与星期有关的英文短语

与星期有关的英文短语（精选8篇）

篇1：与星期有关的英文短语

英文星期月份缩写

Monday

星期一

Tuesday

星期二

Wednesday 星期三

Thursday 星期四

Friday 星期五

Saturday 星期六

Sunday 星期七

January 一月

February 二月

March 三月

April 四月

May

五月

June 六月

July 七月

August 八月

September 九月

October 十月

November

十一月

December 十二月

skirt

裙子 jacket

夹克 shirt

衬衫 dress

连衣裙 sweater

毛衣 t--shirt

T恤衫 jean

牛仔裤 pant

长裤 sock

袜子 shoe

鞋子 short

短裤 slipper

拖鞋 sandal

凉鞋 boot

靴子 sneakers

网球鞋 beige 米色 blue 蓝色 black 黑色

lavender 淡紫色 Blue grey 蓝灰色 lightblue 浅蓝色 violet 紫色 skyblue 天蓝色 white 白色 grey 灰色

natural 自然色 green 绿色

lightpink 浅粉色 Aqua 水绿色 magenta 洋红色 turquoise 青绿色 pink 粉色

crystal pink 晶粉 sky nature 天蓝色 purple tulip 紫色 olive 橄榄绿 hotblue 亮蓝 fuchsia 紫红色 golden 金色 purple 紫色 red 红色

salmon 鲜肉色 yellow 黄色

动物英文 horse 马 mare 母马

colt, foal 马驹,小马 pony 矮马

thoroughbred 纯种马 mustang 野马 mule 骡

ass, donkey 驴 ox 牛

buffalo 水牛 bull 公牛 cow 母牛

calf 小牛, 牛犊

bullock, steer 小阉牛 heifer 小母牛 pig, swine 猪 boar 种猪

hog 阉猪, 肥猪 gilt 小母猪 piglet 猪崽 sheep 羊 ewe 母羊 goat 山羊

lamb 羊羔,羔羊 zebra 斑马 antilope 羚羊 gazelle 小羚羊 deer 鹿

reindeer 驯鹿 giraffe 长颈鹿 camel 骆驼

dromedary 单峰驼 llama 大羊驼 guanaco 原驼 alpaca 羊驼 vicuna 小羊驼 elephant 象 rhinoceros 犀牛 hippopotamus 河马 cat 猫

tabby, she-cat, grimalkin 雌猫 tomcat 雄猫, 公猫 kitten, kitty, pussy 小猫 lion 狮 lynx 猞猁

panther, puma 美洲豹 leopard 豹 tiger 虎

wildcat 野猫 bison 美洲野牛 yak 牦牛 dog 狗 badger 獾

weasel 鼬,黄鼠狼 otter 水獭 fox 狐

hyena, hyaena 鬣狗 wolf 狼

squirrel 松鼠 dormouse 睡鼠 beaver 河狸 marmot 土拨鼠 ferret 雪貂 bear 熊 rabbit 兔子 hare 野兔 rat 鼠

chinchilla 南美栗鼠 gopher 囊地鼠 Guinea pig 豚鼠 marmot 土拨鼠 mole 鼹鼠 mouse 家鼠 vole 田鼠 monkey 猴子

chimpanzee 黑猩猩 gorilla 大猩猩 orangutan 猩猩 gibbon 长臂猿 sloth 獭猴

anteater 食蚁兽

duckbill, platypus 鸭嘴兽 kangaroo 袋鼠

koala 考拉, 树袋熊 hedgehog 刺猬

porcupine 箭猪, 豪猪 bat 蝙蝠 armadillo 犰狳 whale 鲸 dolphin 河豚

porpoise 大西洋鼠海豚 seal 海豹 walrus 海象 eagle 鹰

bald eagle 白头鹰 condor 秃鹰 hawk, falcon 隼 heron 苍鹰 golden eagle 鹫 kite 鹞

vulture 秃鹫 cock 公鸡 hen 母鸡

chicken 鸡, 雏鸡 guinea, fowl 珍珠鸡 turkey 火鸡 peacock 孔雀 duck 鸭

mallard 野鸭, 凫 teal 小野鸭 gannet 塘鹅 goose 鹅 pelican 鹈鹕 cormorant 鸬鹚 swan 天鹅 cob 雄天鹅 cygnet 小天鹅

