LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION

2024-05-01

LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION（精选4篇）

篇1：LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION

section ii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should pot make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on you answer sheet.

1. press release a comprehensive review evaluating the medical studies done up to the present time has found no reason to think that drinking coffee in normal amounts harms the coffee-drinker s heart so coffee drinkers can relax and enjoy their beverage—it is safe to drink coffee

which one of the following points to a weakness in the reasoning in the press release s argument?

(a) the review was only an evaluation of studies and did not itself undertake to study patients.

(b) the health of the heart is not identical with the general health of the body

(d) other beverages besides coffee might contain stimulants that have some effect on the heart

(e) drinking unusually large amounts of coffee could be caused by stress that itself directly harms the heart

2. all people prefer colors that they can distinguish easily to colors that they have difficulty distinguishing. infants can easily distinguish bright colors but, unlike adults, have difficulty distinguishing subtle shades. a brightly colored toy for infants sells better than the same toy in subtle shades at the same price

which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?

(a) infants prefer bright primary colors to bright secondary colors

(b) color is the most important factor in determining which toys an infant will prefer to play with

(d) the sales of toys ofr infants reflect the preferences of infants in at least one respect

(e) toy makers study infants to determine what colors the infants can distinguish easily

3. a group of unusual meteorites was found in shergotty. india. their structure indicates that they originated on one of the geologically active planets. mercury, venus, or mars because of mercury s proximity to the sun any material dislodged from that planet s surface would have been captured by the sun, rather than falling to earth as meteorites, nor could venus be the source of the meteorites, because its gravity would have prevented dislodged material from escaping into space the meteorites, therefore, probably fell to earth after being dislodged from mars, perhaps as the result of a collision with a large object

the argument derives its conclusion by

(a) offering a counterexample to a theory

(b) eliminating competing alternative explanations

(d) questioning an assumption

(e) abstracting a general principle from specific data

4. because quitting smoking is very stressful and leads to weight gain, it is difficult to do. the key to quitting however, may be as simple as replacing an unhealthy activity with a healthy one in one study half of htose attempting to quit were assigned to a smoking-cessation program alone, and the other half were assigned to the same program plus fifteen weeks of aerobic exercise the one-month mark none in the first group had quit but 40 percent of those in the second group had not smoked

each of the following, if true, provides some support for the argument except:

(a) regular exercise prevents weight gain

(b) each group in the study included four hundred randomly selected participants

(d) aerobic exercise can stimulate the brain s production of endorphins. which reduce tension

(e) of those in the second group in the study 38 percent had not smoked at the one-year mark.

5. altogethe, the students in ms. tarnowski s milton elementary school class collected more aluminum cans than did the students in any of the school s other classes therefore, the milton student who collected the most aluminum cans was in ms tarnowski s class

which one of the following arguments contains flawed reasoning that is most paralled to that in the argument above?

(a) altogether, more trees were planted by the students in mr kelly s class than were planted by those in mr liang s class and mr jackson s class combined therefore. mr kelly s students planted more trees than mr jackson s students planted

(b) more than half of milton elementary school s students play in the band and more than half of the school s students sing in the choir therefore, every student at milton elementary school either plays in the band or sings in the choir

(c) mr rowe s milton elementary school class raised more money by selling candy bars than ms hunt s class raised by holding a raffle. therefore, the number of candy bars sold by mr rowe s class was greater than the number of raffle tickets sold by ms. hunt s class

(d) the total number of tickets to the school fair sold by the students in ms. ramirez s milton elementary school class was greater than the number sold by milton students from any other class. therefore, the milton student who sold the most tickets to the school fair was a student in ms rairez s class

(e) ms. ventura s milton elementary school class assembled more birdhouses than did any of the school s other classes. since ms ventura s class had fewer students than any other milton class, her students assembled more birdhouse on average than did the students in any other milton class

6. several excellent candidates have been proposed for the presidency of united wire and each candidate would bring to the job different and experience if the others are compared with jones however it will be apparent that none of them has her unique set of qualifications jones therefore is best qualified to be the new president of united wire

the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it

(a) uses flattery to win over those who hold an opposing position

(b) refutes a distorted version of an opposing position

(d) supports universal claim on the basis of a single example

(e) describes an individual in terms that appropriately refer only to the group as a whole

7. a neighborhood groupp plans to protest the closing of the neighborhood s only recreation center on the grounds that to do so would leave the neighborhood without local access to a recreation center “our neighborhood already has the most residents per center of any neighborhood in the city” complained one resident, “and closing this center would make the situation unacceptable since access to recreational facilities is a necessity for this neighborhood”

each of the following if true weakens the resident s argument except

(a) a large number of the neighborhood s residents are unable to travel outside their locality to gain access to recreational facilities

(b) children, the main users of recreational facilities make up a disproportionately small segment of the neighborhood s population

(d) programs that are routinely filled at other recreation centers must be canceled at the ngighborhood s recreation center due to lack of interest

(e) as people become more involved in computers and computer games recreation centers are becoming increasingly less important

8. sociologist: the claim that there is a large number of violent crimes in our society is false, for this claim is based upon the large number of stories in newspapers about violent crimes. but since violent crimes are very rare occurrences, newspapers are likely to print stories about them.

the sociologist s argument is flawed because it

(a) presupposes that most newspaper stories are about violent crime

(b) presupposes the truth of the conclusion it is attempting to establish

(d) mistakes property of each member of a group taken as an individual for a property of the group taken as a whole

(e) uncritically draws an inference from what has been true in the past to what will be true in the future

9. historian anyone who thinks that the terrors of the ancient rgeime of q were exclusively the work of fanatics is overlooking a basic truth the regime was made up primarily of ordinary people enthusiasically seeking paradist. the regime executed many people in pursuit of its goal. but it later became clear that paradise as they defined it, is unrealizable so at least some of the ordinary people of q were in fact murdreers

which one of the following principles, if valid, provides the most support for the historian s argumentation?

(a) the pursuit of paradise does not justify murder

(b) the pursuit of paradise justifies fanaticism

(d) fanaticism in pursuit of paradise constitutes inhumanity

(e) enthusiasm in pursuit of what is eventually found to be unattainable constitutes fanaticism

10. economist: the economy seems to be heading out of recession. recent figures show that consumers are buying more durable goods than before indicating that they expect economic growth in the near future

that consumers are buying more durable goods than before figures in the economist s argument in which one of the following ways?

(a) it is the phenomenon that the argument seeks to explain

(b) its truth is required in order for the argument s conclusion to be true

(d) it is an inference drawn from the premise that consumers expect economic growth in the near future

(e) it is the primary evidence from which the argument s conclusion is drawn

11. not surprisingly, there are no professors under the age of eighteen and as is well known no one under eighteen can vote legally. finally some brilliant people are professors some are legal voters and some are under eighteen

if the statements above are true, then on the basis of them which one of the following must also be true?

(a) no professors are eighteen-year-olds

(b) all brilliant people are either professors legal voters or under eighteen

(d) some professors are neither legal voters not brilliant people

(e) some brilliant people are neither professors nor legal voters

12. for years scientists have been scanning the skies in the hope of finding life on other planets. but in spite of the ever-increasing sophistication of the equipment they employ, some of it costing hundreds of millions of dollars not the first shred of evidence of such life has been forthcoming and there is no reason to think that these scientists will be any more successful in the future no matter how much money is invested in the search the dream of finding extraterrestrial life is destined to remain a dream as science s experience up to this point should indicate

which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the argument?

