英语8个基本句型

2024-04-29

英语8个基本句型(通用9篇)

篇1:英语8个基本句型

“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)

这一句型英汉语言的结构形式完全相同,用以说明“某人或某物做什么事情”,或者说“某人或某物发出了动作,并且其动作涉及到另一个人或物”。

例:I study English.

分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。

“主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)

这一句型英汉语序结构相同,说明“某人为谁(间接宾语为人)做某事”,或者说“某人或物的运动涉及到两个对象,其中一个间接对象为人,另一个为物”。

例:Our teacher taught us English.

分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。

“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾补”句型)

这一句型说明“某人或某物要求(使、让)某人做什么”或“某人感觉某人或物怎么样”。

例: He asked her to go there.

分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。

“主语 + 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型)

这一句型用以说明“某人(某物、某事、某种概念)具有什么特征或处于什么状态”。汉语的“是”字结构属于这一英语句型的形式之一。常用的联系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。

例: I am a teacher. 我是一名老师

分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。

“There + be + 主语+ …”(即“存在”句型)

这一句型用以说明“在某地或某时存在某人或某物”。

例:There is a bird in the tree. 在树上有一只鸟。

分析:“in the tree”(地点)“there is a bird”(存在物)。

比较句型

这一句型用以比较物质甲与乙之间的异同。

1) 原级比较: …as + 形容词/副词原级 + as…; …as + 形容词+名词 + as…

例:He is as rich as John. 他和约翰一样富有。

例:He has as much money as she does. 他和她的`钱一样多

2) 比较级:…+ 形容词/副词比较级 + than…

例:She is more careful than he.她比他细心多了。

3)最高级:the + 形容词/副词最高级+(单数名词或one)+ {of(among) + 人或物}/{in + 场所}

例: He is the tallest in the class.他是班上最高的。

8“it + is/was + 形容词 + to do/that从句”(即评价句型)

这一句型用于说明“做某一动作或事情属于什么性质或具有什么特征”。即对某一动作或事情进行评价。(这里it 是形式主语,真正的主语是 to do 结构或 that 从句)

例:It is important to learn a foreign language.学习一门外语很重要。

分析:本句重在说明“学习一门外语”(to learn a foreign language)这一动作的性质是“重要的”。

篇2:英语8个基本句型

(1)The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩。

(2)Everybody laughed. 大家都笑了。

(3)He stands. 他站着。

(4)He swims. 他游泳。

(5)She sings. 她唱歌。

(6)The student studies. 学生学习。

(7)We arrived. 我们到了。

(8)Time flies. 时光飞逝。

(9)The moon rose.  月亮升起。

(10)The man eat. 那个男人在吃饭。

(11)We all laughed. 我们都笑了。

(12)Everybody talked. 所有人都在讲话。

(13)I laughed. 我笑了。

篇3:浅谈基本句型与英语写作

一、加强识辨英语基本句型的训练

英语句子以动词为中心, 不同性质的动词各有其特定的搭配, 不同的搭配所产生的语言难易程度也不相同, 无论是对语言的认识, 还是利用一定的规则产生新的语言, 都应遵循由“易”到“难”, 由“短”到“长”的原则, 先“原型”后“变式”的原则。从以上原则出发, 不同性质的动词及其特定的搭配就构成了以下英语基本句型。

1. 主谓 (状) S+VI+ (A) 结构

此句型中作谓语的就是通常所说的不及物动词, 而状语则根据实际需要可有可无。在这一句型中有两类动词的使用比较复杂:既可用作及物又可用作不及物的动词和本身不及物但经常在其后加一介词, 构成动介结构后再跟宾语的动词。

2. 主谓宾S+Vt+O+ (A) 结构

此句型中的动词为及物动词, 作宾语的可以是名词、代词、数词等。其中有一部分只要求动词不定式作宾语, 如hope, fail等;也有一类动词只要求动名词作宾语, 像mind, avoid等。其后跟不定式或动名词所表达的意义不同的一些词应特别注意, 如:stop, forget, regret等。

3. 主谓双宾S+Vt+OI+OD结构

此句型中的只是部分及物动词, 一般把间接宾语 (指人) 置前, 把直接宾语 (指物) 置后。若把间接宾语置后, 要加介词to或for.

