词,如名词、形容词、副词和介词词组。这也就是说,在大学英语翻译时,英语句子中的名词、形容词、副词和介词词组要译成汉语的动词。翻译中总是以名词译名词、动词译动词词性对应不仅不可能,而且极为有害。英汉互译的过程中词性的转换是不可避免的。大学英语翻译也是如此,该转换的地方不转换,译文读起来就会感到生硬别扭。作为一种翻译技巧。词类转换往往具有牵一发而动全身的功效。事实上,词类转译的种类很多,就大学英语而言,最常见的是名词、介词词组、形容词转译为动词。

1.名词与动词的相互转换。英语中名词占优势。英语的句子动词用的比较少,常用名词尤其是抽象名词来表达汉语中用动词表达的概念,,而且动词的兼类情况非常明显,加之英语有词形变化,许多动词词尾加上后缀,如-ment,-tion,-ance,-er,-or等,即可变成名词。与此相反,汉语却以动词占优势,动词用的比较多,而且一个句子不限于用一个动词,还普遍使用连动式和兼语式等结构。,因此,在大学英语英译汉时英语名词转换成汉语的动词而汉译英时汉语的动词转换成为英语的名词。例如:(1)They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country.他们会怀念那种喝着茶或咖啡招待客人的礼节性交往,而这种交往也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。这里的译文把英语中的名词“cup of tea of coffee”,转换成了中文中的动词“喝着茶或咖啡”。若不进行词类转换,完全按照原文生硬翻译“他们会怀念招待客人的茶或咖啡的礼节性交往,”就会显得不知所云,表达不清楚,译文生硬。转换之后,能准确传达出原文所要赋予“cup of tea of coffee”的意思,并且符合汉语的表达习惯。

(2)But a series of new environmental laws,together with the creation of parks and nature preserves that cover one quarter of the country,are aimed at protecting Costa Rica’s remaining forests.但是人们制订了一系列新的环境保护法,还新建了1/4国土面积的公园和自然保护区,目的是要保护哥斯达黎加现存的森林。英语中的名词转换成了汉语中的动词,使表达更加自然。

2.介词/介词词组与动词的相互转换。英语介词丰富,英语中常用介词来表达动作意义;而汉语中的介词则很少。因此,在大学英语英译汉时,要把英语的介词或介词词组转换成为汉语的动词;而在汉译英中,要把汉语的动词转换成为英语的介词或介词词组。

(1)While she is doing her homework,her feet on the bench in front of her an her calculator clicking out answers to her geometry problems,I am looking at the half-empty package of Camels towed carelessly close at hand.她做家庭作业时,脚搁在前面的长凳上,计算机嗒嗒地跳出几何题的答案。我看着那包已抽了一半,被随意扔在仅靠手边处的骆驼牌香烟。这里把介词词组“on the bench”在翻作汉语时转换成了动词“搁”,使表达更加具体形象,传神准确。如果只是按照字面译作“脚在长凳上”就感觉前后表达不十分通顺自然。

(2)成功需要不断地努力。因此小王常常工作到深夜,希望能赶上计算机技术的最新发展。Success calls for non-stop efforts.So Xiao Wang often worked until very late at night in the hope of keeping pace with the latest developments in computer technology.这句的翻译把汉语中的动词“希望”转换成了英语中的介词词组“in the hope of”,使得译文结构严密,译文流畅,更加符合英语的表达习惯。

(3)A bill now before Congress would give preferential treatment to foreign students with advanced degrees in science an engineering who want to work in the United States.一份议案已递交到了国会,这一议案要求给予那些想在美国工作、具有理科和工程学科高级学位的外国留学生以优厚待遇。这里把“before”这个介词在翻译时转换成了汉语中的动词“递交”,形象而又准确地表达了该词的意思。如果只按字面翻译“国会面前的一份议案”,则不如前者翻译更加传神,而且意思表达不到位,带有点英式汉语的味道。

3.形容词转换为动词。由于英语形容词,尤其是表示感觉、感情、知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词,往往具有动词的意义,因此在英译汉时,常常要把形容词转换成相应的动词。常见的这类形容词有:confident,certain,careful,visible,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful, aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious,grateful,possible等。(1)If you often are angry and overwhelmed,like the stress in your life is spinning out of control,then you may be hurting your heart.如果你常常感到生气,心烦意乱,情绪激动,好像你的生活中的压力正在快速加剧并变得失去控制的话,那么你可能是在损害你的心脏了。“angry”和“overwhelmed”这个形容词在翻译成汉语时转换成了动词“感到生气”和“心烦意乱,情绪激动”,从而把这个形容词的意思表达深入、准确和具体。(2)切削金属时,可以看到光亮的表面,但立刻就变成灰色。

