统计专业知识教程

统计专业知识教程（共6篇）

篇1：统计专业知识教程

物料统计往往是我们在机械设计中需要面对的一大难题，由于生产大型机械需要大量单个部件，很多部件构造很复杂、来源很广泛，而且必须符合严格的质量标准。所以，保证对这些产品物料统计的完备、准确，创建符合需求的物料清单就显得尤为重要。

为了帮助设计师更好的创建物料清单，浩辰CAD机械软件开发了BOM表统计功能，在下面的CAD教程中，我们就为大家介绍一下其中的明细表数据统计功能。

大家可以观察下面的这张图纸(如图1)，图纸包含了很详细的明细表，我们以这张图为例为大家讲解一下对于图纸中明细表的统计。

浩辰CAD机械软件中的明细表可以根据装配图中的零件所对应的序号快速生成，若想编辑明细表，我们可以双击明细表头，调出明细表编辑对话框来进行编辑，

同样，为了方便对于零部件的修改与编辑，我们可以单击相应的序号来完成对单个零部件明细的快速编辑(如图2)。

同时，我们也可以快速导入、输出已有的Excel表格数据。具体方法为点击明细表编辑对话框中的【文件】按钮，然后调用文件输出功能完成CAD与Excel表格之间的数据交互(如图3)。

以上图为例，在进行明细表导入之前，我们可以先把一个空的明细表导出到Excel，这样，我们就可以根据被导出的字段并在下面填写相应的内容了。

篇2：统计专业知识教程

下面就来看看WPS表格中的自动筛选功能是如何帮我快速完成成绩统计的。

WPS表格的自动筛选操作非常简单，选中表格中任意单元格，执行【数据】菜单中的【筛选】-【自动筛选】命令。此时，每一个列标题右侧均出现一个下拉按钮。

如果要看语文为98分的学生，可点语文下拉按钮，选98即可，

注意，这时语文成绩不是98分的学生成绩都被隐藏起来，并不是被删掉了。自动筛选后的结果是只显示满足指定条件的行、把不满足指定条件的行隐藏起来。如果要看语文升序排列，表格自动排好。

如果需要显示全部，那么请执行‘数据’菜单中的‘筛选’-‘显示全部’命令。

表中输入等级也有快捷方式。1.选择等级例单元格。2，点【数据】，【有效性】，【设置】。

篇3：统计专业知识教程

Rhetorical devices as an indispensable branch in rhetoric have always drawn attention of scholars both at home and abroad.Figures of speech are language forms that are typically regarded as methods to achieve special effects that transcend the literal meaning in specific language context.

The rhetorical devices presented here generally fall into three categories:those involving emphasis, association, clarification, and focus;those involving physical organization, transition, and disposition or arrangement;and those involving decoration and variety.Sometimes a given device or trope will fall mainly into a single category, as for example an expletive is used mostly for emphasis;but more often the effects of a particular device are multiple, and a single one may operate in all three categories.Parallelism, for instance, helps to order, clarify, emphasize, and beautify a thought.Occasionally a device has certain effects not readily identifiable or explainable, so English learners have not always been able to say why or when certain ones are good or should be used.The author’s recommendation is to practice them all and develop that sense when and how to use them.

After brief introduction to the basic principles of several English rhetoric devices, this paper attempted to analyze the rhetoric devices used in Basic English, Book One, used as the textbook for English majors in the freshmen period.

2 Statistics and Analysis of Rhetorical Devices in Col-lege English

2.1 Classifications of rhetorical devices

Rhetorical devices can be divided into three categories:phonological rhetorical devices, semantic rhetorical devices, and syntactical rhetorical devices.

As the name suggests, rhetoric is the use of phonological phrase created by the voice characteristics of rhetorical devices.It includes onomatopoeia, alliteration and assonance.It is an imitation of the sounds of things the rhetorical methods and the Chinese to be exactly the same sound of speech.Proper use of it can make the language more vivid.

Rhetorical means of semantic associations and linguistic characteristics of the changes are created by rhetorical devices.It includes simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast and so on.

Rhetoric device on sentence structure mainly refers to the balance of the sentence structure or layout focused created figures of speech.It includes repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, and apostrophe and so on.Repeated them in Chinese, you ask the question, duality, the same inversion.

