chinadaily双语新闻

2023-06-21

第一篇:chinadaily双语新闻

(中英双语)商务部召开2015例行新闻发布会

2015例行新闻发布会

Regular Press Conference of Ministry of Commerce

各位记者,大家新年好。今年第一次例行发布会在这里给大家发布,很高兴再次和大家见面。通报一些情况,并且回答大家的问题,今年这次发布会,因为是全年年度的盘点,所以通报的是全年的情况。

Dear Friends from the Media, Happy New Year. I’m glad to see you here at the first regular press conference of 2015. I would like to brief you on some information and answer your questions. The conference today is about the review of the whole year of 2014.

一、 关于国内市场运行情况

2014年国内消费市场运行总体平稳,全年实现社会消费品零售总额26.2万亿元,同比增长12.0%,扣除价格因素,实际增长10.9%,比上年同期分别放缓1.1个和0.6个百分点。据商务部监测,1-12月5000家重点零售企业销售额增长6.3%,较上年回落2.6个百分点。全年最终消费对GDP增长的贡献率达到51.2%,比上年提高3个百分点,成为拉动经济增长的主引擎。消费市场主要特点:

I. Performance of Domestic Market

In 2014, the domestic consumer market remained steady, and the retail sales of consumer goods in the whole 2014 reached 26.2 trillion yuan, up 12.0% year on year, and 10.9% with price factors excluded, 1.1 and 0.6 percentage points slower than that of 2013 respectively. According to the monitoring of the Ministry of Commerce, the sales of 5,000 major retail enterprises in January-December were up 6.3%, 2.6 percentage points slower than that of 2013. The final consumption of the whole year contributed 51.2% to GDP growth, 3 percentage points higher than that of 2013, becoming the main engine driving economic growth. Following are the main characteristics of the consumer market.

一是网络零售保持高速增长。据国家统计局统计,全年网上零售额同比增长49.7%,达到2.8万亿元。根据商务部电子商务司测算,2014年电子商务交易额(包括B2B和网络零售)将达到约13万亿元,同比增长25%。(具体数据请参考2015年5月发布的电子商务白皮书)商务部监测的5000家重点零售企业中,网络零售增长33.2%,比上年加快1.3个百分点。专业店、超市和百货店分别增长5.8%、5.5%和4.1%,比上年分别回落1.7、2.8和6.2个百分点;购物中心虽增长7.7%,但也比上年放缓4.5个百分点。

1. Online retail kept a rapid growth. According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, the online retail sales of 2014 were up 48.7% year on year, reaching 2.8 trillion yuan. According to the calculation of the Department of Electronic Commerce and Information of the Ministry of Commerce, the volume of business transaction in 2014 (including B2B and online retail) would reach about 13 trillion yuan, up 25% year on year. (Detailed data in the White Paper of Electronic Commerce which will be issued in May,2015). Among the 5000 major retail enterprises monitored by the Ministry of Commerce, online retail was up 33.2%, 1.3

points higher than that of 2013, and that of special stores, supermarkets and department stores were up 5.8%, 5.5% and 4.1% respectively, 1.7, 2.8 and 6.2 percentage points slower than that of 2013; that of shopping malls were up 7.7%, but 4.5 percentage points slower than that of 2013.

二是通讯类、文体类商品增长加快。4G通讯快速普及,激发手机更新换代需求,限额以上单位全年通讯器材销售额同比增长32.7%,比上年加快12.3个百分点。商务部监测的5000家重点零售企业中,文化办公、体育娱乐用品销售额分别增长5%和4.7%,比上年分别加快6.3和5.6个百分点。

2. Growth of communication and culture and sports products sped up. The rapid popularization of 4G communication stimulated the demands for upgrading of cell phones. In 2014, sales of communication equipment of units above the designated size were up 32.7% year on year, 12.3 percentage points higher than that of 2013. Among the 5,000 major retail enterprises monitored by the Ministry of Commerce, sales of cultural and office products and sports and recreation products were up 5% and 4.7% respectively, 6.3 and 5.6 percentage points higher than that of 2013.

三是汽车消费保持平稳增长。据中国汽车工业协会统计,2014年乘用车销售量达1970万辆,同比增长9.9%,较上年放缓5.8个百分点。新能源汽车市场良好,全年销售约7.5万辆,增长3.2倍。中国品牌乘用车销量增长4.1%,增幅比上年回落7.3个百分点,市场份额较上年下降2.1个百分点。中国汽车流通协会数据显示,2014年前11个月二手车交易545万辆,增长16.7%。

3. Automobile consumption maintained a steady growth. According to the China Automotive Industry Association, sales of passenger vehicles in 2014 reached 19.7 million, up 9.9% year on year, 5.8 percentage points slower than that of 2013. The market of new energy cars enjoyed a good trend, with the sales of 75,000 in the whole year, up 3.2 times. Sales of passenger cars of Chinese brands were up 4.1%, 7.3 percentage points slower than that of 2013, and 2.1 percentage points slower in terms of market share. According to the statistics of the China Automobile Dealers Association, transaction of second-hand cars in the first 11 months of 2014 reached 5.45 million, up 16.7%.

四是大众化及服务类消费升温。大众化餐饮不断升温。全年餐饮收入增长9.7%,其中,限额以下企业增长13.2%,高出限上企业11个百分点。文化旅游需求旺盛,全年电影总票房296.4亿元,增长约36.2%;全年旅游总收入约3.25万亿元,增长11%,出境旅游首次突破1亿人次。

4. Mass consumption and service consumption heated up. Mass catering continuously heated up. The revenues of catering in the whole 2014 were up 9,7%, among which, that of enterprises under the designated size up 13.2%, 11 percentage points higher than that of enterprises above the designated size. Cultural tourism was in great demand, and the film box office of the whole year reached 29.64 billion yuan, up about 36.2%; the whole revenues of tourism were about 3.25 trillion yuan, up 11%, and the number of outbound travelers surpassed 100 million for the

五是消费价格基本平稳。2014年全国居民消费价格总水平上涨2%,比上年同期回落0.6个百分点,其中12月份上涨1.5%。据商务部监测,36个大中城市食用农产品价格全年上涨0.7%,其中,12月下降0.1%,已连续4个月负增长,降幅较上月收窄1.8个百分点,猪肉、羊肉、菜籽油价格同比分别下降10%、4.2%和2.9%,鸡蛋、食盐、水果分别上涨11.4%、8.7%和8.1%。

5. Consumer prices remained steady. CPI in 2014 was up 2%, 0.6 percentage points slower than that of the same period of 2013, and that of December was up 1.5%. According to the monitoring by the Ministry of Commerce, in 36 large and medium-sized cities, prices of agro-foodstuff went up 0.7% in the whole year, among which, that of December was down 0.1%, witnessing negative growth for four consecutive months, and 1.8 percentage points slower than that of November. Prices of pork, mutton and rapeseed oil were down 10%, 4.2% and 2.9% respectively, and those of egg, salt and fruit were up 11.4%, 8.7% and 8.1% respectively.

六是市场秩序进一步规范,消费环境逐步改善。2014年,商务部通过电视购物专项整治,查处违法电视购物广告691件、违法网站265个,关停16家非法购物频道。违法违规电视购物广告数量下降了83.9%。建设肉菜、中药材流通追溯体系,实现每天对3万多吨300余种产品的信息化可追溯管理,受益人口超过4亿,强化了市场管理,提振了消费信心。

6. Market order was further standardized and the consumption environment was gradually optimized. In 2014, through the special campaign to rectify TV shopping, the Ministry of Commerce investigated and dealt with 691 cases and 265 websites that violated laws and rules, and closed 16 illegal shopping channels. The number of TV shopping advertisements violating laws and rules was down 83.9%. The Ministry of Commerce constructed the circulation traceability system of meat, vegetable and traditional Chinese medicinal materials, realizing the information traceability management of 30,000 tons of products in 300 varieties and benefiting more than 400 million people, which strengthened market management and boosted consumption confidence.

二、 关于对外贸易情况

据海关统计,2014年,我国进出口总值26.43万亿元人民币,同比增长2.3%,其中出口14.39万亿元,增长4.9%,进口12.04万亿元,下降0.6%,贸易顺差2.35万亿元,扩大45.9%。按美元计,2014年我国进出口总值4.30万亿美元,同比增长3.4%,其中出口2.34万亿美元,同比增长6.1%,进口1.96万亿美元,同比增长0.4%。贸易顺差3824.6亿美元,同比扩大47.3%。在剔除2013年套利贸易垫高基数因素后,全国进出口同比实际增长6.1%,出口增长8.7%,进口增长3.3%。2014年全年进出口运行情况主要有以下特点:

II. Foreign Trade

to Customs figures, China’s total import and export in 2014 reached 26.43 trillion yuan, up 2.3% year on year. Export was 14.39 trillion yuan, up 4.9%, and import 12.04 trillion yuan, down 0.6%. Trade surplus was 2.35 trillion yuan, up 45.9%. In terms of the U.S. dollar, the total import and export of 2014 reached US$ 4.30 trillion, up 3.4% year on year, among which, export was US$ 2.34 trillion, up 6.1%, and import US$ 1.96 trillion, up 0.4%. Trade surplus was US$ 382.46 billion , up 47.3% year on year. Excluding the factor that the cardinal number was bolstered by interest arbitrage in 2013, import and export enjoyed a real growth of 6.1%, among which, export up 8.7% and import up 3.3%. The main characteristics of import and export in 2014 are as follows:

一是第一货物贸易大国地位巩固。从全球范围看,2014年全球贸易预计仅增长2%左右。1-11月美国进出口增长3%,欧盟和日本分别下降0.5%和2.5%。而我国外贸增速明显高于全球的平均增速,第一货物贸易大国地位进一步巩固。预计全年我国出口占全球份额达12.2%左右,较2013年提高0.5个百分点。

1. China’s status as the largest goods trader was consolidated. Internationally, the global trade in 2014 increased only about 2%. In January-November, the EU and Japan decreased 0.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The growth of China’s foreign trade was obviously higher than the average growth of the world, further consolidating the status as the largest goods trader. It is estimated that China’s export accounted for 12.2% of the whole world in 2014, 0.5 percentage points higher than that of 2013.