When metals are cut,the shining surface is visible,but it turns grey almost immediately.“可以看到”转换成了“visible”。

(3)The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示,但是我必须小心谨慎。

四、结语

需要注意的是,词类转换只是一种翻译技巧,不是绝对的。并不是说一遇到这些情况就非得转换词类不可。重要的是,学生在大学英语翻译学习和实践的时候一定要注意区别英语和汉语在语言结构上的差别。在英汉互译时,应自觉遵守两种语言各自的规律,以及注意两种语言各自迥异的外在特征:英语句子的结构重视形合,脉络清晰、层次分明;而汉语则重视意合,没有固定的形态。学生在翻译中不要拘泥于原文的束缚,不要拘泥于原词的类别,误以为动词只能译成动词,名词只能译成名词。总的原则是,译入语必须符合翻译的标准“通顺”,符合译入语的表达习惯和语言形式。在大学英语的翻译过程中,学生要培养灵活变通的意识,根据文本和语境,熟练适当地使用这个技巧,使表达自然,忠实表达原文的意思,又不拘泥于原文,使译文通顺流畅,表达畅达。

大学英语翻译的重要性在大学英语学习中显得越来越重要。好的翻译会使工作顺利地进行,并达到预期交流的目的。大学英语翻译的学习者应该首先对于翻译的概念和翻译的基本标准有个基本的认知,这样才能在翻译时做到心中有数。学生在翻译学习的过程中需要不断积累,在翻译实践中,应针对不同的具体情况,针对不同的语言形式和特点,采用相对的词类转换的方法,使译文更加自然流畅并且符合应有的表达习惯,使之符合工作中的具体要求。

参考文献:

篇3:英语口译中的演讲技巧

这种可见性,既使口译工作充满了乐趣,也给译员带来了许多挑战。站在大庭广众之中,于众目睽睽之下开口讲话,本身就不是一件容易的事情。姑且不论翻译的质量如何,译员首先应该是一个出色的讲话人。否则,即便翻译得再出色,也会因为拙劣的音质、节奏或吐词而使听众感到索然无味。显而易见,对于一个成功的口译工作者来说,掌握扎实的演讲技巧是根本要务。

1. 熟悉讲话场所,增强演讲效果

为了获得良好的沟通效果,译员在到达工作地点后,一定要先熟悉工作环境。观察发言人所处的房间设施情况,屋顶的高低、窗帘的厚度、房间的面积等都会对音效造成影响。此外,发言人需要对多少观众讲话,是在讲台上发言还是流动讲话,这些问题译员都需要考虑。对于译员本人来说,是站在讲话人身边还是退到舞台一侧,有没有辅助工具(如麦克风),是有支架的麦克风、手持无线麦克风还是便携式无线麦克风,在工作开始前的短暂时间里,应该尽可能充分地掌握情况。特别要注意调试麦克风,以免出现音质有问题或电池电量不够的尴尬场面。

2. 综合运用演讲的几大要素

讲话人声音的产生伴随着一系列生理过程--首先是从肺部呼出气流,气流经过喉,振动声带而形成声音;再经过咽、嘴和鼻腔,声音被放大和修饰,最后通过舌、唇、齿和颚等部位形成特定的音。译员在翻译中应注意演讲几个要素的运用,即:音量(volume)、音调(pitch)、节奏(rate)、停顿(pauses)、发音(pronunciation)和吐词(enunciation)。

音量讲话人声音的大小和强弱程度。译员切勿大声喊叫,即使是发言人声音过大,也不可受到影响而提高音量。适中的音量即使自己的翻译容易被听众接受,也不会显得信心不足或喧宾夺主。在翻译过程中调节音量是必要的。译员从开始讲话就应注意观察听众表情,特别是最前排和最后排听众的表情。前排听众露出不快的表情或者后排听众露出不解的表情,都是音量不合适的信号。

音调声音的高低程度。一般来说,译员在翻译中最好采用中音,因为中音显得沉稳可信,并应注意通过音调的变化让听众感受到友好、温和、诚恳和热情。作为译员,表现出强烈的情感是不合适的,不温不火的音调可以显得自己更加客观。然而,这绝不意味着译员应自始至终使用一种音调,单调不变的音调会使听众感到沉闷,极大地破坏演讲效果。

节奏讲话人声音传递的速度快慢。通常,中文表达速度是每分钟150~180字,英文则是120~150词。虽然译员应该考虑所翻译的内容特点和讲话人所采用的速度而确定自己翻译传达的节奏,但在平均值上下浮动幅度过大,会造成听众接受信息的额外负担。因此,译员应采用中等速度,而且在重要信息点,如数字、专门用语、人名、头衔等和讲话人特别强调的关键词上应将速度适当放慢。在翻译过程中经常调整节奏也十分重要。

