外刊经贸知识选读

2024-04-19

外刊经贸知识选读(精选4篇)

篇1:外刊经贸知识选读

全国2010年7月高等教育自学考试

外刊经贸知识选读试题

课程代码:00096

一、单项选择题(本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分)

在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.The original ban on private trading had long since been()

A.waved

B.waited

C.waived

D.wanted

2.are produced according to sample provided by the customer.()

A.Procedures

B.Products

C.Potentials

D.Proposals

3.China is the rewards of reforms first launched by Deng Xiaoping in 1979.()

A.obtaining

B.bouncing

C.radiating

D.raising

4.Many countries in the region were adversely by declines in workers’ remittances and tourism revenues.()

A.stagnated

B.slackened

C.compounded

D.impacted

5.The museum stored all articles in a locked showcase.()

A.breakable

B.payable

C.considerable D.amenable

6.The US asks the World Trade Organization to limit trade to $1bn instead of the $4bn sanctions the EU wants to impose.()

A.penalties

B.confrontations

C.frictions

D.consequences

7.The world’s second largest economy, Japan, has been for nearly a decade, after the boom of the early 1980s collapsed.()

A.active

B.robust

C.inactive

D.encouraging

8.Exports of Japanese machinery the downturn quite well because the Asian economies that buy them continued to boom.()

A.disputed

B.provoked

C.reckoned

D.resisted

9.Email scripts on a computer without one’s knowledge.()

A.trespass

B.eliminate

C.detract

D.proceed

10.Dubai is making progress in its efforts to promote international of its attractions.()

A.accommodation

B.consciousness

C.coincidence

D.legitimacy

11.Security Council members confirm support for African efforts to conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea.()

A.spread

B.spoil

C.stop

D.spill

12.Smoking is strictly in the process of handling explosive materials.()

A.flourished

B.endured

C.subsidized

D.forbidden

13.Big companies understand the importance of()

A.executives

B.experiments

C.franchises

D.trademarks

14.That market alone half of the volume and 40 per cent of the value of the total U.S.exports of shell eggs for food use.()

A.added to

B.shared with

C.amounted to

D.connected with

15.International not-for-profit trade association with 50 corporate members resided in 20 countries who produce 95 percent of the world supply of rubber.()

A.productive

B.artificial

C.tropical

D.artistic

二、将下列词组译成中文(本大题共10小题,每小题1 分,共10分)

16.market share

17.raw material

18.capital market

19.foreign-exchange reserves

20.bilateral pacts

21.intellectual property

22.free trade

23.(OPEC)

24.hard currency

25.consumer goods

三、将下列词组译成英文(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)

26.战略性储备

27.服务贸易

28.供应过剩

29.清算协议

30.利息付款

31.特别提款权

32.证券投资

33.生产力

34.合资企业

35.技术转让

四、简答题(本大题共6小题,共18分)

Passage 1

In 1991, for the second year the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product(GDP).output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991(similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent.Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East.Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countr

ies in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s.Estimates of GDP growth by major region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa;an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region.36.What do “in a row”, “stagnate” and “aggregate” mean in the first paragraph?

37.What kind of influence did the Gulf crisis have on the Middle East economy?

38.What does the report mean to emphasize using the word “geographic”?

Passage 2

Some of the Clinton administration’s tough talk appears intended to pressure trading partners into offering concession and to unblock stalled negotiations on several fronts.But it appears that officials are prepared to turn up the temperature on trade—and live with the consequences.In some ways, Mr.Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration, which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S.companies.The same political pressures from trade hawks in Congress that the Bush officials felt are now bearing down on the Clinton team.39.“Some of the Clinton administration’s tough talk” is described as being “tactical” in the text.What is the implication of in the given context?

40.What did the Clinton administration have in common with the Bush administration in their attitude toward the EU?

41.Why did America refuse to sign a GATT agreement as mentioned in the second passage?

五、正误判断题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)

Passage 1

John T.Chambers, Chief Executive of Cisco Systems, talks about the merger of Cisco with a larger company:

A merger of equals had a lot of appeal.If you combine the Number 1 and Number 2 players in an industry, by definition you’re Number 1 in terms of size.By combining two companies with good management teams, you automatically build up the strength of your management.You can also widen your customer base and have more distribution channels.In addition, the merger automatically makes your remaining competition second level.As a result, your competition must rethink its strategy.In the end, you force a period of mergers and acquisitions on your competition.When we looked more closely, our concerns were raised.For example, 50 percent of large-scale mergers fail.Mergers can fail on a number of levels.They can fail in terms of their benefit to the shareholders, customers, employees and business partners.A decision has to be right with each of those groups, or we would not go forward with it.If you merge two companies that are growing at 80 percent rates, you stand a very good chance of stopping both of them.That’s a fact.For a period of time, no matter how smoothly they operate, you lose momentum.Our industry is not like the banking industry, where you are acquiring branch banks and customers.In our industry, you are acquiring people.And if you don’t keep those people, you have made a terrible, terrible investment.We pay between $500,000 and $2 million per person in an acqusition.So you can understand that if you don’t keep the people, you’ve done a tremendous disservice to your shareholders.So we focus first on the people and how we incorporate them into our company, and then we focus on how to drive the business.42.The passage talks about the benefits and problems after a merger of companies.()

43.The word “competition” in this passage means “rivals”.()

44.In order to compete with other companies, Cisco is forced to go into the next round of mergers.()

45.The reason why 50 percent of large-scale mergers fail is just that the companies do not let their shareholders, customers, employees and business partners make decisions.()

46.When Cisco Systems buys another company, its primary focus is on its customers.()Passage 2