She gave her brother a new pen.

She gave a new pen to her brother.

但当直接宾语是代词或强调直接宾语时, 直接宾语只能放在前面。

4. 主谓宾+宾补S+Vt+O+OC

宾语补足语通常为名词, 形容词。副词, 介词短语, 不定式, 现在分词, 过去分词等。

We all call Wang Lin Xiao Wang.

I saw you out with my sister.

注意感官性动词和使役性动词要求省to的不定式作宾语补足语。

5. 主系表结构

主系表结构的句型非常重要, 一般可以根据系动词的特点分为两类:

第一类:以感官动词为主的一些系动词, 其表语大多都是形容词。

在这种结构中有一些习惯搭配:go wrong, go hungry, go red, go mad, go gray, go blind, go deaf, go bad, come true, come right, fall asleep.

第二类:以be为系动词的主系表结构, 能作表语的包括名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词和不定式七种形式。

The youth are the spring of mankind.

He is honest.

以上介绍的是英语语言中常见的五种基本句型, 我们要帮助学生认识并掌握这些句型, 并在进行写作训练时, 要求学生从造句开始, 由易到难, 由短到长, 逐步推进。

二、加强对同一句子的多种表达方式的训练

任何语言, 对同一意思都可以有多种表达方式。掌握各种表达方式, 既增加了表达手段的多样性, 使语言生动活泼, 也有助于学生选择切合自己水平的表达方式。要求学生在日常学习时, 要注意哪些结构可以互相转换, 如此使用语言就会更灵活, 更精确。如:你这样做是对的。

You are right to do so./You are right in doing so./It is right of you to do so.

由于英语和汉语的句子结构存在很大的差别, 所以同一句子的多种表达方式对中国学生来说甚为重要。如果我们认识到一个结构还能转换成其他结构而不影响意思的表达, 就能更好地掌握地道的表达方式, 慢慢摆脱汉语的影响。在练习表达时, 要尽量让学生使用简单句, 能用简单句表达清楚的句子, 绝不使用复合句, 能用短语表达的意思绝不使用句子, 这是语言表达时应特别关注的一条原则。

三、加强基本句型之间连接词的运用能力训练, 使句子有机地结合成段、篇

掌握好单句, 在写作训练中是至关重要的, 但如果我们能在基本句型之间再增加一些过渡词, 使句子与句子之间关系密切, 语言之间有逻辑关系, 文章会显得更加生动有序, 层次突出, 高水平、高层次的语言在这一方面的体现应更为突出, 这也是学习写作的人追求的一种境界。学生若能在表达中恰当地使用类似词, 就能给文章增添意想不到的色彩。常用的过渡词有:firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally (首先, 其次, 再次, 最后) , first of all (首先) , generally speaking (一般说来) , in other words (换句话说) , what’s more/besides (而且、除此之外还……) , what’s worse (更糟糕的是) , for example (例如) , such as (例如) , , however (然而) , but (但是) , in a word/in short (总之) , so (所以) , therefore (因此) , luckily (幸运的是) , unfortunately (不幸的是) , although (虽然) 等。

篇4:英语8个基本句型

She wished that he was as easy___32___ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.

解析:在please, glad, happy, difficult, hard, easy等形容词后作状语,只能用动词不定式;尽管不定式与其逻辑主语(也是句子的主语)是动宾关系,即to please 和he 是逻辑上的动宾关系,按理应用不定式的被动式,但习惯上却用主动形式表示被动含义,故正确答案是to please。

据高考评卷统计,该小题在这道大题中得分率最低,正确率只有1.2%。究其原因,一是考生不知在形容词后作状语要用不动式;二是考生不知在这种情况下要用主动形式表示被动含义。因此,笔者就动词不定式主动形式表示被动含义的句型作一归纳,以供考生参考。

一、主语+系动词+形容词+to do

在这一句型中,动词不定式作状语,它与句子的主语有动宾关系。其中的形容词表示主语的特征或性质,常见的词有interesting, easy, difficult, nice, good, expensive, cheap, heavy, light, important, impossible, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, cheap, fit等。例如:

The book is difficult (for me)to understand.这本书很难懂。

This kind of fish is niceto eat. 这种鱼很好吃。

Good novels are interestingto read.好的小说读起来有意思。

二、主语+及物动词+宾语+ to do

在这一句型当中,动词不定式作定语,与它所修饰的宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:

I have a lot of workto do.我有很多工作要做。

She has a meetingto attend.她有一个会议要参加。

He has a large familyto support.他要养活一大家子人。

三、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语+to do

在这一句型中,动词不定式作定语,与直接宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系,句子的间接宾语与不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:

Ill give him (间接宾语)some books(直接宾语)to read.我要给他一些书看。

He set us(间接宾语) a good example(直接宾语)to follow.他为我们树立了学习的好榜样。

四、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补+to do

在这一句型中,句子的宾语正好是不定式的逻辑宾语,句子的主语可能是不定式的逻辑主语,也可能不是。例如:

We find this text difficultto understand.我们发现这篇课文很难懂。

I found the fellow hardto get along with.我发现这个家伙很难相处。

He made his lessons easyto understand.他的课让人容易理解。

五、疑问代词+to do

在这一结构中,动词不定式与疑问代词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:

I dont know what measures to take to solve this difficult problem.我不知道该采取什么措施来解决这个难题。

Our question is what to do next.我们的问题是下一步做什么。

六、there be+ 主语+for sb. to do

该句型中,动词不定式作定语修饰主语,如果sb.是动词的发出者,用主动式表示被动含义;如果sb.是动作的承受者,要用动词不定式的被动式。例如:

There are still many questions for us to discuss.(discuss的发出者是us)我们还有很多问题要讨论。

There are a lot of reasons for the book to be published. (the book是publish的承受者)这本书有很多理由要出版。

七、This/ That is +名词+to do

在这一结构中,名词作表语,动词不定式与名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:

This is a hard question to answer. 这是一个很难回答的问题。

That is a nice place to visit. 那是一个很好的参观地点。

This is a difficult sentence to understand. 这是个难以理解的句子。

八、be to blame /to let/to rent

该结构中,动词不定式作表语,虽然与句中的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系,仍要用主动式表示被动意义。例如:

Nobody was to blame for the accident. 对这个事故,谁也不能责怪。

The house is to rent. 这房子出租。

篇5:独立主格8种基本句型

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。

例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.

So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.

注:“独立结构”中的being或 having been有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。

2、名词/代词+过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的.动作或所处的一种状态。

例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.

Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been,being。如果加上,这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。

3、名词/代词+不定式

不定式表示的是将来的动作。

例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.

We shall get together at 7:30, the procession(游行) to start moving at 8 sharp.

4、名词/代词+名词

名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。

例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon.

5、名词/代词+形容词短语

形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。

例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.

I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of sorry.

这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。

6、名词/代词+副词

副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

例 The meeting over, we all went home.

Nobody in, he left a message on the board.

He sat at the table, head down.

7、名词/代词+介词短语

介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。

例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.

The hunter entered the forest, gun in hand.

Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.

8、with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构

篇6:英语8个基本句型

1) which 从句——6分保底。

考官很喜欢这个句式,如果你用到它,考官脑中一般马上反应:嗯,这个考生语法也许在6分以上。Which从句可以分成两种情况:修饰先行词和修饰前面整个意群。

a. 修饰先行词:

例:Where are you from?

I’m from Shanghai,which is the biggest city in China, located in the east coastal area.

这里的which修饰的是先行词Shanghai。大家可以把这个句子背下来,因为在口试当中,问到where are you from?的可能性还是很大的。其实,除了这个题目外,还有很多题目的回答可以用到这个句式,大家可以具体去发现。如:what’s your favorite dish? 答:My favorite dish is Stirred-fried shrimps, which is a Shanghainese local specialty。

b. 修饰整个意群:

例:How do you think about your job?

My job is really boring, you have to do the same thing everyday, which is one of the major reasons leading to the loss of motivation.