二是外贸对经济增长贡献突出。在国内经济下行压力加大的情况下,外贸对经济增长起到了重要的支撑作用。按支出法核算,2014年前三季度,货物和服务净出口对国内生产总值增长的贡献率达10.2%,预计全年贡献率将在10.5%左右,创2008年以来最高水平。

2. Foreign trade contributed a lot to the economic growth. With the increasing pressure of downward domestic economy, foreign trade played an important supporting role to the economic growth. Calculating according to the expenditure approach, in the first three quarters of 2014, net export of goods and services contributed 10.2% to the growth of GDP, and the contribution of the whole year was estimated to reach 10.5%, the highest since 2008.

三是一般贸易占比持续上升。全年一般贸易进出口2.31万亿美元,增长5.3%,占全国进出口总额的53.8%,较2013年提高1个百分点,比重连续两年提高。加工贸易进出口1.41万亿美元,增长3.8%,增速较2013年加快2.7个百分点。

3. The proportion of general trade continued to increase. The import and export of general trade of the whole year reached US$ 2.31 trillion, up 5.3%, accounting for 53.8% of the national total, 1 percentage point higher than that of 2013, increasing for two consecutive years. Import and export of processing trade reached US$ 1.41 trillion, up 3.8%, 2.7 percentage points higher than that of 2013.

四是贸易伙伴更趋多元。开拓新兴市场取得新成效,全年我国与发展中国家进出口比重较2013年提高0.4个百分点,其中,对东盟、印度、俄罗斯、非洲、中东欧国家等进出口增

17个自贸伙伴在我国出口总额的占比较2013年上升0.6个百分点。对发达国家市场保持稳定增长,全年对欧盟和美国进出口分别增长9.9%和6.6%。

4. Trade partners were more diversified. We have gained new achievements in exploiting emerging markets. The proportion of import and export with developing countries in 2014 increased 0.4 percentage points, among which the growth of import and export with ASEAN, India, Russia, Africa and central and eastern European countries were all above the overall growth. The FTA strategy gained obvious effect, the proportion of 17 FTA partners excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan in China’s total import and export increased 0.6 percentage points than that of 2013. Trade with developed countries maintained a steady growth, and the import and export with the EU and the U.S. increased 9.9% and 6.6% respectively.

五是商品结构继续优化。工业制成品占出口总额的95.2%,较2013年提高0.1个百分点,占比连续三年提高。装备制造业成为出口的重要增长点,铁路机车、通信设备出口增速均超过10%。七大类劳动密集型产品出口4851亿美元,增长5%。生物技术产品、航空航天技术产品、计算机集成制造技术产品等高新技术产品进口增速均在15%以上。消费品进口1524亿美元,增长15.3%,占进口总额的7.8%,较2013年提高1个百分点。

5. The commodity structure continued to be optimized. Export of manufactured goods accounted for 95.2% of the total export, 0.1 percentage points higher than that of 2013, increasing for three consecutive years. The equipment manufacturing industry has become an important growth point of export, and the export of both railway locomotives and communication devices increased over 10%. The export of seven kinds of labor intensive products reached US$ 485.1 billion, up 5%. Exports of high-tech products including biotechnology products, aerospace engineering products and computer integrated manufacturing goods were all above 15%. The import of consumer goods was US$ 152.4 billion, up 15.3%, accounting for 7.8% of the national total, 1 percentage point higher than that of 2013.

六是中西部地区对增量贡献首次过半。中西部地区进出口保持较快增长,其中,中部地区进出口3127亿美元,西部地区进出口3344亿美元,分别增长10%和20.5%,中西部地区合计对整体进出口增量贡献60.3%,贡献率首次超过东部。东部地区进出口3.66万亿美元,增长1.6%,占全国进出口总额的85%,较2013年下降1.5个百分点。

6. Contributions of central and western China to the growth were above 50% for the first time. The import and export of central and western regions maintained a rapid growth, among which, the import and export of the central region reached US$ 312.7 billion, and the western region US$ 334.4 billion, up 10% and 20.5% respectively, all contributing 60.3% to the total export growth, and exceeding the eastern region for the first time. The import and export of the eastern region reached US$ 3.66 trillion, up 1.6%, accounting for 85% of the national total, 1.5 percentage points slower than that of 2013.

商品价格指数下降3.3%,而出口商品价格指数仅下降0.7%,贸易条件连续第三年改善。重要能源资源产品进口价格走低,节约了大量外汇支出,仅原油、铁矿砂、铜矿砂、铜材、橡胶、化肥、大豆和谷物8种商品就少支出约485亿美元。

7. Trade conditions obviously improved. Under the situation that prices of domestic industrial products and international staple commodities all slumped, the import commodity price index of the whole year was down 3.3%, while the export commodity price index only decreased 0.7%. Trade conditions were optimized for three consecutive years. Import prices of important energy resources products declined, which saved a great amount of foreign exchange expenditures. Expenses on crude oil, iron ore, copper ore, copper products, rubber, chemical fertilizers, soybean and grain were reduced US$ 48.5 billion.

八是民营企业成为稳增长的主力军。全年有进出口实绩的民营企业占外贸企业总数的比重超过70%,较2013年提高1.6个百分点。民营企业进出口1.57万亿美元,增长5.3%,占全国进出口总额的36.5%,较2013年提高0.6个百分点,对整体进出口增量贡献55.9%。国有企业进出口7475亿美元,下降0.2%,连续三年负增长。外资企业进出口1.98万亿美元,增长3.4%。 (2015-01-21 10:21:40)

8. Private enterprises have become the main force of stabilizing growth. In 2014, private enterprises that have actual performance on import and export accounted for 70% of the total number of foreign trade enterprises, 1.6 percentage points higher than that of 2013. The import and export of private enterprises reached US$ 1.57 trillion, up 5.3%, accounting for 36.5% of the total import and import, 0.6 percentage points higher than that of 2013 and contributing 55.9% to the total growth of import and export. The import and export of state-owned enterprises reached US$ 747.5 billion, down 0.2%, seeing a negative growth for three consecutive years. The import and export of foreign-invested enterprises reached US$ 1.98 trillion, up 3.4%.

三、 关于吸收外资情况

2014年全年,外商投资新设立企业23778家,同比增长4.4%;实际使用外资金额7363.7亿元人民币。按美元计,实际使用外资金额1195.6亿美元,同比增长1.7%(未含银行、证券、保险领域数据,下同)。12月当月,外商投资新设立企业2482家,同比增长6.1%;实际使用外资金额818.7亿元人民币,按美元计,实际使用外资金额133.2亿美元,同比增长10.3%。全年吸收外资有以下特点:

III. Foreign Investment in China

In 2014, a total of 23,778 foreign-funded enterprises were approved, up 4.4% year on year, with actually utilized FDI of 736.37 billion yuan. In terms of US dollar, the actually utilized FDI reached US$119.56 billion, up 1.7% year on year (excluding data of banking, securities and

year on year with actually utilized FDI of 81.87 billion yuan. In terms of US dollar, the actually utilized FDI reached US$13.32 billion, up 10.3% year on year. The main characteristics of foreign investment in 2014 are as follows:

一是利用外资规模稳中有进。2014年实际使用外资1195.6亿美元,同比增长1.7%,高于美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、巴西等主要经济体,连续23年保持发展中国家首位。

1. The scale of the utilization of FDI was steadily improved. In 2014, the actually utilized FDI reached US$119.56 billion, up 1.7% year on year, higher than that of major economies like the U.S., the EU, Russia and Brazil, taking the lead among the developing countries for 23 consecutive years.

二是主要国家/地区对华投资总体保持稳定。2014年实际投入外资金额排名前十位的国家/地区(香港、新加坡、台湾省、日本、韩国、美国、德国、英国、法国、荷兰)合计投入1125.9亿美元,占全国实际使用外资金额的94.2%,同比增长2.7%。其中,韩国和英国对华投资增长较快,实际投入金额分别为39.7亿美元和13.5亿美元,同比增长29.8%和28%。内地与香港经贸关系更加紧密。2014年香港对内地投资额占内地吸收外资总额的68%,高出历年累计比重18.7个百分点。

2.Investment from major countries and regions maintained steady growth. In 2014, the actual FDI in the Chinese mainland from the top 10 investors (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, the ROK, the U.S., Germany, the UK, France and the Netherlands) amounted to US$ 112.59 billion, accounting for 94.2% of the total, up 2.7% year on year. Among others, the investment from the ROK and the the UK was US$ 3.97 billion and US$ 1.35 billion respectively, up 29.8% and 28% year on year respectively. The mainland has sustained closer economic relations with Hong Kong. Investment from Hong Kong took up 68% of the Mainland’s total absorption of FDI, 18.7 percentage points higher than that of the combined investment over the years.