In the eyes of economists, economic growth is a phenomenon about population.First, the accumulation of capital needed to support growth comes from citizens’ saving tendencies.A labor-intensive economy has more deposit capacity than an ageing society.Secondly, economic growth relies on the growth of labor forces, especially young laborers.Sustained growth also depends on education standards.In China, labor forces are mainly outsourced from rural areas.In the past 25 years, some 160 million rural laborers have quit traditional farming and found employment in cities or non-farming sectors.Although agriculture still employs more than 60 per cent of China’s population, its share in the country’s financial revenue has declined to less than 15 per cent, dropping from 40 per cent or so in late 1970s.This also shows that China’s growth is mainly based on an industrialization course featuring expansion of the manufacturing sector.Continuous supply of labor forces has improved China’s private saving capability substantially, which means surplus income that can be reinvested to fuel economic growth.The importance of labor supply in China’s growth dynamics means it is necessary to review the way China’s population increases.After years of decline, China’s birth rate is now equivalent to that of other emerging East Asian economies.The low birth rate in the country is mainly a result of the family planning policy initiated in the late 1970s.Some scholars have estimated China will see zero growth in young laborers in 2015.Some have also projected that by 2030, 20 per cent of China’s population will be over 60-years-old, compared to 8 per cent now, and the number of pensioners will be more than 40

per cent of the number of working people.47.This passage mainly talks about the importance of labor supply in China’s economic growth.()

48.The two factors that will limit China’s future growth are the industrialization process and the slowdown in labor supply.()

49.China’s productivity mainly resulted from the transfer of labor forces to farming sectors.()

50.One major characteristic of China’s industrialization is the development of manufacturing business.()

51.The contribution of agriculture to China’s financial revenue has remained quite stable over the past three decades.()

六、翻译题(本大题12分)

52.Interest in imports from China is high.The Chinese consulate’s commercial section in Dubai reported a continual stream of visitors in the run-up to the exhibition from companies wanting to do business for the first time with China.More than 4,000 Chinese traders visited the emirates on government and private missions last year.As a result of this activity, China’s exports to the UAE have almost doubled from $279.5 million in 1990 to $522.7 million in 1992, according to Chinese government statistics.Dubai’s statistics show that China was the fifth largest supplier in 1990

篇2:外刊经贸知识选读

一、术语

制成品 manufactured goods 资本货物 capital goods 国际收支 balance of payments 经常项目 current account 有形贸易项目 visible trade account 无形贸易项目 invisible trade account 贸易顺差 trade surplus 贸易逆差 trade deficit

易货贸易 barter 补偿贸易 compensation trade 反向贸易 counter-trade 组装生产 assembly manufacturing 工商统一税 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 合资企业 joint venture 延期付款 deferred payment 买方信贷 buyer credit 卖方信贷 supplier credit 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 最惠国待遇 MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment)

永久性正常贸易关系 PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations)国民收入 NI(National Income)国民生产总值 GNP(Gross National Product)国内生产总值 GDP(Gross Domestic Product)国际复兴和

开发银行 IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)国际开发协会 IDA(International Development Association)国际金融公司

IFC(International Finance Comporation)经济合作和发展组织 OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

国际清算银行 BIS(Bank for International Settlement)欧洲经济共同体 EEC(European Economic Community)欧洲联盟 EU(European Union)外商直接投资 FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)

二、词语释义:

substantially : dramatically, significantly, considerably

subsequently: afterwards

exacerbate: deteriorate, worsen;aggravate;make worse

withdraw: cancellation 1

theme: principle

in return for: in exchange for

disrupt: interrupt

destined: designed

pronounced: marked

in the wake of: following;after with

undue: too much;unbearable

reverse: change to the opposite

buoyant: brisk

outcome: result

boost: stimulate;promote;develop

recover: rebound

facilitate: make easy

run-down: reduction

mount exhibitions: hold exhibitions

insofar as: to the extent

bottlenecks: obstacles

三、句子翻译

1.During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country’s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.20世纪50年代,中国向前苏联和东欧各国出口农产品以换取制成品和国家的工业化计划所要求的资本设备,而国家的工业化计划则强调重工业的发展。

2.The growth of foreign trade was distrupted again during the Cultural Revolution when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.在文化大革命期间,外贸的增长又一次被打断了。当时农业和工业生产急剧下降,运输管制变的更严重。

3.Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979.Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978, placing undue strain on the national economy.在这个时期,出口增长要快于进口增长不仅是由于中国经济计划者着重强调出口,也是因为大多工业项目在1979年被推迟了。官方承认外国技术能够在中国经济的现代化化中起重大作用,这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上,从而给国民经济带来了重压。

4.Chinese official stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry, but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication,not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.中国官员强调为国内工业引进先进技术的重要性,但是需要的是各种程度不同的精尖技术,而不是像西方国家理解的先进技术。

5.There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments,but the size of the visible trade surplus during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years.没有官方的统计资料涉及无形贸易收支,但在1981-1983年期间的有形贸易顺差的大小和旅游赢利的显著增长表明了经常项目在过去几年里有盈余。

6.Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer,while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods, produced by the equipment provided,in return.Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product.Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible for exemption from customs duties and taxation.根据顾客提供的样品来生产产品,同时强烈鼓励补偿贸易。由此国外的供应商提供原材料和设备并收到由其提供的设备生产出来的制成品作为回报。补偿贸易在某种程度上不同于易货贸易和反向贸易,在国外提供的设备和制成品中有直接的联系。来件组装始于1978年,特殊的对外贸易形式有资格免除关税和其他税收。

7.The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China’s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy, such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints, have been tackled.许多发展中国家面对的债务问题使中国在引进外国技术时下了这样的决心:采用直接投资和优惠付款方式融资,而不是在国际资本市场筹集大额的资金。在经济中的许多实际瓶颈,如运输网络的不足和能源缺乏被克服以前,官方认为招来大笔外债的做法是不妥当的。

第二章

一、术语:

1.The special Economic Zone 经济特区

2.a well-placed source 一位高层消息灵通人士

3.infrastructure 基础设施

4.capital stock 实际资本

5.consumer goods 消费品

6.preferential tax rate 优惠税率

7.cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业

8.ETDZ(Economic &Technical Development Zone)经济技术开发区

9.entrepreneurship 企业家精神

10.means of production 生产资料

11.stock-taking 评估

12.Allocation of resources 资源配置

13.macroregulation and control 宏观调控

14.fiscal policies 财政政策

15.tight monetary policy 紧缩的货币政策

16.working capital 运营资本

17.basic policy 基本国策

18.technical transformation 技术革新

二、词语释义:

1.in piecemeal form: piece by piece;gradually 逐渐的 2.showpiece: a prime or outstanding example 典范

3.pipedream: fantasy;daydream;dream that cannot be realized 白日梦

4.from scratch: from the very beginning 从零开始,从最初开始

5.grassroots: basic level 基层

6.the dust settles: the confusion ends 尘埃落定

7.in the driver’s seat: in the dominant position

三、句子翻译:

1.A clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain, declared itself “open to the outside world” and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.明显地,满怀信心的中国卷起了大部分的竹幕,并宣布向外部世界开放,打出邀请外国投资者来它所有的城市投资项目的招牌。

2.The literally, this does not make more sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of foreign businessman.从字面上来理解,这没有太大的意义,由于部分沿海城市还没有为外商的需求做好准备。

3.In the SEZs, which are being built almost from scratch, foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country, be it, for example, production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.在一切几乎从零开始的经济特区,只要中国政府认为对国家有益,外国人可对任何项目进行投资,例如出口货物的生产或私人住宅的房地产开发。

4.So, while comprehensive framework for the country“s modernization has been provided by the central committee”s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure, it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way.6

因此,虽然中央委员会1984年10月21日的改革经济结构的决定为该国的现代化提供了一个综合的框架,但要等尘埃落定、要等地方政府与外国投资者能有条不紊的打交道却还需要一段时间。

5.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People’s Congress discusses the seventh five-year plan, which will run to the end of the decade.评估开放政策将在这年迟一些到来,在全国人民代表大会讨论第七个五年计划,到10年末将进行。第三章

一、术语:

1.economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国

2.commercial hub 商业活动中心

3.Per capita 人均

4.Gross National Product 国民生产总值

5.punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税

6.securities 有价证券

7.real estate market 房地产市场

8.“ Greater China”trade bloc “大中华”贸易集团

9.conglomerate 跨行业公司

10.consortium 国际财团

11.GATT:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定

二、词语释义:

1.jockey: move 7

2.is bustling with: is filled with

3.giddy: dizzy;euphoric

4.farfetched: improbable;incredible

5.clear: earn a net profit

6.deal a hard blow t strike heavily

7.rung: level

8.retaliation: return of ill treatment for ill treatment;revenge;reprisal

9.career out of control: run out of control

三、句子翻译:

1.A farfetched prediction? The new American administration doesn’t think so.Bill Clinton has appointed China hands to top Asia posts at the state and Treasury departments.When critics called the appointments a slight to Japan, the leading Pacific economic power, U.S.Deputy Treasury Secretary Roger Altman explained the administration’s reasoning: by early in the next century, he said ,China may replace Japan in importance to the U.S.as an economic partner.Japan recognizes the rise of China.As a warning shot in an intensifying rivalry, Tokyo last week put punitive import tariffs on Chinese steel.一个牵强的预测吗?新美国行政机构不这样俯为,克林顿已被委任中国国务院和财政部在亚洲的要职,评论家称这个委任冷落了日本。最大的太平经济力量,美国的代表-财政部长罗格·奥得曼解释行政机构的理由:他说:“在下个世纪初,中国可以会取代日本作为美国经济伙伴的重要地位。”日本承认中国的崛起,上周日本作为在日益激烈竞争中的一次鸣枪警示给中国的钢以惩罚性的进口关税。

2.With the U.S.Congress due to consider the renewal of China“s most-favored nation trade status in June, officials in Beijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights as a source of U.S.opposition to preferred status for China.8 “The trade surplus itself will be the NO.1 problem this year.” Says one Chinese official.“After Japan, we’ll be first in line for relation.”

美国议会由于考虑在六月延长中国最惠国待遇,北京的官员担心贸易不平衡可能超越人权问题而作为反对优惠待遇的借口。中国的一位官员说:“贸易顺差将会成为今年首要问题。”继日本之后,我们会成为第一个被报复的国家。

3.However, even as the party promotes growth as a national priority, it worries about going too far.Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits, and the party press is issuing strident warnings, urging restraint on buyers and sellers alike.Rapid development is overwhelming China’s antique transport networks.然而,正当党把促进增长作为一个国家优先的问题时,它又担心增长的太快。通货膨胀已在近期又回到了两位数,党政刊物发出刺耳的警告,力劝买卖方都要克制。

第四章

一、术语:

1.centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济

2.market economy 市场经济

3.disinflationary(anti-inflationary)policies 反通货膨胀政策

4.deflation 通货紧缩

5.short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率

6.commodity market 商品市场

7.nominal(dollar)terms 名义(美元)价

8.constant(dollar)terms 不变(美元)价9.business cycle 商业周期

10.weighted average 加权平均数

11.hard currencies 硬通货

12.fiscal adjustment 财政调整

13.portfolio investment 有价证券投资

14.market diversification 市场多元化

15.tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策16.exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值

17.accommodative monetary policy 融通性货币政策

18.yield curve 收益曲线

19.per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值

20.GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定

21.EMS: European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系

22.GDP deflator 消除国内生产总值通货膨胀因素指数(GDP平减指数)

23.CMEA(Comecon): Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经互会

24.LIBOR: London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠利率

22.per capita income 人均收入

23.multilateral trade agreements 多边贸易协定

24.Portfolio investment 证券投资

25.cyclical deceleration in investment spending 生产总值通货膨胀因素指数

26.the population-weighted growth rate 人口加权增长率

二、词语释义:

1.in a row: in succession

2.easing: slowing down;decrease

3.momentum: force of movement

4.underlying: being at the basis of

5.slackening: slowing of speed

6.compound: worsen

7.moderate inflation: ease inflation

8.robust: strong and healthy

9.setbacks: frustrations

10.slump: depression

11.edge down: move slowly down

12.depreciation: devaluation

13.spike: abrupt increase

14.pick-up: recovery

15.rein in: control

16.bottoming-out: reaching the lowest point before rising again(止跌回升)

17.stagnat: stop;almost

三、句子翻译:

1.International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991.The Seven major industrial countries(the G-7)experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth-from 2.8 percent in 1990 to 1.9 percent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in Continental Europe and Japan.In important respects.The slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s.Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983.In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending.1991年,在发展中国家增长恶化的国际情形下,七个主要工业国的国内生产总值经历了一个急剧的下滑,从1990年的2.8%下降到1991年的1.9%,像加拿大、美国、英国陷入了萧条,欧洲大陆和日本增长率减缓。这个减速与发生在20世纪70年代和80年代的不同。并不是反通货膨胀政策的结果,需求的疲软大多与发展势头的丧失紧密相关,这个势头开始于1983年,在长期扩充中已经形成。此外,在许多工业国减速的一个普遍的根本因素是投资开支的周期性。

2.Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nominal commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 percent, in the growth of world trade.These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of import from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports to earn hard currencies.尽管美国疲软的需求导致了短期美元利率急剧地下跌,但对于发展中国家的发展是积极的,它也导致了名义产品价格约6%的下跌,世界贸易增长下跌了3%。苏联和它的后继国经济情形的恶化加剧了这一趋势,外汇短缺的增长导致了从东欧进口的压缩,加速了某些产品的出口,获得了硬通货。

3.Financial stress brought on by excessive debt in the household and corporate sectors was an example of another kind of structural problem, in particular for the economies of Japan and the United States.Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies, curtailing financing of higher-risk projects such as commercial construction and highly leveraged corporate transaction.A number of weaker institutions were also consolicated through bankruptcy, merger and reorganization.12

过多债务的财政压力招致了家族和公司部门是另外一种结构问题的例子,尤其是日本和美国的经济。这两个国家在财政制度上采取了比较保守的借贷政策,削减了对商业建筑这类高风险的财政项目和对公司依靠大量借贷进行交易的融资。大多数疲软的机构也通过破产,合并和重组来联合。

4.The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness or disruption in world-trade flows.Economic weakness in some of the region’s traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification, including a further strengthening of ties within the region.Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East Asia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “market-oriented” regional integration, a development that could partially offset lackluster progress in the area of multilateral trade agreements.这个高度以贸易为导向的地区面对的风险主要是潜在的世界贸易流中的萧条或混乱。一些地区传统出口市场的经济萎靡已强调了市场多样化的重要性。包括进一步加强地区内的联系。

日益活跃的东亚内贸易可被视为一个“市场导向”地区一体化的见证,这一点可弥补多边贸易协定领域毫无生气的进展局面。第五章

一、术语:

trade representative 贸易谈判代表

government procurement 政府采购

NAFTA(North America Free Trade Agreements)北美自由贸易协定

trade sanctions 贸易制裁

trade hawks 贸易中主张强硬路线的鹰派人物

二、词语释义:

1.tough: uncompromising(不妥协的,强硬的)

2.discrimination: unfair treatment

3.sanctions: penalty

4.escalate: develop;intensify

5.frictions: conflicts

6.procurement: purchase

7.be bullied into doing: be forced to do

8.is awake t is conscious of

9.amenable to responsive to

10.a ragged start: a poor start

11.intolerable: unbearable

12.retaliate: revenge;reprisal

13.impose: exert;influence

14s.drawn-out: prolonged and boring

15.shock: impact

16.prompting: provoking

17.tactical: skillful

18.underpinning: foundation

19.peeved: annoyed

20.embrace: acceptance

三、句子翻译:

1.WASHINGTON-The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S.policy on trade, signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S.trading partners get worse before they get better.华盛顿消息:克林顿政府正采取更加强硬的美国贸易政策,向欧洲和日本发出信号要求对美国的出口品提供一个更为公正的待遇,并已做好准备迎接将在与贸易伙伴关系改善之前出现的关系恶化。

2.The strongest signal came last week, when Mickey Kanter, the U.S.trade representative, moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community for “intolerable” discrimination against U.S.companies seeking government contracts within the community.The administration will begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged.最强的信号来自于上周,美国贸易代表米奇·凯特引用欧共体的话指出,12国欧共体谋求共同体内部的政府间合同是对美国公司的“令人无法忍受的”歧视。凯特先生说,如果欧共体一意孤行,美国政府将于六周后开始报复。

3.Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into a full-fledged trade war that would shock the world”s fragile economies.Thus, the administration will not be deterred by complaints that it has moved to “protectionism.”

对于这种更加大胆的政策会升级为震动世界脆弱经济的全面贸易战争,政府官员认为这种危险的可能性很小,因此虽有人抱怨美国已趋向“贸易保护主义”,政府不会受其阻碍。

4.In some ways, Mr.Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration, which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S.companies.从某种程度上,克林顿先生和他的顾问们正在走一条人们熟悉的与布什政府相同的路。布什政府去年曾威胁对欧共体实行制裁,并退出了关贸总协定的谈判,没有答署只会给美国公司带来小量收益的协定。

第六章

一、术语:

the single market 统一大市场 Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约

barrier-free market 无壁垒市场 free-trade zone 自由贸易区

referendum 公民复决投票 merger 兼并

budget cuts 预算削减 political and economic integration 政治经济一体化

deregulation 放松管制 privatization 私有化

二、词语释义:

big bang: strong and powerful effect;impact(不同凡响的效果)

sour: worsen backlash: a strong adverse reaction

be bursting to: be eager to(迫不及待地 „)skid: slide;fall

gush about: talk about with excessive enthusiasm(滔滔不绝地谈论)

translate into: transform into hang over: impend over;threaten

三、句子翻译:

1.Yet in its current dour mood, Europe risks almost overlooking the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating the world“s largest and wealthiest barrier-free market — and on a continent where, for centuries, economic battles have led to some of history”s bloodiest wars.But perhaps the major reason is the dark economic clouds now hanging over Europe.One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity, but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.然而在目前抑郁的情绪中,欧洲几乎冒险忽视了那种前进的革命性步伐,它曾以那种步伐创立了世界上最大的、最富有的自由市场——在一个大洲,那里几个世纪以来经 济上的争斗已经导致了一些历史上最血腥的战争。另外,一些观察家说,如果无法通过推进欧洲一体化来加强大市场,那将导致破坏内部市场计划已经取得的成就。

2.The single market is central to the community“s progress, but it is by no means certain that it could stand alone, says one senior EC official here, ”if the political will to continue moving forward fails, we can anticipate more strains in the marriage contract that ultimately would strike at what we“ve accomplished.”