Generally speaking, rhetorical devices in common use include Asyndeton, Polysyndeton, Parallelism, Antithesis, Anaphora, Epistrophe, Anadiplosis, Epanalepsis, Hypophora, Rhetorical question, Simile Alliteration, Onomatopoeia, Antiphrasis, Epizeuxis, Aposiopesis, Enumeration, Appositive.Moreover, Rhetorical devices in uncommon use include Understatement, Chiasmus, Zeugma, Centuplication, Metabasis, Amplification, Aporia, Apostrophe, Antimetabole, Anacoluthon, Antanagoge, Parataxis, Hypotaxis, Pleonasm

2.2 Examples in College English

The following are the examples of rhetoric devices used in College English, Book One.

Analogy:

A.Computerized shopping, like computerized banking, will be quick, safe and convenient. (Lesson12, P236)

Antanagoge:

A.In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. (Lesson12, P235)

Asyndeton:

A.It operates telephone lines, movie cameras, portable radios, electric clocks, and hearing aids. (Lesson7, P130)

B.But in a biography you can find out all about him—what he did when he was a small boy, the way he went about his work, the friends he made, even his taste in neckties. (Lesson10, P185)

Climax:

A.Old Li, who has been watching, suddenly stood up very excitedly. (Llesson3, P47)

B.There are, I think, a large number of different reasons. (Lesson4, P68)

Distinction:

A.A biography is the life strong of a real person. (Lesson10, P185)

Exemplum:

A.In these cases the toast will usually be accompanied by a short speech, for example, at a wedding reception or at a party for somebody who is retiring. (Lesson1, P5)

B.For example, public servants pay more attention to manners than students. (Lesson1, P6)

Enumeration:

A.Jefferson was very talented and had many interests:he was a good classical scholar, a musician, a dashing horseman, and a man of wide scientific interests. (Lesson 2, P25)

B.There are tow main sort of juvenile crime:stealing and violence. (Lesson 4, P68)

Enthymeme:

A.I even might write to Mike Cato’s parents...and tell them how sorry I am that he can be a Londoner, second—class. (Lesson13, P258)

Hypophora:

A.What else is a good manner in England? (Lesson1, P6)

B.He knows he is lucky, so why does he feel guilty?He explains in this autobiographical essay. (Lesson13, P256)

Hyperbole:

A.When struck, its loud and clear sound can be heard 50 kilometres away at night when everything is quiet. (Lesson3, P60)

B.One very simple type of still can also get small amounts of water from the earth—even in a desert! (Lesson7, P130)

Irony:

A.At length, after a month of illness, on the last day of his vacation, he sat up in bed with a beautiful smile of confidence playing upon his face, and said, “well—the angels are calling me;I’m afraid I really must go now.Good afternoon. (Lesson11, P212)

Litotes:

A.I didn’t think I ever worked on anything I thought was terrible, really. (Lesson14, P293)

Onomatopoeia:

A.It’s agonizing, though, when you have to go around shushing. (Lesson14, P295)

Parallelism:

A.His eyes may have been fixed on Netty, but his mind was fixed on her uncle’s house;though he was fond of her in his way—I admit that. (Lesson15, P301)

Parataxis:

A.I remember her as a tall and active young woman, which black hair and dancing eyes. (Lesson15, P301)

B.The computer where we work will tell our bank computer how much our salary or wages are—and the government computer how much tax we should pay! (Lesson12, P235)

Parenthesis:

A.To achieve this required precise calculation, accurate timing and huge heating system—no small matters in those times. (Lesson3, P61)

B.One sort of crime, which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency—that is, crimes committed by young people. (Lesson4, P68)

Personification:

A.Sometimes he would stare at photo, talk to it or swear at. (Lesson11, P212)

B.They can pay wages, reserve seats on planes, control machines inn factories, work out tomorrow’s weather, and even play chess, write poetry, or compose music. (Lesson12, P235)

Polysyndeton:

A.After a private dinner in someone’s house an Englishman will only shake hands with the host and hostess if it is a fairly formal occasion, like a business dinner, and he will usually put his coat on and say goodbye as he leave the house. (Lesson1, P5)

B.I like working with my hands, with machines, and I love the freedom of being able to move about and talk as loudly as I like. (Lesson5, P90)

Rhetorical Question:

A.He was only joking, but it started me thinking—why shouldn’t I? (Lesson5, P88)

Scesis Onomaton:

A.My landlady was friendly, agreeable, and very helpful about it all—until I introduce Mike when he arrive. (Lesson13, P256)

Sententia:

A.But even so, perhaps the safest advice for the overseas student, no matter what country he is visiting, is to follow the old proverb:”When in Rome, do as the Romans do”. (Lesson1, P6)

Simile:

A.So many things that now seen like fixed stars were born of fierce struggle and apparent defeat. (Lesson10, P186)

2.3 Analysis of rhetoric effects

By“College English“in the rhetoric of induction, can be seen along the lines of English and Chinese is quite different.Article in English is used more, but more common in Chinese than less use.This drafting practices and cultural background has a significant relationship.