三是结构进一步优化。服务业吸收外资占比上升,达到55.4%,高出制造业22个百分点,达662.3亿美元,成为吸收外资新增长点。资金密集度进一步提升。2014年新设企业平均合同外资金额812万美元,比2013年(713万美元)提高13.9%。外资区域布局日趋合理。在外向型产业转移的带动下,中部地区吸收外资增长7.5%,实际使用外资金额占比升至9.1%。中西部地区实际使用外资占比为18.1%,比2013年提高了0.5个百分点。

3.The structure was further optimized. Utilized FDI in the service sector took a higher percentage of 55.4% with US$66.23 billion, 22 percentage points higher than that of the manufacturing industry, being a new growth point of attracting FDI. The capital density was further improved. In 2014, the average contract value of foreign capital of the newly-established enterprises amounted to US$8.12 million, 13.9% higher than that of 2013 (US$7.13 million). The regional layout of foreign capital grew to be reasonable. Driven by export-oriented industries, the absorption of FDI in central China increased by 7.5% and actually utilized FDI in central China rose to 9.1% . The actually utilized FDI in central and

四是各项改革取得明显成效。注册资本登记制度改革促进外商投资企业在内的市场主体数量显著增长。2014年新设外商投资企业2.38万家,同比增长4.4%,扭转了自2012年以来连续两年下降的局面。自贸试验区试点取得重大阶段性成果。大力推进上海自贸试验区建设,建立了“准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理”外资管理模式,提高了投资便利化水平,极大激发市场投资热情。2014年上海自贸试验区合同外资金额约占上海市的三成,金融、文化等自贸试验区扩大开放措施引领上海市引资快速增长,服务业利用外资占比超过九成。

4. Remarkable achievements made in reforms. Reforms on the registration of registered capital system have promoted a remarkable increase of the number of market players including foreign-funded enterprises. In 2014, 23,800 newly-established foreign-funded enterprises were approved, up 4.4% year on year, reversing the situation of two consecutive year’s decline since 2012. Major phased fruits have been made in FTA pilots. Great efforts have been made to enhance the construction of the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone and establish a model of “pre-access national treatment together with a negative list”, improving the trade facilitation level and greatly motivating investment enthusiasm in the market. In 2014, the contract value of foreign capital in the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone took up one third of Shanghai’s total contract value of foreign capital. The measures to extend opening up in financial and cultural areas have led Shanghai’s attraction of FDI to grow rapidly, with utilized FDI in the service sector exceeding 90% of the total.

五是外商投资企业经营状态稳定,盈利和纳税好于全国平均水平。2014年,外商投资企业进出口总额同比增长3.4%,占全国总额的46.1%。根据国家统计局和税务总局数据,2014年1-11月,规模以上外商投资工业企业实现利润总额1.37万亿元,增长10.3%,高于全国平均增幅5个百分点。2014年1-9月,外商投资企业缴纳税收1.9万亿元,增长8.6%,比全国税收增幅高1个百分点,占全国税收收入的比重为 19.4%,比2013年同期提高0.2个百分点。

5. Foreign-funded enterprises appeared to be stable with profits and paid taxes higher than the average level. In 2014, the import and export value of foreign-funded enterprises went up 3.4% year on year, taking up 46.1% of the national total. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics and the State Administration of Taxation, in January-November 2014, the profits of designated size foreign-funded industrial enterprises reached 1.37 trillion yuan, up 10.3% year on year, five percentage points higher than the national average. In January-September, the taxation of foreign-funded enterprises amounted to 1.9 trillion yuan, up 8.6%, one percentage point higher than the national average, taking up 19.4% of the national taxation, with 0.2 percentage points higher than that over the same period in 2013.

六是国家级经开区总体发展态势良好。2014年1—9月,215家国家级经开区地区生产总值、第二产业增加值、第三产业增加值、财政收入、税收收入、固定资产投资同比均为两位数增长(分别为12.7%、13.5%、14.7%、15%、13.3%、15.5%)。 (2015-01-21 10:25:37)

6. National economic development zones enjoyed good momentum. In January-September

215 national economic development zones saw a double-digit growth in the gross regional domestic product, the value-added of the primary industry, the value-added of the secondary industry, the value-added of the tertiary industry, the fiscal revenue, the taxation revenue and the fixed-asset investment (12.7%,13.5%, 14.7%, 15%, 13.3% and 15.5% respectively)

四、 关于对外投资和经济合作情况

今年全年,我国境内投资者共对全球156个国家和地区的6128家境外企业进行了直接投资,累计实现非金融类对外直接投资6320.5亿元人民币。以美元计,全年累计实现非金融类对外直接投资1028.9亿美元,同比增长14.1%。其中12月当月,实现非金融类对外直接投资804.1亿元人民币。以美元计为130.9亿美元,同比增长31.8%。截至2014年底,我国累计非金融类对外直接投资3.97万亿元人民币(折合6463亿美元)。2014年我国对外投资主要有以下特点:

IV. China’s Investment and Economic Cooperation Overseas

In 2014, Chinese investors made direct investment in 6,128 enterprises in 156 countries and regions around the world, with a combined non-financial investment of US$ 102.89 billion (equivalent to 632.05 billion yuan), up 14.1% year on year. In December, non-financial direct investment overseas amounted to US$ 13.09 billion (equivalent to 80.41 billion yuan), up 31.8% year on year. As of the end of December, China’s total non-financial direct investment overseas amounted to 3.97 trillion yuan (equivalent to US$ 646.3 billion). The main characteristics of China’s investment overseas are as follows:

一是我国双向投资首次接近平衡。据商务部和国家外汇管理局统计,2014年我国共实现全行业对外直接投资1160亿美元,同比增长15.5%,其中金融类131.1亿美元,同比增长27.5%,非金融类1028.9亿美元,同比增长14.1%。全国对外直接投资规模与同期我国吸引外资规模仅差35.6亿美元,这也是我国双向投资按现有统计口径首次接近平衡。

1.China’s two-way investment was close to be even for the first time. According to the statistics by the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, in 2014, Chinese enterprises made a direct investment overseas of US$116 billion, up 15.5% year on year. US$13.11 billion went to financial areas, up 27.5% year on year while US$102.89 billion went to non-financial areas, up 14.1% year on year. China’s direct investment overseas and attraction of FDI only got a balance of US$3.56 billion, which is for the first time that China’s two-way investment being close to be even in line with present statistics standards.

二是企业海外并购取得突破。2014年我国大型对外投资并购项目投资领域呈现多元趋势。能矿领域继续成为投资热点,五矿资源等企业联营体以58.5亿美元收购秘鲁拉斯邦巴斯铜矿;国家电网公司以21.01亿欧元(折合25.4亿美元)收购意大利存贷款能源网公司35%

制造业领域并购活跃,联想集团以29.1亿美元收购美国摩托罗拉公司移动手机业务;东风汽车有限公司以10.9亿美元收购法国标致雪铁龙集团14.1%股权。农业领域跨国并购取得突破,中粮集团以15亿美元并购新加坡来宝农业公司和以12.9亿美元并购荷兰尼德拉公司,成为迄今农业领域对外投资最大的两个项目。

2. Breakthrough made in M&A overseas. In 2014, China’s major M&A projects overseas took on a trend of diversification. The energy area continued to be an investment hot spot. China Minmetals Corporation acquired LasBambas with US$5.85 billion; the State Grid acquired 35% equities of CDP RETL with Euro 2.101 billion (equivalent to US$2.54 billion). The M&A in manufacturing was active. The Lenovo Group acquired Motorola’s mobile cellphone business with US$2.91 billion; The Dongfeng Motor Company Limited acquired 14.1% equities of PSA Peugeot Citroen with US$1.09 billion. The M&A in the agricultural industry also made breakthroughs. The COFCO acquired the Noble Group and Nidera with US$1.5 billion and US$1.29 billion respectively, being the two largest investment projects overseas so far in the agricultural area.

三是对外直接投资产业结构继续优化。2014年对外直接投资产业门类广泛,涉及租赁和商务服务业、采矿业、批发和零售业、建筑业、制造业、房地产业、交通运输、仓储和邮政业等15大类,其中租赁和商务服务业372.5亿美元,采矿业193.3亿美元,批发零售业172.7亿美元,上述3个行业成为对外直接投资的主要领域。

3. The industrial structure of China’s FDI overseas continued to be optimized. In 2014, China’s FDI overseas covered wide and extensive areas, including the leasing and business service, mining, wholesale and retail, architecture, manufacturing, real estate, transportation, warehousing and postal service. Among others, US$37.25 billion was made in the leasing and business service, US$19.33 billion was made in mining industry, and US$17.27 billion was made in the wholesale and retail industry. The three industries are the main areas of China’s investment overseas.

