chat的第三人称单数

chat的第三人称单数（通用12篇）

篇1：chat的第三人称单数

chats

chat的用法：

chat的用法1：chat的基本意思是轻松、无拘无束地、愉快地、语流松散地、不假思索地谈话,一般作“聊天,闲谈”解。

chat的用法2：chat只用作不及物动词,“闲谈”的内容常由介词about引出,“闲谈”的对方常用介词to或with引出。

chat的用法3：chat与over连用，表示“一边…一边聊天”。

篇2：chat的第三人称单数

燕子在冬天迁徙到南方。

2. The swallows are building a nest under the roof of our house.

燕子正在我们的屋檐下筑巢.

3. Swallows come by groups at the advent of spring.

春天来临时燕子成群飞来.

4. He had a few swallows of tea and then hurried out.

他喝了几口茶,就匆忙出去了. 燕子

5. Swallows carry bits of earth in their bills to build nests.

燕子衔泥筑窠.

6. He who swallows food handed out in contempt will have a bellyache.

嗟来之食,吃下去肚子要痛的.

7. Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.

燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移.

8. The swallows are nesting in the woodshed.

燕子正在小棚里筑巢呢.

9. Swallows fly about, carefree and at liberty.

燕子自由自在地飞翔.

10. Swallows were darting through the clouds.

燕子穿云急飞.

11. The swallows skimmed along the ground.

燕子掠过地面.

12. The swallows nested under the eaves.

燕子筑巢于屋檐下.

13. She poured some vodka into a glass and knocked it back in two swallows.

她往玻璃杯里倒了一些伏特加酒，两口就喝完了。

14. Flowers fall off [ will die ] , do what one may . Swallows return, no strangers they.

无可奈何花落去, 似曾相识燕归来.

15. There were swallows in the cloudless blue sky.

篇3：chat的第三人称单数

言语活动是由说话者与听话者相互作用而发生展开的, 陈志安, 彭宣维. (1994) 认为以话语发生者为中心的话语活动主要表现为:演讲或讲座型的单向相互作用;指示中心不断转移的双向相互作用以及附生于主体言语活动的从属性相互作用等三种方式。无论哪种方式, 人称指示系统都需满足其自足封闭性, 即说话者、听话者是由相应的第一、二人称所规定的, 谈话涉及两者之外的第三者时需确立起一个第三人称的称谓。人称指示系统的自足封闭性能够完成言语活动的正常发生, 维系与终止的指称系统, 防止指称混乱。在实际言语活动中有很多指称映射现象, 如第一人称复数代替第一人称单数、第一人称复数代替第二人称、第三人称代替第一、二人称等, 在这些情况下, 指称是如何完成的, 话语又是如何推进的呢?本文将关注第三人称的指示转移现象, 并通过论述chafe的激活代价理论对其作出解释。

2. 信息状态分类与激活代价理论

2.1 Halliday对信息单位的分类

Halliday (1994) 指出, 信息单位是由两个功能成分构成的结构, 即必要的新信息成分和可舍取的已知成分。他根据说话人希望听话人赋予具体信息以怎样的信息地位而把话语的信息单位分成两个部分。一部分是新闻, 即说话人要听话人当做新信息的信息, 或者是出乎意料的或具有重要意义的信息。另一部分是旧闻, 即被当作听话人已知的内容加以陈述的信息。客观上, 已知信息和新信息用是否可以还原来界定。可还原的信息可能是已经提及的内容, 也可能是存在于情境之中的, 还可能是只能意会的, 或者是说话人为了某种修辞目的的信息;不可还原的信息可能是未曾提及的内容, 也可能是出乎听话人意料的内容。主观上, 语调重音或语调突出可以用来体现新信息。

2.2 Chafe对信息状态的分类

任绍曾 (2010) 对于信息状态的分类, Chafe的认识经历了三个阶段。起初Chafe根据信息与意识的包含关系进行界定。即说话人认为在说话那一刻已在听话人意识里的信息是已知信息, 反之则是新信息。这个定义界定明确, 却把已知信息和新信息之间的关系割裂了, 因为意识的动态特征和信息状态的变化被忽略了。随后, Chafe把信息状态建立在激活的基础上, 他把已知信息界定为“已经是活性的信息”, 即已经激活的信息, 新信息界定为“原来是非活性信息”即原来没有激活的信息。他还增加了第三种信息:可及信息, 即“原来是半活性的信息”。

上世纪90年代, Chafe考虑了意识的动态特征, 并把时间纳入信息状态的界定中来。此时他认为新信息是在谈话某一时间点上新激活的信息, 已知信息是在谈话某时间点上已经激活的信息, 而从半活性状态中激活的信息是可及信息。

