英文应聘对话

2024-04-26

英文应聘对话(共8篇)

篇1:英文应聘对话

A: May I come in? B: Yes, please.A:Hello,My name is Lucy.I am coming to your company for an interview.B: Thank you for coming.Can you sell yourself in half a minutes? Go for it.A: Yes.I am 21 years old, born in hubei province.I was a recent graduated.My major is accounting.I have passed CET6, computer two level ,qualification certificates, as well as the primary accounting title certificate.I think that l am an open-minded person.And music is my favourite avocation.B: How do you think of your English? A:I think my English is good enough to communicate with English speaking people.B: What other foreign language do you speak? A:I did self_study of Korean in college, and I can carry on some simple conversations in Korean.B:Why do you want to apply for a position in our company?

A:Your company is very reputed,I heard much praise for your company.B:Why do you think you are qualified for this position? A:My graduate school training combined with my experience as an intern should qualify me for this particular job.I am sure I will be successful.B:If you are hired, when will it be convenient for you to begin to work? A:If you like, tomorrow is ok.B: Well, that is all for the interview.Thank you for your interest in this job.A:Thank you, sir.I will look forward to hearing from you.B:We will inform you as soon as we have made our decision.Goodbye.A:Goodbye.

篇2:英文应聘对话

A

Robert: What sort of work do you prefer?

Betty: Actually, I like both.I like dealing with people but, Accounts is good too

because it always about detail and 1)accuracy.Jenny: As you know, this position deals with handling marketing clients and that involves keeping records.Do you think you can handle that sort of work?

Betty: I’m very confident that I can do that very well.It is a very good challenge to me.Justin: Another requirement of the position is 2)a good command of English.What’s your feeling about that?

Betty: I do not use English very much after university.I will study more and practice much to improve.Jenny: That’s a very positive attitude.Do you have any problem in working for a female supervisor?

A

罗伯特:您更喜欢哪一种工作呢?

贝蒂:坦白说,两个我都喜欢。我喜欢和人打交道,不过做会计也不错,因为这项工作是具体并且精确的。

詹妮:正如您所知道的那样,这个职位要求能够处理市场客户和记录数据的相关工作。您觉得可以胜任此类工作吗?

贝蒂:我对自己很有信心,能够做好这份工作。这对我来说是个很好的挑战。

贾斯汀:做这份工作还需要有良好的英语能力。您觉得自己在这方面怎么样?

贝蒂:我大学毕业之后就很少用英语了。我会努力学习并且勤加练习以图提高的。

詹妮:这是非常积极向上的态度。您觉得和女主管一起共享会有什么问题吗?

B

Betty: No problem.It would be nice.Robert: You did not 3)state you 4)marital status in your resume.Are you married?

Betty: I do not think that’s important.My cousin told me you are only interested in ability.Jenny: That’s true.We are interested in the applicant’s ability and experience but

5)personal factors have to be taken into account.Robert: So, are you married?

Betty: I don’t think that’s 6)relevant.Robert: I can 7)assure you it is.Please answer the question.B

贝蒂:没问题。挺好的。

罗伯特:您没有在简历里说明您目前的婚姻状况。请问您结婚了吗?

贝蒂:我觉得这并不重要。我表兄跟我说你们只看重能力的。

詹妮:没错,我们对申请人的能力和经验都很看重,不过个人因素也在考虑范畴内。

罗伯特:那么,您结婚了吗?

贝蒂:我觉得这与工作无关。

罗伯特:我保证这跟工作有关。请回答这个问题。

C

Betty: Yes, I am married but my husband doesn’t work here.Robert: And do you have any children?

Betty: I don’t see what that gets to do with job.Justin: I must 8)apologize for the personal questions but we need to understand if there are factors that might interfere with your availability.Jenny: This will be a very 9)demanding position and requires you to work 10)odd hours because of time differences with overseas clients.C

贝蒂:是的,我结婚了。不过我丈夫不在这里工作。

罗伯特:那您有孩子吗?