篇3:外刊经贸知识选读

1 外刊选读教学中的问题

当前, 外刊选读教学中存在一些问题, 特别是在教材、教学方法和师资培养方面还有模糊认识。首先, 课程选材与传统阅读课程、精读课、泛读课选材不同。现在外刊选读教材大部分采取传统纸质形式编纂, “教材中的文章是从近年国内外主要报纸、刊物中挑选出来, 较有代表性、较经典、较适合高校学生使用的文章” (马兴, 2010:113) 。这些教材中, “有的对一些难点、重点加注, 有些甚至把文章译成中文, 形成英汉对照本。这样学生无论预习、学习、复习、考试都能做到‘手里有粮 (课本) 心不慌’” (同上:113) 。但它们都无法避免一个严重缺陷, 即“同一本教材, 用上几年……教师和学生使用同一教材时间较长时, 均会有教材滞后于形势发展的感觉。虽然可以努力, 但每年更新一套教材, 一是不可能, 二是浪费各种资源” (同上:113-114) 。缺乏时效性, 长期使用同样教材, 对于视时效性为生命的外刊选读课是致命的。这门课程特点之一是时效性, 很多教师学者表示认同, “如董启明教授所言:‘从某种意义上讲, 报刊英语就是当代英语, 是人们目前正在使用的英语, 是最新的英语, 是与时俱进的英语’” (同上:111) 。要想“打消师生只围着教材课本转所产生的厌旧感”, 就必须结合新时代学生心理特点和生活习惯, 借助现代科技手段, 促进报刊教学 (同上:114) 。对教师来说, 充满挑战的课程也使教学活动富于时代感, 与时俱进, 有助于教师成长。

此外, 该课程的教学方法与传统阅读课程、精读课、泛读课不同。目前, 一些外刊选读课程采取传统“串讲式”模式, 以教材为中心, 以教师为中心, 以考试为中心, 将它讲成了精读课或泛读课, 将教学重点放在单词、语句、篇章的理解记忆上, 失去了该课程的实践意义。修月祯指出, “教学中出现的最为普遍的问题是, 在教学方法上与精度或阅读相同。本人认为, 报刊阅读与其他课程的不同之处来自其自身的特点”, 即课程特点影响教学方法 (2006:94) 。教学方法的选定还应以学生为中心, 课程设计必须从其需求、兴趣、生活经验和认知水平出发, 采用体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径, 对“串讲式”报刊教学进行改革。

外刊选读课有其自身特点。它是大学英语教学中特色鲜明的实践课程, 是一门有挑战、有趣味、备课量大、不易上好、改革难度大的课程。郑志恒对其特点有比较全面的阐述:

外报外刊课程不同于精读、泛读课, 也不同于文学欣赏课, 是以传播学、新闻学理论和文艺批评理论为理论指导, 以原汁原味的外报外刊中的优秀文章为教材, 以现代英语为语言基础, 以西方背景知识为文化导入, 旨在培养学习者的语言能力和实践交际能力, 激励学生在语言和文化相融合的协作环境中通过自主实践来提高思维辨析能力的一门综合性课程。 (2006:320-321)

可见, 课程特色和难点在于对教师从多方面提出较高要求:首先, 对教师有传媒学要求, 应熟悉报刊常识, 了解新闻理论和业务, 是一门跨专业课程;其次, 讲授原汁原味报刊文章对教师的英语水平有很高要求, 要求对语言、历史、经济、政治、社会等方面有全方位把握, 对教师科研能力提出挑战;再次, 由于现代英语新陈代谢快, 要紧跟语言变化潮流, 教师不仅要具有国际视野, 还应具备终身学习能力, 付出长期的努力, 不断更新素材, 使这门课程“永葆青春”;此外, 报刊文章短小, 折射西方文化, 是文化的“活标本”, 对教师文化敏感度提出很高要求;最后, 教学中, 如何综合提高学生交际能力、自主学习能力、实践能力、思辨能力等综合素质, 如何兼顾教育与教学, 也给教师提出了一连串难题。

2 双语手机报特点

我国第一份中英文双语手机报诞生于2008 年2 月26 日, 由中国日报社、中国移动合作推出。双语手机报依托报纸、移动通信商和网络运营商联手搭建的信息传播平台, 通过无线传输方式, 将双语资讯以彩信或其他的方式送达用户手机。当前, 双语手机报主要有两种传播模式:彩信模式, “用来实现彩色视频传送, 它最大的特色就是支持多媒体功能, 能够传递文字、图像、声音、数据等各种多媒体格式的信息”, 使用方便, 不受无线网的限制 (彩信以及彩信收发的基本原理) 。因此, 只要订阅成功, “用户可以离线观看” (手机报) 。APP客户端模式, 用户使用无线网或手机流量, “通过手机下载相应的APP应用客户端, 可以第一时间进行新闻提醒, 新闻推荐……” (同上) 尽管APP模式近年来发展迅猛, 但鉴于彩信模式运行稳定、无需连接无线网, 且具有收集教学资源便利的特点, 故本文主要讨论第一种模式。

2.1 基本特点

手机的便捷带来的是手机报的阅读方便。首先, 手机报订阅方便。用户只需发送相应代码至指定号码, 即可试读、订阅或退订, “不需要繁琐的手续和漫长的等待” (手机报的传播特点) 。其次, 接收方便。它“不像打电话和上网, 必须要求接收方也同时在另一端。信息可以存储在彩信平台的服务器上, 一旦对方开机, 信息就会自动发送……信息保存在手机中, 方便随时查阅” (同上) 。它有确定的发送频率和时间, 用户成功接收后, 可随时打开阅读, 无需连接无线网, 也不使用手机流量, 阅读稳定流畅, 文件小巧, 可保存亦可删除。

2.2 教育教学特点

对于教育教学极为重要的是, 用户可以对手机报文章进行筛选和后期处理, 能够将选定资讯发送至计算机, 以便进一步编辑整理, 制作课件, 用于教学。除了双语手机报使用方便外, 它还具备以下教育教学特点。