(a) there is no reason to believe that life exists on other planets

(b) the equipment that scientists employ is not as sophisticated as it should be

(d) only if scientists had already found evidence of life on other planest would continued search be justified

(e) we should not spend money on sophisticated equipment to aid in the search for extraterrestrial life

13. carl s coffee emporium stocks only two decaffeinated coffees: french roast and mocha java yusef only serves decaffeinated coffee and the coffee he served after dineer last night was smooth and mellow have been french roast so if yusef still gets all his coffee from carl s what he served last night was mocha java

the argument above is most similar in its logical structure to which one of the following?

(a) samuel wants to take three friends to the beach his mother wons both a sedan and a convertible the convertible holds four people so although the sedan has a more powerful engine, if samuel borrows a vehicle from his mother he will borrow the convertible

(b) if anna wants to walk from her house to the office where she works she must either go through the park or take the overpass across the railroad tracks the park paths are muddy and anna does not like using the overpass so the never walks to work

(c) rose can either take a two-week vaction the trail she had planned to hike requires three weeks to complete but is closed by october so if rose takes a vacation it will not be the one she had planned

(d) werdix, inc has offered arno a choice between a job in sales and a job in research arno would like to work at werdix but he would never take a job in sales when another job is available so if he accepts on of these jobs it will be the one in research

(e) if teresa does not fire her assistant her staff will rebel and her department s efficiency will decline losing her assistant would also reduce its efficiency so if no alternative solution can be found theresa s department will become less efficient

14. steven the allowable blood alcohol level for drivers should be cut in half with this reduced limit, social drinkers will be deterred from drinking and driving, resulting in significantly increased highway safety

miguel: no lowering the current allowable blood alcohol level would have little effect on highway statey because it would not address the most important aspect of the drunken driving problem which is the danger to the public posed by heavy drinkers who often drive with a blood alcohol level of twice the current legal limit.

steven and miguel s statements provide the most support for that they would disagree about the truth of which one of the following statements?

(a) social drinkers who drink and drive pose a substantial threat to the public

(b) there is a direct correlation between a driver s blood alcohol level and the driver s ability to drive safely

(d) some drivers whose blood alcohol level is lower than the current legal limit pose a danger to the public

(e) a driver with a blood alcohol level slightly greater than half the current legal limit poses no danger to the public

questions 15-16

the authors of a recent article examined warnings of an impending wave of extinctions of animal species within the next 100 years. these authors say that no evidence exists to support the idea that the rate of extinction of animal species is now accelerating. they are wrong however consider only the data on fishes 40 species and subspecies of north american fishes have vanished in the twentieth century, 13 between 1900 and 1950, and 27 since 1950

15. which one of the following is the main point of the argument?

(a) there is evidence that the rate of extinction of animal species is accelerating

(b) the future rate of extinction of animal species cannot be determined from available evidence

(c) the rate of extinction of north american fishes is parallel to the rate of extinction of all animal species taken together

(d) forty species and subspecies of north american fishes have vanished in the twentieth century

(e) a substantial number of fish species are in danger of imminent extinction

16. the answer to which one of the following questions would contribute most to an evaluation of the argument?

(a) were the fish species and subspecies that became extinct unrepresenatative of animal species in general with regard to their pattern of extinction?

(b) how numerous were the populations in 1950 of the species and subspecies of north american fishes that have become extinct since 1950?

(c) did any of the species or subspecies of north american fishes that became extinct in the twentieth century originate in regions outside of north america?

(d) what proportion of north american fish species and subspecies whose populations were endangered in 1950 are now thriving?

(e) were any of the species or subspecies of north american fishes that became extinct in the twentiethe century commercially important?

17. after the second world war, the charter of the newly formed united nations established an eleven-member security council and charged it with taking collective action in response to threats to world peace. the charter further provided that the five nations that were then the major powers would permanently have sole authority to cast vetoes. the reason given for this arrangement was that the burden of maintaining world peace would rest on the world s major powes and should be required to assume the burden of enforcing a decision it found repugnant

the reasoning given for the structure of the security council assumes that

(a) it does not make sense to provide for democracy among nations when nations themselves are not all democracies

(b) no nation that was not among the major powers at the end of the second world war would become a major power

(c) nations would not eventually gravitate into large geographical bloes, each containing minor powers as well as at least one major power

(d) minor powers would not ally themselves with major powers to gain the prection of the veto exercised by major powers

(e) decisions reached by a majority of nations in response to threats to world peace would be biased in favor of one or more major powers

18. environmental scientist: it is true that over the past ten years, there has been a sixfold increase in government funding for the preservation of wetlands while the total area of wetlands needing such preservation has increased only twofold (although this area was already large ten years ago) even when inflation is taken into account, the amount of funding now is at least three times what it was ten years ago. nevertheless the current amount of government funding for the preservation of wetlands is inadequate and should be augmented

which one of the following, if true most helps to reconcile the environmental scientist s conclusion with the evidence cited above?

(a) the governmental agency responsible for administering wetland-preservation funds has been consistently mismanaged and run inefficiently over the past ten years

(b) over the past ten years, the salaries of scientists employed by the government to work on the preservation of wetlands have increased at a rate higher than the inflation rate

(c) research over the past ten years has enabled scientists today to identify wetlands in need of preservation well before the areas are at serious risk of destruction

(d) more people today scientists and nonscientists alike, are working to preserve all natural resources including wetlands

(e) unlike today funding for the preservation of wetlands was almost nonexistent ten years ago.

19. in australia the population that is of driving age has grown large over the last five years, but the annual number of traffic fatalities has declined. this leads to the conclusion that, overall, the driving-age population of australi consists of more skillful drivers now than five years ago.

each of the statements below, if true, weakens the argument except:

(a) three years ago, a mandatory seat-belt law went into effect throughout australia.

(b) five years ago. australia began a major road repair project

(d) the number of hospital emergency facilities in australia has doubled in the last five years

(e) in response to an increase in traffic fatalities. australia instituted a program of mandatory driver education five years ago.

20. anthropological studies indicate that distinct cultures differs in their moral codes. thus, as long as there are distinct cultures there are no values shared across cultures

each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument except“

(a) anthropologists rely on inadequate translation techniques to investigate the values of cultures that use languages different from the anthropologists languages.

(b) as a result of advancing technology and global communication we will someday all share the same sulture and the same values

(c) although specific moral values differ across cultures, more general moral principles, such as ”friendship is good“ are common to all cultures

(d) the anthropologists who have studied various cultures have been biased in favor of finding differences rather than similarities between distinct cultures

(e) what appear to be differences in values between distinct cultures are nothing more than differences in beliefs about how to live in accordance with shared values.

21. newspaper editor. law enforcenment experts, as well as most citizens, have finally come to recognize that legal prohibitions against gambling all share a common flaw no matter how diligent the effort, the laws are impossible to enforce. ethical qualms notwithstanding, when a law fails to be effective it should not be a law. that is why there should be no legal prohibition against gambling.

which one of the following if assumed. allows the argument s conclusion to be properly drawn?

(a) no effective law is unenforceable

(b) all enforceable laws are effective

(d) most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be effective

(e) most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be enforceable.