2.3 激活代价理论

2.3.1 激活代价理论内容

高军 (2010) 把激活状态、激活代价和时间三者之间的关系表示如下:

把说话前的停顿间隙称作T1, 实际说话时间为T2, 如果在T1为活性信息, 到T2激活后就为已知信息;T1为半活性信息, 到T2激活后就是可及信息;T1为非活性信息, 到T2激活后就为非活性信息, 即新信息。Chafe (1994) 认为, 就激活代价而言, 已知信息从T1到T2的转化中的激活代价是最低的, 因为他在T1就已经处于活跃状态了, 可及信息次之, 已知信息最小。激活前的状态不同, 激活的代价就不同, 信息就处于不同的活性状态。

2.3.2 可及信息的判定

由于Chafe (1980) 区分了意识核心和边缘意识, 所以意识不仅具有在不在听话人意识中的区别, 而且还区别于意识核心和边缘意识上, 因而区分了上述的三种信息状态。在这三种状态中可及信息是最难捉摸的, 为此Chafe提出了可及信息的判定标准:1) 是否在先前的话语中曾是活性信息, 2) 是否与话语中的某个意念又联系或有过联系, 3) 是否与会话的语境有联系, 因而具有边缘活性, 但不是意识核心。如:

(1) We checked the picnic supplies.The beer was warm.

例句中的the beer是新信息还是可及信息?如果是新信息, 则违背了主语由于信息量不太大的意念承担的制约。而the beer与the picnic supplies有联系, 由于这一联系the beer这个概念可能已经在说话人和听话人的边缘意识里了, 因此the beer在此处是可及信息。

(2) Well, the kid is asleep.

话语中没有出现过the kid, 但却有一个kid在说话人的怀里睡觉, 所以the kid在会话中处于说话人和听话人的边缘意识里, 属于可及信息。

3. 激活理论与第三人称指示映射现象

用第一人称复数代替第一人称单数或第二人称是说话者拉近与听话者距离, 或把自己置身于听话者的立场的交际策略, 如:

(3) 妈妈对儿子说:

We (I) don’t want to wake Daddy, do we?

(4) 老师对学生说:

改革开放、现代化建设需要我们 (你们) 。

而第三人称指示语的映射现象的产生和语用意义较负责, 下文讲试图用激活代价理论对其作出解释。

3.1 第三人称指示语代替第一人称指示语

例句:

在交际时直接情景语境中:

(4) 儿童节目中, 主持人做开场白:

小朋友们大家好, 今天鞠萍姐姐要带大家玩一个游戏。

(5) 我希望上海方面能够给予韩红原谅, 我不是有意伤害大家的。 (新浪娱乐2003年3月26日)

在显性语境中:

(6) 老师对学生说:

有什么委屈和老师说说看?

(7) 甲对乙说:

My friend (I) thinks life’s been really unfair to him (me) .First, he (I) lost his (my) job, then his (my) girlfriend dumped him (me) .

此外, 有时人们会用第三人称来写日记, 站在他人的立场讲述自己, 以缓解内心的压力。

在以语言知识为基础的语境中

(8) 有什么问题给老师说。

(9) 总司令的命令你也敢不服从吗?

人称指示系统具有封闭性, 为了防止指称混乱, 说话人和听话人应用第一、二人称相互称呼;Chafe的激活代价理论也提出, 在说话前一时刻的活跃信息是已知信息, 半活跃信息是可及信息。因此, 在以上例句中, 说话人用第一人称指示语我、我的指称自己是听话人所预期的, 是活跃信息, 因此对听话人而言是已知信息, 是听话人对于说话人自称的核心意识;而第三人称指示语在这些例句中属于可及信息的范畴, 是听话者要耗一定的认知代价理解的信息。在例 (6) 中, 说话人由于面子, 礼貌, 从第三人称角度讲述自己的不幸, 听话人根据自己的观察可以判断说话人是在讲述自己的不幸, 此时, 第三人称指示语he、him、his从听话人意识的边缘被激活半活性信息, 即可及信息。

3.2第三人称指示语代替第二人称指示语

例句:朱荔芳 (2003) 表轻微责骂

(10) Somebody didn’t clean up after himself.

(11) Each person has to clean up after himself.

表表反讽或幽默

(12) 在厨房里忙的不可开交的妻子对慵懒的丈夫说:

Would his highness like some coffee?

(12) This is so kind.Treat me your yesterday’s leftover?

表尊敬, 赞扬, 亲近

(13) 下级对上级

不知道王主任对于此事有何看法?

