都德最后一课分析

2024-05-04

都德最后一课分析（精选6篇）

篇1：都德最后一课分析

《最后一课》有关资料：有关都德的《最后一课》

《最后一课》是都德的短篇小说。在日本特别是面向少年的读物或是小学教材中常被选用，所以一向是为人们所熟知的一篇外国文学作品。只是我小时候没有机会读到它，实际上读到这篇作品已是成人以后的事了。对我这个不熟悉法国文学的人来说：“啊!世上也有这样的事!”就小说而言，我觉得接近实情，所以也有相应的感触。可是长大成人之后，没有相当有冲击力的东西，一般不会受什么感染的，这个短篇不久也被沉进了忘却的云雾之中了。

可是在为本年度(1981)使用的中学三年级国语教科书撰写《民族与文化》一文时，突然又接触到了这篇作品。这是因为我当时也在写关于因外国的统治而被剥夺了说自己母语的民族问题。我就文章草稿与编辑交谈时，他突然提醒我说：“都德的《最后一课》也是描写这方面的问题啊。”这在小学教材中也有选用，的确是这么回事，我也表示赞同，于是在我的文章中也加上了一行此项内容。

时隔半年，我打开以前买的田中克彦写的《言语的思想》(日本放送出版协会刊)，这本书是以前买的一直未细看过。其中提及都德这个短篇的有两处。文章对都德短篇的.内容并无什么直接的质疑，但在气氛上田中氏似乎对都德这个短篇有些什么不满似的。我想有机会一定向田中氏请教，但一直也未如愿。

又过了半年左右，还是一本以前买的没有看的书，莲实重彦的《反日本语论》(筑摩书房刊)，打开它我吃惊地读到了其中的一些内容。这是一篇不到20页的叫做《文学和革命》的文章。简言之，都德的《最后一课》和我们所理解的内容是完全相反的，倒不如说都德是站在加害者的一方，而且是语言强权主义的积极袒护者。详细内容请读者阅读一下原文，大致内容如下：

小说的舞台是阿尔萨斯地区，阿尔萨斯语是德语系方言，是阿尔萨斯人的母语。尽管他们在“法国”这个人造边境内，但法语并不是他们的母语。倒不如说是政治上强制的异民族语言。这不仅限于阿尔萨斯，18世纪的法国有1/3的地区不懂法语。如有阿尔萨斯语、巴斯克语、布鲁顿语及其他独立地区的语言。这些是他们各自的母语。19世纪以后的法语的历程一贯是对这些地区方言压制的历程，而对这种压制抵抗得最坚决的正是阿尔萨斯地区。那么用法语来上课对阿尔萨斯人来说就是把别人的语言作为“国语”强加在他们头上，那么老师实际上就成了加害者。

如把舞台移到日本考虑也许更清楚一些，一百年前北海道的大部分是阿伊努的土地，阿伊努民族当然是以阿伊努语为母语的，但由于明治政府的强迫性的“同化政策”和“初等教育”强制性地使其改用日语。

好了，假如日俄战争是日本战败，俄罗斯占领了北海道。莫斯科中央政府强行推行俄语为国语，在北海道的小学里会发生什么故事呢?

好比在日高二风谷那里、阿伊努孩子较多的小学里执教的日本老师与都德作品中的法国老师互换一下，这样就出现一个完全相同的场景。明天开始就变成俄语了，今天是日语的最后一课，老师在黑板上写下了“日本万岁”。

以阿伊努语成长起来的阿伊努的孩子们他们如何看待这件事呢?阿伊努的父兄们做何感想呢?他们一定会说：“别逗了，开什么玩笑!”