停顿信息传递过程中的短暂休息。对于译员来说,适当停顿既能够自然大方地创造时间进行思考或修补翻译中的缺陷,又能够为信息表达带来更为出色的效果。马克・吐温在谈到演讲技巧时曾说过,“合适的词语也许有效,但没有任何词语比恰到好处的停顿更有效”。译员应该注意掌握停顿的时间,过长的停顿会让听众认为是译员翻不出来,从而影响他们对译员的信任;而过短的停顿又起不到什么作用。马克・吐温认为,“对一个听众的停顿要短;两个听众,停顿稍长一点;更多听众,停顿再长一点”。

发音讲话人所用语言的语音、语调和节拍是否正确。好的译员,首先应在中英双语口头表达上不存在任何障碍,发音起码应该符合所使用语言的规范和标准,避免地方口音的影响。这是译员的基本素质之一,此处不再详述。

吐词讲话人能否清晰完整地说出词句。吐词清楚,对于有效传达信息至关重要。放慢讲话速度,是加强吐词的有效方法。同时,由于正式场合的发言不同于对话交谈,它往往要求讲话人将字词发得更加相对完整,字与字(词与词)之间的连读、弱读、吞音等则需要适当减少,更要避免在表达中加入带有个人习惯的不必要表达,如“嗯……”、“这个……”、“就是说……”、“well…”、“eh…”、“yes…”、“ok…”等。

3. 保持良好大方的仪态

除了言语表达以外,译员的身体语言同样十分重要。在翻译过程中,译员应考虑以下几个方面:

穿着译员的穿着要大方得体,并根据工作的场合调整。在正式的谈判、会议、宴会等场合,译员需要着正装,但无需过于夸张;另外一些较为轻松的场合,如导游、参观、便饭等,可以着比较休闲一些的服装(buisness causual)。如果不肯定如何着装,一定要向组织者询问。重要的是,良好的着装绝不等同于昂贵新潮的品牌服饰,而应是整洁、大方、得体的衣着。

姿态站/坐姿要端正得体,身体不能频繁地大幅度摆动。站时双腿不能交叉,坐时不能翘腿或晃腿。工作时应保持高度投入的精神状态。

手势作为译员,过多使用手势会给人抢风头的感觉。在非正式的日常工作口译中,译员可以适当在交流中辅以手势;但在正式场合,译员一定要保持端正持重,切忌手舞足蹈。

眼神增加与听众的目光交流,可以加强沟通的效果。不过,译员和来自不同国家和文化背景的人接触,应注意不同文化对于目光接触的禁忌。例如:欧美、阿拉伯国家的人在交谈时习惯直视对方的眼睛,而亚洲和非洲一些国家的人交谈时则避免直接目光接触,特别是不同性别、不同身份层次的情况下。如果是正式场合的演讲,译员则应和不同方位的听众进行目光交流,而且目光在某一方位停留的时间应相对延长一些,否则会给人飘忽不定、缺乏自信的印象。

表情通过轻松自然的表情,时刻向听众传达友好。即使在翻译过程中有困难出现时,译员也不应该皱眉、瞪眼或流露出其它沮丧、无奈的表情。译员的面部表情需要表现出对听众的善意,也应展现自己对所翻译的话题的兴趣和把握。同时,译员不是演员,夸张做作的面部表情只会适得其反。

篇4:英语口译中的听解技巧

在口译听解时要注意力高度集中并积极地听,对原语进行思维加工,分析原语的意义,综合原语的信息要点,以便顺利完成记忆、转换、表达的任务。听的过程中不仅要使用自己的语言能力,还要有意识地调用自己的言外知识,包括百科、主题、场合知识。事先应彻底了解发言人的身份、立场观点、发言主题、场合和听众的类型。

口译听解所涉及的两大技巧为:识别主题思想和进行积极预测。主题思想识别可从句子和篇章入手。抓住句子的主干结构即主、谓、宾等。熟悉六种主要话语类型:叙述、论证、介绍、、礼仪、演说和对话。预测惯用语和词语固定搭配、讲话人的思路、整个话篇的论点和逻辑思维论证也就是语言和非语言预测。

在训练中应进行捕捉要点的训练,就是指抓住讲话的实质内容,而不是单个词语,因为不是语言本身而是通过语言感知的说话的意思才是口译的基础,口译时词语以每分钟150个词的速度输入人耳,没有一个词在头脑中能停留三四秒钟以上,七八个以上的词群决不能同时存储于记忆中。句子逐个消失,人们无法记住哪怕只有两分钟长的话语,然而人们却能在几小时之后仍然记起这两分钟话的内容。口译时不可能做到词语之间的完全对等,而初学者的一个通病就是往往把注意力集中于词语而忽略了它们所表达的信息意思。因此口译听力训练时一定要训练捕捉要点,准确把握讲话者要传达的意思,既不能曲解也不能遗漏。训练方法可以采用放一段讲话录音/录像,然后用英语或汉语复述大意。复述时要求学生抓住讲话人的主题对讲话人所讲的要点要做到心中有数。这样既可以提高听力能力又可以锻炼逻辑思维能力。