四是地方企业对外直接投资发展迅速。2014年,地方企业对外直接投资451.1亿美元,同比增长36.8%,占同期对外直接投资总额的43.8%,较上年比重增加7.2个百分点。其中广东、北京、山东位列前三,对外直接投资额分别为96.01亿美元、55.47亿美元、44.11亿美元。

4. Direct investment overseas by local enterprises maintained a rapid growth. In 2014, the direct investment overseas by local enterprises reached US$ 45.11 billion, up 36.8% year on year, accounting for 43.8% of the total, with an increase of 7.2 percentage points. Guangdong province, Beijing and Shandong province ranked the top three among the list, with a direct investment of US$9.601 billion, US$5.547 billion and US$4.411 billion respectively.

五是企业更加注重当地利益融合,积极履行社会责任。例如中建集团在阿尔及利亚雇用当地分包队伍近300支,住房领域项目本地化采购率达85%,年当地采购额近4亿美元,该集团承揽的巴哈马海岛度假村项目已累计授予当地承包商和供应商合同额3.5亿美元,占总

20%。南车集团在马来西亚设立了东盟制造中心和维保中心,制造、销售和服务全产业链属地化。中铝集团在秘鲁的铜矿项目开工前先投资建设污水处理厂,解决了困扰矿区居民70年的水污染问题,还斥资2亿多美元为矿区建设了系列现代化城镇设施。 (2015-01-21 10:30:18)

5. Enterprises paid more attention to integration with local benefits and positively fulfilled social responsibilities. For example, the China State Construction Engineering Corporation employed almost 300 local subcontract teams in Algeria, the localization procurement rate of housing projects being 85%, with an annual procurement value of US$400 million. Its Bahamas island resort project has granted a combined contract value of US$350 million to local contractors and suppliers, taking up 20% of the total contracting value. The CSR established the ASEAN manufacturing center and maintenance center in Malaysia, the manufacturing, sales and services chains being localized. The Aluminum Corporation of China invested in building a sewage treatment plant before starting its copper mine project in Peru to solve the water pollution problems worrying local people for 70 years, and also built a series of modern urban facilities with over US$200 million for the mine lot.

对外承包工程方面。今年全年,我国对外承包工程业务完成营业额8748.2亿元人民币。以美元计为1424.1亿美元,同比增长3.8%,新签合同额1.18万亿元人民币。以美元计为1917.6亿美元,同比增长11.7%。新签合同额在5000万美元以上的项目662个,合计1578.2亿美元,占新签合同总额的82.3%。其中上亿美元的项目365个,同比减少27个。截至2014年底,对外承包工程业务累计签订合同额1.4万亿美元,完成营业额9351.6亿美元。

Contracted projects overseas. In 2014, the turnover of China’s contracted projects overseas amounted to US$ 142.41 billion (equivalent to 874.82 billion yuan), up 3.8% year on year. The value of newly-signed contracts was US$ 191.76 billion (equivalent to 1.18 trillion yuan), up 11.7% year on year. The projects each with a contract value of over US$ 50 million were 662, with a combined value of US$ 157.82 billion, taking up 82.3% of the total value of newly-signed contracts. Projects each with a contract value of US$ 100 million or more were 365, a decrease of 27 from that of last year. As of the end of December, the total contract value of China’s contracted projects overseas amounted to US$ 1.4 trillion, with a turnover of US$ 935.16 billion.

对外劳务合作方面。全年我国共派出各类劳务人员56.2万人,较去年同期增加3.5万人,同比增长6.6%;其中承包工程项下派出26.9万人,劳务合作项下派出29.3万人。12月当月,派出各类劳务人员6.3万人,较去年同期减少2.9万人。12月末在外各类劳务人员100.6万人,较去年同期增加15.3万人。截至12月底,对外劳务合作业务累计派出各类人员748万人。 (2015-01-21 10:30:48)

Labor service cooperation overseas. In 2014, labor service personnel dispatched overseas reached 562,000, an increase of 35,000 over the same period of last year, up 6.6% year on year. Labor service personnel sent overseas for contracted projects were 229,000 and those for labor

were 63,000, a decrease of 29,000 from the same period of last year. By the end of December, all labor service personnel sent abroad were 1.006 million, an increase of 153,000 compared with that of the end of December 2013. By the end of December, the labor service personnel dispatched overseas amounted to 7.48 million.

五、 关于服务外包情况

2014年,我国经济发展进入新常态,服务外包领域新技术、新业态、新应用模式不断涌现,服务外包产业逐步从规模快速扩张向量质并举转变。呈现以下主要特点:

V. Service Outsourcing

In 2014, China’s economic development entered a new normal, new technology, new commercial activities and new application models were constantly emerging and the service outsourcing industry changed from focusing on expanding scales to boosting quality and quantity simultaneously. Major characteristics are listed below.

一是服务外包合同金额首次突破千亿美元。2014年,我国企业共签订服务外包合同20.4万份,合同金额和执行金额分别为1072.1亿美元和813.4亿美元,分别同比增长12.2%和27.4%。其中,承接离岸服务外包合同金额和执行金额分别为718.3亿美元和559.2亿美元,分别同比增长15.1%和23.1%。

The contract value of service outsourcing surpassed US$100 billion for the first time. In 2014, the number of contracts on service outsourcing signed by Chinese enterprises totaled 204,000, with the contract value and executed contract value of US$107.21 billion and US$81.34 billion respectively, going up 12.2% and 27.4% year on year respectively. The contract value and executed value of offshore service outsourcing reached US$71.83 billion and US$55.92 billion, with an increase of 15.1% and 23.1%.

二是累计吸纳大学生就业超过400万人。2014年,我国服务外包新增从业人员71.1万人,其中大学(含大专)以上学历48.8万人,占从业人员总数68.7%。截止2014年底,我国共有服务外包企业2.81万家,从业人员607.2万人,其中大学(含大专)以上学历404.7万人,占从业人员总数66.7%。

More than 4 million university graduates were employed. In 2014, newly increased employees in the service outsourcing sector reached 711,000, among which 488,000 with college (including junior college) education or above, accounting for 68.7% of the total employees. As of the end of 2014, the number of enterprises in the service outsourcing sector totaled 28,100 with 6.072 million employees, including 4.047 million with college (including junior college) education or above, accounting for 66.7% of the total.

2014年,我国承接离岸信息技术外包(ITO)、知识流程外包(KPO)和业务流程外包(BPO)执行金额分别为293.5亿美元、186.7亿美元和79亿美元,占比分别为52.5%、33.4%和14.1%,同比分别增长18.3%、30.9%和24.5%。以知识和研发为主要特征的离岸知识流程外包业务比重稳步提升。

The knowledge process outsourcing was improved steadily. In 2014, the executed contract value of offshore information technology outsourcing (ITO), knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) and business process outsourcing (BPO) reached US$29.35 billion, US$18.67 billion and US$7.9 billion, accounting for 52.5%, 33.4% and 14.1%, respectively, and with an increase of 18.3%, 30.9% and 24.5% respectively year on year. The proportion of offshore KPO business featured on knowledge and development and research was improved steadily.

四是离岸业务以美欧港日为主。2014年,我国承接美国、欧盟、中国香港和日本的离岸服务外包执行金额分别为128.2亿美元、83.4亿美元、74.2亿美元和60.7亿美元,合计为346.5亿美元,占执行总额的62%。此外,离岸业务还向东南亚、大洋洲、中东、拉美和非洲等地区拓展。

The U.S., the EU, Hong Kong and Japan were major markets of service outsourcing. In 2014, the executed contract value in offshore service outsourcing from the U.S., the EU, Hong Kong and Japan was US$12.82 billion, US$8.34 billion, US$7.42 billion and US$6.07 billion, respectively, adding up to US$34.65 billion and accounting for 62% of the total execution value. Besides, the offshore business also expanded to such regions as Southeast Asia, Oceania, the Middle East, Latin America and Africa.

五是与“一带一路”沿线国家合作加深。经贸合作是推进“一带一路”建设的基础和先导。2014年,我国承接“一带一路”沿线国家服务外包合同金额和执行金额分别为125亿美元和98.4亿美元,同比增长分别为25.2%和36.3%。其中承接东南亚国家的服务外包执行金额53.8亿美元,同比增长58.3%。通过开展服务外包业务合作,进一步加强与“一带一路”沿线国家的经贸联系。 (2015-01-21 10:33:46)

The cooperation in service outsourcing with the countries of the Belt and Road Initiatives was deepened. Trade and economic cooperation is the basis and guidance to promote the construction of “the Belt and Road”. In 2014, the contract value and the executed contract value of service outsourcing from those countries reached US$12.5 billion and US$9.84 billion, respectively, with an increase of 25.2% and 36.3% year on year, respectively. The executed contract value of service outsourcing in Southeast Asia totaled US$5.38 billion, with an increase of 58.3% year on year. The trade and economic cooperation with the countries of the Belt and Road Initiatives was deepened by carrying out service outsourcing business cooperation.