对，都德的《最后一课》在占法国相当比例的法国人(阿尔萨斯系、布鲁顿系等在法国境内不以法语为母语的人)中的确他们想说：“算了吧，开什么玩笑。”

事实如果如此，尽管小说属于虚构范畴，但如此完全相反且露骨的卫道士行为也实在罕见。这的确是可怕的。有机会的话，下次我也许得将拙稿《民族与文化》中加上的那一行删去了。

由此引起的兴趣，我有幸得以采访了活跃在文化教育界的西乡竹彦氏。于是对这个短篇的考察越来越有兴趣了。西乡氏的意见简约如下。

很久以前，大约十几年前，西乡氏调研过这个问题。为何作调研，起因是由于对《最后一课》中以下部分有疑问。

现在那些普鲁士人便有权力对我们说这样的话了，“怎么，你们自以为是法国人，可是你们既不会念也不会写法文!”在这件事里，我的可怜的弗郎茨，罪过最大的倒不是你。我们大家都有好多应该责备自己的地方。

以上章节中，特别是“自以为是法国人”这一句中的“自以为是”，西乡氏对此表示怀疑，为什么不简单地说成“是”而要说成“自以为是”呢?西乡氏为了精确无误查阅了别的译文并且也查了法文原文，答案都是一样的。

经过很多调查，西乡氏感到了这篇作品背后的宗教问题的强烈气息。阿尔萨斯地区在民俗、语言上倒不如说与德国更接近，语言属于日耳曼语系方言。但是这个地区的大多数居民与其让普鲁士统治倒不如想隶属于法国，这是由于法国对信教自由度放得更宽，这也是因为法兰西革命形成的。所以说居民的意识在法国革命后倾向于法国。

但是，由于法国在普法战争中败北，在1871年法兰克福媾合会议上把阿尔萨斯割让给普鲁士，所以发生了《最后一课》这样的情景。

因此从语言的角度来看，尽管阿尔萨斯属于德语系统，但还是自己的独立方言。所以不论是德语还是法语，对于当地居民来说并不是他们的母语。在这一点上，莲实氏的记述是完全属实的。所谓不得不选择一种普通话，那么当然最理想的形式莫过于阿尔萨斯作为一个独立国选择自己的母语(阿尔萨斯语)作为普通话。实际上这种运动过去一直在进行着。但理想总归是理想，作为一种不得已求其次的策略，德语与法语哪一个对当地居民来说“比较欢迎”，这就是问题的重点。

在这个问题上，西乡氏做了推断，如要在法语和阿尔萨斯语中择一的话，作为当地居民意识当然是阿尔萨斯语。但是如要在德语和法语中二者择一的话，作为不得已求其次，还是法语为好。所以《最后一课》中的居民意识远比都德描写的复杂得多。但是作为最后结果还是反德的。所以那种情景也不能像莲实氏所说“与事实完全相反”。以上大约是西乡氏的观点。

作为考虑此事的重要线索，其实这篇作品还有它的续篇，名叫《新老师》，已被译成日语(永井顺译，富山房百科文库104)。并作为补充教材也被录用小学校国语学习指导书《光村图书》。其大致情节是这样的。

作为新老师克劳茨从普鲁士被派遣到学校来了。他的到来学

篇2：都德最后一课分析

I WAS very late for school that morning, and I was terribly afraid of being scolded[责骂], especially as Monsieur[法语:先生] Hamel had told us that he should examine us on participles[分词], and I did not know the first thing about them. For a moment I thought of staying away from school and wandering about the fields. It was such a warm, lovely day. I could hear the blackbirds whistling on the edge of the wood, and in the Rippert field, behind the sawmill[锯木厂], the Prussians going through their drill. All that was much more tempting to me than the rules concerning participles; but I had the strength to resist, and I ran as fast as I could to school.

那天早晨，我去上学，去得非常晚，我好害怕被责骂，特别是，阿麦尔先生跟我们说过，他要考一考分词规则，而我连头一个字都不会。这时，在我的头脑里冒出了逃学、去田野跑一跑的念头。天气是那么暖和，那么晴朗!我听见乌鸦在小树林边鸣叫，普鲁士人正在锯木厂后面的里贝尔草地上操练。所有这一切都比分词规则更吸引我，但我还是顶住了诱惑，加快脚步向学校方向跑去。

As I passed the mayor’s office, I saw that there were people gathered about the little board on which notices were posted. For two years all our bad news had come from that board—battles lost, conscriptions[征兵], orders from headquarters; and I thought without stopping:

“What can it be now?”