The use of rhetoric to make vivid the article so that readers can better understand the content and thrust of the article, the expression of ideas in the article, while making richer color and depth, it also greatly enhanced the literary essay value.If an article is not flexible and appropriate use of rhetoric, the statement simply stack, then when the readers will feel when this article uninteresting, readers will only read it to know the author's intention, but after reading no longer have the impression, just as the same have not read this article.However, the expression of the same subject of an article, if a reasonable and flexible use of the rhetoric, then the reader when reading the article, not just in reading the contents of the article but savor every sentence, but the reader even in the subconscious desire to want to continue reading, then this article is not simple for the reader to read only, but rose to the level of appreciation.It shows that the use of rhetoric can make an article from the wording of both the structure and substance of the meaning and soul.

3 Application and Effects between English Teaching and Learning

3.1 Improving students’writing

Today, the speech is based on the idiom, not rules, because rules have been broken many of the famous writer.Comparing Shakespeare to create a double precedent, Daniel Defoe and Joseph Addison, the use of word break routine.Is the essence of English grammar is accommodating;its only purpose is to understand.Democracy is the characteristics of English;we do not abuse the right to freedom under the premise of the use of English.

Rhetoric in the students master the use of case, you can encourage them to use bold and try.This is not just writing skills improve, but also on the consolidation of linguistic knowledge and practical application.When necessary, it may be provided in the form of rhetoric for students to complete.

Through the rhetoric of learning, students use English more accurately and beautifully, so that more students of English language skills to a new level.he use of rhetoric, so vivid language, meaning beautiful, more convincing and appealing, or increase the rhythm of language, phonological.

3.2 Effective understanding of text

The importance of English rhetoric reflected not only in writing, but also in reading and understanding among them.Students to read the original, often encounter neither words, nor grammar difficult, not understanding the context of the situation.They search all over the dictionary, or even access to the idiom dictionary did not help.Why?Mostly rhetorical question.In fact, learning English and do not understand rhetoric is hard to read original works.Therefore, English teaching to enhance teaching of rhetoric.

On the other hand, context is very important to help students understanding the text.Context refers to the use of any language belongs to a particular speech community, and each speech community formed a long history, culture, customs, thinking, moral concepts and values.Language is a tool to express ideas and rhetoric is the language of art.Effective use of language as a cultural context refers to the discourse in a particular social and cultural significance in the expression of all, including the communicative purpose, communicative steps, communication format, communication content.Each is a discourse in a particular cultural context and play a role in production, its significance lays in its social function and purpose of use.

3.3 The effects in language teaching

We are about to graduate, and is likely to become English teachers.In English, I think learning a good figure of speech is very important.First, we have sufficient knowledge of rhetoric and understanding to the daily teaching and guiding students.Second, the rhetoric is everywhere, and only sharp enough we can find in any English language learning and to inform students, arousing their attention, which for students and teachers are lifelong benefits.Finally, the role of rhetoric is very extensive, in writing, reading are not uncommon.Teach students to identify figures of speech, or even fluent, are hoping to become true.

4 Conclusion

The effects which are expected to achieve in the thesis are:through the analysis of the English figures of speech listed above, the production of rhetorical effects is basically made clear, and the comprehension of rhetoric turns out to be easier and their application more appropriate.

There are three advantages why we research rhetoric devices.Firstly, it can get students familiar with the meaning of literary works.Secondly, to help students transcend their own thoughts and see things as the members of the other meanings.Thirdly, we maybe become language teachers, we believe some knowledge of rhetoric devices will not only help language teacher to better understanding the literary woks in the text, but also help them how to teach them more effectively.

摘要：修辞格是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。修辞格的恰当应用能够使语言表达更加生动形象、具体活泼, 给人以美的享受。一直以来, 修辞格的应用都倍受重视, 尤其在英语语言的学习中, 其重要性更是为师生所关注。英语修辞格的精确识别和灵活运用, 首先需要明晓其基本特点与构成, 特别是对中国英语学习者而言, 更需要区分对比英汉两种语言在修辞格方面的异同, 然后根据具体使用情境辨识运度。该文在简要介绍常见英语修辞格的基础上, 选取了旅游英语专业一年级使用的《大学英语教程》中的若干修辞格实例进行了分析。最后提出了在英语教学和学习中运用英语修辞格的若干建议。

篇4：统计专业知识教程

关键词： 随机变量 联合分布律 联合密度函数 边缘密度函数

1.引言

概率论与数理统计在我国高校绝大部分工科专业都是一门重要的基础课程，不仅因为它在各个领域中都有十分广泛的应用，而且从人才素质全面培养来说，这门课程是不可或缺的.既然概率统计有如此重要的地位，因此我们应更注重对概率统计的学习.本文旨在通过对不同知识点的说明，让学生更容易地理解概率统计中容易引起混淆的几点问题.