贝蒂:我看不出这跟工作有什么关系。

贾斯汀:很抱歉我必须问您这些私人问题,不过我们需要了解这些因素是否会干扰到您的工作。

詹妮:这个职位对人的要求很高,工作的时间也不固定。因为海外客户的时间也都各不相同。

单词

1)accuracy [ˈækjurəsi](n.)精确性

2)a good command 能完成任务的3)state [steit](v.)陈述

4)marital status 婚姻状况

5)personal factor 私人生活

6)relevant [ˈreləvənt](a.)有关的7)assure [əˈʃuə](v.)保证

8)apologize for 道歉

9)demanding position 高要求的工作

篇3:英文面试中应聘者语用策略研究

关键词:英文面试,应聘者,语用策略,面试语境

一、引言

目前, 随着全球一体化的发展, 各用人单位在遴选人才的时候, 把语言能力也作为考察的重点之一。运用英文面试, 也逐渐成为面试当中不可或缺的一个部分。对应聘者来说, 英文面试更具挑战性。在英文的面试过程当中, 由于交际双方存在权势差距, 使得面试官和应聘者的交流处于不平等的状态当中, 所以就要求应聘者能够正视面试官的权势, 采取积极有效的交际语用策略, 在相对不利于其的语境当中, 充分展示自身的语言能力及综合素质, 最终得到面试官及应聘企业的认可。

二、面试语境分析

Lyons认为语境是一个理论概念, 构成语境的各种因素是语言学家从具体的情境中抽象出来的, 这些因素对语言活动参与者产生的影响系统地决定了话语的形式、话语的合适性或话语的意义。 (Lyons, 1997:572) 同时, 语境又可分为文化语境和情景语境。前者指说话人生活于其中的社会文化背景, 后者指言语行为发生时的具体语境。

英语面试属于情景语境, 其中交际双方分别为面试官及应聘者。由于在该语境下交际双方身份的差异而导致了在该语境中交际双方在权势上存在悬殊, 并由此决定了交往的不平等性。因此, 对于应聘者来说, 认识自身所处语境, 从而选择合适的语用策略是英文面试当中的关键性问题。

在英文面试当中, 应聘者相对处于权势当中的劣势, 且要求在相对较短的时间内能够用英文充分展示自身表达能力, 应变能力及综合素质。且面试属于相对较为正式的交际场合, 那么应聘者就需要因地、因时制宜, 充分了解自身所处交际语境, 采取合适的语用策略, 使自身的回答更礼貌得体, 同时也能够绕开面试官设定的一些面试陷阱, 从而在众多应聘者当中脱颖而出。

三、语用策略分析

1.礼貌策略

礼貌是建立良好的人际合作关系的前提。礼貌策略具有调节作用, 它维护了交际双方的友好关系且保证交际进行的可能性。不同的交际目的对于礼貌的程度也有着不同的要求。英国著名语言学家Leech提出了六条制约人际交往的礼貌准则: (1) 得体准则; (2) 慷慨准则; (3) 赞誉准则; (4) 谦逊准则; (5) 一致准则; (6) 同情准则。

礼貌策略就是在其它条件共同的情况下, 按照礼貌准则的要求, 把不礼貌的信念的表达减弱到最低程度。在面试的过程当中, 应聘者恰当的运用礼貌语用策略, 展示个人的交际能力, 与此同时, 营造良好的面试氛围, 对于面试的成败起了决定性的作用。

(1) 礼貌的问候语

面试当中, 第一印象至关重要。在初次见面的很短的时间内, 要给面试官留下亲切、得体的良好印象, 必须从礼貌的问候语开始。

例如:

Interviewee:Good morning, Sir. Nice to meet you.

Interviewee: It's a great honor for me to have this opportunity to have this Interview.

(2) 表示赞同

根据Leech礼貌原则当中的赞同准则, 应聘者在面试的过程当中, 对于面试官在某些观点、态度及表达上的赞同不仅体现出个人意见与面试官的一致, 同时也说明应聘者在用心倾听面试官的表述。

例如:

Interviewer:We're not always expecting our employees to work over-time but Sometimes people need to work hard and pay more to succeed.

Interviewee:Absolutely! I couldn't agree with you more. I would like to work hard to achieve my goal.

(3) 间接表达不同意见

在礼貌原则的赞同准则当中, Leech要求减少分歧, 来达到礼貌的效果和确保交流的顺畅。但在实际的交流和面试当中, 应聘者难免要表达一些与面试官不一致的观点, 这就要求应聘者不能直接对于面试官的观点进行否定和挑战, 而需要间接表达自己的观点, 在陈述自己意见的同时, 也不伤及面试官的面子。

例如:

Interviewee:I got you, but in the operating process, we may met other problems, such as…

Interviewee:To some extent, you're right!…but maybe there's something we should pay attention to…That is….