(14) 生意人对购物女士说:

这条项链最配靓女 (你) 了。

在以上例句中, 说话人用第二人称你, 您, 称呼听话人是听话人所预期的, 对于听话人来说, 说话人用第二人称指示语称呼自己的这一概念是已知信息, 如例 (11) 对于听话人来说you在此处是已知信息, 是核心意识, 而his highness是边缘意识。听话人可以根据语境, 用较少的认知代价推断出其讽刺的语气, 因此属于可及信息。

3.3 第三人称指示语特殊用法

由于人称系统的封闭性, 表现为说话者、听话者彼此用第一、二人称相互称呼, 而涉及第三方时要用第三人称指示语来完成整个称谓系统, 田惠刚 (1998) 指出这种情况下, 第三方通常不在场。但很多时候说话人会在第三方在场的情况下使用第三人称he/she指代第三放, 从而产生额外的会话含义。例句:何自然 (1997)

在餐厅点菜时, 男士对服务员说:

(15) She’s going to have a hamburger.

(16) The lady’s going to have a hamburger.

例句 (15) 中, 第三方the lady在场, 男士用she称呼女士, 这种情况下女士觉得没有得到尊重。在这个会话中, 男士是说话者, 而服务员和女士都是听话者, she的使用把女士排除在了会话外。此处, 对女士而言, the lady是她所预期得到的尊重, 如例句 (16) , 因此the lady对这位女士来说是已知信息, 她甚至可以把she当做是新信息, 自己主动再给服务员说:I’m going to have a hamburger.

4. 结论

在言语活动中, 信息状态和说话人、听话人的意识相互作用, Chafe考虑了在会话中, 意识的运动变化, 在已知信息和新信息的基础上, 定义了可及信息。可及信息既不像已知信息不用一点认知努力就可以理解。也不像新信息那样需要提供大量提示才能被理解。第三人称代替第一、二人称的曲折所指现象普遍, 且产生了较多的会话含义, 激活理论的应用和可及信息的界定为第三人称的曲折所指给出了较好解释。

摘要：人称指示系统具有封闭性, 当人称被曲折所指时, 言语活动是怎样推进的呢·本文先总结了Halliday和Chafe对信息状态的分类, 探讨了言语活动中信息状态和意识的关系, 介绍了chafe提出的激活代价理论和可及信息, 然后运用该理论解释了诸多第三人称映射现象的产生, 及其会话含义。

关键词：激活代价理论,可及信息,第三人称指示语

参考文献

[1].Chafe, W.1980.The deployment of consciousness in the production of a narrative.Norwood:Ablex.

[2].Chafe, W.1994.Discourse:Consciousness and Time.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.

[3].陈志安, 彭宣维.人称指示语研究.外国语.1994 (3)

[4].高军.英汉下指的认知机制研究.西安大学外国语学报.2010 (3)

[5].何自然.语用学概论.长沙:湖南教育出版社, 1997.

[6].任绍曾.信息单位与信息状态—试析语言信息的二分说与三分说.外语教学与研究.2010 (3)

[7].田惠刚.中西人际称谓系统.北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1998

篇4：何为第三人称单数主语？

一､ 人称代词 he, she, it｡例如:

He likes playing football. 他喜欢踢足球｡

She is a good girl. 她是个好姑娘｡

It looks like a ball. 它看起来像只球｡

二､ 单独用作主语的一个人名或称呼语,如 Jim, Kate, Miss Wang, Uncle Li, Father 等｡例如:

Jim comes from England. 吉姆来自英国｡

Miss Wang teaches us English. 王老师教我们英语｡

Father often has lunch at home. 爸爸经常在家吃午饭｡

三､ 单独作主语的一个地名或物体名称,如 China, Hong Kong, Macao, English, coffee 等｡例如:

China is a great country. 中国是一个伟大的国家｡

English isn’t easy to learn. 英语不容易学｡

Coffee is my favourite drink. 咖啡是我最喜欢的饮料｡

四､ 可数名词的单数作主语｡例如:

A boy often sits at the boor. 一个男孩经常坐在门口｡

The book is mine. 这本书是我的｡

五､ 不可数名词作主语｡例如:

There is some milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里有些牛奶｡

The bread is on the table. 面包在桌子上｡

六､ 指示代词 this, that 作主语｡例如:

This is a computer. 这是一台电脑｡

Whose bike is that? 那是谁的自行车?