2020年翻译资格考试一级口译实务材料

正本清源 捍卫法

Get the Fundamentals Right and Safeguard the Rule of Law

驻香港公署特派员谢锋在2019年国际法论坛上的主旨演讲

Keynote Speech by H.E. Mr. Xie Feng Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China in the Hong Kong SAR at 2019 Colloquium on International Law

2019年8月15日

15 August 2019

尊敬的林郑月娥行政长官,

肯尼迪·加斯顿秘书长、郑若骅司长,

黄进会长、梁定邦主席,

各位来宾、各位朋友:

The Honorable Chief Executive Carrie Lam,

Secretary General Prof. Dr. Kennedy Gastorn,

Secretary of Justice Teresa Cheng,

President Huang Jin,

Chairman Dr. Anthony Neoh,

Distinguished Guests,

Friends,

大家上午好!很高兴再次应邀出席国际法论坛。

Good morning. It gives me great pleasure to attend again the Colloquium on International Law.

国际法论坛连续四年在港举行,充分体现了林郑月娥行政长官领导的特区政府对法治的重视,也体现了国际社会对香港法治的高度认可。按照世界正义工程发布的“2019年法治指数”,香港法治水平在126个国家和司法辖区中位列第16位。

For the fourth consecutive year, the colloquium has been held in Hong Kong, which fully shows the importance the SAR Government led by Chief Executive Carrie Lam has attached to the rule of law, and the universal recognition of Hong Kong’s performance in this regard. According to the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2019, Hong Kong ranks 16th among 126 countries and jurisdictions.

令人痛心的是,一段时间来,一小部分激进分子不断升级暴力犯罪,不断突破法律、道德、人性底线。外国势力里应外合包庇纵容,严重冲击香港法治和社会秩序。在此时刻探讨法治议题尤具现实意义。

To our great distress, however, some radical forces in Hong Kong have ramped up violent crime in recent months, which has gone beyond the limits of law, morality and humanity. To make things worse, some foreign forces have condoned and even colluded with them, seriously undermining law and order in the city. That makes our discussions here on the rule of law even more relevant.

我从事外交工作33年,本科攻读的专业是国际法,愿借此机会与大家就近期共同关心的三个问题分享一些看法。

I’ve been in the diplomatic service for 33 years, but I was an international law major in my undergraduate years. So I’d like to take this opportunity to share with you my thoughts on three issues of common interest.

一、关于国际法上不干涉内政的原则

First, on the non-intervention principle of international law.

主权平等和不干涉内政是最根本也是最重要的国际法原则。17世纪初,国际法鼻祖格劳秀斯提出主权平等,强调国家无论大小强弱都拥有同等权利和义务,为威斯特伐利亚以降的国际关系奠定了基石。作为主权平等的必然要求,不干涉别国内政原则应运而生。著名国际法学家瓦泰尔论述道:“国家自由与独立的必然结果,就是她们有权以其认为适当的方式进行自我管理,任何国家都没有丝毫权利去干涉别国内政。在国家的所有权利中,主权无疑是最严肃的,其他国家必须给予最诚敬的尊重。”

Sovereign equality and non-intervention are two fundamental principles of international law. In the early 17th century, Hugo Grotius, founding father of international law, proposed the principle of sovereign equality, which emphasizes that states, big or small, strong or weak, have equal rights and obligations, thus laying the foundation of post-Westphalian international relations. The non-intervention principle came into being as the necessary requirement of sovereign equality. As the renowned international lawyer Vattel argued, “It is an evident consequence of the liberty and independence of nations, that all have a right to be governed as they think proper, and that no state has the smallest right to interfere in the government of another. Of all the rights that can belong to a nation, sovereignty is, doubtless, the most serious, and that which other nations ought the most scrupulously to respect.”