2.事件和随机变量的区别和联系

首先，本书第一章中通常用大写字母A、B、C等表示随机事件，不同的事件用不同的字母表示，在第一章学习中我们会觉得这样的方法很简单明了，而当学习了随机变量之后，我们就不再如此表示事件，而是用一种更简单的方法表示，也就是用随机变量的不同取值表示不同的事件.这时，很多学生会产生疑问：用随机变量表示事件的方式有什么好处？这里不妨用一个例子说明：

例1：接连进行三次射击，每次击中目标的概率均为p，试表示以下事件：

（1）三次射击恰好命中两次；

（2）三次射击至少命中两次；

（3）三次射击都未命中.

解：我们现在有两种方法表示以上三个事件：

第一，用事件表示：

设A ={第i次击中目标}，i=1，2，3.

（1）三次射击恰好命中两次：；A A ∪A A ∪ A A ；

（2）三次射击至少命中两次：A A ∪A A ∪A A ；

（3）三次射击都未命中： .

第二，用随机变量表示：

用随机变量X表示“三次射击中命中目标的次数”，

（1）三次射击恰好命中两次：{X=2}；

（2）三次射击至少命中两次：{X≥2}；

（3）三次射击都未命中：{X=0}.

两者对比，显然用随机变量表示，形式上更加简单、直观，便于操作，实用性更强.

3.二维离散型随机变量的表示方法

在讲授二维离散型随机变量分布的时候，我们以一维情形作基础，由于学习一维离散型时，我们是用分布律或者概率函数的形式描述随机变量X的分布规律：

因此，处理二维离散情形时，如果仍然按照一维的方法：首先列出二维随机变量（X，Y）的可能取值，因为这些可能值是一些二元有序数组，我们会发现分布律的二元有序数组中会重复出现多次x （i=1，2，…），y （i=1，2，…），这种情况将会导致分布律无法直观有效地描述一个二维离散型随机变量的分布规律.因此，处理这类问题时，我们就可以采取另外一种方法将X的可能值与Y的可能值单独列出，再找出对应每一对可能取值的概率：

这样做不仅在形式上更简单，而且更容易观察（X，Y）的分布规律.

4.二维连续型随机变量的边缘分布

学习二维随机变量（X，Y）的边缘分布时，我们要利用二维连续型随机变量（X，Y）的联合密度函数求X和Y的边缘密度函数f （x）和f （y），此处有一类情况需要更详细的说明.

例2：设随机变量（X，Y）服从区域D上的均匀分布，其中D={（x，y）|x +y ≤1}，求X和Y的边缘密度函数f （x）和f （y）.

解：由题意，（X，Y）的联合密度函数为：

求二维连续型随机变量的边缘密度时，往往要对联合密度函数在一个变量取值范围内进行积分.当联合概率密度函数是分段函数时，计算积分时应特别注意积分区间.

5.结语

通过一个学期对概率统计的学习，发现没有良好的数理统计知识不可能很好地掌握现实中越来越多的关于统计信息的相关问题，此外，概率统计学习中还会遇到各种各样的问题，需要一一解答.如何有效提高学生利用概率统计方法解决问题的能力显得尤为重要.

要学好概率统计这门课程，首先需要大家对概率统计有初步的认识，了解其重要性，以便提高学生的学习积极性；其次，教学中应给予学生更多的关注，让学生有充分思考的时间，谨防对所学知识一知半解，导致学生在实际运算中存在困难.由于工科专业学生在高中学习中已经积累一定的概率统计知识，并且养成良好的学习习惯，可以充分发挥学生的优势，兼顾效率和平衡；最后，针对学生的课堂反馈及时调整教学方法，根据现实情况，注重安排教学活动的灵活性，为提高学生学习能力和解题能力做出努力.

整个教学过程中会有各种各样的问题需要解决，要求教师和学生充分利用各种学校资源和网络资源，不仅在课堂上及时调整学习和教学方法，更要在课后进行总结，以便达到最好的学习和教学效果.

参考文献：

[1]同济大学数学系.概率统计简明教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2012.

[2]韩明.工科“概率统计”中的几个问题[J].高等数学研究，2009，（1）：86-88.

[3]张淑婷.高校概率统计教学中的几点思考[J].吉林广播电视大学学报，2016，（5）：78-79.

