奥巴马在丹佛大学的2012总统竞选演讲

奥巴马在丹佛大学的2012总统竞选演讲（精选4篇）

篇1：奥巴马在丹佛大学的2012总统竞选演讲

Election 2012: Text Of President Obama’s Victory Speech

Thank you.Thank you.Thank you so much.Tonight more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward.It moves forward because of you.It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the heights of hope.The belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people.Tonight in this election, you, the American people, remind us while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that the united states of America – the best is yet to come.[cheering] I want to thank every American who participated in this election [CHEERING] Whether you voted for the very first time or waiting in line for a very long time.By the way, we need to fix that.Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone.Whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you mad your voice heard.And you made a difference.I just got off the phone with Governor Romney and I congratulated him and Paul Ryan on a hard-fought campaign.[CHEERING] We may have fought fiercely, but it’s only because we love this country deeply.And we care so stronly about its future.From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has chosen to give back to Americans through public service.And that is a legacy that we honor and applaud tonight.[CHEERING] In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Governor Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country forward.[CHEERING] I want to thank my friend and partner for the last four years, America’s happy warrior, the best vice president anybody could ever hope for: Joe Biden.I want to thank my friend and partner of the last 4 years, America’s happy warrior, the best Vice President anyone could ever hope for: Joe Biden.And I wouldn’t be the man I am today without the woman who agreed to marry me twenty years ago.Let say this publicly, Michelle I have never loved you more.I have never been prouder to watch the rest of America fall in love with you too as our nation’s first lady.Sasha and Malia before our very eyes you are growing up to become two strong smart beautiful young women, just like your mom.And im so proud of you guys.But I will say that for now one dog is probably enough.To the best campaign team and volunteers in the history of politics.The best.The best ever.Some of you were this time around.Some of you were new this time around and some of you have been at my side since the very beginning but all of you are family.No matter what you do or where you go from here, you will carry the memory of the history we made together and you will have the life long appreciation of a grateful president.Thank you for believing all the way, through every hill, through every valley.[applause] You lifted me up the whole way and I will always be grateful for everything that you’ve done and all the incredible work that you’ve put in.[applause]

I know that political campaigns can sometime seem small, even silly, and that provides plenty of fodder for the cynics who tell us that politics is nothing more than a contest of egos or the domain of special interests.But if you ever get the chance to talk to folks who turn out at rallies and crowded out along a rope-line in a high school gym or saw folks working late at a campaign office in some tiny county far away from home, you’ll discover something else;you’ll hear the determination in the voice of a young field organizer who is working his way through college and wants to make sure every child has that same opportunity.[applause]

You’ll hear the pride in the voice of a volunteer who is going door to door because her brother was finally hired when the local auto plant added another shift.[applause]

You’ll hear the deep patriotism in the voice of a military spouse who is working the phones late at night to make sure that no one who fights for this country every has to fight for a job or a roof over their head when they come home.[applause]

That’s why we do this.That’s what politics can be.That’s why elections matter.It’s not small, it’s big.It’s important.Democracy in a nation of 300-million can be noisy and messy and complicated.We have our own opinions, each of us has deeply held beliefs.And when we go through tough times, when we make big decisions as a country;it necessarily stirs passions, stirs up controversy.That won’t change after tonight and it shouldn’t.These arguments we have are a mark of our liberty.We can never forget that as we speak, people in distant nations are risking their lives right now just for a chance to argue about the issues that matter [applause] The chance to cast their ballots like we did today.But despite all our differences, most of us share certain hopes for America’s future.We want our kids to grow up in a country where they have access to the best schools and the best teachers.[applause] A country that lives up to its legacy as the global leader in technology and discovery and innovation;with all the good jobs and new businesses that follow.A country that lives up to its legacy as a global leader in technology, discovery and innovation.With all the good jobs and businesses that follow, to live in America that isn’t burdened by debt, that isn’t weakened by inequality.That isn’t threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet.We want to pass on a country that is saved and respected and admired around the world.A nation that is defended by the strongest military on earth and the best troops this world has ever known.But also a country that moves with confidence beyond this time of war to shape a peace.That is built on the promise of dignity of every human being.We believe in a generous America, in a compassionate America, in a tolerant America, open to the dreams of an immigrants daughter that studies in our schools and pledges to our flag.To the young boy on the south side of Chicago, who sees a light beyond the nearest street corner.To the furniture workers child in North Carolina who wants to become a engineer or a scientist.And engineer or an entrepreneur.A diplomat or even a president, that’s the future we hope for.That’s the vision we share, that’s where we need to go.Forward.That’s where we need to go.Now we will disagree sometimes fiercely on how to get there, as it has for more then two centuries, progress will come in fits and starts, it’s not always a straight line or a smooth path.By itself a recognition of our common hopes and dreams won’t end the gridlock.Or solve all our problems or substitute for the hard work of building consensus.And making the difficult compromises needed to move the country forward but that common bond is where we must begin.Our economy is recovering, our decade of war is ending.A long campaign is now over.[applause]