在这种情况之下, 尽量使用诸如“we, our, let's”等人称代词能够拉近交际双方的距离, 使语气更加缓和, 营造和谐友好的气氛, 进而在表达不同意见的同时, 能够更好顾及面试官的面子, 使自己的观点更容易为对方所接受。

(4) 表达赞美及赞誉

礼貌原则当中的赞誉准则, 也能够使面试的氛围更加融洽, 使交际双方的交流更加顺畅。应聘者真诚的赞美能够拉近双方的心理距离。

例如:

Interviewer:what's your impression about our company?

Interviewee:Well, as far as I know, our company is the leading one in this industry and it has great potential to develop. And I have to say I love the environment the first time I came here.在面试结束时, 对于面试的过程和面试官进行真诚的赞美是一种礼貌的行为。

Interviewee: Thanks for this great opportunity and it's really nice talking with you. I benefit a lot from our talking and I expect to be a member of this terrific team.

2.合作原则

Grice认为, 在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目标, 说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契, 一种双方都应该遵守的原则, 即合作原则 (cooperative principle, 简称 CP) 。在英文面试过程中, 从开场, 进入主题到结尾, 应聘者要向面试官传达如下信息:应聘者的个人基本信息;自己的专业知识水平和技能;自己在何种程度上能够承担该工作等等。面试基本采用的形式为一问一答, 也就是说, 应聘者和面试官的问答应该是由一串互相关联的话语组成的。要使得面试顺利进行且达到面试最终的目的, 那么交际双方因根据每个交际阶段的目的或方向, 使谈话的内容相关联且符合交际需要。只有交际双方有效配合, 才能使交际顺利进行, 所以Grice又将合作原则具体体现为四条准则:

(1) 数量准则:使自己所说的话达到 (交谈的现实目的) 所要求的详尽程度。

例如:

Interviewer:When did you graduate from university?

Interviewee:I graduated from university in July, 2002.

(2) 质量准则:不要说自己认为是不真实的, 及缺乏足够证据的话。

例如:

Interviewer:Is there anything special that you prefer to do in your spare time?

Interviewee:I prefer reading, esp. autobiographies of some celebrities.

(3) 关联准则:说话要贴切

在面试过程当中, 恰当应用关联原则, 能够从不同侧面展示应聘者对该工作的适合程度。

Interviewer:What are the positive aspects in your personality?

Interviewee:As for the positive aspects, I suppose I'm a responsible, patient and inspiring person.

(4) 方式准则:说话要简要, 有条理, 避免晦涩词语和歧义

在交际的过程当中做到条理清晰, 简明扼要更能够给面试官留下深刻、干练的印象。

例如:

Interviewer:What do you think is the most important to be a qualified teacher?

Interviewee:The utmost one is responsible.

合作原则在面试的开始部分, 即面试官在了解应聘者个人信息方面发挥着重要作用。交际双方只有充分遵守合作原则才能够达到其交际目的。但随着面试的深入, 由于双方权势上的差异, 使得面试与一般意义上的人际交往存在着明显的差异。在整个面试过程当中, 话语的主动权, 话题的选择, 延续以及终止均由面试官进行掌控。在面试过程当中, 面试官会通过“问题陷阱”从各个不同角度来考察应聘者的反应及综合考量应聘者素质。这就要求应聘者能够听懂面试官的“弦外之音”即推断出面试官的话语的隐含意义。但是, 当应聘者无法准确把握问题的隐含意义时, 无法做出准确有效的反应, 就只能采取不合作态度, 即违反合作原则及其准则。

3.模糊限制语的语用策略

G. Lakoff提出的模糊限制语可对话语中信息的真是程度、涉及范围等进行修饰, 也可表示说话人或作者对某一内容所进行的主观推测, 或提出客观依据, 或对话语的内容进行间接性评价等。在面试当中, 交际双方出于人际关系等社交方面的考虑, 比如给对方留面子, 或减少伤害对方面子的程度等, 这些都涉及到模糊限制语使用的社交语用功能。在英文面试当中, 当面试官问及一些应聘者不容易把握, 或者比较敏感的问题时, 由于应聘者比较难把握这些问题, 此时可以通过语用模糊限制语, 把信息模糊化, 避免过于直接之的回答, 为自己留下余地, 掌握主动权。

例如:

Interviewer: Which position do you think you are more suitable, teacher or teaching assistant?