22. copernicus s astronomical system is superior to ptolemy s and was so at the time it was proposed, even though at that time all observational evidence was equally consistent with both theories. ptolemy believed that the stars revolved around the earth at great speeds. this struck copernicus as unlikely, he correctly thought that a simpler theory is that the earth rotates on its axis.

the argument most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?

(a) simplicity should be the sole deciding factor in choosing among competing scientific theories

(b) if one theory is likely to be true, and another competing theory is likely to be false, then the one likely to be true is the superior of the two.

(c) if all observational evidence is consistent with two competing theories, the one that is more intuitively true is the more practical theory to adopt.

(d) other things being equal the more complex of two competing theories is the inferior theory

(e) other things being equal, the simpler of two competing theories is the more scientifically important theory.

23. easayist the existence of a moral order in the universe—i.e..an order in which bad is always eventually punished and good rewarded—depends upon human souls being immortal. in some cultures this moral order is regarded as the result of a karma that controls how one is reincarnated, in others it results from the actions of a supreme being who metes out justice to people after their death. but however a moral order is represented if human souls are immortal then if follows that the bad will be punished

which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the essayist s reasoning?

(a) from the assertion that something is necessary to a moral order the argument concludes that that thing is sufficient for an element of the moral order to be realized

(b) the argument takes mere beliefs to be established facts

(c) from the claim that the immortality of human souls implies that there is a moral order in the universe the argument concludes that there being a moral order in the universe implies that human souls are immortal

(d) the argument treats two fundamentally different conceptions of a moral order as essentially the same

(e) the argument s conclusion is presupposed in the definition it gives of a moral order.

24. no mathematical proposition can be proven true by observation. it follows that it is impossible to know any mathematical proposition to be true

the conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) only propositions that can be proven true can be known to be true

(b) observation alone cannot be used to prove the truth of any proposition

(d) knowing a proposition to be true is impossible only if it cannot be prove true by observation

(e) knowing a proposition to be true requires proving it true by observation

25. the publisher of a best-selling self-help book had, in some promotional material, claimed that it showed readers how to become exceptionally successful. of course everyone knows that no book can deliver to the many what by definition, must remain limited to the few exceptional success. thus although it is clear that the publisher knowingly made a false claim. doing so should not be considered unethical in this case

which one of the following principles if valid most strongly supports the reasoning above?

(a) knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if it is reasonable for people to accept the claim as true

(b) knowingly making a false claim is unethical if those making it derive a gain at the expense of those acting as if the claim were true.

(c) knowingly making a false claim is unethical in only those cases in which those who accept the claim as true suffer a hardship greater than the gain they were anticipating

(d) knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if there is a possibility that someone will act as if the claim might be true

(e) knowingly making a false claim is unethical in at least those cases in which for someone else to discover that the claim is false that person must have acted as if the claim were true

篇2：LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION

time—35 minutes

27 questions

directions: each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated for implied in the passage. for some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question however you jare to choose the best answer. that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

to many developers of technologies that affect public health or the environment. ”risk communication“ means persuading the public that the potential risks of such technologies are small and

(5) should be ignored. those who communicate risks in this way seem to believe that lay people do not understand the actual nature of technological risk. and they can cite studies asserting that. although people apparently ignore mundane hazards that pose

(10) significant danger, they get upset about exotic hazards that pose little chance of death or injury. because some risk communicators take this persuasive stance, many lay people see ”risk communication“ as a euphemism for brainwashing done by experts

(15)since however the goal of risk communication should be to enable people to make informed decisions about technological risks, a clear understanding about how the public perceives risk is needed. lay people s definitions of ”risk“ are more likely to reflect

(20) subjective ethical concerns than are experts definitions lay people for example tend to perceive a small risk to children as more significant than a large risk to consenting adults who benefit from the risk-creating technology. however, if asked to rank hazards

(25) by the number of annual fatalities, without reference to ethical judgments, lay people provide quite reasonalbe estimates, demonstrating that they have substantial knowledge about many risks. although some studies claim to demonstrate that lay people have inappropriate

(30) concerns about exotic hazards. these studies often use questionable methods, such as asking lay people to rank risks that are hard to compare, in contrast, a recent study showed that when lay people were given the necessary facts and time they understood the specific

(35) risks of electromagnetic fields produced by high-voltage power transmission well enough to make informed decisions

risk communication should therefore be based on the principle that people process new information in

(40) the context of their existing beliefs. if people know nothing about a topic they will find messages about that topic incomprehensible, if they have erroneous beliefs, they are likely to misconstrue the messages. thus, communicators need to know the nature and

(45) extent of recipients knowledge and beliefs in order to design messages that will not be dismissed or misinterpreted. this need was demonstrated in a research project concerning the public s level of knowledge about risks posed by the presence of radon

(50) in the home. researchers used open-ended interviews and questionnaires to determine what information should be included in their brochure on radon. subjects who read the researchers brochure performed significantly better in understanding radon risks than significantly better in understanding radon risks than

(55) did a control group who read a brochure that was written using a different approach by a government agency. thus, careful preparation can help risk communicators to produce balanced material that tells people what they need to know to make decisions

(60) about technological risks

1. which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?

(a) risk communicators are effectively addressing the proloferation of complex technologies that have increasing impact on public health and safety.

(b) risk communicators should assess lay people s understanding of technologies in order to be able to give them the information they need to make reasonable decisions.

(c) experts who want to communicate to the public about the possible risks of complex technologies must simplify their message to ensure that it is understandable

(d) risk communication can be perceived as the task of persuading lay people to accept the impact of a particular technology on their lives.

(e) lay people can be unduly influenced by subjective concerns when making decisions about technological risks.

2. the authors of the passage would be most likely to agree that the primary purpose of risk communication should be to

(a) explain rather than to persuade

(b) promote rather than to justify

(d) allay people s fears about mundane hazards rather than about exotic hazards.

(e) foster public acceptance of new technologies rather than to acknowledge people s ethical concerns

3. according to the passage,it is probable that which one of the following will occur when risk communicators attempt to communicate with lay people who have mistaken ideas about a particular technology?

(a) the lay people perceiving that the risk communicators have provided more- reliable information, will discard their mistaken notion

(b) the lay people will only partially revise their ideas on the basis of the new information

(c) the lay people fitting the new information into their existing framework will interpret the communication differently that the risk communicators had intended

(d) the lay people misunderstanding the new infromation will further distort the information when they communicate it to other lay people

(e) the lay people will ignore any communication about a technology they consider potentially dangerous

4. which one of the following is most clearly an example of the kind of risk perception discussed in the ”studies“ mentioned in line 8?

(a) a skydiver checks the lines on her parachute several times before a jump because tangled lines often keep the parachutes from opening properly

(b) a person decides to quit smoking in order to lesson the probability of lung damage to himself and his family

(d) a person who often weaves in and out of traffic while driving his car at excessive speeds worries about meteorites hitting his house

(e) a group of townspeople opposes the building of a nuclear waste dump outsider their town and proposes that the dump be placed in another town.

5. it can be inferred that the authors of the passage would be more likely than would the risk communicators discussed in the first paragraph to emphasize which one of the following?

(a) lay people s tendency to become alarmed about technologies that they find new or strange

(b) lay people s tendency to compare risks that experts would not consider comparable

(d) the inability of lay people to rank hazards by the number of fatalities caused annually

(e) the impact of lay people s value systems on their perceptions of risk.

6. according to the passage many lay people believe which one of the following about risk communication?