2.2.1 可覆盖人群广

网易财经频道载文, “工信部经济运行监测协调局发布的2014年6月通信业经济运行情况显示, 我国移动电话普及率已达92.6%, 北上广等8 省市更是超100%” (工信部:全国移动电话普及率已达92.6%) 。笔者于2015年3月10日在两个教学班中进行了“双语手机报”问卷调查。接受问卷调查者为一年级新闻学院和管理学院学生。共发放问卷104份, 收回102份, 有效问卷101份。分析调查结果后, 笔者发现, 两班中, 手机拥有率为100%, 100%的同学称他们会将手机随身携带, 7.9%的同学称同时使用两部或以上的手机, 94.1%的同学称自己的手机能够接收彩信。可见, 手机已成为学生随身携带的生活必需品, 订阅双语手机报有深厚的硬件基础, 不会给学生造成巨大经济负担。

2.2.2 价格低廉

双语手机报比传统纸质报纸在价格上有明显优势, 绿色环保, 流通成本低。以纸质版《参考消息》为例, 每周三增加“副刊天地”, 可用于外刊选读的教学资源。其中, “时尚英语档案”转载近期国外报刊及其网站的热点时文。当前, 报纸每月订阅价为24 元, 每期为8 角。与之相比, 手机报价格更为便宜。以某双语手机报为例, 该报分早晚报, 每天两期, 定时发送, 每月资费5 元左右, 每期早报或晚报仅为8 分左右。在“双语手机报”问卷调查中, 笔者发现, 69.3%的同学愿意承担双语手机报每月5元左右的资费。可见, 手机报有一定价格优势, 这使双语手机报的广泛使用成为可能, 是将其用于课堂教学和学生课下自主学习的先决条件。

2.2.3 短小精悍的多媒体

双语手机报主要的传播载体是彩信, 文件短小, 有多媒体功能。受到篇幅限制, “手机报的新闻强调短些、精些, 要远远短于报纸的篇幅”, 与纸质报纸相比更加的惜字如金, 因此, 手机报“更强调信息的浓缩精炼, 传播的往往是一两句新闻的要点, 五个W俱全就足够了”, 故而言简意赅, 适于课上课下使用 (手机报) 。然而, 尽管短小, 它却“五脏俱全”。与短信相比, 它更为先进, 功能更强大, 更有生命力, “它在传输过程中能够使终端用户收到50K的多媒体数据包, 这个多媒体数据包包含了图片、文字、声音、动画等, 可涵盖4开8版报纸的全部内容。因此, 手机报提供给读者的是一份包括报头、版次、标题、导读、照片甚至广告的原汁原味的‘报纸’, 资讯十分全面” (手机报的传播特点) 。如能将双语手机报的多媒体属性用于同样强调综合性、实用性的外刊教学中一定会带来良好的教学效果。

2.2.4 充分利用碎片时间

碎片时间是“没有安排任何工作, 未被计划的时间”, 因时间短, 随时出现, 貌似无用, 故得此名 (碎片时间) 。在瞬息万变的快节奏生活中, 碎片时间随处可见。利用碎片时间来阅读手机报成为抵制时间浪费, 将时间化零为整的好方式, 生活中“每个人在一天当中都有很多的零碎时间, 如:等车、在电梯里、在飞机场、在地铁上、在火车上, 人们在这些零碎时间里利用手机来获取信息是最为方便的” (第五媒体) 。手机报短小精悍, 为用户在短时间内获取完整信息提供便利, 经过长期积累, 碎片时间通过阅读得以整合, 使用户能够将时间零存整取, 得到意想不到的收获。

2.2.5 彩信发送带有一定的强制性

手机是随身携带的电子产品。这一属性使手机天然与用户身心有紧密关系。笔者在“双语手机报”问卷调查中发现, 有58.4%的学生称如果忘记带手机会感到不安和焦虑。如果能将人对手机的依赖转化为人对阅读手机报的习惯, 不仅会取得意想不到的英语学习效果, 还有益身心。有人将这种紧密关系理解为手机和彩信的强制性, “其他媒体本身不具有强制性, 都需要读者主动去获得信息, 而一个拥有手机的人不可能总不开手机或者总不随身携带, 因此手机可以通过短信息等形式将信息强制性地传播给受众” (同上) 。就手机报而言, 不管用户当前是否想阅读, 当天的新闻都会以彩信的方式发送至手机。彩信会在手机中逐渐积累, 会以提示音、标记等方式反复提醒用户尽快阅读, 这种强制性将促进用户阅读习惯养成。正如有文章指出, “如果说报纸、广播、电视和互联网仍然与我们的生活有一定距离的话, 则手机报这种‘带着体温的媒体’的诞生, 彻底消解了大众传媒和人们之间的距离” (手机报的主要特点与发展趋势) 。

2.2.6 转载国外知名报刊文章

有些师生对于国内英文报纸及旗下手机报颇有微词, 认为它们充斥“中式英语”, 不屑一读。这种观点有失偏颇。他们“觉得国内媒体的英语不够正宗, 过于简单, 蕴涵文化信息不够丰富。事实上, 国内英文报纸更侧重国际新闻和国际社会文化的报道, 而且既有外籍人员写的文章, 也有外国英文媒体的消息文章转载” (王亚民, 2006:179) 。对于办报而言, 过多转载外媒文章, 缺乏原创性和自身特色, 是大忌, 会导致报纸内容的“同质化”。然而, 双语手机报由于其肩负教育教学使命, 不妨多转载一些质量高且有代表性的外报外刊文章, 以飨读者, 使他们第一时间接触到原汁原味的海外资讯, 毕竟“外刊文章语言现代、地道实用, 为学生提供了真实的语言输入 (authentic input) , 符合当代外语教学研究的理论描述” (林劲、黄向辉, 2006:27) 。

3 结束语

篇4:外刊经贸知识选读

2009年4月16日,记者就中美知识产权WTO争端案的相关问题采访了商务部条法司知识产权处处长陈福利,他就中美知识产权争端的背景、发展阶段和美国对WTO提起该诉讼的原因及背景做了深入浅出的分析。对于广泛争议的“中国赢了还是输了”的问题,陈福利充分肯定了专家组现有裁决。他说,专家组报告全面深入,此案很难简单地以“输赢”而论,其对中国知识产权的制度建设,乃至对WTO知识产权规则的发展必将产生深远影响。

知识产权是美国努力维护的核心竞争力

《WTO经济导刊》:3月20日,世贸组织争端解决机构通过了中美知识产权WTO争端案专家组报告,近两年的中美知识产权交锋终于有了结果。事实上,中美之间有关知识产权的纠纷由来已久,美国政府似乎特别重视知识产权问题,为什么美国会紧咬知识产权问题不断向中国政府施压?