Interviewee: Well, it obviously depends on your judgement-- whether I qualified to be a teacher or just start over from the teaching assistant.

很明显, 以上会话违反了合作原则当中的方式准则, 但通过这以巧妙的回答, 应聘者为自己在职位的选择问题上留下了充分的选择余地。

在英文面试中, 薪酬问题一般是比较敏感的话题, 同时, 也是面试官考量应聘者个性、性格和价值取向的有效方法之一。那么在回答此类问题的过程当中, 如何规避不利因素, 又能充分体现自身价值呢?模糊性词语的使用, 为该问题找到了很好的解决途径。

例如:

Interviewer: What's your expectation for your future salary?

Interviewee: Salary is not my first concern when I hunt for a new opportunity. I believe the company will pay me fairly according to my experience and my ability. Perhaps it will depend on my performance in my work.

在面试交际时, 面试官通常会使用较为精确的语言来进行提问, 应聘者可采用模糊限制语的语用策略来回避不利于自身的问题, 从而在面试中能够扬长避短。

四、结语

在经济高速发展的今天, 企业对于人才的要求也在不断的提升。无论在专业素养还是语言能力方面, 都对现在的应聘者提出了更高的要求。尤其是英文面试, 已经成为各大型企业挑选人才过程当中必不可少的一项。这就要求应聘者在具备良好语言能力的同时, 也要掌握一定的面试语用策略, 在短时间内充分展示自身才华, 得到面试单位的认可, 为未来事业的发展迈出成功的第一步。

参考文献

[1]Jean Stilwell Pecci.Pragmatics[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

[2]陈智钢, 李晓惠.英语面试语境中受试者的语用策略分析[J].九江职业技术学院学报, 2008, (3) .

[3]葛红.求职面试的语用研究[J].山东省农业管理干部学院学报, 2003, (6) .

[4]何兆熊.新编语用学概要[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[5]李昕.面试成功的策略与技巧[M].中国人事出版社, 1998.

[6]刘森林.语用策略[M].社会科学文献, 2007.

篇4:高考英文应聘信要这样写

假定你是李华,在校报英语专栏看到了学校“英语文化节”的一则招募启事。请阅读启事,并根据写作要点和写作要求写一封应征邮件。

Volunteers Wanted

Our annual English Festival, which will be held on June 15~17, 2015, is now looking for 20 student volunteers to provide service for Talent Show, Speech Contest, and English Debate. If you are interested, please send an application email at your earliest convenience to Ms Chen at chenlaoshi@aef.com.

写作要点:

1. 表达写信意图;

2. 陈述应征目的;

3. 说明应征条件(性格、能力等)。

写作要求:

1. 邮件词数不少于100;

2. 开头和结尾部分已写好,不计入总词数;

3. 可根据情况增加细节,使行文连贯;

4. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。

Dear Ms Chen,

I'm Li Hua, a student from Class 2, Grade 3. ________________________________________________________

Looking forward to your reply.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

1. 掌握应聘信的常规写作内容

一般来说,应聘信由介绍个人身份、表明写信意图、交代应聘目的、陈述应聘条件、表达感激之情、表明期待答复等几部分构成。在写作时,首先应介绍个人身份,表明自己的来历,比如真题开头部分的个人介绍交代了应征者的姓名、身份等。接着应表明写信意图,比如后附的参考范文第①句,说明自己要应聘学生志愿者(student volunteer)这个职位。接下来需要陈述应聘目的,说一下自己应聘这个职位的目的和动机,比如范文第②句说明自己是为了提高组织能力(organizational abilities)、沟通能力(communication skills)和增加当众说英语的自信(confidence in speaking English in public)。表明动机后再来说明应聘条件,介绍自己的优势和长处。为了增强说服力,在摆明自身优势时还可结合个人经历,比如范文第三段就举了自己做英语老师的助手帮助组织英语活动的例子。这三部分内容是应聘信最重要的部分,也是高考通常要求考生写作的内容。介绍完这些之后不要忘记表达一下自己的感激之情,比如范文第⑦句,这是应征者要具备的最基本的礼节。上述真题虽没有做出要求,但考生若能写出来,势必会为自己的作文加分。信的最后,可以表明自己期待对方的答复,比如真题的结尾句。如果需要还应提供自己的联系方式——这点高考一般不会要求,大家了解就行。具备上述内容,一封应聘信就算得上完整了。