(a) it focuses excessively on mundane hazards

(b) it is a tool used to manipulate the publie

(d) it most often funcitions to help people make informed decisions

(e) its level of effectiveness depends on the level of knowledge its audience already has

in april 1990 representatives of the pico korea union of electronics workers in buchon city, south korea, traveled to the united states in order to demand just settlement of their claims from the parent company

(5) of their employers. who upon the formation of the union had shut down operations without paying the workers from the beginning the union cause was championed by an unprecedented coalition of korean american groups and deeply affected the korean american

(10) community on several levels.

first, it served as a rallying focus for a diverse community often divided by generation, class and political ideologies. most notably, the pico cause mobilized many young second-generation korean

(15) americans, many of whom had never been part of a political campaign before, let alone one involving korean issues. members of this generation unlike first-generation korean americans, generally fall within the more privileged sectors of the korean american

(20) community and often feel alienated from their korean roots in addition to raising the political consciousness of young korean americans, the pico struggle sparked among them new interest in their cultural identity the pieo workers also suggested new roles that can be

(25) played by recent immigrants, particularly working-class immigrants these immigrants knowledge of working conditions overseas can help to globalize the perspective of their communities and can help to establish international ties on a more personal level, as

(30) winessed in the especially warm exchange between the pico workers and recent working-class immigrants from china in addition to broadening the political base within the korean american community, the pico struggle also led to new alliances between the korean

(35) american community and prograessive labor and social justice groups within the larger society—as evidenced in the support received from the coalition of labor union women and leading african american uniontsts.

(40) the reasons for these effects lie in the nature of the cause the issues raised by the pico unionists had such a strong human component that differences within the community became secondary to larger concerns for social justice and workers rights the workers

(45) demands for compensation and respect were unencumbered with strong ideological trappings the economic exploitation faced by the pico workers underscored the common interests of korean workers korean americans, the working class more inclusively

(50) and a broad spectrum of community leaders

the pico workers campaign thus offers an important lesson. it demonstrates that ethnic communities need more than just a knowledge of history and cuture as artifacts of the past in order to

(55) strengthen their ethnic identity. it shows that perhaps the most effective means of empowerment for many ethnic communities of immigrant derivation may be an identification with and participation in current struggles for economic and social justice in their

(60) countries of origin.

7. which one of the following best describes the main topic of the passage?

(a) the contribution of the korean american community to improving the working conditions of koreans employed by united states companies

(b) the change brought about in the korean american community by contacts with koreans visiting the united states

(d) the effects on the korean american community of a dispute between korean union workers and a united states company

(e) the effect of the politicization of second-generation korean americans on the korean american community as a whole

8. the passage suggests that which one of the following was a significant factor in the decision to shut down the pico plant in buchon city?

(a) the decreasing profitability of maintaining operations in korea

(b) the failure to resolve long-standing disputes between the pico workers and management

(d) the withholding of workers wages by the parent company

(e) the finding of an alternate site for operations

9. which one of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a recent development in the korean american community?

(a) young second-generation korean americans have begun to take an interest in their korean heritage

(b) recent korean american immigrants of working-class backgrounds have begun to enter the more privileged sectors of the korean american community

(d) previously nonpolitical members of teh korean american community have become more politically active

(e) the korean american community has been able to set aside political and generational disparities in order to support a common cause

10. it can be inferred that the author of the passage would most likely agree with which one of the following statements about ethnic communities of immigrant derivation?

(a) such communities can derive important benefits from maintaining ties with their countries of origin

(b) such communities should focus primarily on promoting study of the history and culture of their people in order to strengthen their ethnic identity

(c) such communities can most successfully mobilize and politicize their young people by addressing the problems of voung people of all backgrounds

(d) the more privileged sectors of such communities are most likely to maintain a sense of closeness to their cultural roots.

(e) the politicization of such a community is unlikely to affect relations with other groups within the larger society

11. in the second paragraph, the author refers to immigrants from china most probably in order to do which one of the following?

(a) highlight the contrast between working conditions in the united states and in korea

(b) demonstrate the uniqueness of the problem faced by the pico workers.

(d) provide an analogy for the type of activism displayed by the korean american community

(e) compare the disparate responses of two immigrant communities to similar problems.

12. the primary purpose of the passage is to

(a) describe recent developments in the korean american community that have strongly affected other ethnic communities of immigrant derivation

(b) describe a situation in the korean american community that presents a model for the empowerment of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation

(c) detial the problems faced by the korean american community in order to illustrate the need for the empowerment of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation

(d) argue against economic and social injustice in the countries of origin of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation

(e) assess the impact of the unionization movement on ethnic communities of immigrant derivation

13. which one of the following most accurately states the function of the third paragraph?

(a) it explains why the pico workers brought their cause to the united states

(b) it explains how the pico cause differed from other causes that had previously mobilized the korean american community

(d) it explains how other ethnic groups of immigrant derivation in the united states have profited from the example of the pico workers?

(e) it expains why different generations of korean americans reacted in different ways to the pico cause

in recent years, scholars have begun to use social science tools to analyze court opinions. these scholars have justifiably criticized traditional legal research for its focus on a few cases that may not be representative

(5) and its fascination with arcane matters that do not affect real people with real legal problems. zirkel and schoenfeld, for example, have championed the application of social science tools to the analysis of case law surrounding discrimination against women in

(10) higher education employment their studies have demonstrated how these social science tools may be used to serve the interests of scholars lawyers and prospective plaintiffs as well however their enthustasm for the outcomes analysts technique

(15) seems misguided

of fundamental concern is the outcomes analysts assumption that simply counting the number of successful and unsuccessful plaintiffs will be useful to prospective plaintiffs although the odds are clearly

(20) against the plaintiff in sex discrimination cases, plaintiffs who believe that their cause is just and that they will prevail are not swayed by such evidence, in addition, because lawsuits are so different in the details of the case in the quality of the evidence the plantiff

(25) presents and in the attitude of the judge toward academic plaintiffs giving prospective plaintiffs statisties about overall outcomes without analyzing the reason for these outcomes is of marginal assistance outcomes analysis for example ignores the fact that in

(30) certain academie sex discrimination cases—those mvolving serious procedural violations or meriminating evidence in the form of written admissions of discriminatory practices—plaintiffs are much more likely to prevail

(35) two different approaches offer more useful applications of social science tools in analyzing sex discrimination cases one is a process called ”policy capturing“ in which the researcher reads each opinion identifies variables discussed in the opinion such as

(40) the regularity of employer evaluations of the plaintiff performance training of evaluatots and the kind of evaluation instrument used and then uses multrvariate analvsis to determine whether these variables predict the outcome of the lawsuit the advantage of ploicy

(45) capturing research is that it attempts to explain the reason for the outcome, rather than simply reporting the outcome and identifies factors that contribute to a plaintiff s success or failure taking a slightly different approach, other scholars have adopted a technique that

(50) requires reading complete transcripts of all sex discrmination cases litigated during a certain time period to identify variables such as the nature of the allegedly illegal conduct the consequences for employers and teh nature of the remedy as well as the

(55) factors that contributed to the verdict and the kind of evidence necessary for the plaintiff to prevail while the findings of these studies are limited to the period covered they assist potential plaintiffs and defendants in assessing their cases.