六、 关于抗击埃博拉疫情对非援助举措落实进展

2014年初以来,部分西非国家相继爆发埃博拉疫情,中国政府先后提供了4轮总价值7.5亿元人民币的人道主义援助,包括提供防控物资、紧急现汇和粮食援助,派遣医疗队和公

4轮援助举措已落实到位。

VI. Progress in Implementation of Assistance to African Countries Resisting Ebola

Since the beginning of 2014, the Ebola epidemic has broken out in some Western African countries one after another. The Chinese government has provided four rounds of humanitarian assistance with a total value of 750 million yuan, including providing prevention and control materials, emergency assistance in cash and food aid, sending medical corps and public health experts, assisting in building biology laboratories and therapeutic centers. Up to now, the four rounds of assistance have all been put in place.

物资和粮食援助方面,第四批援非抗疫物资已于上周通过空运方式运抵几内亚、塞拉利昂和利比里亚3国。海运物资将于1月19日和1月25日启运,预计3月中旬分批运抵。至此,中国政府共向几内亚、塞拉利昂、利比里亚、马里、加纳、贝宁、几内亚比绍、科特迪瓦、刚果(金)、刚果(布)、多哥、塞内加尔和尼日利亚等非洲有关国家提供抗击埃博拉防控救治物资共1800多吨。同时,通过联合国世界粮食计划署向几内亚、塞拉利昂和利比里亚3国提供了5500多吨粮食援助。

In terms of materials and food assistance, the fourth batch of materials arrived in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia by air last week. The materials to be shipped by sea are scheduled for departure on January 19 and 25 and are estimated to arrive in March in batches. So far, the Chinese government has provided more than 1,800 tons of prevention and control and remedy materials for such relevant African countries as Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Ghana, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Togo, Senegal and Nigeria. In the meantime, Chinese government provided more than 5,500 tons of food assistance to the Republic of Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia through the United Nations World Food Program.

援建生物实验室和治疗中心方面,截至上周,中国援塞拉利昂实验室检测队累计检测样本近4000份,收治患者600多例;中国政府援建利比里亚的治疗中心于去年11月25日启用,已接诊100多人,收治患者60多例,其中确诊5例,3例治愈出院。

With regard to assisting in building biology laboratories and therapeutic centers, by last week, the Chinese laboratory detection group in Sierra Leone had tested samples with an accumulative number of 4,000 and treated and cured more than 600 patients. The therapy center in Liberia built by the Chinese government was put into operation on November 25 and has ever since received more than 100 people and treated more than 60 patients, among whom five are confirmed and five are recovered and three were cured and discharged.

派遣医疗队和公共卫生专家方面,1月13日和19日,第3批援助塞拉利昂移动实验室检测队和第2批人民解放军援利比里亚医疗队分赴塞拉利昂和利比里亚执行援非抗疫任务。至此,我国向疫区3国派出医务人员和公共卫生专家累计达到近800人。我援外医疗队探索总结出了科学有效的防护诊治方法,实现了医务人员自身“零感染”和住院患者“零交叉感染”,受到国际社会高度评价。

As to sending medical corps and public health experts, the third batch of mobile laboratory detection groups to Sierra Leone and the second batch of medical corps to Liberia left off on January 13 and 19, respectively. Up to now, the number of medical staffs and public health experts sent to the three African countries by China has accumulated to almost 800. Chinese medical teams have summarized scientific and efficient protection and treatment methods and realized the “zero infection” of the medical staffs and the “zero cross infection” of inpatients, which are highly thought of by international community.

培训方面,目前,中国政府累计为塞拉利昂、几内亚、利比里亚、贝宁、几内亚比绍等国培训医护人员和社区骨干近6000人。中国政府将在继续坚持防治救护任务不松懈的前提下,继续增派公共卫生师资培训队伍赴有关国家,向非洲有关国家传授我国传染病防控经验。预计2月底培训总人数将达1万人。

For training, at present, the Chinese government has trained almost 6,000 medical staffs and community backbones in such countries as Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Benin and Guinea-Bissau. While unremittingly insisting on prevention and control and treatment, the Chinese government will send more public health training teams to relevant countries and pass on Chinese experience in infectious disease prevention and control. It is estimated that by the end of February, the total number of people participating in training will reach 10,000.

此外,中国政府对开展抗击埃博拉疫情国际合作持积极开放态度,在对非援助过程中与国际社会开展了卓有成效的合作。一是向国际组织捐款。中国政府分别向世界卫生组织和非盟各捐款 200 万美元,向联合国应对埃博拉疫情多方信托基金捐款 600 万美元。捐款均已到账,联合国抗击埃博拉疫情多方信托基金总协调员雅尼克称,中方的捐款为各国树立了榜样,在中方的带动下,很多发展中国家纷纷慷慨解囊,体现出国际社会的团结与互助,确保了联合国特派团在医疗救护、安全埋葬、后勤支持等方面的工作有序推进。二是加强沟通和协调。中方积极参与联合国全球应对埃博拉疫情特派团核心小组定期会议,派员出任联合国应对埃博拉疫情特派团高级官员,在联合国与世界卫生组织的协调下实现各方优势互补,避免重复援助。三是同有关国家加强抗疫合作。中国与美国、英国、法国等国家在沟通协调、信息共享、疫情分析、人员培训、物资运送等领域积极探索和开展了抗击疫情的合作。

Besides, the Chinese government takes a proactive and open attitude toward international cooperation in resisting the Ebola and conducts effective cooperation with international community in assisting the African countries. One is donating to international organizations. The Chinese government has donated US$2 million to the World Health Organization and the African Union respectively and US$6 million to the multi-partner trust fund of the United Nations against the Ebola. The donations have been to the account. The general coordinator of the multi-party trust fund of the United Nations against the Ebola said that China sets a good example for various countries and encouraged by China’s example, many developing countries have given money generously one after another, reflecting unity and mutual assistance of international community and ensuring that the mission of the United Nations orderly pushes

is strengthening communication and coordination. China actively participates in the regular meetings of the mission of the United Nations against the Ebola, sends people to take up the post of executive of the mission of the United Nations against the Ebola and realizes the complementary advantages of all parties under the coordination of the United Nations and the WHO to avoid repeated assistance. The third one is enhancing cooperation with relevant countries in resisting the epidemic. China actively explores and carries out cooperation with such countries as the United States, Britain and France in such fields as communication and coordination, information sharing, epidemic analysis, personnel training and materials transporting.

下一步,我们将着眼后埃博拉时期,全面研究启动中非公共卫生合作长远计划,积极推进中非医疗卫生领域全方位合作,分享我国“非典”应急防控的成果经验,帮助非洲改善医疗民生条件,建立健全公共卫生防控体系,促进经济社会发展,提升自主发展能力。 (2015-01-21 10:36:48)

Next, we will consider the post-Ebola period in a certain aspect, fully study and launch the long-term plan of China-African public health cooperation, actively promote all-round cooperation in the health care field between China and Africa, share Chinese achievements and experience in preventing and controlling the “SARS”, help Africa improve the health conditions of local people, build and improve the prevention and control system of public health, promote the development of economy society and improve the ability of independent development.

七、 关于对马来西亚和斯里兰卡的紧急人道主义援助

近期,马来西亚和斯里兰卡两国遭受特大洪灾,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。为表达中国政府和人民对马来西亚、斯里兰卡政府和人民的慰问和支持,1月10日,中国政府决定向上述两国各提供2000万元人民币的紧急人道主义援助,用于帮助两国政府救助和安置受灾民众。

VII. Humanitarian Emergency Aid to Malaysia and Sri Lanka

Recently, Malaysia and Sri Lanka have suffered serious floods, causing heavy casualties and property loss. In order to express the sympathy and support of the Chinese government and people to the governments and peoples of Malaysia and Sri Lanka, the Chinese government decided to provide humanitarian emergency aid with a value of 20 million yuan for the two countries respectively to help them rescue and resettle the affected people on January 10.

目前,中国政府在与两国政府对接、确认有关物资清单的基础上,首批援助物资2500顶帐篷已于1月15日和16日分两架次包机运抵并交付。中方还将根据需要继续提供活动板房等应急物资,以帮助安置更多受灾民众。

The first batch of materials, 2,500 tents, was delivered by two chartered airplanes on January

of the two African countries. China will continue providing emergency materials such as portable houses to help resettle more affected people according to their requirements.