这是一个7分的句式,因为which修饰的是整个意群(上面修饰先行词为6分),即:My job is really boring, you have to do the same thing everyday,能够体现出考生灵活使用复杂句式的能力。没有大局观的人,是很难把这个句子说对的。在这种情况里,which一般翻译为:这(种情况、事情......),起到总结归纳的作用。如:Our government has realized the problem and is taking constructive measures to deal with it, which is a good sign, but if we don’t do it in a scientific way, I’m afraid the consequence could still be lethal. 政府已经意识到这个问题,正采取措施解决,这是个好兆头。但如果我们措施不够科学,恐怕结果依然是致命的。

2) 间接引语——简单,但是好用。

例:Why did you choose that major?

I chose that major because I thought it would lead to a secure job. As well as that,......

I thought it would lead to a secure job就是间接引语,大家以后碰到这个问题,可以用该句式来回答。除了这里,只要是涉及到解释过去的事情都可以用。如:I shared the toy with my friends whenever they came to my house, because I thought they would like it, and they actually did(part2 describe a toy in childhood)。又如:Everytime I went to the museum, I would always bring a note book with me, because I thought I shouldn’t miss anything.

3)条件从句——8分句式。

例:If I hadn’t got his advice on how to prepare for IELTS tests, I’m sure I would have met with big problems(part2 describe a piece of advice).

这个句式的基本结构是:

If....hadn’t.......I’m sure/ afraid... would/wouldn’t have happened。翻译成中文,是:如....不发生的话,我确信/恐怕....会发生。它的前后两部分都是虚拟语气,表示假设发生过的事情如果没有发生,结果会怎么样。例句可以用到part2 describe a piece of advice,其实除了这个话题外,我们还有许多地方可以用到它。大家不妨翻译以下句子,把它们背下来用用: a)如果那天我没有跟他散步,我相信我英语不会取得如此大的进步(part2 a walk)。

b)如果没有去长城,我相信我不会如此深入了解长城的历史(part2 a historical site)。

c)如果父亲没有鼓励我,我相信我不会克服那么大的困难(part2 a family member I admire)。

参考翻译:

a. If I hadn’t taken a walk with him that day, I’m sure I wouldn’t have made big progress in English.

b. If I hadn’t gone to the Great Wall, I’m sure I wouldn’t have known so much about it.

c. If my father hadn’t encouraged me that day, I’m afraid I wouldn’t have been able to overcome such a big difficulty.

PS:雅思口语语法的评分标准:

8分:上述句式熟练使用,并且没有错误。

7分:上述句式会用,稍许错误。

6分:上述句式能用,错误较多。

5分:不敢用上述句式。

9月雅思口语part1新题:Sports

1 What kind of sport did you do when you were young?

I did quite a lot of sports, actually. I’m a pretty sporty person and always have been. When I was young I mainly played football and basketball, and took part in school physical education – like ball control games and things like this. I love sport, especially team sports and competitive sports, moreso than running or jogging and individual sports, I’d say.

2 Do you like watching athletic sports?

I don’t really like athletics that much. When the Olympic games is on, yes, I watch athletics because I like to see the different countries compete. But in general I prefer team sports, watching football matches or basketball games and things like this – where two strong teams compete against each other in a gripping contest. This is more my style of sport. Athletics I find a little bit boring to be honest.

解析:athletic sports的意思是田径运动。gripping contest表示“扣人心弦的比赛”。另外答案中有一处表达需要学习:This is more my style of sport. This is more my style of something表达的意思是“……是我的风格,对我的胃口”。

3 Have you joined any sports team?

I have joined a number of sports teams. Basketball and football mainly. More recently in my life I just play basketball with friends – we play fairly informal team games on a Saturday afternoon at a leisure centre near my home. We have a team and we try to arrange games against friend’s. But, like I say, it’s fairly informal and fun, but we still take the games kind of seriously.

解析:sports team的种类有很多,常见的有男生们会三三两两组织业余篮球队和足球队等,另外在大学里,轮滑社也很受学生们的欢迎,所以如果你碰巧喜欢轮滑(roller skating),也可以用于答案中。

4 Do you think there are too many athletic sports on TV now?

Not really no. I am not totally sure really, because I don’t tend to watch athletics much at all. I follow the team games I enjoy, like NBA. I actually don’t think there is that much athletics on TV really. I’m not entirely sure.