And whether I earned your vote or not, I have listened to you.I have learned from you and you have made me a better President.With your stories and your struggles, I returned to the White House more determined and more inspired than ever about the work there is to do and the future that lies ahead [applause] Tonight, you voted for action, not politics as usual.You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours.And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties to meet the challenges we can only solve together: reducing our deficit, reforming our tax code, fixing our immigration system, freeing ourselves from foreign oil, we’ve got more work to do.But that doesn’t mean your work is done.The role of citizen in our democracy does not end with your vote.America’s never been about what could be done for us, it’s about what can be done by us, together, through the hard and frustrating but necessary work of self-government.That’s the principle we were founded on.This country has more wealth than any nation, but that’s not what makes us rich.We have the most powerful military in history but that’s not what makes us strong.Our university, our culture, are all the envy of the world but that’s not what keeps the world coming to our shores.What makes America exceptional are the bonds that hold together the most diverse nation on Earth, the belief that our destiny is shared, that this country only works when we accept certain obligations to one another and the future generations so that the freedom so many Americans have fought for and died for comes with responsibilities as well as rights, and among those are love, and charity, and duty and patriotism.That’s what makes America great.I am hopeful tonight because I have seen that spirit at work in America.I’ve seen it in the family business whose owners would rather cut their own pay than lay off their neighbors, and in the workers who would rather cut back their hours than see a friend lose a job.I’ve seen it in the soldiers who re-enlist after losing a limb, and in those SEALS who charged up the stairs into darkness and danger because they knew their was a buddy behind them watching their back.I’ve seen it on the shores of New Jersey and New York where leaders from every party and level of government have swept aside their differences to help a community rebuild from the wreckage of a terrible storm.And I saw it just the other day, in Mentor, Ohio where a father told the story of his eight-year-old daughter who’s long battle with leukemia nearly cost their family everything had it not been for health care reform passing just a few months before.The insurance company was about to stop paying for her care

I had an opportunity to not just talk to the father but meet this incredible daughter of his, and when he spoke to the crowd listening to that father’ story, every parent in that room had tears in their eyes because we knew that little girl could be our own.And I know that every American wants her future to be just as bright.That’s who we are.That’s the country I’m so proud to lead as your president.And tonight, despite all the hardship we’ve been through, despite all the frustrations of Washington, I’ve never been more hopeful about our future

I’ve never been more hopeful about America.And I ask you to sustain that hope.I’m not talking about blind optimism.The kind of hope that just ignores the enormity of the tasks ahead or the road blocks that stand in our path.I’m not talking about the wishful idealism that allows us to just sit on the sidelines or shirk from a fight.I have always believed that hope is that stubborn thing inside of us that insists, despite all the evidence to the contrary, that something better awaits us so long as we have the courage to keep reaching to keep working, to keep fighting.America, I believe we can build on the progress we made and continue to fight for new jobs and new opportunity and new security for the middle class

I believe we can keep the promise of our founder.The idea that if you’re willing to work hard, it doesn’t matter who you are or where you come from or what you look like or where you love, it doesn’t matter if you’re black or white or Hispanic or Asian, or native American, or young or old, or rich or poor, able, disabled, gay or straight, you can make it.I believe we can seize this future together.Because we are not as divided as our politics suggest.We’re not as cynical as the pundits believe.We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions.And we remain more than a collection of red states and blue states.We are and forever will be the United States of America.With your help and God’s grace, we will continue our journey forward.And remind the world just why it is that we live in the greatest nation on Earth.Thank you, America.God bless you.God bless these United States.” [CHEERING]