从村政府门前经过的时候，我看见许多人站在小布告栏前。这两年来，所有的坏消息，诸如吃败仗啦，征兵征物啦，还有普鲁士占领军司令部发布的命令啦，都是从那里来的。我边跑边想：“又有什么事吗?”

Then, as I ran across the square, Wachter the blacksmith, who stood there with his apprentice[学徒], reading the placard[布告], called out to me:

“Don’t hurry so, my boy; you’ll get to your school soon enough!”

I thought that he was making fun of me, and I ran into Monsieur Hamel’s little yard all out of breath.

当我跑着穿过广场的时候，正在布告栏前和徒弟一起看布告的瓦克特尔铁匠朝我高喊：“小家伙，不用赶得那么急;你去得再晚也不会迟到的!”我以为他在跟我开玩笑，便上气不接下气地跑进阿麦尔先生的小教室。

Usually, at the beginning of school, there was a great uproar[喧嚣] which could be heard in the street, desks opening and closing, lessons repeated aloud in unison[一致], with our ears stuffed in order to learn quicker, and the teacher’s stout ruler beating on the desk:

“A little more quiet!”

往常，开始上课的时候，总是一片乱哄哄的嘈杂声，斜面课桌的开关声，同学们一起捂住耳朵高声背诵课文的声音，街上都听得见。先生的大戒尺敲打着课桌：“安静一点!”

I counted on all this noise to reach my bench unnoticed; but as it happened, that day everything was quiet, like a Sunday morning. Through the open window I saw my comrades already in their places, and Monsieur Hamel walking back and forth[向前] with the terrible iron ruler under his arm. I had no open the door and enter, in the midst of that perfect silence. You can imagine whether I blushed[羞愧] and whether I was afraid!

我打算趁这片嘈杂声，偷偷地溜到我的座位上去。可是，这一天不同于往常，一切都很安静，就像是星期天的早晨。透过敞开的窗户，我看见同学们已经整整齐齐地坐在他们的座上，阿麦尔先生腋下夹着那把可怕的铁戒尺，来回地踱着步子。必须推开教室门，在这一片静谧中走进教室。你们想一想，当时我是多么尴尬，多么害怕!

But no! Monsieur Hamel looked at me with no sign of anger and said very gently:

“Go at once to your seat, my little Frantz; we were going to begin without you.”

可是，没有。阿麦尔先生看着我，没有生气，而是非常温和地对我说：“快点回到座位上，我的小弗朗茨;我们就要开始上课了。”

I stepped over the bench and sat down at once at my desk. Not until then, when I had partly recovered from my fright, did I notice that our teacher had on his handsome blue coat, his plaited ruff, and the black silk embroidered breeches, which he wore only on days of inspection or of distribution of prizes. Moreover, there was something extraordinary, something solemn about the whole class. But what surprised me most was to see at the back of the room, on the benches which were usually empty, some people from the village sitting, as silent as we were: old Hauser with his three-cornered hat, the ex-mayor, the ex-postman, and others besides. They all seemed depressed; and Hauser had brought an old spelling-book with gnawed edges, which he held wide-open on his knee, with his great spectacles askew.

我跨过凳子，马上坐到座位上。我从惊慌中稍稍定下神来，这才注意到，我们的老师穿着他那件漂亮的绿色常礼服，领口系着折迭得很精致的领结，头上戴着那顶刺绣的黑绸小圆帽，这套装束，只有在上头派人来学校视察或学校发奖时他才穿戴的。此外，整个教室也有一种不同寻常的庄严的气氛。但是，最使我吃惊的是，看到教室面，那些平常空着的凳子上，坐着一些跟我们一样默不作声的村里的人，有头戴三角帽的奥泽尔老人，有前任镇长，有以前的邮递员，另外还有其他人。所有这些人都显得很忧伤;奥泽尔老人还带了一本边角都已破损的旧识字课本，摊放在膝头上，课本上横放着他那副大眼镜。

While I was wondering at all this, Monsieur Hamel had mounted his platform, and in the same gentle and serious voice with which he had welcomed me, he said to us:

“My children, this is the last time that I shall teach you. Orders have come from Berlin to teach nothing but German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. The new teacher arrives to-morrow. This is the last class in French, so I beg you to be very attentive.”