主权平等和不干涉内政已成为现代国际法基本原则和国际关系基本准则。《联合国宪章》第2条第1款规定“本组织(联合国)系基于各会员国主权平等之原则”,该条第7款又规定“本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件”。联合国大会于1970年通过的《国际法原则宣言》进一步明确:“每一国均有选择其政治、经济、社会及文化制度之不可移让之权利,不受他国任何形式之干涉”,“任何国家或国家集团均无权以任何理由直接或间接干涉任何其他国家之内政或外交事务”。联大通过的其他国际宣言也指出:各国有义务避免利用和歪曲人权问题,以此作为对其他国家施压,或在其他国家内部制造猜忌和混乱的手段;有义务避免从事任何旨在干涉他国内政的诽谤运动、污蔑或敌意宣传;有义务避免以任何形式或任何借口采取任何动摇或破坏另一国家稳定或其任何制度的行动或企图。1975年欧洲安全与合作会议《赫尔辛基最终法案》也规定:“成员国将避免干涉另一成员国国内管辖的内外事务,无论这种干涉是直接或间接、单独或集体行为,也无论有关成员国之间关系如何”。国际法院在尼加拉瓜诉美国的“军事与准军事活动”案判决中指出,不干涉内政原则“是习惯国际法的一部分”。

Sovereign equality and non-intervention have been established as basic principles of modern international law and norms governing international relations. For example, Article 2, Paragraph 1 of the Charter of the United Nations states that “The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.” Paragraph 7 of the same article provides that “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.” The Declaration on Principles of International Law adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in 1970 further clarifies that “Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural systems, without interference in any form by another State”, and that “No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State.” Other declarations adopted by the UNGA also point out that States have the duties to “refrain from the exploitation and the distortion of human rights issues as a means of exerting pressure on other States or creating distrust and disorder within and among States or groups of States”, to “abstain from any defamatory campaign, vilification or hostile propaganda for the purpose of intervening or interfering in the internal affairs of other States”, and to “refrain from any action or attempt in whatever form or under whatever pretext to destabilize or to undermine the stability of another State or of any of its institutions”. The Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975 also stipulates that “The participating States will refrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of another participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.” In the “Military and Paramilitary Activities” case (Nicaragua vs. U.S.), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the principle of non-intervention “is part and parcel of customary international law”.

外交和领事人员是派出国在接受国的官方代表,国际法对其职能有明确规定,要求他们不得干涉接受国内政。《维也纳外交关系公约》第41条和《维也纳领事关系公约》第55条明确规定,外交和领事人员“负有尊重接受国法律规章之义务”,“并负有不干涉该国内政之义务”。国际法院在解释为何必须确立不干涉别国内政原则时说,“这是因为就事物的本质而言,(干涉别国内政)总是最强权的国家所为,会轻而易举地妨害国际正义”。一语道破干涉别国内政的霸权实质。

International law clearly defines the functions of diplomatic agents and consular officers who officially represent the sending State in the receiving State, requiring them not to interfere in the internal affairs of the receiving State. Article 41 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Article 55 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations stipulate that it is the duty of diplomatic agents and consular officers “to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State”, and “not to interfere in the internal affairs of that State”. And as the ICJ explained, the principle of non-intervention was established “for, from the nature of things, it would be reserved for the most powerful States, and might easily lead to perverting the administration of international justice itself”. The observation lays bare hegemony at the core of intervention.

从过去到现在,包括中国在内的许多发展中国家都深受外国强权干预之害。近期,个别国家粗暴干涉香港事务和中国内政,甚至威胁取消香港的经贸待遇、对特区政府官员进行制裁。这些国家的副总统、外长、议长、议员、驻港领事等频繁同“港.独”激进势力会面,睁着眼睛说瞎话,将暴力行为说成是“美丽的风景”,颠倒黑白地诋毁诬陷香港警队,无中生有地指责北京“侵蚀港人自治和自由”,恬不知耻地声称其外交官“同世界各国反对抗议人士会面,不只在中国香港”。这些人以赤裸裸的言行,公然蔑视不干涉内政原则、公然践踏国际法和国际关系基本准则。

Throughout history, many developing countries including China have suffered a lot from intervention by foreign powers. As the most recent example, some countries have grossly interfered in Hong Kong affairs, which are China’s domestic affairs, and even threatened to cancel economic and trade privileges of Hong Kong and sanction SAR Government officials. Politicians of certain Western countries, including Vice President, Foreign Minister, House Speaker, Congressmen and consular officers in Hong Kong, have frequently met with radical activists calling for so-called “Hong Kong independence”. They have told blatant lies, applauded violence as “a beautiful sight to behold”, made unfounded allegations against the Hong Kong police, groundlessly accused Beijing of “encroaching on Hong Kong people’s autonomy and freedom”, and even boasted that their diplomats “meet with opposition protesters, not just in Hong Kong or China”. Such remarks and actions have flagrantly defied the principle of non-intervention, and trampled upon international law and basic norms governing international relations.