篇2：奥巴马在丹佛大学的2012总统竞选演讲

罗姆尼（美国共和党总统候选人）：我刚刚同总统通过话，祝贺他连任，也祝贺他的竞选团队取得成功。我祝贺总统、第一夫人和他们的女儿，这对于美国来说是一个胜利的时刻，我相信我们的总统将会成功地领导我们的国家。我也想感谢瑞安，感谢他在竞选之路上对我的帮助，并且感谢我们的国家。除了我的夫人安，(选择)瑞安是我做出的最好的决定，我感谢他所做出的努力工作和承诺，我们将会持续地为我们的国家做出贡献；同时我也感谢我一生的挚爱——安，我的妻子——安，她本来可以成为一个非常好的第一夫人，她对于我和我们的家人，以及她通过热情所感染的所有人来说，她都是非常重要的人物；我感谢我的儿子们，感谢他们的妻子和孩子们，感谢他们所做出的贡献，他们花了很多时间帮我筹备竞选，离家了很长时间；

同时我也感谢我的竞选团队的成员，感谢你们一路以来的帮助。他们做出了卓越的贡献，不仅仅是为我，也为他们所热爱的国家。大家以及全国的志愿者，那些筹集资金的人，我相信没有你们的努力，我们不会在过去的一年有如此大的成就，谢谢你们！感谢你们为我准备演讲，为我拉票，为我提供了资源，你们做出了非常杰出的贡献，你们让我感到非常的谦卑，也让我充满感激。

我们国家处在非常关键的时刻，我们现在不能再进行政治方面的角斗，而是要为人们完成我们的工作；同时我们还要期待我们的教师，我们的科研人员，使我们的孩子能够接受卓越的教育。同时我们还指望各界的人士尊重他们的原则，重建我们的国家。我们也希望每个家庭的父母，能够成功地使我们的美国家庭能够重新站起来，我们也指望创造就业的各种企业和机构，使我们能够有更多的就业(机会)，重新向前进。同时我也感谢所有政界的人士，我相信美国，相信美国人，相信他们所做出的努力。

我之所以竞选总统，是因为我非常关心美国。投票也许结束了，但是我们的原则没有结束，这是基于我们国家的建国原则，我将会持续为我们的经济复苏而努力，就像很多人一样，我和瑞安已经全力以赴。

篇3：奥巴马在丹佛大学的2012总统竞选演讲

语言具有表达说话人内心活动的功能, 可用来表明说话人的状态、目的和态度。事实上, 这就是语言的人际元功能。评价理论是基于系统功能语言学的一个新的分支, 旨在探究、描述如何运用语言评价、解释和编排原文中的人际关系和人际地位。

政治演说在政治舞台上扮演着重要的角色。政治家通过政治演说表露他们的政治观点。对于总统候选人来讲, 演说是说服民众接受他们想要实现的政治报复的主要手段。因此, 总统竞选演讲是评价资源非常丰富的语料。

二、评价理论

Martin创建的评价系统将表达说话者观点、态度、立场的语言资源称之为评价系统 (appraisal system) 。[2]该理论是在系统功能语言学理论框架之下对人际意义方面的发展。评价系统包含三个子系统, 分别为态度、介入和级差。

三、奥巴马大选获胜演讲的评价分析

(一) 态度系统

1.情感

Martin把态度子系统分为情感、评判和鉴赏。态度系统的核心即为情感。情感就是说话者用言语来表达对外界事物、人和现象所表露的情感反应。[3]

竞选演讲是一个典型的人际活动。撰写竞选演讲词时, 不仅要考虑到传递竞选者的政治意图和原则, 还要赢得尽可能多的民众的支持。竞选演讲的有效程度主要取决于情感的感染力。

以下是体现情感资源的具体例子:

(1) It’ll require common effort, shared responsibility.

(2) Our problems can be solved.Our challenges can be met.The path we offer may be harder, but it leads to a better place, and I’m asking you to choose that future.