七､ 某年､某月､星期､日期､节假日名称等作主语｡例如:

Sunday is the first day of the week. 星期日是一周的第一天｡

June is the sixth month of the year. 六月份是一年的第六个月｡

September 10 is Teachers’ Day. 九月十日是教师节｡

八､ everyone, something, anything 等复合不定代词作主语时,视为第三人称单数｡例如:

Is everyone here today? 今天大家都来了吗?

Something is wrong with your bike. 你的自行车有毛病｡

九､ one或one of + 复数名词/代词作主语时,视为第三人称单数｡例如:

One of the students comes from Australia. 其中的一个学生来自澳大利亚｡

She has two daughters. One is a teacher,the other is a doctor. 她有两个女儿,一个是教师,另一个是医生｡

十､ 单个的数字､字母､单词或算式作主语时,视为第三人称单数｡例如:

“8” is a good number in China. 在中国“8”是个吉祥数字｡

“B” is between “A” and “C”. “B”在“A”和“C”之间｡

“You” is a pronoun. “You”是一个代词｡

Two plus three is five. 二加三等于五｡

十一､ 当 and 连接的两个名词在意义上指同一个人或物时,视为第三人称单数｡例如:

The teacher and writer is coming to our school tomorrow. 那位教師兼作家明天要到我们学校来｡

篇5：discuss的第三人称单数

discuss的用法：

discuss的用法1：discuss的基本意思是“谈论”,多指非正式地、友好地探讨或研究,尤指从正反两方面加以考虑,以交换内容或澄清问题。

discuss的用法2：discuss有时也可作“(心中)琢磨”解。

discuss的用法3：discuss多用作及物动词,可接名词、代词、带疑问词的动词不定式、动名词或wh-从句作宾语。偶尔也可用作不及物动词。

篇6：mind的第三人称单数

mind的用法：

mind的用法1：mind的基本意思是“留心”“注意”“当心”,强调全心全意去注意。可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,用作及物动词时,接名词、代词、动词不定式(多为否定式)、动名词或that/wh-从句作宾语。

mind的用法2：mind作“照顾”解时,侧重于护卫和保护,使之不受伤害或发生意外,接名词或代词作宾语。

mind的用法3：mind还可作“介意”“关心”“在乎”“反对”解。主要用于疑问、否定、条件句中。可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词,接名词、代词、动名词、if/that/wh-从句作宾语。如该动词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,该动名词前须加物主代词、人称代词或名词的所有格表示其逻辑主体。这时通常不可变为被动结构。mind作“介意”解时还可接以形容词充当补足语的复合宾语。

mind的用法4：mind还可作“听从”“服从”解,语气较 obey 弱,接名词、代词作宾语。

mind的用法5：mind还可表示“专心于”,用作及物动词,接名词、代词作宾语。

篇7：use的第三人称单数

use的词组短语：

make use of 使用，利用

in use 在使用中

of use 有用

use in 用于;…的效用

篇8：chat的第三人称单数

The stylistic features of English for internet English basically fall into the following two aspects:vocabulary and grammar (including punctuation marks) .This topic is very hot now because with the rapid development of science and technology, the internet entered almost every household;to communicate by the means of internet is becoming more and more familiar with common people.Because the communication means is internet, which is totally different with the other means, so the internet communication English has its own distinctive features.To communicate in the internet more effectively and more distinctly, it is necessary for us to study its stylistics features.In this present essay, the author selected some samples from Internet and then examined and analyzed the samples with the help the knowledge of stylistics theory.

In order to carry out a stylistic analysis, it is necessary to first of all be clear about what style is.However this is a heateddiscussed topic.There are dozens of definition about it:Aristotle holds the view that style as form, Halliday takes the style as prominence, Traugott and Pratt bring up the opinion that style as the selection of features partly determined by the demands of genre, form, theme, etc.These are different views about the definition of style.It is generally accepted that style refers to the way in which language is used in a given context, by a given person, for a given purpose.Some of the linguist may also agree that style is the choice of linguistic features in different contexts;the selection of linguistic features according to situational contexts;a matter of choice.

Nowadays online galaxy is more familiar with"do you yahoo?"and"have you onlined?"to give morning greetings to each other.The netizens can do a lot of things to communicate with each other in this imagined cyberspace:they can read webzine watch webtv, post E-mail to the net partner or just dial a webphone, or through cyber chat to find a cyber lover to go through a computer-intimated romance.This paper will mainly focus on the net English for the use on cyber chat, E-mail, BBS and electronic forum.