2. 把握应聘信的写作基调

众所周知,写信应聘必然需要应征者表明自己的诚意,展示自己能做好工作的自信,并拥有感恩之心,因此应聘信应以表示真诚、展现自信和表达感激为基调。以参考范文为例,在表明自己对学生志愿者这个职位的渴望时,应征者用了really来强调自己的诚意,除此之外,还可以使用indeed、to tell you the truth等表示程度的词语。在介绍自己的优势时,范文用了such a good command of ...、successfully等词语来展示自己的自信心。当然,应征者最后也应不忘感激。表达感激之情除了可以使用范文中的I would be grateful if you ...,还可以使用I would be (very) thankful ...等。

3. 了解应聘信的语言规律

应聘信也有自己的语言规律,主要体现在句型表达上。参考范文就使用了多个应聘信特色语句,下面结合范文将一些常用句型总结如下。

介绍个人身份常用句型:①I'm ..., a/an ... ②I'm ... from ... ③I'm ... who is a/an ...

表明写信意图常用句型:①I'm writing to apply for the position of ... ②I want to apply for the position to ... ③I'd like to apply for the position of ...

交代应聘目的常用句型:①By offering my service, I will be able to ... ②If I get the position, I can ... ③Getting the position, I will realize my aim of ...

陈述应聘条件常用句型:①I'm a/an ... girl/boy. ②I'm ..., ... as well as ... ③I'm good at ... ④My ... is especially good. ⑤I have a good command of ... ⑥I have been elected as assistant to ... ⑦I have lent a helping hand to ... ⑧My talent has been appreciated by both ... and ... ⑨I'm sure that I can meet your expectations.

表达感激之情常用句型:①I would be grateful if you could ... ②I would appreciate it very much if you could ... ③I would be very thankful if I could get the position.

表明期待答复常用句型:①Looking forward to your reply. ②I'm waiting for your early reply.

4. 善于使用过渡性词语

不管何种文章都需要过渡性词语来衔接前后文,应聘信自然也是如此。信中使用过渡性词语较多的是在应聘目的和应聘条件的介绍上。当有多个目的需要说明时可以使用first、besides、what's more等过渡性词语,这些词语在介绍应聘条件时也可以使用,比如参考范文中就用了besides来展示自己不同方面的优势。除此之外,还可以用at the same time、in the meanwhile、in addition、also等过渡性词语。

Dear Ms Chen,

I'm Li Hua, a student from Class 2, Grade 3. ①I'm writing to apply for the position of student volunteer.

②I really want to obtain this precious opportunity because, by offering my service, I will be able to improve my organizational abilities and communication skills as well as my confidence in speaking English in public.

③As an outgoing girl, I get along well with my classmates. ④Besides, I have such a good command of English that I have been elected as assistant to my English teacher. ⑤I have successfully lent a helping hand to her in several English class activities, which has been appreciated by both teachers and my classmates.

⑥I am sure that I can meet your expectations. ⑦I would be grateful if you could consider me for the position.

Looking forward to your reply.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

要写出一篇应聘信不难,难的是如何写好。希望上述指导可以帮助各位同学写好高考英文应聘信。

作者简介:

篇5:职场应聘电脑工程师对话

Tell me something about your work experience.

说说你的工作经验吧。

Applicant:

Well, I have been in the computer engineering field for 6 years now. I am familiar with both hardware and software and with hands-on experience in system development including system analysis and design.

好的,我到现在为止已经在计算机工程行业工作6年了。我对硬件和软件都很熟悉,并具有系统开发的实际操作经验,包括系统分析和设计。

Interviewer:

What systems have you worked on?

你用过什么系统?

Applicant:

I have worked on about every system that is out right now.

我用过目前市面上的所有系统。

Interviewer:

Do you feel comfortable with the new system by MicroCom?