gander, wild goose 雁 dove 鸽 pigeon 野鸽 turtle dove 斑鸠 pheasant 雉, 野鸡 grouse 松鸡

partridge 石鸡, 鹧鸪 ptarmigan 雷鸟 quail 鹌鹑 ostrich 鸵鸟 stork 鹳

woodcock 山鹬 snipe 鹬

gull, seagull 海鸥 albatross 信天翁 kingfisher 翠鸟

bird of paradise 极乐鸟, 天堂鸟 woodpecker 啄木鸟 parrot 鹦鹉

cockatoo 大葵花鹦鹉 macaw 金刚鹦鹉 parakeet 长尾鹦鹉 cuckoo 杜鹃,布谷鸟 crow 乌鸦 blackbird 乌鸫 magpie 喜鹊 swallow 燕子 sparrow 麻雀 nightingale 夜莺 canary 金丝雀 starling 八哥 thrush 画眉

goldfinch 金翅雀 chaffinch 苍头燕雀 robin 知更鸟 plover 千鸟 lark 百鸟,云雀 swift 褐雨燕

whitethroat 白喉雀 hummingbird 蜂雀 penguin 企鹅 owl 枭,猫头鹰

scops owl 角枭,耳鸟 snake 蛇

adder, viper 蝰蛇 boa 王蛇 cobra 眼镜蛇

copperhead 美洲腹蛇 coral snake 银环蛇 grass snake 草蛇 moccasin 嗜鱼蛇 python 蟒蛇

rattlesnake 响尾蛇 lizard 蜥蜴 tuatara 古蜥蜴

chameleon 变色龙,避役 iguana 鬣蜥 wall lizard 壁虎 salamander, triton, newt 蝾螈 giant salamander 娃娃鱼 crocodile 鳄鱼, 非洲鳄 alligator 短吻鳄, 美洲鳄 caiman, cayman 凯门鳄 gavial 印度鳄 turtle 龟 tortoise 玳瑁 sea turtle 海龟 frog 青蛙 bullfrog 牛蛙 toad 蟾蜍

篇2：与星期有关的英文短语

He was walking along the street.

他沿着街道走着。

We gave chase along the footpath.

我们开始沿小路追赶。

They walked slowly along the road.

篇3：与星期有关的英文短语

文中将这些短语表达分八类列出, 并附加一些简短的分析说明和必要的英中翻译。当然, 该文只限于为英语教学 (或自学) 提供一手资料, 至于这些短语中of前后两部分的逻辑关系 (及英中翻译) 等深层次问题, 有兴趣的读者可参见文献[3-6]等自行学习研究;另外, 有关英文报纸的阅读技巧问题, 可参见文献[7-8]等。最后还需要说明几点:1) 所列短语表达均保持原貌, 未加改动, 只是经过挑选/比较/归类便于叙述而已;2) 在例句中, 这些短语改为斜体以与句子的其它部分相区别;3) 短语后面括弧内为作者给出的参考译文或注解。

1 关于描述某地状况的表达

1.1 城市 (city)

这类表达的最简单形式是"the city of"后跟城市名, 如the city of Toronto (多伦多市) 。有些时候, 只见地名而无"the city of"字样, 可能是认为该城市人人皆知, 无须指明。

常见的情况是, 词city前有多个限定词, 以详细描述该市的地理位置, 特点及所属国家/州等, 如:

1) the southern city of Volgograd (南方城市Volgograd) ,

2) the ancient city of Pompeii (古城Pompeii) ,

3) the Italian city of Perugia (意大利城市Perugia) ,

4) the northern Syrian city of Aleppo (叙利亚北方城市Aleppo) ,

5) the snowbound Siberian city of Kransoyarsk (为雪所困的西伯利亚城市Kransoyarsk) ,

6) Russia's southern city of Volgograd (俄罗斯南方城市Volgograd;该形式不加定冠词the) ,

7) the flight's destination city of Constantine (该航班的目的地城市Constantine) .

这种情况下, 词city起着承接的作用, 这可能是它不能被省略的第二个原因。另外, 比较可以看出, 多个限定词一起出现会有个排列次序问题。

1.2 其它

表示地方行政单位的其它词, 如:province (省) , state (州) , town (城镇) , village (村庄) , 也有与city相同的用法。具体例子如: (1) the western province of Anber, (2) the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, (3) the volatile northwestern town of Bannu, 和 (4) the village of Plaster Rock。

表示地方行政单位以外的一些其它词也可有类似用法。具体例子如: (1) the Swiss resort of Davos, (2) the commercial hub of Shanghai, (3) Ukraine's Black Sea peninsula of Crimea, (4) the Ukrainian region of Crimea, 和 (5) the French Atlantic port of SaintNazaire。

2 关于某种婚姻关系及其持续时间的表达

四个有代表性的短语是: (1) his wife of 43 years (同他结婚43年的妻子) , (2) her husband of eight days (同她结婚8天的丈夫) , (3) his partner of 15 years (与他同居15年的伴侣) , 和 (4) her boyfriend of 13 years。可以看出, 介词of之前为在双方婚姻关系中某一方所扮演的角色, 其后为这种关系的持续时间。