14. which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(a) the analysis of a limited number of atypical discrimination suits of little value to potential plaintiffs

(b) when the number of factors analyzed in a sex discrimination suit is increased the validity of the conclusions drawn becomes suspect

(c) scholars who are critical of traditional legal research frequently offer alternative approaches that are also seriously flawed

(d) outcomes analysis has less predictive value in sex discrimination cases than do certain other social science techniques

(e) given adequate information, it is possible to predict with considerable certainty whether a plaintiff will be successful in a discrimination suit

15. it can be inferred from the author s disccussion of traditional legal research that the author is

(a) frustrated because traditional legal research has not achieved its full potential

(b) critical because traditional legal research has little relevance to those actually involved in cases

(d) derisive because traditional legal research has outlasted its previously significant role

(e) grateful for the ability of traditional legal ressearch to develop unique types of evidence

16. which one of the following statements about zirkel and schoenfeld can be inferred from the passage?

(a) they were the first scholars to use social science tools in amlyzing legal cases

(b) they confined their studies to the outcomes analysis technique.

(d) they rejected policy capturing as being too limited in scope

(e) they believed that the information generated by outcomes analysis would be relevant for plaintiffs.

17. the author s characterization of traditional legal research in the first paragraph is intended to

(a) provide background information for the subsequent discussion

(b) summarize an opponent s position

(d) emphasize the fact that legal researchers act to the detriment of potential plaintiffs

(e) reconcile traditional legal researchers to the use of social science tools.

18. the information in the passage suggests that plaintiffs who pursue sex discrimination cases despite the statisties provided by outcomes analysis can best be likened to

(a) athletes who continue to employ training techniques despite their knowledge of statistical evidence indicating that these techniques are ulikely to be effective

(b) lawyers who handle lawsuits for a large number of clients in the hope that some percentage will be successful

(d) supporters of a cause who recruit individuals sympathetic to it in the belief that large numbers of supporters will lend the cause legitimacy

(e) purchasers of a charity s raffle tickets who consider the purchase a contribution because the likelihood of winning is temote

19. the policy-capturing approach differs from the approach described in lines 48-59 in that the latter approach

(a) makes use of detailed information on a greater number of cases

(b) focuses more directly on issues of concern to litigants

(d) allows assessment of aspects of a case that are not specifically mentioned in a judge s opinion

(e) eliminates any distortion due to personal bias on the part of the researcher

20. which one of the following best describes the organizatin of the passage?

(a) a technique is introduced, its shortcomings are summarized, and alternatives are described

(b) a debate is introduced, evidence is presented, and a compromise is reached

(d) standards are established, hypothetical examples are analyzed, and the criteria are amended

(e) a position is challenged, its shortcomings are categorized, and the challenge is revised.

a fake can be defined as an artwork intended to deceive. the motives of its creator are decisive, and the merit of the object itself is a separate issue. the question mark in the title of mark jones s fake? the

(5) arl of deception reveals the study s broader concerns indeed, it might equally be entitled original? and the text begins by noting a variety of possibilities somewhere between the two extremes. these include works by an artist s followers in the style of the master.

(10) deliberate archaism, copying for pedagogical purposes, and the production of commercial facsimiles

the greater part of fake? is devoted to a chronological survey suggesting that faking feeds on the many different motives people have for collecting

(15) art, and that, on the whole, the faking of art flourishes whenever art collecting flourishes. in imperial rome there was a widespread interest in collecting earlier greek art, and therefore in faking it. no doubt many of the seulptures now exhibited as ”roman copies“ were

(20) originally passed off as greek. in medieval europe. because art was celebrated more for its devotional uses than for its provenance or the ingenuity of its creators the faking of art was virtually nonexistent. the modern age of faking began in the ltalian renaissance, with

(25) two linked developments a passionate identification with the world of antiquity and a growing sense of individual artistie identity a patron of the young michelangelo prevailed upon the artist to make his seulpture sleeping chpld look as though it had been

(30) buried in the earth so that ”it will be taken for antique, and you will sell it much better.“ within a few years however beginning with his first masterpiece the bacchus, michelangelo had shown his contemporaries that great art can assimilate and transcend what came

(35) before resulting in a wholly original work. soon his genius made him the object of imitators.

fake? also reminds us that in certain cuitures authenticity is a foreign concept this is true of much african art when the authenticity of an object is

(40) considered by collectors to depend on its function as an illustration, the study commpares two versions of a chi wara mask made by the bambara people of mali one has pegs allowing it to be attached to a cap for its intended ceremonial purpose. the second, otherwise

(45) identical, lacks the pegs and is a replica made for sale african carving is notoriously difficult to date, but even if the ritual mask is recent, made perhaps to replace a damaged predecessor, and the replica much older, only the ritual mask should be seen as authentic

(50) for it is tied to the form s original function. that at least is the consensus of the so-called experts. one wonders whether the bambaran artists would agree

21. the passage can best be described as doing which one of the following?

(a) recondciling varied points of view

(b) chronicling the evolution of a phenomenon

(d) advocating a new approach

(e) rejecting an inadequate explanation

22. which one of the following best expresses the author s main point?

(a) the faking of art has occurred throughout history and in virtually every culture.

(b) whether a work of art is fake or not is less important than whether it has artistic merit

(d) a variety of circumstances make it difficult to determine whether a work of art can appropriately be called a fake

(e) without an international market to support it, the faking of art would cease.

23. according to the passage an artwork can be definitively classified as a fake if the person who created it

(a) consciously adopted the artistic style of an influential mentor

(b) deliberately imitated a famous work of art as a learning exercise

(d) made multiple, identical copies of the work available for sale

(e) made the work resemble the art of an earlier era.

24. the author provides at least one example of each of the following except:

(a) categories of art that are neither wholly fake not wholly original

(b) cultures in which the faking of art flourished

(d) cultures in which the categories ”fake“ and ”original“ do not apply

(e) contemporary artists whose works have inspired fakes

25. the author implies which one of the following about the artistie merits of fakes?

(a) because of the circumstances of its production a fake cannot be said to have true artistic merit

(b) a fake can be said to have artistic merit only if the attempted deception is successful

(d) whether a fake has artistic merit depends on whether its creator is accomplished as an artist

(e) the artistic merit of a fake depends on the merit of the original work that inspited the fake

26. by the standard described in the last paragraph of the passage, which one of the following would be considered authentic?

(a) an ancient roman copy of an ancient greek sculpture

(b) a painting begun by renaissance master and finished by his assistants after his death

(d) a faithful replica of a ceremonial crown that preserves all the details of and is indistinguishable from the original

(e) a modern reconstruction of a medieval altarpiece designed to serve its traditional role in a service of worship

22. which one of the following best describes how the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?

(a) it offers a tentative answer to a question posed by the author in the opening paragraph

(b) it summarizes an account provided in detail in the preceding paragraph

(d) it examines another facet of a distinction developed in the preceding paragraphs

篇3：LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. everyone sitting in the waiting room of the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock had just registered for a beginners tennis clinic. john, mary, and teresa were all sitting in the waiting room this morning at nice o clock. no accomplished tennis player would register for a beginners tennis clinic.

if the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

(a) none of the people sitting in the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock had ever played tennis.

(b) everyone sitting in the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock registered only for a beginners tennis clinic.

(d) john, mary, and teresa were the only people sitting in the waiting room of the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock

(e) neither john nor teresa is an accomplished tennis player.