那你觉得Microcom公司的新系统如何?

Applicant:

I am not as familiar with it as I am with some of the older systems. But I am a fast learner and I can master it in a short time.

我对它并不像对其他老系统那样熟悉,但我学得很快,我能短时间内掌握它。

Interviewer:

What do you consider your strenghts?

那你认为你有什么长处?

Applicant:

I am knowledgeable and levelheaded.

我知识丰富、头脑冷静。

对话讲解:

include vt. 包括;包含

Price $14.90, postage included.

价格14.90美元,邮资包括在内。

master vt. 掌握, 精通

She has fully mastered the technique.

篇6:英文应聘对话

。贵公司是一家具有创新精神的年轻公司,自创建以来,在市场拓展方面取得了巨大的成功。能为你们工作,正是我所追求的那种挑战。I: 为什么你认为你能胜任我们公司这个职位呢?A: 我的人际交往能力很强。在我工作的上个公司,我熟练掌握了工作流程,而且我具有团队精神和出色的人际关系技能。Dialogue 2I: Why do you want to apply for a position in our company? Dont you like the present job?A: I like the job and it is similar to the position I am applying for in your company, but the salary of my present job is too low, so I decided to leave.I: Is that the only reason why you are leaving?A: No, another reason is that your operations are global, so I feel I can gain the most from working in this kind of environment.I: If you are hired, when will it be convenient for you to begin to work?A: If you like, tomorrow is ok.I: 为什么你要应聘我们公司这个职位,你不喜欢你目前这个工作吗?A: 我喜欢目前这个工作,而且它和我在贵公司应聘的这个职位很相似,但是我目前这份工作的薪水太低,所以我想离开。I: 这是你想离职的唯一原因吗?A:不,另一个原因是因为你们公司的运作是全球化的,我觉得在这样一个环境中工作会收获最多。I: 如果你被录用,什么时候方便来本公司上班呢?A:如果你愿意,明天就可以。Dialogue 3I: How would you describe your ideal job?A: I think the job should make use of the professional experience I have obtained, and offer me opportunity for advancement.I: Why do you think you might like to work for our company?A: I feel my background and experience are a good fit for this position and I am very interested.Whats more, your company is outstanding in this field.I: What makes you think you would be a success in this position?A: My graduate school training combined with my experience as an intern should qualify me for this particular job. I am sure I will be successful.I: How do you know about this company?A: Your company is very reputed in this city; I heard much praise to your company.I: 你理想的工作是什么样的?A: 我认为应该能发挥我掌握的专业知识,而且能为我提供升职的机会,I: 那你为什么认为你会喜欢在我们公司工作呢?A: 我认为我的背景和经验非常适合这个工作,而且我对这个工作也非常感兴趣,况且贵公司又是这个领域的佼佼者。I: 你怎么知道能胜任这份工作呢?A: 我在研究所所受的`训练,加上实习工作经验,应该使我适合做这份工作。我相信我会成功的。I: 你是如何知道本公司的?A: 贵公司在本市很有名,我听到很多对贵公司的好评。be of no challenge 不具有挑战性 position 职位responsibility 责任,职责 be qualified for 适于担任apply for 申请 advancement 提升,晋升operation 运作 environment 环境,外界convenient 方便的 professional 专业的background 背景 intern 实习生NOTES 注释以下是常用离职、应聘原因:1)The job is out of my major.我的工作不属于我的专业范围。2)I want to do a job that can offer me the opportunity for advancement.我想找一个能给我带来提升机会的工作。3)I am looking for a more challenging opportunity.我想找一个更具挑战性的工作。4)My former company has been bankrupt.我原先那个公司已经破产了。5)Because Im very interested in your companys training program.因为我对贵公司的培训计划非常感兴趣。6)Your company has a great future and is conducive to the further development of my abilities.贵公司前途光明,有助于我个人能力的发展7)Working in this company can give me the chance to exert all my strengths.在贵公司工作能发挥我最大的能力 I needed to consider my future.因为那家公司没有什么前途,所以我必需考虑我的未来。

篇7:厨师应聘英文简历

Daniel Simms

451 Rio San Lucas Ave.

San Diego, CA 92110

(618) 555-2169

OBJECTIVE

Chef for a high class establishment where my experience and culinary specialties will beutilized in preparing a wide range of international cuisines.