正当我对这一切感到惊诧莫名时，阿麦尔先生在椅子上坐下，用刚才对我说话的那种既温和又庄重的声音，对我们说道：“孩子们，我这是最后一次给你们上课了。柏林来了命令，阿尔萨斯和洛林两省的学校只准教德语……新的老师明天就到。今天是你们最后一堂法语课，所以我请你们一定专心听讲。”

Those few words overwhelmed me. Ah! the villains! that was what they had posted at the mayor’s office.

这几句话使我惊呆了。啊!这些坏蛋，他们贴在村政府布告栏上的就是这个消息。

My last class in French!

And I barely knew how to write! So I should never learn! I must stop short where I was! How angry I was with myself because of the time I had wasted, the lessons I had missed, running about after nests, or sliding on the Saar! My books, which only a moment before I thought so tiresome, so heavy to carry—my grammar, my sacred history—seemed to me now like old friends, from whom I should be terribly grieved to part. And it was the same about Monsieur Hamel. The thought that he was going away, that I should never see him again, made me forget the punishments, the blows with the ruler.

我的最后一堂法语课!……我只是刚刚学会写字!今后永远也学不到法语!法语就到此为止了!我现在是多么悔恨自己蹉跎光阴啊!悔恨自己从前逃课去掏鸟窝，去萨尔河溜冰!我的那些书，我的语法课本，我的神圣的历史书，刚才背在身上还觉得那么讨厌，那么沉重，现在却像老朋友一样，让我难舍难分。还有阿麦尔先生。一想到他就要走了，再也见不到了，我就忘记了以前的处惩和挨打。

Poor man! It was in honour of that last lesson that he had put on his fine Sunday clothes; and I understood now why those old fellows from the village were sitting at the end of the room. It seemed to mean that they regretted not having come oftener to the school. It was also a way of thanking our teacher for his forty years of faithful service, and of paying their respects to the fatherland which was vanishing.

可怜的人!他身着漂亮的节日盛装，为的是庆贺这最后的一堂课。现在，我明白了为什么村里的老人都坐在教室后面。这好像在说，他们后悔从前不常来学校。这也像是对我们的老师四十年的优秀教学，对今后不属于他们的国土表示他们的敬意的一种方式……”

I was at that point in my reflections, when I heard my name called. It was my turn to recite. What would I not have given to be able to say from beginning to end that famous rule about participles, in a loud, distinct voice, without a slip! But I got mixed up at the first words, and I stood there swaying against my bench, with a full heart, afraid to raise my head. I heard Monsieur Hamel speaking to me:

我正限于沉思之中，突然我听见叫我的名字。轮到我背分词规则了。要是我能把这条重要的分词规则大声、清晰、准确无误地从头背到尾，有什么代价我不愿付出呢?但是，我连开始的那些词都搞不清楚。我站在凳子前面，左摇右晃，心里难受极了，不敢抬头。我听见阿麦尔先生说话：

“I will not scold you, my little Frantz; you must be punished enough; that is the way it goes; every day we say to ourselves: ‘Pshaw! I have time enough. I will learn to-morrow.’ And then you see what happens. Ah! it has been the great misfortune of our Alsace always to postpone its lessons until to-morrow. Now those people are entitled to say to us: ‘What! you claim to be French, and you can neither speak nor write your language!’ In all this, my poor Frantz, you are not the guiltiest one. We all have our fair share of reproaches to address to ourselves.

“我不责备你，我的小弗朗茨，你可能受够了惩罚……事情就是如此。每天，我们都对自己说：算了吧!我有的是时间。我明天再学。现在，你知道出了什么事……唉!我们阿尔萨斯人的最大不幸就是把教育拖延到明天。现在，那些人有权利对我们说：‘怎么!你们声称自己是法国人，可你们即不会说也不会写你们的语言!’……我可怜的弗朗茨，造成所有这一切，责任最大的并不是你。我们每个人都有许多应该责备自己的地方。

“Your parents have not been careful enough to see that you were educated. They preferred to send you to work in the fields or in the factories, in order to have a few more sous. And have I nothing to reproach myself for? Have I not often made you water my garden instead of studying? And when I wanted to go fishing for trout, have I ever hesitated to dismiss you?”