干预别国内政的行为严重违反国际法,损害世界各国的共同利益,是世界**的根源。我们呼吁国际上一切爱好和平、尊重法治的正义力量团结起来,捍卫包括不干涉内政在内的国际法基本原则和国际关系基本准则,共同维护以国际法为基础的国际秩序。

Intervention is a serious violation of international law, which puts common interests of all countries at risk and breeds chaos around the globe. We call on the forces for justice in the world who cherish peace and the rule of law to unite behind the basic principles of international law and norms governing international relations, including non-intervention, and jointly uphold the international order based on international law.

二、关于《中英联合声明》问题

Second, on the Sino-British Joint Declaration.

近期个别国家频频拿《中英关于香港问题的联合声明》说事,妄称有权据此“监督”香港事务。大家只要读一读《联合声明》,真相就会大白。

In recent months, certain countries have frequently cited the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong to justify their right to “supervise” Hong Kong affairs. But anyone who has studied the instrument knows well such claims do not hold water.

首先,《联合声明》是中英间关于中国收回香港及有关过渡期安排的重要文件,其中没有任何条款赋予英方干预回归后香港事务的权利,而且涉及英方的条款均已履行完毕。

Firstly, the Joint Declaration is an important instrument between China and the UK on China’s resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and arrangements for the transitional period. There is no single clause in it that grants the UK any right to interfere in Hong Kong affairs after its return, and all clauses concerning the UK have been fulfilled.

《联合声明》共有8条正文和3个附件。第1条规定中国对香港恢复行使主权,第2条规定英国将香港交还给中国。香港回归后,这两条已同时履行完毕。第3条及附件一是关于中方对香港基本方针政策的原则阐述及具体说明,但没有任何涉及英方权利和义务的表述。第4至6条和附件二、附件三规定两国在回归过渡期的有关安排,包括双方在香港的行政管理、中英联合联络小组的设立和运作、土地契约以及批约等事项。第7、8条是关于实施和生效的条款。这些规定随着香港回归和各项后续工作的完成也都已履行完毕。

The Joint Declaration consists of eight paragraphs and three annexes. Article 1 is about China’s decision to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. In Article 2, the UK states that it will restore Hong Kong to China. These two articles have been fulfilled upon the return of Hong Kong. In Article 3 and Annex 1, China elaborates its basic policies regarding Hong Kong, yet with not the least implication of UK’s rights and obligations. Articles 4, 5 and 6 and Annexes 2 and 3 provide for relevant arrangements during the transitional period, including the administration of Hong Kong, the establishment and operation of a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group, land leases and ratification. Articles 7 and 8 are about the implementation and entry into force of the instrument. All these provisions have been fulfilled with the return of Hong Kong and the completion of ensuing work.

第二,《联合声明》中的对香港基本方针政策及具体说明,系中方单方面政策宣示,纯属中国内政,不是双方协议内容。《联合声明》第3条明确表示,“中华人民共和国决定在对香港恢复行使主权时,根据中华人民共和国宪法第三十一条的规定,设立香港特别行政区”。这表明,在港实施“一国两制”的法律基础是中国《宪法》,并非基于《联合声明》。

Secondly, the basic policies regarding Hong Kong elaborated in the Joint Declaration were proposed by China on its own and hence are completely China’s domestic affairs, rather than an agreement between the two sides. As Article 3 of the instrument clearly states, “The People’s Republic of China has decided to establish, in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong.” It shows that the legal basis of implementing “One Country, Two Systems” in Hong Kong is China’s Constitution, instead of the Joint Declaration.

第三,《联合声明》更没有任何条款规定英方在香港回归后对香港承担任何责任。英方因《联合声明》产生的与香港的法律联系,最迟在中英联络小组2000年1月1日终止工作时已不复存在。英方无权再根据《联合声明》对香港提出新的权利或者责任主张。简言之,对于回归后的香港,英国一无主权、二无治权、三无“监督”权。

Thirdly, the Joint Declaration includes no clause that provides for British obligations to Hong Kong after the city’s return. All legal relations between the UK and Hong Kong created by the instrument had terminated by 1 January 2000 at the latest, when the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group ceased operation. The UK is not entitled to claim any new rights over or obligations to Hong Kong by citing the Joint Declaration. To be brief, the UK has no sovereignty, jurisdiction or right of “supervision” over Hong Kong whatsoever after the latter returned to China.

特别需要指出的是,《联合声明》只是中英间双边文件,内容不涉及其他国家。根据一般国际法,其他国家和组织更是无权假借《中英联合声明》干涉香港事务。

It needs to be emphasized that the Joint Declaration is a bilateral instrument between China and the UK and does not concern any other country. According to general international law, other countries and organizations have no right to meddle with Hong Kong affairs on the pretext of the Joint Declaration.

三、关于“一国两制”问题

Third, on “One Country, Two Systems”.