STRENGTHS

Proven ability to produce quickly under pressure, without sacrificing quality.

Basic mastery of cooking philosophy and technique.

Full range of managerial skills.

Understanding of all key health and sanitation concerns.

HONORS

Guest Specialist, Morris Elliot Cooking Show.

Recipie publication: Home & Kitchen Magazine.

Top Honors, Johnson School of Culinary Arts.

EMPLOYMENT

Chef 1998 - Present

Willington’s Bistro, San Diego, California - Prepared a variety of specialties for breakfast,lunch, and dinner. 400 to1000 covers daily. $3M in revenue annually. Direct supervision ofSous Chef, Kitchen Supervisor, and 20 cooks.

Pastry Chef 1992 - 1998

La Jolla Villa, Del Mar, California - Created daily dessert menu. Established kitchenprotocols for each menu item, still in use today. Created several new desert items, including theLa Jolla Souffle.

EDUCATION

April 1992 Johnson Culinary Institute, Los Angeles, CA

B.A., Culinary Arts

Specialization: Itallian Cuisine

篇8:英文应聘对话

作者希望能够通过本研究来揭示在语言交流中被忽视了的一些特征。尤其特殊的一点是, 作者没有采取传统的说话人-听话人顺序对参与者顺序进行研究, 而是颠倒了这个顺序, 以突出说话人是如何对听话人的行为作出反应的。因此, 本文的研究对象是由答复引出的答复, 而不是由正在进行的语言活动中的主要说话人的言语而引出的答复。在产出像点头、微笑或是一个“mhm”这样的最小应答标记语的过程中, 听话人表现出的是其愿意在大部分时间内保持沉默, 来抑制自己打断说话人, 并鼓励当前主要说话人延续其谈话。这种将“听”的过程也视为一种实践的研究方法反对将说话人视为言语产出的唯一来源的公认的语言模型。

同时, 笔者认为, 谈话和语言的许多特征都不是从个人想法中产生, 而是由于两方或多方沟通的作用下产生的。通过观察听话人回复对说话人的作用, 笔者寻求对沟通中说话人之于其他参与者的地位重新估量。文中将对听话活动与其文化依据 (礼貌、话轮转换、沉默和重叠谈话等) 进行比较, 并研究说话人和听话人角色及话语权的社会惯例。还需要研究的是是否一些英语国家会像日本那样, 利用应答标记语来表现一定程度的顺从、礼貌和团结 (Maynard, 1986, 1990;Tanaka, 2004;Kita and Ide, 2007) .本文利用的语料库是Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English (SBCSAE) 和Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus (LSWEC) , 其中包括了大量不同语境中不同身份对话者对话的英语语料。

1 听话人行为

Sacks等人 (1974) 观察出话轮大小是非固定的。一个参与者可以连续发言, 产出非特定数量的话轮建构单元 (TCUs) , 就像在讲故事、讲笑话、给予指示等情形下那样。当某一参与者开始像讲故事那样持续控制发言权, 那么其他参与者就自动落入接受者的参与身份 (Goffman, 1974) 。作为接受者的参与者应允许或鼓励说话人继续产出多个话轮建构单元, 并应不断以最小应答标记语进行回应, 如“uh-huh”。经过批准的听话人也可以在说话人完成多个话轮的发言之前, 以一种衡量说话人表现或故事的方式进行评论, 而却不抢走主要话语权。听话人还可以在说话人讲述故事或给予指示的过程中进行同意、反对、要求澄清等话语行为, 但却不退出其作为话语接受者的角色。即使说话人不时地对听话人的应答标记语进行回应, 仍然不影响双方在目前对话中的总体角色。经过批准的听话人角色是依靠于正在进行中的话语行为的, 而不是由其中任何个人的言语行为而决定 (Hymes, 1974) 。

2 延续语

中性的延续语, 例如“uh-huh”和“mhm”, 以及大多数情况下的“yeah”通常表示的是对话语的接受, 而不会得到说话人的特殊回应, 如下例:

(1)

Ted:and I was in plays fairly solidly all year.

Ashley:mhm.

Ted:and so I would come home at really weird times.