在奥巴马的演讲中, 多次表达了他的积极与乐观。表达了愿与美国民众同心应对各种困难。common effort, shared responsibility, rally around等词汇的使用, 拉近了他与美国民众之间的距离, 同时也说明了奥巴马在已认清美国当前所面临的困难的情况下, 愿与美国民众一起攻克难关, 期待美好的未来。[5]

2.评判

评判系统是根据一系列的规范及伦理道德标准对于人类个体或群体的行为、言语、信仰和动机的批评与赞扬的评判。[6]

(3) That’s what we can do in the next four years, and that is why I am running for a second term as President of the United States.

在上面两句中的can均为社会尊严、社会能力的积极评判。can指的就是能力。

(4) You didn’t elect me to tell you what you wanted to hear.You elected me to tell you the truth.

在演讲中, 演讲者对于自己的评价均为积极评价, 从而树立良好形象, 而对于竞争对手的评价则为消极评价, 从而指出对方的缺点及对其行为的批评。[9]上面两个例句, 演讲者给观众传递的信息是自己对自己的国家是负责任的, 认真的, 真诚的, 对于美国民众是不会有任何要隐瞒的, 同时, 他也强调了自己的对手共和党无能。

3.鉴赏

鉴赏是评价者对现象、事件和人所做出的评价。在奥巴马这篇竞选演讲中, 鉴赏的对象主要是美国政府当前的状况和人民。

鉴赏的实例分析:

(5) Now, our friends down in Tampa at the Republican convention were more than happy to talk about everything they think is wrong with America.[1]

在该例句中, 奥巴马通过对自己的竞争对手的行为进行消极评价, 对竞争对手的弱点和错误的行为进行批评, 从而提升自己的形象。如该例句中的wrong, 指出共和党只是很乐于讨论美国现在的问题, 而并非提出如何改正这些问题。从而说明, 如若自己能够继续当选, 自己将勇敢地面对现在的问题并解决问题。同时也表明了奥巴马对美国人民和美国未来的信心, 坚信在美国民众的支持下自己一定能解决当前所面临的危机。他向美国民众表达了他对美国将来的信心并许下诺言, 从而赢得民心。

(二) 级差系统

级差系统包含两个子系统, 分别是语势和聚焦。级差现象体现在整个语篇中, 用来修饰和具体化人际意义、态度系统。在奥巴马这篇竞选演讲中, 丰富的强势资源最终加大了奥巴马观点的力度, 并且提高了话语的说服力。

(7) 第五段, Eight years later, that hope has been tested———by the cost of war, by one of the worst economic crises in history, and by political gridlock that’s left us wondering whether it’s still even possible to tackle the challenges of our time.[1]

通过三组by和名词短语构成的介宾结构, 列举出了在过去的八年里, 我们共同面对挑战, 由战争带来的代价, 有史以来最严重的经济危机和政治僵局。奥巴马回顾过去, 唤起自己与民众共同的记忆, 达到共鸣, 并且表明, 面对以上挑战, 离不开美国民众的支持。再次, 还是表达了自己对于民众的感谢, 并且希望继续得到他们的支持, 继续共同面对其他挑战。

该演讲词中, 语势资源占到了语法层面的分级资源的很大分量, 主要是为了加深演说者情感、态度、立场的表达。重复的使用增强了语势, 使演讲者饱含强烈的情感, 唤起广大民众共鸣。从中我们能看出新晋总统改革的决心和为民造福的信念。

四、结语

通过从态度和级差两方面对2012年9月6日奥巴马在北卡罗来纳州夏洛特市为自己第二轮任期的竞选所做的演讲词的分析, 可以看出奥巴马在这篇演说中大量使用了态度资源。凭借情感, 激起观众的情感共鸣;运用评判, 评价社会是非;使用鉴赏, 将自己的观点、态度巧妙地传递给广大民众。[11]此外, 对级差的使用更进一步地丰富了态度子系统并且加强了情感力度的传达。准确而恰当地使用评价手段使得奥巴马所持的态度和政治立场、所表达的情感被美国广大民众所接受并成功塑造了美国人民所期望的形象, 最终为成功竞选起到了推动作用。

参考文献

[1]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/64b632f9910ef12d2af9e739.html.

[2]Martin, J.R.&White, P.R.R.The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

[3]White, P.R.R.Appraisal:An Overview〈EB/OL〉.The Appraisal Website.httP://www.Grammaties.eolnjaPPraisal/APPraisalGuide/Framed/Frame.htm, 2009-02-24.