Style is a recognizable but elusive phenomenon.It is a concept which, though widely used and multifariously defined, yet evades precision.The concept of style is, of course, the product of abstraction.It is abstract in the first place in the sense that style is one quality out of several possessed by any work.Then for while stylistic diagnosis or identification can rely upon one or two features selected from the language of texts as being sufficient evidence of stylistic uniqueness, a full and explicit statement of style will require a more complex presentation of interrelated features.We may identify the style of a given text by referring simply to the preference for certain words, or the predilection for a particular clause structure;and this would certainly bring us nearer to the heart of the problem.But it seems probable that the secret of the style may rely on many parts of this kind of analysis.This paper select two categories of them:lexical category and grammatical category, which are fundamental categories.

2 Stylistic Features

2.1 Lexical features

Generally speaking, English for internet communication is informal, so it is in favor of the shortened form, slang and some informal words.In many cases, the English for internet communication fabricated some new words, then the internet English obviously has the casual features.

1) As we all know that internet charge fees according to the time, so in order to save time and to communicate more effectively and more quickly, the net English always take the form of blending or shortening words.

Where r u?=Where are you?;i c=I see;u c?=You see?;Must b, =must be;IOW=in other words;A/S/L=age/sex/location;P.O (post office) ;p.m (=afternoon) ;ASAP (as soon as possible) ;yr (year) ;lw (last week) ;pls (please) ;cu2 (see you too) ;FYI (for your information) ;TTYL (talk to you later) .

2) To make the language more effectively, lively and vividly, the net English use the exclamation marks in a large scale.Obviously this kind of words can create the auditory sound.

Mmmm ahshar goshohwowGoddear

3) As the net English is informal, its vocabulary always take the informal words, that is the net English often used because of their vividness, forcefulness in expressions and rich flavor of life, eg.Hi (How do you do?/How are you?) nice (great) Bye (Nice to see you!) ;ok (okay) ;Leave (depart) ;Tired (fatigued) ;Quit (resign)

How's today? (How are you getting along today?) ;How are you doning? (How are you?) .

A colloquialism is an expression used in, or suitable for, ordinary, familiar, or informal conversations.

4) Slang are widely used in the English of internet communication.Slang refers to words or phrases, or particular meanings of these, that are in common informal use, but generally considered not to form part of standard English, and often used deliberately for picturesqueness or novelty or unconventionality, e.g.

Wanna (want to) gonna (go to) yeah (yes) went to (wenna) demand to (demanns)

You're nuts. (You're insane.) He's just a booker. (He studies too much.)

You are out of your tree. (You're out of your mind.)

Pop up (show up unexpectedly) kick butt (good/do well)

Although slang words may be picturesque, novel or unconventional, as said above, they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer sound offensive or funny, because they are too general and vague and are unintelligible to most people.However because of the informality of the internet, which would like to provide the space for people to say what they could not say in the real world, so the slang words are able to express the Webbers'true meaning.

5) Neologism:English for internet communication enlarge the vocabulary with the emerge of so many newly-born things.In order to name them, the new words must be created.There are certain categories of this kind including abbreviation:TIA (Thanks in advance) , blending:boat+hotel=botel, psychological+warfare=psywar;compounding:screen name;affixation:spammer发垃圾邮件的人.;extension:domain name域名

The informal style text always uses informal words.In modern English, the clipped words and contractions are widely used in informal passages.

2.2 Grammatical categories

1) To be terse in expression, the most distinctive grammatical feature for the net English is the wide use of omission, which is the obvious feature for spoken English.In these omissions, the single form of the second person used as the subject, they are often omitted.e.g.

Offline?Busy?Received my E-mail?Leaving?

In spoken English, the elliptical sentence is in a high frequency of appearance, which indicated the informal style.But it should be paid attention that these kind of usage of omission only have meaning when they are in given context.The sentence openers are always not capitalized, which will be definitely judged as mistakes for the grammar teacher, which can be seen here and there in the net English.

e.g.hi, everybody.u c?ur name?

2) Concerned with the structure the sentence, the net English is preferred to use simple sentence, compound sentence and imperative sentence, rarely uses complex sentences.But some time the web masters is explaining some difficult technology problems, he will use complex sentence:

e.g to be frank, I don't think u r right.'coz, every sword has two blades.

3) Punctuation marks are used in a high frequency.From some certain aspect, we'd like to say this system of marks is something like the pictographic writing for the net English.

e.g."0-<" (this marks combination is fish-like and stand for the word:fishy, to express the meaning that, something should be doubted) ;

":-) " (this is a smiling face, if you turn it left for 90 degree, a very vivid facial expression, the following is alike)

" (8-) " (wears glasses)

4) The English for net communication often uses"do"to emphasize the affirmative tone.That is typically informal in style.

e.g.I do like reading.