2. most people who ride bicycles for pleasure do not ride until the warm weather of spring and summer arrives. yet it is probably more effective to advertise bicycles earlier in the year. most bicycles are purchased in the spring, but once shoppers are ready to shop for a bicycle, they usually have already decided which brand and model of bicycle they will purchase. by then it is generally too late to induce them to change their minds.

the main point of the argument is that

(a) bicycle advertisements are probably more effective if they appear before the arrival of warm spring weather

(b) most bicycle purchasers decide on the brand and model of bicycle that they will buy before beginning to shop for a bicycle

(d) in general, once a bicycle purchaser has decided which bicycle he or she intends to purchase, it is difficult to bring about a change in that decision

(e) spring and summer are the time of year in which bicycle riding as a leisure activity is most popular

3. during 1991 the number of people in the town of bayburg who received municipal food assistance doubled, even though the number of people in bayburg whose incomes were low enough to qualify for such assistance remained unchanged.

which one of the following, if true, most helps to resove the apparent discrepancy in the information above?

(a) in 1990 the bayburg town council debated whether or not to alter the eligibility requirements for the food assistance program but ultimately decided not to change them.

(b) in 1990 the bayburg social service department estimated the number of people in bayburg who might be eligible for the food assistance program and then informed the bayburg town council of the total amount of assistance likely to be needed.

(d) during 1991 the number of applicants for food assistance in bayburg who were rejected on the basis that their incomes were above the maximum allowable limit was approximately the same as it had been in 1990.

(e) during 1991 bayburg s program of rent assistance for low-income tenants advertised widely and then informed all applicants about other assistance programs for which they would be qualified.

4. campaigning for election to provincial or state office frequently requires that a candidate spend much time and energy catering to the interests of national party officials who can help the candidate to win office. the elected officials who campaign for reelection while they are in office thus often fail to serve the interests of their local constituencies.

which one of the following is an assumption made-by the argument?

(a) catering to the interests of national party officials sometimes conflicts with serving the interests of a provincial or state official s local constituencies.

(b) only by catering to the interests of national party officials can those who hold provincial or state office win reelection.

(c) the interests of iocal constituencies are well served only by elected officials who do not cater to the interests of national party officials.

(d) officials elected to provincial or state office are obligated to serve only the interests of constituents who beling to the same party as do the officials.

(e) all elected officials are likely to seek reelection to those offices that are not limited to one term.

5. since professor smythe has been head of the deparment the most distinguished member of the faculty has resigned, fewer new courses have been developed, student has dropped, and the reputation of the department has gone down. these facts provide conclusive evidence that professor smythe was appointed to undermine the department.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argumetn

(a) overlooks the fact that something can have the reputation for being of poor quality without being of poor quality

(b) bases a general claim on a few exceptional instances

(d) fails to distinguish between a decline in quantity and a decline in quality

(e) presupposes what it purports to establish

6. books about architectural works. unless they are not intended for a general audience, ought to include discussions of both the utility and the aesthetic appeal of each of the buildings they consider. if they do not, they are flawed. morton s book on italian baroque palaces describes these palaces functional aspects, but fails to mention that the main hall of a palace he discusses at length has a ceiling that is one of the truly breathtaking masterpieces of western art.

if the statements above are true, it would be necessary to establish which one of the following in order to conclude that morton s book is flawed?

(a) morton s deseription of the palaces utility is inaccurate

(b) morton s book does not discuss aspects of the palaces other than utility and aesthetic appeal

(d) the passage discussing the palace plays a very important role in helping to establish the overall argument of morton s book.

(e) the palace discussed at length is one of the most aesthetically important of those treated in morton s book.

7. of all the photographs taken of him at his wedding there was one that john and his friends sharply disagreed about. his friends all said that this particular picture did not much resemble him, but john said that on the contrary it was the only photograph that did.

which one of the following, if true about the photograph most helps to explain john s disagreement with his friends?

(a) it, unlike the other photographs of john, showed him in the style of dress he and his friends usually wear rather than the formal clothes he wore at the ceremony.

(b) it was the only photograph taken of john at his wedding for which the photographer had used a flash.

(d) it was unique in showing john s face reflected in a mirror, the photographer having taken the photograph over john s shoulder.

(e) it was one of only a few taken at the wedding that showed no one but john.

questions 8-9

eva: a “smart highway” system should be installed, one that would monitor areawide traffic patterns and communicate with computers in vehicles or with programmable highway signs to give drivers information about traffic congestion and alternate routes. such a system, we can infer, would result in improved traffic flow in and around cities that would do more than improve drivers tempers; it would decrease the considerable loss of money and productivity that now results from traffic congestion.

lines: there are already traffic reports on the radio. why would a “smart highway” system be any better?

8. eva s argument depends on the assumption that

(a) on “smart highways” there would not be the breakdowns of vehicles that currently cause traffic congestion

(b) traffic lights, if coordinated by the system, would assure a free flow of traffic

(d) the type of equipment used in “smart highway” systems would vary from one city to another

(e) older wehicles could not be fitted with equipment to receive signals sent by a “smart highway” system

9. if eva responded to luis by saying that the current one-minute radio reports are too short to give a sufficient description of overall patterns of traffic congestion, which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen luis s challenge?

(a) bad weather, which radio stations report, would cause traffic to slow down whether or not a “smart highway” system was in operation.

(b) it would be less costly to have radio stations that give continual, lengthier traffic reports than to install a “smart highway” system.

(c) radio reports can take note of congestion once it occurs, but a “smart highway” system could anticipate and forestall it in many instances.

(d) the proposed traffic monitoring would not reduce the privacy of drivers.

(e) toll collection booths, which constiture traffic bottlenecks, would largely be replaced in the “smart highway” system by electronic debiting of commuters accounts while traffic proceeded at full speed.

10. the terms “sex” and “gender” are often used interchangeably. but “sex” more properly refers to biological differences of male and female, while “gender” refers to society s construction of a system that identifies what is masculine and feminine. unlike the set of characteristies defining biological sex, the set of traits that are associated with gender does not sort people into two nonoverlapping groups. the traits characterize people in a complex way, so that a person may have both “masculine” and “feminine” traits.

which one of the following statements best expresses a main point of the argument?

(a) distinctions based on gender are frequently arbitrary.

(b) gender traits are not determined at birth.

(d) the terms “sex” and “gender” are not properly interchangeable.

(e) society rather than the individual decides what is considered proper behavior.

11. raising the tax rate on essential goods—a traditional means of increasing govemment revenues—invariably turns low-and middle-income taxpayers against the government. hence government officials have proposed adding a new tax on pruchases of luxury items such as yachts, private planes, jewels, and furs. the officials in government revenues while affecting only the wealthy individuals and corporations who can afford to purchase such items.

the answer to which one of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the accuracy of the government officials prediction?

(a) will luxury goods be taxed at a higher rate than that at which essential goods are currently taxed?

(b) will be revenues generated by the proposed tax be comparable to those that are currently being generated by taxes on essential goods?

(c) will sales of the luxury items subject to the proposed tax occur at current rates once the proposed tax on luxury items has been passed?

(d) will the proposed tax on luxury items win support for the government in the eyes of low-and middle-income taxpayers?

(e) will purchases of luxury items by corporations account for more of the revenue generated by the proposed tax than will purchases of luxury items by wealthy individuals?