[4]刘斌.解读奥巴马就职演说的文体特征[J].文教资料, 2009 (6) :48-50.

篇4：奥巴马在丹佛大学的2012总统竞选演讲

[关键词]奥巴马；获胜演讲；文体风格

[中图分类号]H311.9

[文献标识码]A

[文章编号]1008—1763(2009)03—0088—04

公众演讲作为一种极为特殊的文体，既不同于日常谈话、即席演说等口语体裁，又不同于小说、戏剧、诗歌等文学体裁。它兼具口语和书面语两种文体的语言特点，同时，又和这两种文体有着明显的差异。它扬口语浅显易懂之长，弃口语松散杂乱之短；既保留了书面语庄重文雅之风，又不失口语生动感人之韵，使人听来感到铿锵悦耳，感情充沛，极富感染力和号召力。“文体”一词，源于英文的“style”，它包含着语体和风格两方面的涵义。它既可指某一时代的文风，又可指某一作家使用语言的习惯；既可指某种体裁的语言特点，又可指某一作品的语言特色。本文就语言文体风格方面。从语篇风格、词汇风格、句式风格、修辞风格等方面对奥巴马的获胜演讲(victory speech)作一些具体的分析。

巴拉克·胡赛因·奥巴马(Barack Hussein Obama Jr.)在2008年11月4日美国总统选举中获胜，当选美国第56届总统，并成为美国历史上首位非洲裔总统。他的演讲技巧在当晚获胜演讲中被发挥得淋漓尽致。此演说言辞华美，气势雄伟，极富感染力，被认为是一篇演讲中的经典之作。

一语篇风格

(一)语篇结构

这篇演讲条理分明，框架清晰，独具匠心的语篇结构是其一大特色。“结构工整的演讲比结构零乱的演讲更易于为听众所理解。”研究表明：清晰的结构是与听众的理解力和记忆力紧密相连的；它会影响听众对演讲者的可信度的判定。而结构在很大程度上也影响着演讲的质量。演讲的组篇应按人们对事物的自然反应及思维模式进行。一篇好的演讲必需重点突出，层次分明，结构工整。总统获胜演说是一种具有深远历史意义和广泛影响力的语篇。其结构模式当然不容忽视。奥巴马的演讲可分为四个部分：

1.阐述了这次总统选举的历史意义。暗示奥巴马的当选符合广大民众的意愿，因此，他的当选也是民众的胜利。

2.用细腻的笔触和激昂的语言，真诚地传递出对竞选对手、竞争党派、亲朋好友、广大选民乃至国际社会的由衷感激、深情答谢和高度赞誉。

3.用简洁的笔墨和精炼的语言，准确地传达出对建国历程、时代功勋、国际挑战、政治方略和政治信念的精要评价和精辟回答。

3.用518个字的特写方式，重点讲述了了一位亚特兰大的106岁的黑人老妇人安·尼克松·库柏热心投票的爱国热情，并从她的视角回顾了美国经济的发展、壮大以及繁荣的过程。也回顾了美国消除种族歧视、性别歧视成为一个人人平等的民主社会的历程，以此来审视现实和展望美好的未来。

(二)语篇特色

一篇演讲的语篇风格相当关键，因为它决定了这篇演讲的整体基调，而其他所有文体因素均以语篇为基础。尽管有时语篇并不像其他文体特征表现得那么清楚直接，但对于整篇演讲是否成功，语篇起到了至关重要的作用。分析奥巴马的总统获胜演讲，我们不难发现其具有以下语篇风格：

1.语气温和，富有亲和力

奥巴马作为美国历史上首位非洲裔总统，来自美国的中低层，富有社区工作经验，了解普通美国民众的心声，强调“平等”、“自由”，他的获胜演讲辞语气温和，富有亲和力。例如在第一段中：

Hello, Chicago.

If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.