When you do buy these once-in-a-lifetime contraptions do see that you get value for money!

This is typically language usage for spoken English, but as informal English and the net English to some extent is spoken English in the form of written English, so this linguistic phenomenon can also be seen on the internet.The conjunctions, prepositions and even pronouns can be omitted, which is a typical linguistic features for informal English.

e.g.I took no notice of him so he flew into a rage. (Informal) I took no notice of him so that he flew into a rage. (Formal) The net English for communication always take the omitted form.The phrases are also like this:

e..g.take (the) advantage of;go to (the) university;all (the) morning;catch (a) cold, have (a) report for me.

This omission occurs in the sentences:

e.g:I go (and) see my mother once a week.

There's a man below (who) wants to see you.

I'm not the fool (that) you thought me. (下转第227页) (上接第225页)

The internet English prefers verbal phrases to the single verbs which has the same meaning with the phrases.This is another distinctive grammatical feature:

e.g.I can't put up with your bad manners. (informal)

I cannot tolerate your bad manners. (formal)

2.3 Figures of speech

The webmaster who can be said as the expert of net user likes using some rhetoric devices when they are chatting with others.Pun, personification, hyperbole, simile, synecdoche and metaphor etc.are quietly often used.

e.g.

—Can I invite u to a dance?

—With pleasure.

—Can I hold u now?

—o.k

Here, this conversation obviously used the rhetoric device pun.The word"hold"can both means"take somebody's hand"and"hug".In this case, hold probably means the second meaning.

3 Conclusion

When we are going to examine the stylistic features of a given literary text, we should consider this question from the following two aspects:the first is the user of language, the other is the user's use of language.From the aspect of the user's use of language, the socio-situational features includes the following three aspects:1) field of discourse:the English for internet communication is aiming for communicate with the others but by a totally different means that is internet.Anyway this is a kind of communicative activity involved with the interpersonal communication skills so the English is something like the dialogue happened between the real people while takes the written form, so from this aspect the English for internet communication is informal.;2) mode o discourse:spoken English and written English are quite different in the manner of communication.The English for internet communication take the form of writing but something like talking which is its distinctive feature;3) tenor of discourse, the cyberspace is a imagined world, everybody would lay down his own mask in the real world to expose his own real self, so the English for internet communication is absolutely informal.But the netnews and the cyberzine may also are formal in the style.

参考文献

[1] 施孝昌.最新网络英语[M].上海:上海远东出版社, 1998.

[2]王家鲲.当代英语发展的某些趋势[J].解放军外国语学报, 1999 (11) .

篇9：chat的第三人称单数

关键词：一般现在时动词第三人称单数；句酷批改网；预测

简介

总所周知，中文里面是没有动词的变形这一概念的，受中文思维的影响，中国学生在学习英语这一第二语言的时候，不管已经学习了多久，多多少少还是会出现一般现在时下动词第三人称单数缺失现象，而且这种现象还较为普遍，可以说每一个英语二语习得者都出现过这种情况，并且依据批改网上的数据显示，在中国学生的作文表达中，最常出现的语法错误也是动词的第三人称单数缺失。因此基于这种情况的普遍性做出大胆猜测，随着中西交流的普遍性更加深化，英语二语习得人群数量更大，会不会出现动词第三人称单数逐渐消失的可能呢？

1.英语的发展史

英语经历了三大发展过程，语言学家们将这三大发展过程划分为古英语（公元450-1100年），中古英语（公元1100-1500年），和现代英语（公元1500年至今）。

古英语在发音、书法、词汇、句法等方面都与现代英语有很大的不同，动词也是靠词尾变化来表示人称、数、时态和语气的。所有的动词分为两类：弱式动词（相当于现在的规则动词）和强式动词（相当于现在的不规则动词）。中古英语时期动词出现了很大的变化，其显著特点是大量词尾变化显著消失。动词的变化主要表现在：一是动词的人称变位基本消失，保留在当今英语中只有现在时单数第三人称的词尾变化；另一个变化是几乎有1/3的强式动词转化为弱式动词，使得多数英语动词成为规则动词。在早期现代英语时期英语的曲折形式继续消失。比如在中国英语时期，动词的祈使语气仍有词尾变化，而到了莎士比亚时代，动词祈使语气中的曲折变化就被动词原形取代了。这个时期定冠词the的所有复数形式tho到了16世纪已经消失。

不光是语法，英语的语音（元音发音舌位都比以前有所提高），语义（词义的扩大、缩小、转移、褒贬等），词汇（合成法构词法，旧词新义）等都有了很大的变化。由此可以看出随着历史的变迁，时代的发展，科技的进步，英语是在不断变化的，尤其是英语的动词形式发生的一系列变化以及定冠词the的复数形式最终消失，更加坚定了自己的猜测。