“一国两制”是中国政府单方面的政策宣示,是基于国际法上主权平等原则以及和平解决争端原则的主动创造性实践,是中国对国际法发展的重大贡献。全面准确理解“一国两制”,必须把握好两点:

The policy of “One Country, Two Systems” was put forward by the Chinese Government itself. It is a pioneering initiative based on the principles of sovereign equality and peaceful settlement of disputes in international law, and is a major contribution by China to developing international law. In order to fully and accurately grasp the policy, it is necessary to understand at least two points.

首先,要认清中国《宪法》是香港特区的“根”和“源”。实行“一国两制”的香港特区是根据中国《宪法》设立的。早在1982年,中国《宪法》就列入“国家在必要时得设立特别行政区”的规定,远远早于1984年的《中英联合声明》。《基本法》是“一国两制”的具体化和法制化。国家《宪法》和香港《基本法》共同构成香港特区的宪制基础,具有坚实的政治基础、充分的法理依据和成功的实践经验。只讲某一方面或者把二者割裂开来、对立起来,都是不完整、不准确的,也不符合香港回归以来的实际情况。

Firstly, it is China’s Constitution that lays the very foundation of the HKSAR. The HKSAR where “One Country, Two Systems” is practiced was established according to China’s Constitution. As early as in 1982, two years before the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed, China’s Constitution provides that “The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary.” The Basic Law of the HKSAR codifies the “One Country, Two Systems” policy into law with concrete provisions. Therefore, the Constitution of the PRC and the Basic Law of Hong Kong together constitute the constitutional basis of the HKSAR, which is supported by solid political and legal grounds and successful practices. Focusing solely on either of the laws or separating and even confronting the two is incomplete and misleading, and inconsistent with the reality since Hong Kong’s return.

第二,要把握好“一国”和“两制”的关系。“一国”是“两制”的基础与前提,“两制”是在“一国”之内的“两制”。香港《基本法》第1条就指出“香港特别行政区是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分”,第12条规定“香港特别行政区是中华人民共和国的一个享有高度自治权的地方行政区域,直辖于中央人民政府”。这说明,香港隶属于国家,是中国的香港,不是独立或半独立的政治实体;中央对香港拥有全面管治权,香港依《基本法》享有高度自治。如果“一国”原则受到冲击,“两制”就无从谈起。作为中国的一个地方行政区,香港肩负维护国家统一与领土完整、维护国家主权安全的宪制责任。任何危害国家主权安全、挑战中央权力和基本法权威、利用香港对内地进行渗透破坏的活动,都是决不能允许的。

Secondly, it is imperative to correctly understand the relationship between “One Country” and “Two Systems”. “One Country” is the foundation of and prerequisite for “Two Systems”, and “Two Systems” can only operate within the framework of “One Country”. Article 1 of the Basic Law makes it clear that “The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an inalienable part of the People’s Republic of China”, and Article 12 provides that “The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be a local administrative region of the People’s Republic of China, which shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy and come directly under the Central People’s Government.” It fully demonstrates that Hong Kong is part of China rather than an independent or semi-independent political entity, and that the Central Government has overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong, while Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the Basic Law. Should the “One Country” principle be undermined, “Two Systems” would not materialize. As a local administrative region of China, Hong Kong has the constitutional responsibility of upholding national unity and territorial integrity, and defending national sovereignty and security. Any attempt to endanger China’s sovereignty and security, challenge the power of the Central Government and the authority of the Basic Law, or use Hong Kong to carry out infiltration and sabotage activities against the mainland is absolutely impermissible.

在“一国”基础上,我们尊重“两制”差异、善用“两制”之利、依法在香港实行高度自治的立场也是明确的、一贯的,从来没有也不会改变。

Our position is clear and consistent. We respect the differences between the “Two Systems” and well leverage their benefits on the basis of “One Country”, and ensure a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong in accordance with law. This has not and will not change.

回顾150多年的英国殖民统治,没有一任港督是由港人民主选举产生,绝大部分时间立法机构成员更是直接由港督任命。与之形成鲜明对比,香港回归以后,港人依法当家作主、自行管理特区自治范围内事务。香港居民前所未有地享有广泛的民主权利和自由,任何不抱偏见的人都会承认,这是无可否认的事实。遗憾的是,仍有一些人昧着良心地主张某些香港从未存在过的所谓“权利”,反过来栽赃中国中央政府“侵蚀”这些“权利”,这些谬论于法律无据、于事实不符,再次暴露了他们的偏见、傲慢和虚伪。

Looking back at the more than 150 years when Hong Kong was under British colonial rule, one will find that no single Governor was democratically elected by the local people, and legislature members were directly appointed by the Governor most of the time. The people of Hong Kong today, by contrast, are their own masters and govern affairs within the limits of the SAR’s autonomy in accordance with law. It is an undeniable fact that Hong Kong citizens are enjoying unprecedented democratic rights and freedoms. Unfortunately, some people continue to claim “rights” that never existed in Hong Kong, and even accuse China’s Central Government of “eroding” these “rights”. Such argument is legally groundless and inconsistent with the reality, and has again exposed their prejudice, arrogance and hypocrisy.