第二篇:一,新疆双语现象和双语教育模式

新稠维吾尔自治区是一个多民族、多语种地区全区现有40多个民族.其中世居的有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克等13个民族.全区人口有1689万其中少数民族人口1000多万.占全区人口的61. 92%根据《中华人民共和国宪法》和《民族区域自治法》中的有关规定.政府通用自治民族和汉文行文.维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克夜语文为自治地区人代会的正式工作语言自治区级广播用6种.电视用4不中语言播放图书杂志用6种文字出版发行自治区人民政府还规定:各民族自治地力一凡发布政令和少数民族学校教学所使用的语言文字.除有汉文和维文外.都应使用民族自治的文字目前.我区中小学校分别用7种语言文字授课

在新稠这样一个多民族、多语种的社会环境里.民族接触和语言的双向交流是形成双语现象的自然条件;政治、经济、文化生活的需求.是形成双语的现实动囚.从I(IJ出现了语种的兼用情况新稠的双语现象可分为二种类型: (1)民兼民型有此少数民族居住分散.民期杂居于人口较多的其它少数民族中间.成为自然的民兼民型双语人.甚至多语人如:新稠的哈萨克人很多既通哈萨克语.又通维吾尔语;蒙古人既通蒙古语.又通维吾尔语和哈萨克语 (2)汉兼民型一是生活在少数民族聚居区的汉族群众.由于生活、生产的需要.逐渐掌握了少数民族语言二是各级汉族干部囚工作需要.积极学习和掌握少数民族语言文字

( 3)民兼汉型由于汉文使用范lt]广.各少数民族都与汉族有密切的政治、经济、文化联系.汉语的社会功能和使用工能使汉语成为各族人民共同使用的族际语言.少数民族学校双语教育不断加强.这是新稠双语教育中的}流

新稠少数民族人口分布+.大杂居.小聚居.片状分布的状态民族分布的特点造成了语言使用上的不同类型: (1)民语使用区在新疆的南部阿克苏、喀什、和田地区.少数民族人口占当地人口90%以上.在文化、社会生活.公共场合}要使用维吾尔语由于汉族人口少.维吾尔族群众进行汉语交往机会极少.适龄儿童入学前极少接触汉语.只有极少数受过高等教育的知识分了和干部懂汉语.双语使用并不普遍 ( 2)民汉双语发展区吐鲁番、哈密、塔城等地区由于少数民族人口占的比例较大.少数民族日常生活中}要使用木民族语言I(IJ木地区汉族居民一也占相当大的比例.少数民族群众与汉族交往频繁.兼通汉语的少数民族人数日渐增多.双语现象比较普遍.们{从使用汉语的熟练程度看.仍处于初级 双语化阶段 ( 3)民汉双语兼用区乌鲁木齐市、克拉玛依、库尔勒等城市由于汉族人口多于少数民族人口.I(IJ且民汉杂程度高.在日常交往中汉语为}要交际语言.双语现象非常普遍

(4)汉语使用区在昌吉等地区.}要以汉族和回族为卜汉语是当地的交际语少数民族人口少.汉语使用功能大.民族语只是在家庭内部和木族人之间使用.少数民族几乎都是双语人

从新疆的民族人口分布和双语使用情况来看.既有自然双语.又有非自然双语们{自然双语比例不高.非自然双语是新稠双语教育的}要类型自治区的双语教育是指在民族学校中使用少数民族语文和汉语语文进行教学的一种教学形式通过双语教育能使我区产生双语现象的力一式从口语接触途径扩大到学校教育系统的书而教学径.从部分少数民族群众接触汉语的范范围扩大到群众性、全性的接触范从民间N发的交际活动.发展到有领导、有计划的教学行为它对扩大双语 现象.发展民族教育.增进民族团结.提高全民族的文化素质发挥着越来越大的作用

自治区复杂的语言使用状况和使用范ICI等力一而的差异.决定了自治区双语教育模式的多样化}要 有以下二类: (1氏期单一保存的双语教学模式少数民族的这种汉语教学模式可分两个阶段:第一阶段.从小至高中均以母语授课.从小学二年级开始.汉语作为一种语言课学习第二阶段.考入大中专院校以后先集中上顶利.突击学习

一、二年汉语.然后进入专业学习大中专设立民族班.语言、文学.、法律等课程用民语授课.其它自然利课程多用汉语授课维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克夜等民族}要实施这种模式 ( 2) -is期并行保存双语教学模式学校部分课用母语.部分课用汉语讲授现新稠双语授课实验采用这种模式.即从初一开始.数学 ,物理、化学、关语用汉语授课.其它课程用母语授课

(3)过渡双语教学模式小学低年级用母语进行启蒙教育.到了高年级用汉语授课.现新稠的锡伯族}要采用这种教学模式

二、双语教育改革实验

新疆的双语教育实验始于文革前的1964年.们{由于“文化大革命”.实验被迫中断大规模的双语教育实验从90年代初开始.}要有类似库尔勒市第八维吾尔族小学试行的汉维同步教学实验(汉语课从一年级用汉校的统编语文教材);哈密市小学

一、二年级汉语口语训练实验;博乐市蒙汉语棍合教学实验;克拉玛依市第五小学沉没式双语教学实验;少数民族中学部分课程汉语授课(数学、物理、化学、关语用汉语授课)等多种形式的实验其中少数民族中学部分课程汉语授课实验规模最大这项实验的核心是通过教学语言的改革来提高数、理、化的教学质量1997年.自治区教委制定《自治区少数民族学生双语授课实验力-案》.明确提出实验的目的:( 1)通过部分课程汉语授课.提高自治区少数民族学生的汉语水平.达到“民汉兼通”(2)强化理利教学平均成绩接近木地区汉语学门-的水平.建立高等教育的少数民族生源基地.加快我区少数民族巾高级理利人才的培养( 3)直接学习和}应用区内外汉族教育的先进思想、理论和教学力一法.促进相互交流.不断提高自治区少数民族教育的质量( 4)学习和掌握汉语的同时.保证母语的学习和掌握.木民族语文水平不低于同年级非实验班货生的成绩这项实验在自治区党委、政府和教育行政部门及广大师生的共同努力卜.取得了很大成绩.1992年初.全区只有二个班.200多名学生六年来.规模不断扩大全自治区现有14个地区28所巾学开办实验.76个班.学生人数达 3229人I (1J且办学形式多样.既有民族学校独立办班.又有汉族、民族学校联合办班.还有民汉合校办班的形式既有木地实验.又有全疆招产}几.既有区内实验.又有区外办班实验这种实验形式的多样性为我们建立有效的双语教学模式提供了条件六年来的实验表明.实验班的教学质量有了显著的提高.实验班高中毕业的学生基木上全部考入高等院校.有此学生由于汉语成绩突出nu免上顶利.直接进入用汉语授课的班级学习实验班的双语教学模式开创了一种新路

了.它把第二语言的学习和使用有机地结合起来.学以致用.边学边用通过学习汉语促进了数、理、化知识技能的掌握.同时又在用汉语学习数、理、化的过程中深化了汉语知识技能.使二者相互迁移.相互促进.为把学生真正培养成双语人奠定了坚实的基础实践证明.双语授课无疑是一种崭新的、有效的培养高层次少数民族人才的

第三篇:新加波双语教学对我国开展双语教学的启示

蒋海宁

南京信息工程大学中文系,南京 210044

摘要:随着世界经济一体化和我国加入WTO,中国对精通外语的专业人才的需求不断增加,而双语教育无疑是培养这类人才的有效途径,深入研究和借鉴新加坡双语教育的成功经验,改进我国双语教学体制具有重要理论和现实指导意义。本文从新加坡的双语教学政策、体制、蕴含的哲学思想三大方面值得注意的特色说明了对我国开展双语教学的启示。 关键词:双语教学 新加坡 中国 启示

作为一个以华人为主流民族的国家,新加坡在超过四分之一世纪的时间里全面实施双语教育。从总体上看,新加坡过去几十年的双语政策和双语教学取得了巨大成功。就占全国总人口四分之三的华人社会而言,双语教育成功的标志就是社会各阶层造就了一定数量的华英均好的真正双语人才,并培养了一大批华英两语中一语较好,另一语尚可的准双语人才。 我国同新加坡的历史背景、社会制度和教育发展的水平不同, 不能照搬新加坡的双语教育政策, 但新加坡双语教育成功的经验却值得我们借鉴。

一、新加坡双语教育政策对我国开展双语教学的启示

1.新加坡实行中央集权制的教育行政管理模式,这种模式有利于双语教学政策的制定、推行、实施,有利于统一标准。

从新加坡的实践来看,中央集权制的教育行政管理模式,不仅有利于双语教育政策的统筹制订、统一规划,而且有利于双语教育政策的执行;不仅有利于双语师资的招聘,而且有利于双语师资的培训;不仅有利于双语教材的编制,而且有利于保障双语教材的充分使用;不仅有利于推广外语或者第二语言,而且有利于维护民族的稳定。政府通过行政手段,制定双语教学大致相同的标准,对教师进行招聘、培训(主要委托南洋理工学院实施)和考核,并组织编撰了大量丰富多彩的英语、华语、马来语和泰米尔语教材以及少数民族语教材。同时,政府为双语政策创造了良好的双语社会环境:道路、商店、餐厅等均有双语或者多语标志;在新闻传媒方面有意识地采用四种官方语言。所有这些,是其他很多国家无法做到的。新加坡双语教学政策的落实,加强了新加坡各民族之间的联系,促进了民族团结与融合,也为新加坡经济、社会和文化的发展提供了保障。

2. 双语课程的理念

新加坡实行的是三向分流的双语教学模式,即把双语教育运作过程与分流结合在一起的新加坡式的一种双语教学模式。其基本精神,乃是把英语作为第一语言来教学,官方规定学生所操的华语、马来语和泰米尔语这些母语,作为第二语言来教学(除10%最优秀的学生之外),即英语为教学语言,用于学习绝大部分课程,在学习其他课程中学习英语,而母语主要是语言教育课程,其目的在于理解民族文化价值,保持传统。

3.新加坡政府已经注意到,双语教学不能损伤母语及母语文化。这种意识很值得我们关注和借鉴。

过分强调外语或者第二语言,的确可能造成母语能力下降,甚至导致认同危机。双语教学就其本义来说,主要是指多元文化国家的一种语言策略,而不仅仅是一种教学方法。双语教学通常涉及人类社会中某个种族群体的语言与主流社会语言之间的关系,关系到种族语言文化的继承、发展或消亡。通过双语教学,使学生掌握两种语言和文化,这样他们既能融入主流社会,又能保持本民族的文化和传统。