2.基于句酷批改网的错误汇总分析

句酷批改网（www.pigai.org）是基于语料库和云计算的英语作文自动批改在线服务，旨在提高老师批改英语作文的工作效率，提高学生的英语写作能力。批改网的原理是比较学生作文和标准语料库之间的距离，并通过一定的算法将这一差距以分数体现出来，并且还会给出相应的总评和按句点评。批改网通过比对语料库对学生作文生成评错误、语法错误、中式英语、高分句型和易混词汇等的反馈指导。学生也可以根据反馈指导进行自助作文修改，在不断修改的过程中提高自己的英文写作水平。[1]学生在使用批改网写作提交之后会自动生成分数，总评及按句点评。

根据批改网的错误汇总中发现，动词第三人称单数缺失现象及中式英语表现尤其明显，特别是英语水平较低的学生出现这种情况更为明显。所以不难猜测，中国学生在进行英语写作或翻译时都难以避免中文思维的影响，当然这种现象随着英语水平的提高也是逐渐递减，但并没有完全消失。笔者对自己所在班级的同学（英语专业，已过专八及CATTI3）进行调查时发现，即使这些同学英语水平已经相当可以了，但在使用批改网进行中英翻译或写作时仍然会犯此类错误。

根据“批改网作文库各类英语写作常见错误汇总—雅思战队”[]统计，其中“动词形式不当”也是中国学生犯错的主要现象之一：“动词形式不当常见的类型有时态错误、单复数错误（尤其注意第三人称单数和复数名词出现的情况）”。以下图片是从句酷上随机抽取一名已过六级的学生作文批改结果：

从图片中可以清楚地看到，该名学生虽然已经过了英语6级，但是仍然会犯动词第三人称单数，主谓一致这样的错误。

2.1中国学生受中式思维的影响较深

学术界普遍认同的“中式英语”是指中国人在学习和使用英语时，把汉语的语言规则、思维方式套用于英语语言规则与表达之中，受汉语相应文化背景知识影响的、受汉语的思维方式干扰的不合乎英语文化习惯的畸形语言。[]其中最为典型的就是动词点人称单数的缺失。由于中文中并没有动词第三人称要加-s或-es的使用规则，所以中国英语二语习得者，尤其在初学阶段最容易犯的错误就是动词第三人称单数的丢失，导致主谓不一致。特别是进行汉译英翻译时，尤其口译，这种错误的概率更大。

3.动词第三人称单数消失的合理性猜测及假设

3.1国际跨文化交流的影响

语言的交流是促成时代发展进步的重要工具之一，更是国际间跨文化交流的主要工具。众所周知，交流是双向的，在交流的过程中就创造出了一系列在本民族语言中没有的词汇，例如汉语中嵌入了像“伊妹儿”，“麦克风”“比基尼”这样的“洋文洋句”，而中国特色词汇也在交流中融进了英文，比如“Kongfu”“Tofu”“Taiji”等等。此外，一些中式英语也逐渐被西方人接受，最典型的就是“Long time no see”这样的从一开始被认为是错误的而被渐渐接受的语法上的变化。由此可见，语言是在不断变化的，随着中西交流的进一步深化，双方语言上的变化会越来越多。并且，像中文这样没有动词第一、二、三人称单数之分的语言，在英语习得时也会经常丢掉动词第三人称单数词缀，同中国学生一样也造成了很大的困扰。同时，在交流过程中，中文或者像中文一样没有第三人称单数或时态的其他语种也会对英语母语者产生一些负迁移。甚至在一些美剧或访谈中时常会看到英语母语人士在讲话时动词第三人称单数缺失现象，因此更加猜测动词第三人称单数未来的发展趋势是将逐渐被动词原形取代，不再进行区分。

3.2–s或-es表现形式的取消

笔者进行大胆假设，将-s或-es的表现形式去掉，看是否会对英语母语者造成理解上的困扰。例如：John play football；she teach English按照正常逻辑这两个句子很显然是错误的，但笔者拿着这两个句子以口语和书面形式采访了十几位英语母语者，其中包括留学生，教授等，在口语交流或书面语中，他们很自然地理解了我想表达的意思，然后告诉我这个句子错了。由此，笔者认为，将-s或-es的表现形式去掉并没有对句意表达造成很大的影响。