12. in a study of the relationship between aggression and television viewing in nursery school children, many interesting interactions among family styles, aggression, and television viewing were found. high aggression occurred in both high-viewing and low-viewing children and this seemed to be related to parental lifestyle. high-achieving. competitive, middle-class parents, whose children did not watch much television had more aggressive children than parents who planned their lives in an organized, child-centered way, which included larger amounts of television viewing.

which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the passage?

(a) low levels of television viewing often lead to high levels of aggression among children.

(b) the level of aggression of a child cannot be predicted from levels of television viewing alone.

(d) high levels of television viewing can explain high levels of aggression among children only when the parents are not child-centered.

(e) parental lifestyle is less important than the amount of television viewing in determining the aggressiveness of children.

13. one of the effects of lead poisoning is an inflammation of the optic nerve, which causes those who have it to see bright haloes around light sources. in order to produce the striking yellow effects in his “sunflowers” paintings, van gogh used naples yellow, a pigment containing lead. since in his later paintings, van gogh painted bright haloes around the stars and sun, it is likely that he was suffering from lead poisoning caused by ingesting the pigments he used.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(a) in van gogh s later paintings he painted some things as he saw them.

(b) van gogh continued to use paints containing lead after having painted the “sunflowers” paintings,.

(d) the paints van gogh used in the “sunflowers” paintings had no toxic ingredients other than lead.

(e) the effects of naples yellow could not have been achieved using other pigments.

questions 14-15

politician: the mandatory jail sentences that became law two years ago for certain crimes have enhanced the integrity of our system of justice, for no longer are there two kinds of justice, the kind dispensed by lenient judges and the kind dispensed by severe ones.

pulic advocate: but with judges stripped of discretionary powers, there can be no leniency even where it would be appropriate. so juries now sometimes acquit a given defendant solely beacuse the jurors feel that the mandatory sentence would be too harsh. those juries, then, do not return an accurate verdict on the defendant s guilt. this is why it is imperative that the legislation instituting mandatory jail sentences be repealed.

14. the public advocate responds to the politician s argument by doing which one of the following?

(a) trying to show that the politician s conclusion merely paraphrases the politician s evidence

(b) claiming that the politician s evidence, properly analyzed, has no bearing on the conclusion the politician derives from it.

(c) arguing that leniency is not a trait of individuals but that, rather, it is a property of certain kinds of decisions.

(d) arguing that an analysis of the consequences of certain legislation undermines the politician s conclusion

(e) charging that the politician exaggerated the severity of a problem in order to justify a sweeping solution

15. which one of the following principles, if valid, provides the politician with the strongest basis for countering the public advocate s argument?

(a) juries should always consider whether the sum of the evidence leaves any reasonable doube concerning the defendant s guilt, and in all cases in which it does, they should acquit the defendant

(b) a system of justice should clearly define what the specific actions are that judges are to perform within the system.

(d) changes in a system of justice in response to some undesirable feature of the system should be made as soon as possible once that feature has been recognized as undesirable.

(e) changes in a system of justice that produce undesirable consequences should be reversed only if it is not feasible to ameliorate those undesirable consequences through furhter modification.

16. researchers studying artificial sweeteners have long claimed that the perception of sweetness is determined by the activation of a single type of receptor on the tongue, called a sweetness receptor. they have also claimed that any given individual molecule of substance can activate at most one sweetness receptor and that the fewer molecules that are required to activate a receptor, the sweeter that substance will be perceived to be, now the researchers claim to have discovered a substance of which only one molectule is needed to activate any sweetness receptor.

which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the researchers claims, if all of those claims are true?

(a) the more sweetness receptors a person has on his or her tongue, the more likely it is that that person will find sweet sensations pleasurable

(b) in sufficient quantity. the molecules of any substance can activate a sweetness receptor

(d) a substance that does not activate a sweetness receptor will activate a taste receptor of another type.

(e) the more molecules of a substance that are required to activate a single sweetness receptor. the more bitter that substance will be perceived to be.

17. an editorial in the grandbury daily herald claims that grandburg s voters would generally welcome the defeat of the political party now in control of the grandburg city council. the editorial bases its claim on a recent survey that found that 59 percent of grandburg s registered voters think that the party will definitely be out of power after next year s city council elections.

which one of the following is a principle that, if established, would provide the strongest justification for the editorial s conclusion?

(a) the way voters feel about a political party at a given time can reasonably be considered a reliable indicator of the way they will continue to feel about that party, barring unforeseeable political developments.

(b) the results of surveys that gauge current voter sentiment toward a given political party can legitimately be used as the basis for making claims about the likely future prospects of that political party.

(c) an increase in ill-feeling toward a political party that is in power can reasonably be expected to result in a corresponding increase in support for rival political parties.

(d) the proportion of voters who expect a given political possibility to be realized can legitimately be assumed to approximate the proportion of voters who are in favor of that possibility being realized.

(e) it can reasonably be assumed that registered voters who respond to a survey regarding the outcome of a future election will exercise their right to vote in that election.

18. prolonged exposure to nonionizing radiation—electromagnetic radiation at or below the frequency of visible light—increases a person s chances of developing soft-tissue cancer. electric power lines as well as such electrical appliances as electric blankets and video-display terminals are sources of nonionizing radiation.

which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the statements above?

(a) people with short-term exposure to nonionizing radiation are not at risk of developing soft-tissue cancers.

(b) soft-tissue cancers are more common than other cancers.

(c) soft-tissue cancers are frequently cured spontaneously when sources of nonionizing radiation are removed from the patient s home.

(d) certain electrical devices can pose health risks for their users.

(e) devices producing electromagnetic radiation at frequencies higher than that of visible light do not increase a person s risk of developing soft-tissue cancers.

19. in the first decade following the founding of the british labour party, the number of people regularly voting for labour increased fivefold. the number of committed labour voters increased a further fivefold during the party s second decade. since the increase was thus the same in the first as in the second decade, the often-made claim that the labour party gained move voters in the party s second decade than in its first is clearly false.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(a) fails to specify dates necessary to evaluate the truth of the conclusion, even though the argument depends on distinguishing between two time periods

(b) draws a conclusion that cannot be true if all the data advanced in its support are true

(d) fails to allow for the possibility that the policy positions advocated by the labour party changed during the period in question

(e) overlooks the possibility that more elections were held in one of the two decades than were held in the other

questions 20-21

a number of seriously interested amateur astronomers have tested the new exodus refractor telescope. with it, they were able to observe in crisp detail planetary features that were seen only as fuzzy images in their 8-inch (approximately 20-centimeter) newtonian telescopes, even though the 8-inch telescopes, with their wider apertures, gather more light than the 4-inch (approximately 10-centimeter) exodus. given these amateur astronomers observational findings, any serious amateur astronomers ought to choose the exodus if she or he is buying a telescope for planetary observation.

20. the argument proceeds by

(a) evaluating the credibility of claims made by a particular group

(b) detailing the ways in which a testing situation approximates the conditions of ordinary use

(d) supporting a recommendation to a group on the basis of the experience of a subset of that group

(e) distinguishing between the actual reasons why a certain group did a particular thing and the best reasons for doing that thing.

21. which one of the following most seriously weakens the argument?

(a) telescopes of certain types will not perform well unless they have been precisely collimated a delicate adjustement requriring deftness.

(b) image quality is only one of several different factors that, taken together, should determine the choice of a telescope for planetary observation.

(d) the comparisons made by the amateur astronomers were based on observations made during several different observation sessions.

(e) the substance used to make the lenses of exodus telescopes differs from that used in the lenses of other telescopes.