4.营造语言环境

要营造理想的语言学习环境,让学生多接触双语甚至多语。新加坡是一个多民族的国家,是移民国家和国际贸易的中心,给双语教育提供良好的环境。大体说来,新加坡华人根据家庭用语可分为两类:英语家庭和华语家庭。来自英语家庭的孩子就应该上华语幼儿园,而来自华语家庭的孩子就上英语幼儿园,从而使校内和校外的语言环境得到有效互补。营造良好的外语学习环境对外语教学的成功具有重要意义。

从客观上讲,我国的确缺乏开展双语教育的外部环境。但是高校可以通过自身努力,自己创造一些良好的语言环境帮助更有效地开展双语教学。比如在课堂上教师避免一言堂,安排一定的时间,让学生用英语进行专题讨论,鼓励学生多用英语发言等等,以便激发学生学习外语的积极性和主动性。在课外,教师可安排学生看一些相关的英文资料,浏览一些相关的英文网站,甚至可以开辟英语角,鼓励学生积极参与,提高学生的专业知识和语言能力。

5.加强师资力量

提高师资水平是搞好双语教学工作的重要环节之一。为加强师资队伍建设,新加坡政府投入大量资金,加强国内教师培训,吸引国外高水平的人才加入教师队伍。

目前我国高校双教学师资紧缺,仅仅依靠加大资金力量引进国外优秀人才加入教师队伍有一定的难度。双语教学的主导力量还是靠本国人才。一方面, 由于历史的原因世界各国有大量的华侨,大部分华侨仍然有很强的爱国精神,他们有的也已经学有所成,我国可以采取一定的措施吸引这些学有所成的华侨人才回国,为本国的教育发展做一定的贡献。另一方面,我们可利用重点院校的正规招生培养双语专业人才;可以制定相关的制度保障并鼓励专业教师参加长期或短期的外语培训,在教学实践中边学边教。

二.新加坡教育体制对我国开展双语教学的启示

1.双语课程教学计划

新加坡的英语教学绝大多数是从幼儿园开始的,使用美国或加拿大出版的启蒙教材。小学根据国家教育部课程发展署的规定使用某种教材。1991年修订新大纲后,强调以交际为主,提倡发展儿童智力,启发逻辑思维,培养听说读写等各方面的能力。

新加坡教育法规定,学前准备阶段招收年满5周岁的儿童,学制为1年。1年的学前准备阶段是为部分儿童进入10年制的特别辅助计划学校的小学而设的。其目的是帮助儿童获得使用英语与母语的技能,并向他们教诲亚洲人的价值观念。该阶段的教学还将帮助儿童为小学的正式教育阶段做好准备。

基础教育包括小学1-4年级,入学年龄为6周岁。该阶段的重点是基本的读写能力与计算技能,其核心课程是英语、母语和数学。近80%的教学时间用于核心课程,以帮助学生在两种语言能力与数学方面奠定良好扎实的基础。小学5—6年级为定向阶段。学生根据各自的能力分别进入三种语言流学习。

定向阶段的6年级末,所有学生都参加修订过的小学毕业考试,合格者进入中学阶段。根据考试成绩和学生的语言能力和兴趣,学生分别进入三种课程学习。能力较强的学生可进人4年制的特选课程与快捷课程,其余学生则进入4—5年的普通课程。特选课程为有学术能力和语言才能的学生提供同时学习具有高级水平的英语与母语的教育。快捷课程是为具有学术倾向的、将在中学学习英语和母语的学生设置的。与特选课程流学生不同,该课程流学生学习作为第一语言的英语,而母语则作为第二语言。考虑到部分学生学术性倾向较弱,目前,普通课程又分为普通学术性课程和普通工艺性课程,供学生选择。

中学之后的大学主要用全英语讲授,第二语言主要在中小学完成。

2. 双语课程的框架——三向分流和双语课程分类教学

新加坡的双语教育明显的表征之一就是三向分流和双语课程分类教学。学生从小学四年级开始就要参加分流考试, 学校根据学生的成绩不断选拔优秀的学生, 学生由于成绩档次不一样从而进入不同的语言层次的班级就读。如小学阶段有三种双语课程分流,正式分流从小学四年级开始:1.普通双语课程班EM1学生修读的英文和母语都作为第一语言(第一语言流);2.延长双语课程班EM2——英文为第一语言,母语为第二语言(第二语言流);3.单语课程班EM3——英文为第一语言、母语主要是听说会话(第三语言流)。

学生小学毕业根据成绩进入中学后,又进入三种双语课分流进行学习:1.特选双语课程,会考优秀的10%的学生兼修两种语言(均为第一语言水准);2.快捷双语课程,会考较优的30%的学生兼修两种语言(英文为第一,母语为第二语言水准);

3、普通双语课程,会考后余下的40%的学生,兼修两种语言(其中母语水准又降一等要求)。

中学之后的大学主要用全英语讲授。第二语言主要在中小学完成,在中小学完成双语教学任务,并且严重偏向英语,所以学界也称这种模式是一种不平衡的双语教学模式,但它的三向分流和双语课程分类教学却有其特色。因而为它国所借鉴。

由于目前我国各个地区的教育水平差异比较大,因此在中小学阶段肯定无法全面开展双语教学。但是可以将新加坡分流教学模式应用到大学教育中。高校可对新生的英语水平进行摸底测试,然后根据测试成绩对学生进行语言分流。学校根据学生的成绩分成双语教学的快班、慢班和基础班。在双语教学的快班,教师直接用英语作为第一教学语言来授课;在双语教学的慢班,教师可以用中英两种语言进行教学; 在双语教学的基础班,教师主要用汉语进行进行教学。同时给学生补充基础英语知识, 以提高他们的外语基础水平。当然,在整个教学过程中,教师可以根据学生的能力以及他们的个人意愿, 允许批准学生转班学习。这种语言分流,教学分层的方式避免学生由于英语基础水平不同而影响专业知识的获得和语言技巧的提高, 灵活的转班制度不仅让快班的学生有危机感, 而且也能提高慢班和基础班的学生学习外语的积极性。

3.使用的教材及教材内容

新加坡双语教育过程教材方面最大的特点是许多学校英语课上都采用统一订购的杂志或其他读物作为辅助教材,在课堂上播放一些相关的录像资料或纪录片。除了辅助教材外,许多教师经常给学生推荐一些书籍,下发一些与课堂所讨论的议题的相关资料。新加坡的外籍教师也会为新加坡带来许多国外的先进教材。至于自编教材方面,新加坡都是聘请国外专家协作,甚至连教学大纲和考试标准也邀请外国专家指导。

学的英语、数学、科技,中学的英语、数学、物理、化学、生物、历史、地理等学科的教材采用英语编写,中小学的母语、公民与道德教育等学科的教材采用母语编写。凡是用英语编写教材的学科,教师在课堂上都采用英语讲课;用母语编写教材的学科,教师采用母语讲课。也就是英语为第一教学语言,学校里除母语课和道德课用母语讲授外,其余课程一般都用英语讲授。数学、科学和大部分的其他科目都是用英语教学,只有与基本价值观的培养有关的课程才用母语教学,如用华语教授《好公民》,用华语(和英语)教授《儒家伦理》、《佛教知识》,用马来语教授《伊斯兰教知识》。这样,学生在学习的过程中不仅学到了相关的基础知识,而且保证了双语的学习水平。

目前,我国高校也有国外教材和自编教材两种。国外教材的内容一般应当符合我国教育制度和教学大纲对具体科目的要求。自编教材的内容则应当循序渐进,符合学生心理发展规律,应当具有知识的前沿性和科学性。国外教材和自编教材在刚开始阶段最好都配上准确的译文,以便于学生预习和复习,切实理解掌握教材内容。一段时间后可安排学生阅读书籍,拓展先进的专业知识。

4.双语课程的设置

第一语言一定是英语,第二语言才是本民族语言。政府办的学校通行英语和华语。占人口绝大多数的华人办学自然也通行英语和华语。这两种课程从小学一年级开始一直到高中毕业,每个毕业生的华语读写水平都要过关,否则不许考大学。因此,双语教育课程的设置以及实施都是围绕这种政策而展开的。如新加坡的学前教育机构在课程的设置上,英语课和华语课的授课内容是同步的,如:英语课认读“apple”,华语课就认读“苹果”;英语课上“One,two,three”,华语课就出现:“

一、

二、三”。这些课程进度都是由校方制定的,教师只是执行而已。课堂用语方面,华语课尽量要求用华语,万不得已用英语辅助。活动课,如果是华语教师带领,校方希望用华语,但不一定要求用华语。

5. 双语课程教学方法

新加坡双语教学以素质教育为本质,把传授语言知识与文化知识融为一体,采用交际教学法,培养学生多问、多思、多想象的习惯。交际语言教学也称概念功能法,其特点是在注意语言结构的同时,更强调语言的交际功能。就高校而言,大多采用的是以学生为中心的教学模式,使用功能交际法,主张启发式或讨论式的教学方式。通常课堂气氛是比较热烈的,学生积极参与整个教学过程,参与讨论总体的教学目标。教师一般较尊重学生的情感或价值观念,重视学生学习能力的培养,对学生来说教师只是帮助者或顾问。在他们的教学大纲中,把语言教学置于文化背景之下,教授语言的同时,更要有意识地传授对象国的文化知识。教学是一个共同体,在这个共同体当中师生的关系是平等的。师生间讨论问题时都能处在一个平等的位置上,如果学生的观点对,教师则服从于学生。