各位朋友,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Friends,

法治是社会正义、安全与秩序的根基,国际法治是捍卫各国主权、维护世界和平、促进共同发展的重要制度保障。

The rule of law is the cornerstone for justice, security and order of any society, and international law provides vital institutional guarantee for national sovereignty, world peace and common development.

当前香港事态的本质绝非所谓的人权、自由与民主问题,而是一些极端暴力分子裹挟不明真相者以反修例为幌子不断升级暴力犯罪活动,严重践踏法治和社会秩序、严重威胁香港市民安全、严重破坏香港繁荣稳定;是香港反对派和极端暴力分子企图以暴力等非法手段颠覆特区合法政府、挑战中央政府权威、动摇香港“一国两制”的宪制根基;是外国干预势力践踏国际法和国际关系基本准则,粗暴干涉香港事务和中国内政、破坏香港繁荣稳定、损害中国主权与安全,企图把香港作为一枚棋子,牵制和遏制中华民族伟大复兴。

The essential problem in Hong Kong now is not about human rights, freedoms or democracy as some claim. It is, instead, about the attempt by certain violent extremists to coerce those who do not know the truth and ramp up violent crime on the pretext of opposing the amendments of the two ordinances related to fugitive transfer, seriously trampling upon law and order, threatening the security of the citizens, and damaging Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability. It is about the intention of the opposition and violent extremists to overthrow the legitimate SAR Government, challenge the Central Government’s authority, and undermine the constitutional basis of “One Country, Two Systems” in Hong Kong through illegal means such as violence. It is about gross foreign interference in Hong Kong affairs and China’s domestic affairs as a whole, violating international law and basic norms governing international relations with the aim of damaging Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability and China’s national sovereignty and security, and turning Hong Kong into a pawn to hold back China’s national rejuvenation.

当前香港面临回归22年来最危险、最严峻的局面,当务之急和压倒一切的任务,就是止暴制乱、恢复秩序。中央政府坚定支持林郑月娥行政长官领导的特区政府依法施政,坚定支持香港警队和司法机构果断执法、严正司法,坚决支持绝大多数香港同胞反暴力、护法治、撑警队的正义之举。

As Hong Kong is facing the most dangerous and gravest situation since its return 22 years ago, the top priority is to stop violence, end the chaos and restore order. The Central Government firmly supports the SAR Government led by Chief Executive Carrie Lam in governing according to law, firmly supports the Hong Kong police and judiciary in decisively enforcing the law and fairly administering justice, and firmly supports the majority of Hong Kong compatriots in their just cause of opposing violence, upholding the rule of law, and supporting the police.

香港是中国的香港,香港事务纯属中国内政。任何践踏香港法治、破坏香港繁荣稳定、冲击“一国两制”的暴力行径,必将遭到法律的严惩。任何外国政府、组织或个人干预香港事务的行径,必将遭到包括香港同胞在内的全体中国人民的坚决回击。任何阻挠中华民族复兴的企图,注定将遭到可耻的失败。

Hong Kong is part of China, and its affairs are completely China’s domestic affairs. Any violent act to undermine the rule of law, damage the city’s prosperity and stability, and challenge “One Country, Two Systems” will meet with severe legal punishment. Any interference in Hong Kong affairs by foreign governments, organizations or individuals will be resolutely fought back by all Chinese people, including our Hong Kong compatriots. And any plot to hinder China’s national rejuvenation is doomed to fail.

我们相信,有“一国两制”的独特制度优势,有伟大祖国和内地同胞作为坚强后盾,有香港各界的和衷共济,有热爱和平、反对暴力、坚守法治的国际社会正义之士的理解和支持,香港一定能够克服眼前的困难,拂去一时的阴霾,“东方明珠”必将闪耀更加璀璨的光芒!

We are fully convinced that with the unique strength of the “One Country, Two Systems” framework, with the strong backing of the motherland and the people of the mainland, with the joint efforts of our Hong Kong compatriots, and with the understanding and support of the international forces for justice, including all our friends here, who love peace, oppose violence and cherish the rule of law, Hong Kong will surely overcome the temporary difficulties, and the “Pearl of the Orient” will shine even brighter.

最后,预祝本次论坛取得圆满成功!谢谢大家!

In closing, I wish this colloquium a great success. Thank you.

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