“你们的父母没有尽心让你们好好读书。他们宁愿把你们打发到田里或纱厂里去干活，为的是多挣几个钱。我自己呢，难道我一点也没有应该责备自己的地方吗?我不也是经常让你们到我的花园浇水以此代替学习吗?当我想钓鳟鱼的时候，我不是随随便便就给你们放假吗?”

Then, passing from one thing to another, Monsieur Hamel began to talk to us about the French language, saying that it was the most beautiful language in the world, the most clear, the most substantial; that we must always retain it among ourselves, and never forget it, because when a people falls into servitude, “so long as it clings to its language, it is as if it held the key to its prison.”Then he took the grammer and read us our lesson. I was amazed to see how readily I understood. Everything that he said seemed so easy to me, so easy. I believed, too, that I had never listened so closely, and that he, for his part, had never been so patient with his explanations. One would have said that, before going away, the poor man desired to give us all his knowledge, to force it all into our heads at a single blow.

阿麦尔先生从一件事谈到另一件事，然后开始给我们讲法语，他说，法语是世界上最优美的语言，是最清晰的语言，最严谨的语言，我们应该掌握它，永远也不要忘记，因为，当一个民族沦为奴隶时，只要它好好地保存自己的语言，就好像掌握了打开监牢的钥匙……然后，他拿了一本语法书，我们开始朗诵课文。令我吃惊的是，我竟理解得这么透彻。他所讲的一切对我都显得很容易，很容易。我同样觉得，我还从来没有这么认真听讲过，他也从来没有这样耐心讲解过。这个可怜的人，仿佛想在离开这里以前，把他全部的知识都灌输给我们，让我们一下子掌握这些知识。

When the lesson was at an end, we passed to writing. For that day Monsieur Hamel had prepared some entirely new examples, on which was written in a fine, round hand: “France, Alsace, France, Alsace.” They were like little flags, waving all about the class, hanging from the rods of our desks. You should have seen how hard we all worked and how silent it was! Nothing could be heard save the grinding of the pens over the paper. At one time some cock-chafers flew in; but no one paid any attention to them, not even the little fellows who were struggling with their straight lines, with a will and conscientious application, as if even the lines were French. On the roof of the schoolhouse, pigeons cooed in low tones, and I said to myself as I listened to them:

“I wonder if they are going to compel them to sing in German too!”

课文讲解完了，我们开始练习写字。这一天，阿麦尔先生为我们准备了许多崭新的字卡样，上面用美丽的圆体字写着：法兰西，阿尔萨斯，法兰西，阿尔萨斯。这些字帖卡片悬挂在我们课桌的金属杆上，就像许多小旗在教室里飘扬。该知道每个人都是那样聚精会神，教室里是那样寂静无声!只听得见笔尖在纸上的沙沙声。有一回，几只金龟子跑进了教室，但是谁也不去注意它们，连年龄最小的也不例外，他们正专心致志地练直杠笔划，仿佛这些笔划也是法语……学校的屋顶上，鸽子低声地咕咕地叫着，我一边听，一边寻思：“他们该不会强迫这些鸽子用德语唱歌吧?”

From time to time, when I raised my eyes from my paper. I saw Monsieur Hamel sitting motionless in his chair and staring at the objects about him as if he wished to carry away in his glance the whole of his little schoolhouse. Think of it! For forty years he had been there in the same place, with his yard in front of him and his class just as it was! But the benches and desks were polished and rubbed by use; the walnuts in the yard had grown, and the hop-vine which he himself had planted now festooned the windows even to the roof. What a heart-rending thing it must have been for that poor man to leave all those things, and to hear his sister walking back and forth in the room overhead, packing their trunks! For they were to go away the next day—to leave the province forever.