在演讲的一开头，奥巴马不是直接称呼“我的朋友们”或“女士们、先生们”之类，一句“Hello，Chicago”便与众不同，随着下面潮水涌动的欢呼，这一句已经代表所有。美国总统们的获胜和就职演说第一段一般都是很抽象的语言，而奥巴马在第一段开头，正如肯尼迪总统就职演说中所说的：“我们不把今天看成是一个政党胜利的日子，而看做庆祝自由的佳节。它既象征着结束，也象征着开始；它意味着继业，又意味着更新。”他用三个“如果”引出话题，最后用一句“你们今晚正是对那些疑问作出了回答”，通过这三个反复，首先表明了美国的伟大，再次强调了自己的当选完全是大多数美国公民的认同，他的当选是广大人民的胜利，最后让听众有了“我们的总统、人民的政府、为人民的政府”诞生了的共鸣。

2.激情四射，富有感染力

美国历史上出现过多个优秀的政治家，如林肯、肯尼迪和马丁·路德·金，他们成功的第一步都源自热情奔放、富有号召力的演讲。在传媒日益发达的当代，这一点尤其重要，因为演讲直接关系到能否感动选民、取得共鸣，奥巴马的演讲，既激情四射、振奋人心，又格调高雅，富有感染力。如第二、三、四段中使用了多组长排比句，他将大选人们排长队投票的场景，将全社会各层次人们全部列举出来向所有人宣告：美国在发生改变，美国会因为他的当选而发生改变，美国仍然充满希望和活力，美国因为所有人的融合而强大。而其中的：Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of individuals or a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America.

“我们是，我们永远是美利坚合众国”是极度富有感染力的，演讲在这里达到第一个高潮。能在开篇就引导出一个高潮是成功演说的开始。这样的演讲开篇是很有力量和感染力的。如第六段的：

I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured sac-

rifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and self-less leader....

在这一段他高度赞扬了自己的竞选对手美国共和党总统候选人麦凯恩参议员，而且是极其诚恳和足够力度的评价，不带半点讽刺。我们不仅能看到这些赞扬，更能看到他的风度与尊重，当然，这么完美的对手同样可以起到肯定自己的作用。

二词汇风格

作为情景语境的三个主要变项，话语范围(field of dis-course)、话语方式(mode of discourse)和话语基调(tenor of discourse)共同作用产生了语域(register)。语域(register)是指“一个特定群体所用的特殊语言变体”。一个语域与其他语域的区别常见于其所用的独特的词汇。词汇的长度通常和该文章语体是否为正式语篇密切相关。传统上我们把包含六个以上(包括六个)字母或三个音节以上(含三个)的单词称为大词(big word)。这些词往往来自于拉丁语，希腊语或法语，或者有着复杂的内部结构。大词在正式书面体中出现较多。在奥巴马的这篇演讲中，全文共有1949个单词，其中410个为包含6个或6个字母以上的大词，占总数的21％，比美国总统获胜演讲或就职演讲的单词的大词所占的百分比27.7％要低些。如果我们排除包含恰好6个字母的单词，这个数目就减少到329个，仅占总单词数的16.8％。总的来说，我们可以看出奥巴马的这篇演讲用词具有十分大众化、平民化的特征。这与奥巴马的支持者大多来自美国社会的中下层民众有关，奥巴马希望通过词汇的使用来暗示：他是普通民众的总统，而非美国少数上流阶层的代言人。

除此之外，我们知道公众演讲都具有很强的鼓动性，演讲者常常借助形容词的灵活使用达到鼓动听众的效果。但在这篇演讲中，为了避免拉开与民众之间的距离，奥巴马尽量避免使用形容词，很多应该使用形容词的地方都用名词代替，使演讲显得更加客观、公正。在这篇演讲中共有94个形容词，仅占总词数的4.8％，远远少于美国总统获胜演讲或就职演说的形容词的平均含词量7.4％。然而，大部分形容词还是表达了演讲者强烈的主观判断和个人情感。比如fundamental，divided，shared，individual，national，thriving，false，hopeful，long，steep，worst等。这样既可以使自己的演讲更贴近民众，又不失恢宏气势。