209月雅思口语part1新题:Home town

Hometown-家乡

Where do you come from?

Do you like your hometown?

Do you think your hometown is an interesting place? Why or why not?

Do you know any history about your hometown?

篇7:高考英语作文8种加分句型

I will conclude by saying...

Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...

All things considered,总而言之

It may be safely said that...

Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable...

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….

The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….

It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

Let’s take...to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明

let’s take the above chart as an example to

illustrate this.

Here is one more example.

Take … for example.

The same is true of….

This offers a typical instance of….

We may quote a common example of….

Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.

3. I believe the title statement is valid because….

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.

2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.

3. A and B differ in….

4. A differs from B in….

5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….

6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….

7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….

8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….

9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.

10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….

11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.

3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we’ve learned a lot.

4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot.

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.

6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.

7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.

8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.

篇8:英语简单句的五种基本句型

一、动词的种类

1. 连系动词

连系动词本身有一定的词义, 但不能独立作谓语, 必须与表语一起构成谓语。在初中阶段, 常见的连系动词可以被分为三类来识记: (1) be动词, 包括am, is等词。 (2) 表示“……起来”的词, 如:look (看起来) 等。 (3) 表示“变得”的词, 如:become等。

2. 行为动词

行为动词, 又叫实义动词, 是表示动作的动词。它有完全的词义, 并能独立做谓语动词。行为动词又可分为及物动词与不及物动词。及物动词是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词, 如:see等单词。而不及物动词是后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词, 如:laugh等等。不及物动词如果要加宾语, 就要靠一个介词来帮助, 如:laugh at...

二、句子的类型

1. 主系表结构 (SVP)

“主系表结构”, 即“主语+连系动词+表语”的结构。一个句子中如果含有连系动词, 那么这个句子就是主系表结构。如:

主系表结构中的表语是用来表示主语是什么 (身份) 或者怎么样 (性质、特征和状态) 的。所以, 表语一般由名词, 形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。

2. 主谓结构 (SV)

五种基本句型中, 除了主系表结构之外, 其他结构的谓语动词都是由行为动词充当的。其中, 由于不及物动词后面不可以直接跟宾语, 所以由它充当谓语动词 (且没有介词辅助) 的句子只有“主语”和“谓语动词”两个主要成分, 因而被称作“主谓结构 (主语+谓语动词) ”。如:

句子的主语, 是表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。也就是“动作的发出者”。它一般由名词、代词或相当于名词、代词的词或短语等充当。主语一般都放在谓语动词前, 分析句子时很容易找出。

3. 主谓宾结构 (SVO)

与不及物动词不同, 由于及物动词可以直接跟宾语, 所以由它充当谓语动词的句子, 通常后面都会有“宾语”——即表示动作、行为的对象的成分, 也就是动作的“承受者”或“接受者”。这种含有“宾语”的结构, 就是所谓的“主谓宾结构 (主语+谓语动词+宾语) ”了。如:

4. 主谓双宾结构 (SVOiOd)

在所有的句型结构中, 谓语动词后可以跟两个分别指人、指物的宾语。这样的结构, 就是“主谓双宾结构”了。它的完整结构是:“主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”。如:

从上面的例子中可以看出, 在双宾语结构中, 总是有一个宾语是指人的, 有一个宾语是指物的。其中, 的被称为的被称为。这是同学们在学习中易记混的地方。另外, 一个宾语指人, 一个宾语指物, 这也是判别“主谓双宾结构”的一个重要标准。

5. 主谓宾宾补结构 (SVOC)

“主谓宾宾补结构”, 即:“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”。看起来它与“主谓双宾结构”很像, 句子也由四个主要成分构成, 但仔细观察我们就能发现, 在这种句型结构中, 谓语动词后跟的并不是指人、指物的两个宾语, 而是“宾语”和用来补充说明宾语, 描述“宾语”做什么或怎么样的“宾语补足语”。如:

篇9:浅谈英语基本句型

关键词:句型;语法;英语;简化

英语的用法说到底主要是动词的用法。英语中的动词含义特别丰富,变化最多,搭配能力最强。众所周知,要想学好英语必须下功夫而无捷径可走,但学习方法的得当与否却会使学习效果迥然不同。前人的无数经验已经证明,在浩如烟海的英语词汇中把1500个最常用的动词学深、学透、学活,是学会用英语会话、造句和作文的关键。正因为如此,荷恩比先生在他的《牛津高阶英语词典》中,花大力气引入了英语动词句型分类法,这再一次证明了英语基本句型的重要性。英语中有五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Pattern),这五种句型与动词种类密切相联,所以也叫做动词句型(Verb Pattern)。这五种句型是:

句型(一):S VCs

Unity is power.

句型(二):S V

History advances.

句型(三):S V O

People make history.

句型(四):SVOiOd

He sent her a telegram.

句型(五):SVOCo

We call her Marry.(陆锦林,1990:472)

一、句型:S V Cs

该句型中的动词是连系动词,最常用的连系动词是be。能担任主语补语Cs的有名词短语(包括名词、代词、数词等)、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语、非限定动词短语以及分句等。例如:Thats a good idea.The pleasure is mine.You are impossible.He was down in two subjects.This book is beyond me.The proof of pudding is in the eating.The cup is cracked.The film is boring.This is just what I need.

除be外,还有一些较常用的连系动词。这些连系动词可以分为两类。一类和be类似,表示主语所处的一种状态,其中包括:seem,appear,remain,stay,keep,continue,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,ring,lie,rest stand,hold,prove等。例如:He tried hard to appear calm.Doesnt that seem weird to you? We remained friends.It was hard to stay awake.The weather will continue fine.Im feeling a little better today.The future is looking good.Istanbul sounds really exciting.The soup tastes/smells nice.The mistake rests uncorrected.Twenty years on,his advice still holds good.The recent revelations may prove embarrassing to the President.

二、句型:SV

该句型中的动词是不及物动词,所以既没有宾语也没有补语。不过该句型可有状语。大多数不及物动词的状语可有可无。如:He went(south).但是,live和lie后一定要接状语:He lives downstairs.You lie on your back/side/front.

这种句型有时后接由名词短语担任的状语。通常出现在表示位置移动的动词后面,如:advance,come,drive,fall,go,rise,run,travel walk等,此外还有cost,measure,weigh等。如:Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s.The river has risen several meters.He weighs 60 kilograms.They travelled 200 miles on the first day.Tickets cost ten dollars each.语法学家将上述这类句子看成SVO型,即将名词短语看成是宾语而不是状语,尤其在动词travel,cost等后面。从语义上看,该句型中主语与谓语的关系一般是主语是谓语动作的执行者。如:Then a difficult problem arose.但有些句子形式上是主动的,意义上是被动的。如:She photographs well.

该句型有一变异形式,即,A(状语)+ V + S(NP)。如:Here comes the bus.当主语是代词时词序为:A + S(Pron.)+V。如:There you go again.

三、句型:SVO

该句型的动词是单及物动词。动词谓语的状语通常可有可无。如:He hit the ball(hard).但是,动词put,place,stand,lay,set后的状语是必不可少的。He puts the coffee on the table.She stood the ladder against the wall.He laid his hand on my shoulder.He set the pot on the fire.

该句型中的宾语可以由名词短语、非限定动词或分句担任。从语义上看,宾语与动词谓语的关系可分为以下几种:1.宾语表示受事。如:John has broken his leg.They have beaten back the enemy.2.宾语表示地点。如:He walked the street,swinging a cane.3.宾语表示结果。如:He wrote a novel every year.从例句中可以看出,宾语都是谓语动词的动作所产生的结果,没有谓语动词的动作,就不可能有宾语中表示的事物。4.同源宾语(Cognate Object)。在一定程度上可以将同源宾语看做是表示结果的宾语的一种。因为同源宾语也是谓语动词所产生的某种结果,所不同的是这种结果往往用与谓语动词同源的名词表达。例如:He dreamt a sweet dream.She is singing a love song.He laughed a hearty laugh.He died a heroic death.