我时不时地从书本上抬起眼睛，看见阿麦尔先生一动不动地坐在椅子上，注视着周围的一切东西，仿佛要把这个小小教室里的一切都装进目光里带走……可想而知!四十年来，他一直呆在这个地方，守着对面的院子和一直没有变样的教室。唯独教室里的凳子、课桌被学生磨光滑了;院子里的胡桃树长高了，他自己亲手种下的那棵啤酒花如今爬满了窗户，爬上了屋顶。这个可怜的人听到他妹妹在楼上的卧室里来来回回地收拾行李，想到自己就要告别眼前的一切，这对他来说是多么伤心难过的事啊!因为，他们明天就要动身了，永远离开自己的家乡。

However, he had the courage to keep the class to the end. After the writing, we had the lesson in history; then the little ones sang all together the ba, be, bi, bo, bu. Yonder, at the back of the room, old Hauser had put on his spectacles, and, holding his spelling-book in both hands, he spelled out the letters with them. I could see that he too was applying himself. His voice shook with emotion, and it was so funny to hear him, that we all longed to laugh and to cry. Ah! I shall remember that last class.

他竟然还有勇气把我们的课上完。习字过后，我们上了历史课;接着小家伙们一起唱起了Ba Be Bi Bo Bu。教室后头，奥泽尔老人戴上了眼镜，两手捧着识字课本，跟我们一起拼读。我发现他也一样专心，他的声音由于激动而颤抖，听起来很滑稽，叫我们又想笑又想哭。噢!我将永远也不会忘记这最后的一课……

Suddenly the church clock struck twelve, then the Angelus rang. At the same moment, the bugles of the Prussians returning from drill blared under our windows. Monsieur Hamel rose, pale as death, from his chair. Never had he seemed to me so tall.

突然，教堂的钟声敲了十二下，而后是祈祷的钟声。与此同时，普鲁士士兵的操练完回营的号声在我们的窗户下回响……阿麦尔先生从椅子上站了起来，面色十分苍白。他在我的心目中，从来也没有显得这么高大。

“My friends,” he said, “my friends, I—I—”

“我的朋友们，”他说道，“我的朋友们，我……我……”

But something suffocated him. He could not finish the sentence.

Thereupon he turned to the blackboard, took a piece of chalk, and, bearing on with all his might, he wrote in the largest letters he could:

但是，有什么东西堵住了他的喉咙。他没能说完这句话。这时，他转过身子，拿起一截粉笔，使尽了全身力气，在黑板上尽可能大地写下几个字：

“VIVE LA FRANCE!”

Then he stood there, with his head resting against the wall, and without speaking, he motioned to us with his hand:

“That is all; go.”

“法兰西万岁!”

然后，他呆在那里，头靠着墙壁，一句话也不说，只是用手向我们示意：

篇3：都德最后一课分析

1870年, 普法战争中法国失败, 赔款25亿法郎, 并割让阿尔萨斯和洛林。都德参战, 痛心法国的惨败, 1873年创作了《最后一课》。

课文里说, 小弗郎士逃学到野外游玩。“天气那么暖和, 那么晴朗!画眉在树林边婉转地唱歌, 锯木厂后边草地上普鲁士士兵正在操练。这些景象, 比分词用法有趣多了。”

小弗郎士后悔没有好好学习法语, 他听得极其认真, 连镇里的成年人也来学习。上课时, 韩麦尔先生说:“亡了国当了奴隶的人民, 只要牢牢记住自己的语言, 就好像拿着一把打开监狱大门的钥匙。”下课时, 韩麦尔先生在黑板上写下:“法兰西万岁。”

据悉, 在今天的阿尔萨斯有的地方, 老百姓说的都是德语。因为阿尔萨斯在古代属于德国哈布斯堡家族的领地, 居民都说德语。1552年被法国占领统治, 当地居民对法语存在抵制倾向。当普法战争结束, 阿尔萨斯重新成为德国领土后, 150万居民中只有5万说法语。但在《最后一课》中, 似乎全阿尔萨斯的人都把法语当母语, 显然和历史大相径庭。

篇4：《最后一课》最后的发现

因为有了“最后一课”的真实体验，孩子们学习《最后一课》时很快就进入了文本。于是，针对这篇文章，我和学生一起“咬文嚼字”，体会字里行间蕴含着的深情。文章就要学完了，我深情地朗诵了最后一段：