陈福利:美国一直紧盯知识产权相关问题,是因为知识产权问题长期以来在中美经贸关系中占据了十分重要的位置。随着入世后改革开放的进一步深入,中国的经济持续较快发展。单就对外贸易量来讲,入世后中国每年的贸易增长达到了30%左右。中国成为了一个贸易大国,美国则一直是中国贸易出口的主要市场之一。我们知道,大量的产品进入别国市场自然会对别国的同类产品带去竞争和冲击。而防守的一方通过自己的比较优势来遏制别国产品竞争、保护本国产品,这是十分正常的。对于美国而言,这个比较优势就是知识产权。中国产品虽然出口的数量逐渐增多,但是核心的知识产权还是不足的。这样一来,知识产权自然就成为了中美经贸关系发展中争论的焦点。美国的商业软件联盟曾经就提供数据称:如果中国的盗版量能降低10%,那么就能为美国带来1480亿美元的收入、13万人的就业、200多亿的税收。还有数据显示,美国的GDP中与知识产权相关的占到了一半,美国知识产权产业的价值达到了5万亿,40%的出口和知识产权有关,知识产权是美国最具有核心竞争力的领域之一。所以,美国对于知识产权的重视就是出于经济利益的需要。

《WTO经济导刊》:美国从自身的经济利益出发对知识产权领域十分重视,那么它具体采取了哪些措施来保护本国知识产权核心竞争力?美国对知识产权的重视和保护对世界知识产权界带来哪些影响?

陈福利:从美国国内来看,美国不断地强化知识产权制度的建设。在过去几年中,一方面优化、调整相关法案,包括《打击假冒制成品》法案,加重了对侵犯知识产权行为的处罚力度,增强了对知识产权的保护力度。2004年,针对当前世界知识产权侵权犯罪出现的有组织、跨境的特点,美国还宣布了一项stop战略(Strategy Targeting Organized Piracy),即“打击有组织盗版战略”。此外,美国还建立了国内知识产权协调机制,把从事知识产权的很多部门结合到一起进行沟通和协调。

另外一方面,美国在对外的谈判机构里也强化了知识产权工作力度。比如在美国驻中国使领馆机构里就增派了知识产权专员。

在这个背景下,有一点是十分值得我们注意的,那就是国际间知识产权强保护的趋势越来越明显。美国是知识产权强保护的主要领跑者。知识产权现在已经成为了FTA(自由贸易协定)中必不可少的章节。过去几年中,世贸组织曾围绕是否就“当今世界知识产权的执法水平”进行讨论,形成了发达成员和发展中成员立场鲜明的对峙。由于众多发展中成员的反对,最终没有把它作为一个议题纳入到WTO的TRIPS(《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》)谈判里面。但是我们注意到,目前有几十个发达国家正在进行一个“反假冒贸易协定”谈判,他们的目标毫不讳言地来说,就是要建立或者要推动建立一个在现行的TRIPS保护水平之上的新国际准则。在APEC(亚太经合组织)围绕知识产权执法的问题,美国也提出了许多动议。近几年,APEC针对打击假冒和盗版先后形成了1个倡议和6个指南。这就显示出各个国家从其国内竞争的角度和自身利益出发,对国际现行的知识产权秩序和规则的思考,形成了一种强保护的趋势。

中美知识产权四阶段呈现出不同特点

《WTO经济导刊》:中国在加入世界贸易组织前后,很多国际人士都注意到了中国在加强知识产权保护方面的举措,并且高度评价了中国在知识产权方面的工作。在与美国的双边关系中,中国具体做了哪些努力?中美的知识产权纠纷有怎样的特点?

陈福利:中美知识产权问题在不同阶段有不同的特点,目前大致可以分为四个阶段。第一阶段是1989-1996年这段时间,我们把这段时间称为大风浪时期,主要是由于在这期间中美进行了三次比较大的知识产权谈判。谈判的背景,是美国从它国内的法律制度中寻求对外发力的手段,希望中国在知识产权体制的建设和司法保护的事实上都能符合它的愿望。三次谈判的背后都是美国国内“301”制度的运作,如美国在其年度“301”报告中将中国列入“重点国家”名单,指责中国当时知识产权保护制度的缺失,使得一些著作权问题和药品专利问题都不能得到有效的解决。而一旦中国被列入“重点国家名单”,美国政府就必须要进行对外谈判解决这些问题,否则就要采取单边报复。在三次谈判中,双方从各自国情出发,最后达成了一致维系了中美经贸关系的继续发展。

第二个阶段是1996-2001年,是相对平和的缓冲期。因为上述3次谈判使美国对中国的一些诉求得到了实现。另一方面,中国国内基于自身发展需要也开展了大量的工作。另外一个大的背景就是中国加入世界贸易组织谈判, 美国对中国知识产权的关注体现在了中美关于中国入世的双边谈判当中。中国结合TRIPS协定在知识产权方面做了大量工作,中国知识产权立法更加完善,中国还先后加入了重要的知识产权国际公约、条约。所以这段时期中美两国关系相对平和。

另外一个原因是当时的克林顿政府承诺给予中国最惠国待遇,所以对于国会的舆论有一定的引导,使舆论站在“支持中国加入WTO大家庭”的一边。虽然这个时期表面风平浪静,双边政府之间大的知识产权纠纷和谈判没有了,但是两国企业、权利人和使用者之间的纠纷还是持续不断的。比如美国对中国企业的337调查呈上升趋势,而且所占比重较大。在每年的20-30余起337调查中,针对中国的就有10-20余起,中国成为了被337调查最多的国家。