4.总结

纵观英语的发展历程，所产生的每一次重大变化无不都是不同语言之间交汇融合的结果，只有这样语言才能不断地发展进步。中英文双语的转换本质上也是两大语系之间的转换，因此存在一定的跨度。而针对中国学生在进行英语二语习得的时候所犯的普遍的错误基于语料库批改网从而做出了大胆假设与推测——动词第三人称单数会逐步消失。虽然这个假设还需要几百年甚至上千年的时间来进行验证，但随着时代的进步发展，全球化只会加快这种进程。因此笔者相信，在未来的英语发展中，英语语法将会逐渐进化成为更精简的语法形式，从而更加有利于英语习得者的学习，首先进行改变的就是现在时中动词第三人称单数的省略。笔者认为，现在时中动词的第三人称单数将会随着时代的变化，语言发展而逐渐退化直至消失。

参考文献：

[1]批改网使用手册—4.00.http：//bbs.pigai.org/forum.php？mod=viewthread&tid=48156

[2]http：//www.51pigai.com/bbs/91098

[3]葛传榘.漫谈汉译英问题[J].翻译通讯，1980，（2）.

[4]李英敏：英语语言史点滴[J]长春教育学院学报，2008，（3）.

[5]盘群：英语的国际化历程研究[J].2008.10

[6]吴筱明：基于句酷批改网的英语写作“中式英语”的对策研究.四川职业技术学院学报.Vol.25（3）.

[7]蔡凉凉：中国中学生动词第三人称单数习得调查.福建师范大学研究生论文.2014.06

篇10：resign的第三人称单数

他带着一副事已至此 、 无可奈何的样子走了出去.

2. Sir Joh Bjelke - Petersen resigns as Premier of Queensland after 19 Years.

1987年,乔·波杰克 - 彼德森在就任澳大利亚昆士兰州后辞职.

3. Reporter: What is the reason that you feel king thunder thunder resigns?

记者: 您觉得王雷雷辞职的原因是什么?

4. White resigns ( Black wins )

白方负 ( 黑方胜 )

5. Black resigns ( White wins )

黑方负 ( 白方胜 )

6. At the year of twenty, will resigns at thirty the wit at forty, the judgement.

在你二十岁的时候, 意志起决定性作用;三十岁时,智慧;四十岁时, 是判断.

7. The committee will let the CEO off the hook if he resigns his post.

篇11：set的第三人称单数

set的用法1：set的基本意思是“放,搁”,指为了明确的目的而将某人或某物放在一个特定的位置或使其处于某种状态。引申可指“使凝固,使变坚固”“确定,制定”“估计,评价”“调整,对准”“使某人〔某物〕开始做某事〔发生作用〕”“树立,创造”“镶嵌,点缀”“谱曲,设置”“排字”等。

set的用法2：set可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时,后接名词或代词作宾语,有时可接双宾语,其间接宾语可转化成介词for或to的宾语。set还可接以形容词、介词短语、动词不定式或现在分词充当宾语补足语的复合宾语。set可用于被动结构。

篇12：cure的第三人称单数

这两种药物都可以延缓艾滋病病情发展，但是都不能治愈这种疾病。

2. Homeopathic treatment is based on the “like cures like” principle.

顺势疗法是基于“以毒攻毒”的原理。

3. The Russian health service has stimulated public interest in home cures.

俄罗斯的公共医疗服务已经激起了公众对家庭治疗的兴趣。

4. Doctors sometimes fall back on old cures.

有时医生们求助于老的疗法.

5. The wound cures easily.

这种伤很容易痊愈.

6. A good sweat often cures a cold.

好好发一次汗往往可以治愈伤风.

7. The emphasis is swinging away from simply finding cures for illness to ways of preventing illness in the first place.

重点正从简单地对症下药转移到先期预防的方法上来。

8. That cant about cures were never got up by sound practitioners.

那种左道旁门的医术,脚踏实地的医师是从来不屑一顾的.

9. He has tried all sorts of cures, but without success.

他已试用过各种各样的疗法, 但仍不见效.

10. My cold cures itself automatically.

我的感冒不治而愈.

11. A water or and alcoholic extract of rice polishings produced dramatic cures in polyneuritic fowls.

米糖的水浸提物或醇浸提物对患多发性神经炎的鸡产生奇迹般的疗效.

12. Just as bitter medicine cures sickness , so unpalatable advice benefits conduct.

忠言逆耳利于行,良药苦口利于病.

13. Purpose To observe effect on physiotherapy cures prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc.

目的观察物理疗法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果.

14. He is the cure who rules over the other cures, you understand.

他是一些神甫头上的神甫.

15. A doctor sells herbs and cures people on the street.