然后他呆在那儿，头靠着墙壁，话也不说，只向我们做了一个手势：“放学了，——你们走吧。”

读完，我扫视了一下同学们的表情，发现坐在最后排的小田正和同桌在桌面下纠缠着，不知为什么争执了起来。于是我说：“这一段的描写也很有特点，我们找个同学到讲台上模仿韩麦尔先生表演一下。小田，你来吧！”

小田听到我叫他的名字，慌忙停下站了起来，但茫然不知所措。我给了他一个警告的眼神，然后说道：“看来小田没有准备好，哪位同学上来试一下？小田你先坐下吧。”小田安静地坐好了，他的同桌也回过神来，认真看起了课文。我又扫视了一圈，发现小雪跃跃欲试，就对她说：“小雪，你来试一下吧。我读，你来表演。”

“他呆在那儿”，我读，小雪收回笑容，做出发呆的表情。“头靠着墙壁”，我继续读，小雪开始把背往黑板上靠。“话也不说，只向我们做了一个手势……”还没等我读完，小铭就开始大喊起来：“不对，不是这样靠的，也不应该是这样摆手！”我示意他不要吵，说道：“先让小雪表演完好吗？”于是，小雪按照她的理解，背靠着墙，头抵着黑板，闭上眼睛，向同学们摆了摆手。

“有什么不妥吗？”我问同学们。“手摆得太快了。”有的说。“不是这样靠。”小浩说道。“那你认为是怎么靠呢？能不能上来表演一下。”小浩走上讲台，把额头抵在黑板上，然后背对着同学们，缓缓摆了摆手。他的动作做完，同学们报以热烈的掌声。

“为什么是这样靠呢？”我问。

“因为韩麦尔先生刚在黑板上写完了字，他的心情很沉痛，可能流下了眼泪，于是把额头抵在了黑板上。他不想让同学们看到他难过的表情，他的心情还没有平复。”小铭侃侃而谈。

“这真是一个伟大的发现，原来背靠着墙和面对着墙竟有如此大的区别。”我微笑着对同学们说，“正是大家的这一细心发现，让我们更加深刻地感受到了韩麦尔先生柔和又严肃、坚定又悲痛的复杂内心，这样一个背对着同学们的画面，也让韩麦尔先生的形象更丰满起来！”

“那么，我们再来看一个细节，‘放学了，——你们走吧。’这里的破折号说明了什么？”我发现孩子们能够深入理解文本，从而获得自己独特的发现了，于是继续追问。

“说话断断续续。”有的同学答道。

“还有吗？”我觉得这样说太笼统了。

“我觉得应该是老师说完放学以后，学生们并没有动，于是隔了一段时间，老师又说了一句‘你们走吧’”小铭又说了一句惊人之语。

“这个发现很独到，大家觉得有道理吗？”我一边鼓励小铭，一边引导学生思考。

“有道理。”同学们开始活跃起来，“要是以前，一放学，同学们肯定一窝蜂跑掉了，乱糟糟的。可是今天很安静，因为大家都很珍惜这最后的一课，都不舍得离开。”“韩麦尔先生说完‘放学了’以后，同学们都没有走，他才说了一句‘你们走吧’。”……同学们相互补充着，竟然把这样一个小小的破折号解读出如此丰富的内涵。

我的掌声响起，孩子们的掌声响起。我说：“同学们，掌声是送给你们的。因为你们用心阅读，思考角度独特，就像韩麦尔先生说的‘法国语言是世界上最美的语言’，在你们这里，中国语言变成了最美的语言。”“通过咬文嚼字，我们亲近了书中的人物；通过咬文嚼字，我们理解了作者的丰富情感；通过咬文嚼字，我们看到了文字里所蕴含的无穷宝藏！这一节课，我为你们骄傲。因为我们抛开了任何权威资料，用自己的眼睛去观察文字，用自己的心去感受文字，用自己的大脑去思考文字。所以我们拥有了独特的思考、独特的见解和独特的发现，这份发现是独特的，更是伟大的！”

（作者单位：山东省东平县东平街道中学）

□责任编辑李杰杰