第三阶段是2001-2007年这段时间,双边知识产权关系不断升温。2001-2003年间,随着加入WTO,中国对知识产权和其他与WTO相关的法规进行了大规模的清理,我们快速建立了与WTO规则相统一协调的、与国内发展相适应的、具有中国特色的知识产权法律体系。使中国国内现行的知识产权法律体系和国际规则的对接实现了较好地统一。这也使世界对此给予了高度的评价。但是另一方面,我刚才提到过的,中国入世后贸易发展迅速,“made in china”的货品源源不断地输向全球各地,尤其是美国,实现了中国对美国巨大的贸易顺差。这就使美国不断将逆差的扩大归因于知识产权。为处理好相关知识产权问题,双方一直都是抱着积极磋商、解决的态度。2004年第15届中美商贸联合会设立了专门的中美知识产权工作组,从此,双方在知识产权领域的交往有了一个固定的机制。在2004、2005、2006三年間,围绕双方感兴趣的知识产权话题,中美开展了大量的交往,其间也有一些非常成功的合作,解决了大量的问题。可以说,这个机制是卓有成效的。

而当时在国内,随着经济的发展,中国也越来越意识到知识产权的发展是自身发展的一种需要,保护知识产权已成为中国经济自身发展的内生原动力。这段时期,中国提出了建立“创新型”国家的战略目标,设立了国家保护知识产权工作组,又开始了国家知识产权战略制定工作,全面加强了中国知识产权工作。2004年至2007年中美知识产权关系的升温,就好的方面而言,主要表现为,双方知识产权交往频繁,工作成效明显,合作热度上升;但另一方面,在合作中,双方矛盾也在不断积攒,并逐步沸腾,最终导致不可调和,于是,迎来了中美知识产权关系的第四阶段,即2007年4月至2009年3月的中美知识产权WTO诉讼期。

矛盾不可调和 中国“奉陪到底”

《WTO经济导刊》:既然中国在知识产权上做出了诸多努力,而且中美双方还建立了专门的知识产权磋商机制,为什么最后在知识产权问题上会形成双方无法调和的矛盾,最后走向WTO诉讼?

陈福利:美国对中国知识产权的关注也是根据不同时期发生变化的。原来美国更关注制度建设,现在中国的制度建设起来了,它又开始把注意力转到执法上面来。但制度和执法的发展要和我们的发展阶段相适应,是不可能一蹴而就的。而美国则急于要求中国满足它的要求。最明显的是2006年美国的“301”报告,中国依然是该报告所占篇幅最大的关注对象。其中,美国认为中国知识产权侵权水平居高不下。美国通过业界提供的数据,指责中国的侵权盗版率达到了90%以上。同时也拿来了海关的统计数据,称中国涉嫌侵犯知识产权的货物占其查扣的来自全球的侵权货物的一半以上。同时,美国还认为中国现行的执法体制是有问题的,而中国执法体制的最大特点就是双轨制,也就是行政执法和司法保护并行运作。而且行政执法的时间短、花费少,国外权利人通过这个途径解决了很多问题。但美国却认为,中国现行的知识产权行政执法是没有牙齿的老虎,威慑力不够,需要加大刑事司法力度,从而增加执法威慑力。他希望中国对知识产权法律制度进一步做些改进,比如刑事处罚的门槛要降低。事实上,你可以看到美国所认为的中国存在的问题之间存在着一定的因果关系:侵权水平居高不下就是执法不力导致的。为什么会执法不力呢?就是因为现在执法的依据还不完善。

为此,美国提出了很多要求,其中,就刑事保护而言,虽然2007年中国新的司法解释明显降低了侵犯著作权的数量门槛,违法复制品数量门槛由2004年的1000张降到500张,但是美国认为还是不够,应当继续降低。

美国对中国的关注越来越倾向于体制性东西和基本法律层面的东西。而这些对于当前我们国家发展的阶段来讲,是适合中国国情的。所以在这种情况下,双方的矛盾越来越不可调和。由于这些不可调和的分歧,最后走向了WTO诉讼,有其必然性。

《WTO经济导刊》:在美国提起诉讼之前,双方有没有试图通过协商来解决上述问题?

陈福利:当然,为了避免诉讼,双方在双边领域还是做了许多沟通。2007年4月美国提起WTO磋商請求前,中美围绕知识产权问题开展了密集的磋商。甚至在2007年的1、2月双方多次通过电话视频会议、信件等多种形式进行沟通。美国起初列举了29个具体的关注点,后来浓缩到8个方面关注。美国要求中国就这些问题达成一揽子协议,称这是避免WTO诉讼的惟一的途径,而且时间上要求在3月份之前达成协议。现在来看,在WTO诉讼的问题上,美国可以说是酝酿已久的。美国要求双边在3月底之前要达成协议,而4月10日就提起了诉讼。从这个时间点上看,说明美国之前就已经在准备诉讼。美国政府在当时面临着国会和业界的很多压力,美国国会有14个议员联名给布什总统写信,敦促政府尽快就中美知识产权问题向WTO提起诉讼。尽管中方对于协商解决中美知识产权纠纷给予了最大的诚意和努力,但在原则问题上绝对没有让步。案件出来后,中国对外公开表态,对于这次诉讼会“奉陪到底”。这个案子在WTO引起了广泛的关注,到目前为止还是WTO知识产权争端案中第三方加入成员最多的,发达国家和发展中成员一共有12个第三方,可见WTO成员对这个案子的关注和兴趣。

案件得失,自有公论

《WTO经济导刊》:对于这个案子的结果,有两种截然不同的看法,美国认为他们胜了,而中国以及其他一些国家的专家学者则认为是中国赢了。您怎样看待这个案件的结果?在您看来,这个案件有怎样的意义?

陈福利:关于这个案件究竟是谁赢谁输,要想有个正确的判断,就要完整地阅读专家组报告,细细地去体会专家组的裁决,才会读出其中的味道。此案很难简单地说谁赢谁输,好在双方均没有上诉,结果摆在那里,相信自有公论。

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