[4]陈雪平，马强.本科概率统计教学的几点探索[J].江苏理工学院学报，2010，（9）：89-92.

[5]谭希丽，徐冬梅.概率统计课程教学方法的几点体会[J].高等数学研究，2011，（1）：

篇5：统计专业知识教程

传统的方法是一张张的统计，这样工作量太大，而且过程重复繁琐，还容易出错，为了解决这个棘手的问题，浩辰CAD架空线路优化设计软件提供了多图输出统计材料的功能，支持一键导入几百张图纸，材料同时自动统计在excel表中，轻松快捷。

下面就让我们来看一下具体的操作步骤。

首先，依次点击浩辰CAD架空线路优化设计软件菜单栏中的【材料统计】—【多图输出】，软件将弹出对话框(如图1)，

图1

然后，点击【选择文件】，软件会弹出选择文件的对话框(如图2)

我们找到需要打开图纸的路径，然后在对话框中连续选择多个文件并点击打开，文件就会把我们点选的图纸都显示出来(如图3)。

图3

篇6：统计专业知识教程

比较简便不影响服务的方法是：先复制，后清空

cp /path/to/apache/log/access_log /path/to/apache/log/access_log_yesterday

echo >/path/to/apache/log/access_log

严肃的分析员会这样做发现一个问题：

但cp不可能严格保证严格的0点截断，加入复制过程用了6秒，截断的access_log_yesterday日志中会出现复制过程到00:00:06期间的日志。对于单个日志统计这些每天多出来几百行日志是没有问题的。但对于多个日志在跨月的1天会有一个合并的排序问题：

[31/Mar/2002:59:59:59 +0800]

[31/Mar/2002:23:59:59 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

要知道[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 这个字段是不可以进行“跨天排序”的。因为日期中使用了dd/mm/yyyy，月份还是英文名，如果按照字母排序，很有可能是这样的结果：排序导致了日志的错误

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[01/Apr/2002:00:00:00 +0800]

[31/Mar/2002:59:59:59 +0800]

[31/Mar/2002:59:59:59 +0800]

[31/Mar/2002:23:59:59 +0800]

[31/Mar/2002:59:59:59 +0800]

[31/Mar/2002:23:59:59 +0800]

这些跨天过程中的非正常数据对于webalizer等分析工具来说简直就好像是吃了一个臭虫一样，运行的结果是：它可能会把前一个月所有的数据都丢失!因此这样的数据会有很多风险出现在处理上月最后一天的数据的过程中，

问题的解决有几个思路：

1) 事后处理

所以一个事后的处理的方法是：用grep命令在每月第1天将日志跨月的日志去掉，比如：

grep -v “01/Apr” access_log_04_01 > access_log_new

修改SORT后的日志:所有跨天的数据去掉。也许对日志的事后处理是一个途径，虽然sort命令中有对日期排序的特殊选项 -M(注意是：大写M)，可以让指定字段按照英文月份排序而非字母顺序，但对于apache日志来说，用SORT命令切分出月份字段很麻烦。(我尝试过用 “/”做分割符，并且使用“月份” “年:时间”这两个字段排序)。虽然用一些PERL的脚本肯定可以实现，但最终我还是放弃了。这不符合系统管理员的设计原则：通用性。 并且你需要一直问自己：有没有更简单的方法呢?还有就是将日志格式改成用TIMESTAMP(象SQUID的日志就没有这个问题，它的日志本身就是使用TIMESTAMP做时间戳的)，但我无法保证所有的日志工具都能识别你在日期这个字段使用了特别的格式。

2) 优化数据源

最好的办法还是优化数据源。将数据源保证按天轮循，同一天的日志中的数据都在同一天内。这样以后你无论使用什么工具(商业的，免费的)来分析日志，都不会因为日志复杂的预处理机制受到影响。

首先可能会想到的是控制截取日志的时间：比如严格从0点开始截取日志，但在子夜前1分钟还是后一分钟开始截取是没有区别的，你仍然无法控制一个日志中有跨2天记录的问题，而且你也无法预测日志归档过程使用的时间。

因此必须要好好考虑一下使用日志轮循工具的问题，这些日志轮循工具要符合：

1) 不中断WEB服务：不能停apache=>移动日志=>重启apache;

2) 保证同一天日志能够按天轮循：每天一个日志00:00:00-23:59:59;

3) 不受apache重启的影响：如果apache每次重启都会生成一个新的日志是不符合要求的;

4) 安装配置简单。

首先考虑了apache/bin目录下自带的一个轮循工具：rotatelogs 这个工具基本是用来按时间或按大小控制日志的，无法控制何时截断和如何按天归档。