6.改善教学手段

新加坡双语教学过程都普遍采用多媒体教学手段。采用多媒体教学设备对双语教学必然起到很大的促进作用。2001年9 月,我国教育部出台了《关于加强高等学校本科教学工作提高教学质量的若干意见》,也明确要求高校应当使用现代教学技术, 建立电子图书馆和校园网,提高教学水平,并规定多媒体授课课时比例应达到15%以上。这就在一定程度上创造开展双语教学工作的有利条件, 对今后我国的双语教学裨益非浅。

三.学习新加坡双语教育政策所蕴含的哲学思想

新加坡双语教育政策蕴含着浓厚的精英主义和实用主义的哲学思想内涵。

1.精英主义

人力资源就是新加坡唯一的重要资源。为此, 新加坡制定了精英教育理念———与分流教育紧密结合的新加坡双语教育,就充分体现精英主义的教育哲学理念。

从1980 年开始, 新加坡政府为早出人才,多出人才, 分别在小学和中学实行与双语教育政策紧密结合的分流制度。在新加坡,小孩中小学共花十二年时间完成。其间学生要经历几次分流考试, 从而进入不同类别不同层次的班级就读。新加坡教育部门在小学四年级期末按学生的学习程度实行第一次分流, 把他们分别编入三种不同的班级———EM1,EM2 和EM3 班,实行不同的学制,讲授不同的教学内容。

EM1 班和EM2 班的学生在六年级的时候要参加全国统一的“小六会考”或者“离校考试” (PSLE, Primary School Leaving Examination ),历史上这次会考可作为学生第二次分流的重要依据。但从2005 年开始,新加坡政府已经基本上取消了这次分流考试制度。 学生经过四年或五年的初中学习, 面临着第三次分流———参加“新加坡———剑桥普通水准考试”(GCE Ordinary Level,简称“O Level”)。大概50%的学生在初中四年级结束时直接参加“O Level”考试;其他学生在初中四年级结束时先参加新加坡教育部组织的“初级水准”(GCE Normal Level 简称N Level)考试,这些学生在一年之后如果愿意仍然可以参加“O Level”考试。在“O Level”考试中成绩优秀的学生将进入初级学院继续学习两年, 然后参加“新加坡———剑桥高级水准”(GCE Advanced Level 简称“A Level” )考试(这是一场凡是想进新加坡大学学习的学生都必须参加的考试);而成绩比较差的学生将进入理工学院学习三年, 这些学生学完后也可以参加“A Level” 考试。

从新加坡的整个双语教育过程看,经过一次次的分流考试,那些成绩优秀的学生始终受到更好的教育,经过一场场的考核选拔,那些最优秀的人才始终得以培养重视。这就是新加坡精英制度在教育中的体现。这样就保证整个新加坡社会的发展以精英分子为核心,从而保证新加坡成为东南亚经济发展的领头羊位置。

2.实用主义

在新加坡不管是中小学还是大学, 基本教育理念的支撑点就是实用主义。因此,新加坡的双语教育政策也蕴含浓厚的实用主义哲学思想。在新加坡, 实用主义成为人人信奉的“天条”,在语言选择上也不例外。当初英语被确立为重要语言后, 许多华人家长以各种理由在家里拒绝说华语,纷纷把孩子送到英校,移民到不必学华语的外国去。如今, 由于中国经济的发展, 在国际地位有所提高新加坡人又掀起学华语的热潮, 这和他们当初积极学英语并无本质区别。尽管新加坡法律上规定马来语为新加坡语言,但实际上由于英语的实用性,英语一直是新加坡事实上的官方语言。

结语:

由此可见,我们要变革中国的外语教学,就要在教育上坚持“英语+X语”的双语政策,不管我们承认与否,在当今世界,英语确实已成为全球化时代最强势的国际语言,因此,我们必须加强英语教学。同时要防止由此而导致国民对本土语言和文化自信的消减。这就是新加坡双语教学带得我们的启迪。

“他山之石,可以攻玉”。虽然我国的国情与新加坡的国情不尽相同, 但是新加坡蕴含精英主义和实用主义哲学思想的完整双语教育体系对我国高校双语教学改革有一定的现实指导意义。其分流制度,师资管理、教学手段、语言环境等方面都值得我们参考、学习,也值得我们根据自己的国情灵活应用。 参考资料:

1.林方榕 《新加坡双语教育思想对我国高校双语教改的启示》 宁德师专学报(哲学社会科学版)2009年第4 期(总第91 期) 2.《新加坡的双语教学特点》 网络资源 3.《新加坡双语教学简述》外院 韩冬晶

第四篇:2013.4.24泗阳育才双语小学:“地震知识”走进泗阳育才双语课堂

“地震逃生知识”走进泗阳育才双语

近日,为了认真落实市县安全工作会议精神,提高学生在突发灾害中的安全逃生及自救能力,泗阳育才开展了防震、防灾知识的学习活动,让地震逃生知识走近课堂。

泗阳育才双语小学校近期利用班会、晨会时间,向全校学生介绍了4月20日的四川·雅安地震的情况,并对全校师生进行“地震的预防避险及自救互救知识”的宣传,并开设专题讲座,从防震计划的制定到防震必需品的准备,从身处险境的处理选择到被困时的自救互救等都一一进行了详细的讲解。

4月24日下午第三节课,全校50个班级统一播放《地震逃生知识》宣传片,通过生动形象的图片资料和视频画面给同学们展示了汶川地震和雅安地震巨大的破坏性,并用儿童化的语言给学生传授在地震发生时的逃生知识。观摩活动结束后,学校举行了地震逃生演练。

通过这次集中学习,使全体学生明白了地震的相关知识以及逃生技巧,有效地促进学校防灾减灾的能力。

第五篇:双语学习心得

XXXXXXXX

XX天的双语培训转瞬即逝。在这次难得的学习期间,我非常感谢XXX的各位老师对我耐心培训,此次培训我有很多的感悟及收获。我XXX年来XX工作,对哈萨克语言没有一点概念、一点基础也没有。工作后,总以工作忙为借口,很难静下心来学习,既使学习也是走马观花,以为有翻译就行了。通过此次培训不仅让我学会了哈萨克语言,更让我深深地热爱哈萨克文化。下面,我向组织上简要汇报一下我学习期间的心得体会。

开学的第一堂课是阿斯哈尔老师为我们讲解的哈萨克

民族优秀风俗文化及历史传统,让我对哈萨克民族文化产生深深的热爱,让原本对哈萨克语言不感兴趣的我,渐渐充满了浓厚的兴趣,我觉得哈萨克语学习是一个具有挑战性的学习,它与我的工作和生活息息相关。学习期间,XXX、XXX等两位老师认真而诙谐的讲解,总是让我很快的就能进入学习状态,至今依然记忆犹新。

马克思主义理论不是人们头脑中天生就有的,需要党员经过刻苦学习去获取、去领悟,认真读书,加强学习是共产党员增强党性、加强修养的基本环节和重要途径。当下作为一个共产党员,我的重要任务就是学好哈萨克语,为更好的开展基层工作和服务人民奠定坚实的语言基础,经过这些天的学习,我认为学习好哈萨克语,就要从语音、词汇、语法

三方面着手,在语音方面,我们要准确读准哈萨克33个字母的发音,找到每个字母的发音部位与方法,与汉语的字母可以相应记忆,发好哈萨克语的颤音。在词汇方面,词汇就好比一座高楼中的一砖一瓦,我们在学习及其日常生活过程中,要不断地积累,不断地学习,只有词汇丰富了,才能连词成句。因此,我们要多读,多写,多记,加强记忆。在语法方面,对于任何一个语言来说,语法是最难学习的,哈萨克语也如此。在语法学习上,我们可以掌握基本的语法规则,然后通过多读、多背哈语文章,熟能生巧记住语法,死记硬背语法规则,可能运用时就会一团糟。

其次,我发现学习好哈萨克语,还要了解哈萨克民族的文化、风俗习惯,因为一个民族的语言与其文化是分不开的,只有加强对哈萨克民族的了解,尊重其风俗习惯,才能更好的掌握我所学习的哈萨克语,才能对这个民族有深入的认识,在工作上,也能开展更好的交流和沟通。

总之,学习哈萨克语,要靠平时的积累,平时的勤奋,多读,多写,多记,多与哈萨克族交流,同时,双语知识的学习也是新时期做为一名合格的基层共产党员的必备条件,在工作中也起着重要作用,是我们基层共产党员增强党性,加强党性修养的一种重要途径。虽然平时工作很忙,很少有时间坐下来学习,但是作为一个基层共产党员必须时刻树立正确的学习观,价值观和世界观,学习好双语,不但能充实自己,而且最重要的是双语交流能让我进一步了解基层群众

的所思所想,从而更好的完成本职工作。在今后的工作和生活中我将持之以恒、坚持不懈地加强自身双语学习,从而更好地为人民服务。

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