22. anatomical bilateral symmetry is a common trait. it follows, therefore, that it confers survival advantages on organisms. after all, if bilateral symmetry did not confer such advantages, it would not be common.

the pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above?

(a) since it is sawyer who is negotiating for the city government, it must be true that the city takes the matter seriously. after all, if sawyer had not been available, the city would have insisted that the negotiations be deferred.

(b) clearly, no candidate is better qualified for the job than trumbull. in fact, even to suggest that there might be a more highly qualified candidate seems absurd to those who have seen trumbull at work.

(c) if powell lacked superior negotiating skills, she would not have been appointed arbitrator in this case. as everyone knows, she is the appointed arbitrator, so her negotiating skills are detractors notwithstanding bound to be superior.

(d) since varga was away on vacation at the time, it must have been rivers who conducted the secret negotiations. any other scenario makes little sense, for rivers never does the negotiating unless varga is unavailable.

(e) if wong is appointed arbitrator, a decision will be reached promptly. since it would be absurd to appoint anyone other than wong as arbitrator, a prompt decision can reasonably be expected.

23. electrical engineers have repeatedly demonstrated that the best solid-state amplifiers are indistinguishable from the best vacuum-tube amplifiers with respect to the characteristies commonly measured in evaluating the quality of an amplifier s musical reproduction. therefore, those music lovers who insist that recorded music sounds better when played with the best vacuumtube amplifier must be imagining the difference in quality that they claim to hear.

which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(a) many people cannot tell from listening to it whether a recording is being played with a very good solid-state amplifier or a very good vacuum-tube amplifier.

(b) the range of variation with respect to the quality of musical reproduction is greater for vacuumtube amplifiers than for solid-state amplifiers.

(d) solid-state amplifiers are more compact, use less power, and generate less heat than vacuum-tube amplifiers that produce a comparable volume of sound.

(e) some vacuum-tube amplifiers are clearly superior to some solid-state amplifiers with respect to the laboratory to evaluate the quality of an amplifier s musical reproduction.

24. explanation must be distinguished from justification every human action potentially has an explanation that is with sufficient knowledge it would be possible to give an accurate description of the causes of that action. an action is justified only when the person performing the action has sufficient reasons for the action. according to many psychologists, even when there is a justification for an action, that justification often forms no part of the explanation. the general principle, however, is that only an action whose justification, that is, the reasons for the action, forms an essential part of its explanation is rational.

if the statements in the passage are correct, which one of the following can be properly concluded form them?

(a) when a human action is justified, that action has no explanation.

(b) if there are any reasons among the causes of an action, then that action rational

(d) there are actions whose causes cannot be discovered

(e) if any human actions are rational then reasons must sometimes be causes of actions

25. at the company picnic all of the employees who participated in more than four of the scheduled events, and only those employees were eligible for the raffle held at the end of the day. since only a small proportion of the employees were eligible for the raffle, most of the employees must have participated in fewer than four of the scheduled events.

which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most like that exhibited by the argument above?

(a) only third-and fourth-year students are allowed to keep cars on campus. since one quarter of the third-year students keep cars on campus and one half of the fourth-year students keep cars on campus, it must be that fewer third-year students than fourth-year students keep cars on campus.

(b) only those violin students who attended extra rehearsal sessions were eligible for selection as solists. since two of the violin students were selected as soloists, those two must have been the only violin students who attended the extra sessions

(c) the only students honored at a special banquet were the band members who made the dean s list last semester. since most the band members were honored, most of the band members must have made the dean s list.

(d) all of the members of the service club who volunteered at the hospital last summer were biology majors. since ten of the club members are biology majors, those ten members must have volunteered at the hospital last summer

篇4：LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION

time—35 minutes

25 questions

questions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage, after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. the basic ingredients from which cement is made are both cheap and plentiful. materials as common as limestone and clay will do. nevertheless. the price of cement is influenced by the price of oil, because turning the basic ingredients into cement in high-temmerature kilns use large amounts of energy.

which one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage?

(a) oil is one of the basic ingredients that make up cement

(b) oil is a source of energy for some of the kilns used in the making of cement

(d) whenever oil prices rise cement prices drop

(e) a given amount of cement costs no more than the total cost of its basic ingredients

2. many people do not understand themselves, nor do they try to gain self-understanding these people might try to understand others, but these attempts are sure to fail, because without self-understanding it is impossible to understand others. it is clear from this that anyone who lacks self-understanding will be incapable of understanding others.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(a) mistakes something that is necessary to bring about a situation for something that in itself is enough to bring about that situation

(b) fails to take into account the possibility that not everyone wants to gain a thorough understanding of himself or herself

(d) makes use of the inherently vague term “self-understanding” without defining that term

(e) draws a conclusion that simply restates a claim given in support of that conclusion

questions 3-4

wife: the work of the artist who painted the portrait of my grandparents 50 years ago has become quite popular lately, so the portrait has recently become valuable. but since these sorts of artistic fads fade rapidly, the practical thing to do would be to sell the portrait while it is still worth something, and thereby enable our daughter to attend the college she has chosen.

husband: how could you make such a suggestion? that painting is the only thing you own that belonged to your grandparents. i don t think it s a very good painting, but it has great sentimental value. besides, you owe it to our daughter to keep it in the family as a link to her family s past

3. which one of the following principles, if established, does most to justify the husband s reply?

(a) gifts offered as sentimental tokens of affection should not be accepted if the recipient intends to sell them later for profit

(b) a beautiful work of art is more valuable than the money it could be sold for, whatever the amount

(c) it is more important for parents to provide their children with tangible links to the family s past than it is to enable them to attend the college of their choice.

(d) children and grandchildren have a duty to preserve family heirlooms only if they have promised their parents or grandparents that they would do so.

(e) providing one s children with an education is more important than providing them with material goods, even if the goods have sentimental value.

4. the husband uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in replying to the wife s suggestion?

(a) taking issue with the practicality of her suggestion

(b) questioning her aesthetie judgment

(d) asserting that the evidence she cites in support of her suggestion is false

(e) invoking a competing obligation that he judges to override her practical considerations

5. questions have arisen regarding the accuracy of the reports the university s archaeological museum issues on its sales and acquisitions for the year. to forestall controversy, this year s report is being reviewed by three archaeologists from other universities. since these archaeologists will be given full access to all documents on which the report is based, they will be able to determine whether it is indeed accurate.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(a) does not specify whether the reviewers will have access to data about objects that have been in the museum s collection for many years

(b) provides no information regarding the size or quality of the archaeological museum s collection

(d) omits any mention of whether the museum s collection is on display or is available only to researchers

(e) does not describe what will occur if the reviewers discover discrepancies between the report and the documents on which it was based

6. engineer: some people argue that the world s energy problems could be solved by mining the moon for helium-3, which could be used for fuel in fusion reactors. but this is nonsense. even if it were possible to mine the moon for helium-3, the technology needed to build viable fusion reactors that could use such fuel is at least 50 years away. if the world s energy problems are not solved before then, it will be too late to solve those problems.

the main point of the argument is that

(a) mining the moon for helium-3 is currently not feasible

(b) fusion reactors that are now being planned are not designed to use hilium-3 as fuel

(c) people who advocate mining the moon for helium-3 do not realize that fusion reactors could be designed to use fuels other than helium-3

(d) mining the moon for helium-3 is not a possible solution to the world s energy problems

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