四、句型:SVOiOd

在该句型中,间接宾语通常是表示人的代词或名词,但有时也可用表示物的代词或名词。间接宾语一般表示谓语动词动作的对象,即动作对谁或什么东西做的。间接宾语一般可以省略,这并不影响其他成分之间的语义关系。因此,如果只出现一个宾语,这个宾语一般是直接宾语。但是有几个双及物动词可以保留间接宾语而省略直接宾语。在这种情况下,唯一出现的宾语就是间接宾语。这主要发生在动词allow,ask,forgive,grant,pay,promise,send,show,teach,telephone,tell,write等后面。例如:Bob is teaching the older children.You can pay me instead.(夸克,1989:997)

该句型中间接宾语在语义上相当于一个介词短语。最常用的介词是to或for。在accord,allow,assign,cause,deny,give,grant,hand,lend,offer,pay,play,promise,read,recommend,refuse,send,serve,show,take,teach,telephone,tell throw,wish,write等后面用to。例如:The children proudly showed me their presents.→The children proudly showed their presents to me.在bring,buy,call,choose,do,find,fix,get keep,leave,make,order,save,spare等后面用for。例如:Will you do me a favor? →Will you do a favor for me? 此外,ask后面用of。例如:You have no right to ask me anything.→You have no right to ask anything of me.介词短语结构尤其用在间接宾语较长的句子中。如:We should reserve some food for the other members of the party.

五、句型:SVOCo

该句型中的动词是复杂动词。宾语补语可以由下面几种短语担任:

1.名词短语。后接名词短语作宾语补语的动词有:name,call nominate,christen,baptize,label elect,make,crown,consider,know,regard;find,declare,leave,pronounce,proclaim,vote等。例如:They elected him President.

2.形容词短语。后接形容词短语作宾语补语的动词有:have,find,want hold,wish,get,keep,leave,make,open,like,render,turn,wish,consider,regard,think,set,let paint,believe等。例如:Make sure you have the car ready by tomorrow.

3.非限定动词。可分为以下三种情况:

A.后接不定式作宾语补语的常见动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,challenge,command,compel,dare,direct,enable,encourage,expect forbid,force,get,have,hear,help,instruct,intend,invite,let,like,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,prefer,recommend,remind,request,require,see,teach,tell,train,trouble,urge,want,watch,wish等。如:That man wants a woman to look after him.We ask him to come again.动词le,t make,see,hear,let等后用不带的不定式。动词consider,think,prove,find,declare,know,acknowledge,believe,feel discover,judge,report suppose等后可接不定式to be。动词believe,consider,think,prove,find,declare后的to be可省略:I believe her(to be)right.This evidence proved him(to be)innocent.

B.后接-ing分词作宾语补语的常见动词有:catch,discover,feel get have,hear,keep,listen to,notice,observe,see,set,smell,start,stop,want,watch等。如:I felt my cheeks burning.His Words set me thinking.

C.后接-ed分词作宾语补语的常见动词有:have,feel,get,hear,keep,make,see,like,find,prefer,want等。如:He made his influence felt.

4.介词短语。动词find,regard,judge等后可接介词短语作宾补。如:I judge them both beyond repair.

5.分句。宾语补语也可由分句担任。如:It is reform that has made our country what is today.

以上分析了英语的五种基本句型SVCs,SV,SVO,SVOiOd,SVOCo的特征及其用法。若能掌握好这些基本句型,英语中的再复杂的句子也可简化。复杂句和并列句可分解成简单句。此外,我们可以把许多词看成一个词,把许多不同东西看作同类东西,从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country.中的十个斜体词和I know John.中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西,因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。这样,不管多复杂的句子都可用这五种基本句型简化,而简化是语法的目的(张道真,1998:32)。

参考文献:

[1]陆锦林,《高级现代英语语法》[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990。

[2]伦道夫·夸克,《朗文当代高级英语词典》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002。

[3]伦道夫·夸克,《英语语法大全》[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1989。

[4]张道真,《英语语法大全》[M].北京;外语教学与研究出版社,1998。

上一篇:作文现状及对策下一篇:土溪中学2013年度反邪教工作总结