人称代词在英语政治语篇中的应用很广泛。在这篇获胜演讲中，“we”共计使用47次，“us”12次，“our”27次，合计87次。而“I，me，my”只有31次，“he”使用了2次，用来指竞选对手麦卡恩，“she”使用了4次，指安妮·尼克松·古博(106岁的老人，她见证了美国的发展)。“they，them，their”19次。奥巴马的演讲中，使用得最多的是第一人称代词，尤其是第一人称复数代词“we”，及它的变体：“us，our，”等。不少情形下，第二人称代词“you”的使用都由第一人称代词所代替。大量使用“we”就等于把讲话人放到听话人的同一立场之上，或更精确地说，是把听话人拉到了自己的一边，这样一来就会使听众感到更亲切，就更容易赢得听众的支持。分析演讲稿，我们还发现，“you”、“your”的出现使听众感觉到自己就是那个“you”，不自觉地和新总统“we”开始对话，听众和总统间的距离不知不觉就缩小了。当演讲者用“we”来代替“I”时，可以营造一种友好的气氛，另一方面人们对即将上任的新一届总统抱有很高的期望值，希望他能“解决能源危机，修复与许多国家的关系，并将美国从经济危机的泥沼中带出来”。奥巴马通过“we”与“I”的成功置换，达到了“前面的路还很长、很艰辛，我需要你们的参与”的效果，从而树立了一个锐意改革、人民至上的新一代美国领导人形象，使演讲具有了强烈的煽动性。

三句式风格

奥巴马获胜演讲有单词数1949个，句子83个，平均句长为23.48个单词。其中含40个单词以上的句子为13个，含30—39个单词的句子15个，含20—29个单词的句子16个，含10—19个单词的句子18个，21个句子含有10个以下的单词。根据以上统计，和所有美国总统的演讲平均句长19.2个单词相比，这些数据显示出，奥巴马的获胜演讲平均句长较长。超过了美国总统就职演说的平均单句含词量。也明显超过了各类文体的平均句长17.8字。因此，奥巴马的总统竞选获胜演讲具有较明显的书面语特征，这是由演讲的内容、功能、发表场合及发表方式所决定的。总统获胜演讲的内容涉及政治，发表场合较严肃，可以事先准备，避免了口语体的随意性。从句子类型来看，简单句有13句，占总句数的15.7％；主从复合句有69句，占总句数的83.1％；并列复合句有1句，占总句数的1.2％。以上数据显示出，奥巴马的获胜演讲中，句子以主从复合句为主，其次为简单句，并列复合句含量最少。演讲中旬式的复杂性主要源于名词的后置现象。几乎没有所有格“'s”来替代后置修饰的现象。相反往往有本来可以用前置修饰却用后置修饰代替的现象。后置修饰语的增多，使限定更加精确，能提供更多信息，还可以使语言更加庄重，使内容更加严肃，并能起到强调的作用。简单句和短句结构简单，表意明确，有明显的强调功能.如“Yes，we can”在演讲中多次出现；复合句和长句容量大，能表达复杂的思想内容。本来简单句、短句常常出现在口语体中，复合句、长句常常出现在书面文体中。而这两种句式在奥巴马获胜演讲中呈平均分布，体现了句式的多样性特征，使语言表达强略得当，舒展自如，避免了单调乏味。另一方面也体现出，奥巴马获胜演讲辞在具有口语性特征的同时也具有较强的书面语特征，并以书面语特征为主。

四修辞风格

政治演说的目的主要在于向听众宣扬政治主张，这样的演讲必须具有说服力和强烈的煽动性。因此，演讲者常常借助于各种修辞手段来达到这些效果。在奥巴马的演讲中被使用的修辞手法主要有四种：排比、反复、对比以及暗喻。使用这些修辞手法可使语句结构整齐匀称，显示形式的整体美，演说起来声调铿锵，使听者感到语意特别丰富，力量特别集中，说理十分有力。

1.排比(paralldism)

排比是一种修辞手段。它是指把结构相同、意义并重、语气一致的词、短语、句子、甚至段落排成串，形成一个整体。排比是奥巴马获胜演讲中使用最频繁的修辞手法。例如：

(1)If there is anyone out there who still doubts that Ameri-

ca is a place-where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still ques-tions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 这里是三个定语从句构成的排比，强调如果有任何人怀疑美国精神的鲜活，那么今天我的当选是最好的答案。这里也间接说明了奥巴马当选的意义。

(2)It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining too-ment,change has come to America.这里是三个介词短语构成的排比，蕴含今天是美国划时代的日子，因为它迎来了变革。

(3) There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be cre-ated;new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair.这是五个不定式短语的排比，表达了今后任务的繁重及艰辛。