LSWEC-AC 164801

Schegloff认为“uh-huh”代表了其使用者理解了其他说话人的话轮仍在延伸, 要说的话语单元还没有或者可能没有完成。也表示了其使用者同意说话人继续讲下去。Jefferson (1993) 认为“mhm”代表了一种被动接受。当“uh-huh”和“mhm”等词用降调形式说出来或是和另一个降调“yeah”连用时, 是典型的延续语, 且最不可能引起当前说话人的回应。

3 评价语

评价语通常代表了带有更加激烈感情的回应。Drummond&Hopper (1993) 和Gardner (2001) 认为, 根据一个多单元话轮即将结束的标志是听话人越来越接近取代说话人的位置。如“wow”和“damn”的评价语可能会先出现, 然后再加一个“okay”作为转折。Goodwin (1986) 对延续语和评价语进行了区分, 他认为, 虽然两种应答语都可以出现在正在进行的对话中, 但评价语可以出现在一串延伸话语单元的最末尾, 是一种典型的将延伸话轮终止的方式。下例中的“wow”起到了关闭话题的作用。

(2)

Gail:it’s a lot...a hundred and, uh, thirty eight dollars.

Christa:wow.

Sabina:for that price I could fly to Santa Barbara.

LSWEC-AC 119201

下面一个例子中的“really”引出了说话人的立即回复。

(3)

Janet:I think my brother worked for E-Systems for a while.

Patti:really?

Janet:yeah, I’ll have to find out.

I called my dad today.

LSWEC-AC 128701

但也有一些评价语无法引起说话人的直接回复, 如下例:

(4)

Frank:no bigger than that.

Melissa:[wow].

Frank:[we and

we got]out to...Earth,

SBCSAE 019

“oh”也通常能够让说话人澄清或修正之前说出的信息, 见下例:

(5)

Nancy:and then you just put them in Mason jars.

and sterilize Mason jars?

Irene:I don’t sterilize them.

Nancy:oh.

Irene:well, I wash them.

LSWEC-AC 111601

4 表示理解困难的应答语

像“oh”或“hm”的一类词通常标志着信息被接收的同时存在着对新信息吸收的困难或无能, 因此也会引出说话人的回复。Heritage (1984:311) 认为“oh”充当的最重要角色就是让说话人对自己说的话进行回顾。如下例:

(6)

Annette:we:ll,

they know th-–

I mean,

that..we have different schedules and stuff.

( (sniffs) )

Alice:hm.

Annette:but yeah they’re,

like I said they’re, they’re,

still kinda sore,

SBCSAE 043

因为这类词会扰乱正在进行中的说话人话轮, 所以很明显要比“uh-huh”和“mhm”一类的延续语不礼貌。

5 表达疑惑的应答语

当“oh”和“yeah”还有“really”搭配使用, 再用声调表达出来时, 通常表示的是听者的质疑和不信任。这种情况下通常都会得到说话人的回复。如下例:

(7)

Joe:I grew up in Ventura.

Margaret:oh yeah?

Joe:yeah, up until I was about fourteen.

LSWEC-AC 111501

当“well”用升调讲出来作为应答语时, 通常蕴含了一种不太礼貌的不耐烦。比如在下例中, “well”被听者用来引起注意并要求说者给予确定的回答。

(8)

Betty Ann:are you gonna buy some extra salsa to take home?

Mark:I could.

Betty Ann:well?

Mark:I don’t know.

LSWEC-AC 124001

“So”因为有模式化的搭配“so what”的影响, 通常被视为语气较强的一种应答语。通常意味着听者认为说者之前的话不够充分, 需要说者额外辩护的强烈请求。如下例:

(9)

Deanna:I get puffy eyes.

Derek:so?

Deanna:they look like rings.

Derek:so guys do too.

Deanna:yeah but see women can cover it up.

LSWEC-AC 150701

6 结论

经过研究, 笔者得出如下结论。第一, 不同的应答标记语会引起说话人不同的答复, 从而影响当前会话的进展。第二, 从会话分析的角度来看, 话轮转换系统应该从两方面进行分析。并且, 一些非语言因素, 如凝视、点头等, 也应该被纳入一个完整的分析中。最后, 从交流社会语言学的角度来看, 听者活动对了解交流双方立场和身份等方面意义很大。因此, 今后对应答标记语的继续研究是必要的, 并且可以从跨文化等角度进行开展。

参考文献

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