(4)And above all, I will ask you join in the work of rema-king this nation the only way it's been done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years-block by block, brick by brick,calloused hand by calloused hand.这里是三个习语的排比，希望美国人民从此众志成城，建设美好家园。

从以上例子我们也可以看出，奥巴马获胜演讲中排比句的使用成功地加强了语势，阐明了观点，层层递进。用来抒情时，由浅入深地抒发感情，节奏和谐，显得感情洋溢；用来说理时，条理清晰，鼓动性强。

2.反复(repetition)

反复指的是同一语言结构(词语或句子)在话语中重复出现的一种语言现象，通过反复不仅可以使语篇具有强烈的节奏感，还能引起听众注意，使重点留下深刻的印象。除此之外，反复还能达到衔接语篇的功能，同时加强情感。反复可以分为连续反复(immediate repetition)和间隔反复(intermittent repetition)两种。连续反复是接连重复的同一个词组和句子，中间没有其他词语出现。间隔反复是同一个词组或句子间隔出现，即有其他词句隔开。奥巴马的这篇演讲常在连续几段的开头或末尾重复某个短语或句子，属于间隔反复，可以造成层层递进的气势。又如在演讲稿开头第1段的结尾和第2、3、4段的开头都使用了“it's the answer to”，以此来证明“我今晚的当选”的意义；同时，“Yes we can”这个句子也出现了6次，分别出现在第24、25、26、27、28、29段的结尾处。这些段落中既用了排比又用了反复。最后一次以大写的形式作为讲稿的结尾，使演讲产生强烈的感情效果，造成层层递进的气势，意在点燃公众心中的激情和希望。

3.对比(contrast)

奥巴马的总统获胜演讲中大量使用了对比。对比可以使听众更好地理解演讲者的意图，突出其讲话的重点。本篇演讲中也不时地运用对比手段来进一步阐释演讲者的观点，例如：

(1) It's the answer spoken by young and rid, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian,Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...这里里将年轻人和老人，有钱人和没钱人，民主党的和共和党的，黑人，白人，西班牙裔人，亚裔人，美国本土人，同性恋，异性恋，残疾的和不残疾的进行罗列对比，这在各类公众演讲中都实属罕见。这种对比的使用显示了奥巴马仁慈、博大的心胸以及人人平等的美国基本理念。

(2) It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generations apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorchingheat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers,这里将youngpeople与not so young people进行对比。

4.暗喻(metaphor)

暗喻作为一种非常重要的修辞手段，是将两种本质不同的事物进行比较，从而突出其共性的手法。在奥巴马的演讲中也有一些运用，例如：

(1) It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference.这里“声音”用来暗喻“民主”、“民声”。

(2)...Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America. “红色营”暗喻“共和党”，“蓝色阵营”暗喻“民主党”。

(3)...that led those who've been told for so long by so

many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.这段中的“are”与“bend”暗喻“美国这几年的历史走了弯路，我今天的当选让历史回到了它正确的轨道上来了”。

总之，这是一篇极富激情与感染力的演讲，无论是从文字还是奥巴马本身的表现上，都堪称高度经典的作品。在他的演说中有大量气势恢宏的排比句，也不缺乏掷地有声的单句与短语或单词，更不缺乏感染力极强的暗喻、对比等修辞手法的使用。奥巴马将这些元素巧妙地搭配在一起就构成一篇激情磅礴的演讲。

[参考文献]

[1]陈平.角色认知与话语的最佳关联一从美国总统就职演说说起[J].福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2003，(2):92-95.

[2] 熊莉.从就职演说辞看肯尼迪演说的文体风格[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版)，2004.(6):407-41.

[3]John F. Kennedy. InaugurslAddrasshttp[EB/OL].//xzj.200Oy.net/mb/2/readnews, asp? newsid=420612.

[4]Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, Context and Text[M]. Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1985:19 -23.

[5]Barack Obama. Victory Speech http[ EB/OL].//www. chinadaily.com. cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-11/05/content_7176921. htm, 2008.11.04.

[6]胡壮麟.理论文体学[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社。2000.

[7]秦秀白.英语语体和文体要略[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.

[8]Halliday, M. A. K. &Hasan, R. Cohesion in English[ M]. Lon-don:Longman Group Limited, 1976.