3 关于某 (些) 人的居住地或所属机构的表达

居住地可为某市/某国/某地区/某间屋子/某街道。各种情况下的表达选例如下:

1) Edward Kular, 84, of Toronto (多伦多84岁居民Edward Kular) , (2) fourth-seeded Li Na of China (4号种子中国的李娜) , (3) the young people of Africa (非洲的青年人) , (4) residents of the area north of Dupont and south of Eglinton (Dupont大街以北与Eglinton大街以南所夹区域的居民) , (5) residents of that home (那间屋子的居民) , (6) a resident of 15 Windsor Rd. (Windsor路15号的一位居民) ; (7) Det.Mark Benallick of the sex crimes unit (性犯罪部的警探Mark Benallick) , (8) Trish Krale of the airport authority (机场当局的Trish Krale) .

这类意思的表达, 几乎未见有使用介词at, in或from的。

4 关于年龄的表达

年龄的表达可谓多样化。含有of的表达常见有以下几种形式:

1) at the age of+数字:Dr.Henry died at the age of 90.

2) the age of+数字+years old:He said she was somewhere between the age of 50 and 53 years old.

3) 数字+years of age:Are you a healthy male or female 18years of age or older?

值得一提的是, 还时常见到另外两种不含of的简单表达形式。它们既不含of也没有定冠词the, 只使用aged (有时后跟years) 和at age引出年龄。例如: (1) British actress Kate O'Mara died in England on Sunday aged 74, (2) Children aged 6-12 years are needed for a research study, (3) She died last month at age 29。

5 关于某种类型文化 (culture) 的表达

见到的有: (1) a culture of fear, (2) a culture of abuse, (3) a culture of rape, 和 (4) the pot culture of California。

这类短语的英中翻译会存在因翻译不当而难以理解问题。曾在多伦多的某中文网站上看到一篇题为“安省负债累累:公务员高管高薪惹怒百姓”的报道。文中有这样一句话:“该报告又形容TDSB存在“恐惧的文化”, 以致职员都害怕公开发表意见。”, 其中“恐惧的文化”一词有点费解。该中文报道的依据是加拿大安省审计长发表的2013年度审计报告;报告中指出TDSB (多伦多教育局) 存在culture of fear问题。Metro News Toronto的一篇相关报道中有一句话是这样写的:“The audit also raises the issue of a'culture of fear'about speaking up when problems arise”。看完这篇英文报道全文后我才明白, 原来在TDSB内长期存在一种不正之风, 即每当遇到问题时大家都害怕公开发表意见。再简单一点说, 该报告所揭示的一个问题就是TDSB内存在fear。因此, 中译该短语时, 若将“恐惧的文化”中的“的”字省去 (甚至在整文中译的情况下连“文化”也一起省去) , 则既可免去中文理解上的困难, 又无偏离原文本意之嫌。总之, 这个例子从另一角度反映了深入学习研究of的用法及其相应翻译技巧的必要性。

6 关于某活动/事件及其持续时间的表达

这类表达中的时间名词放在介词of之前, 突出了某活动/事件的持续时间或指明其时间段。这些表达可用作句子的主语, 宾语和介词宾语。几个含有这类表达的有代表性的句子如下:

1) Months of looting, raping and killing since has brought reprisals by Christian militias.

2) 15 days of solitary confinement causes significant harm to people.

3) My days of writing about women in their 20s and 30s are over.

4) The delays have forced her to miss the first days of classes at Lakehead University.

5) After weeks or months of agonizing over which university program to pursue, you're faced with yet another formidable decision—where to apply.

6) Teens living on the street might be lured toward prostitution within 48 hours of leaving home.

7) Residents of the Indian capital woke on Wednesday to a third day of thick gray smog.

7 关于降雨/雪量及风速的表达

关于降雨/雪的量, 常见的是数字放在of之前, 如450 mm of rain, 60 to 91 cm of snow;而未见有放在其后的。关于风速, 常见的是数字放在of之后, 如winds of up to 225 km/h;有见数字在前但省去of的, 如90 km/h winds。

8 与十个感兴趣的词有关的表达

这十个感兴趣的词分别是business, challenge, day, fortune, idea, issue, job, policy, practice和problem。这些词均在of之前, 词前亦可附加一些限定词。下面是含有相应短语的例句。

1) business:The business of recycling plastics in Ontario is a valuable endeavour involving non-governmental organizations.

2) challenge:It is one of the challenges of being a police office.

3) day: (a) The annual day of celebrating cannabis culture has ramped up into mainstream political activism. (b) Cyber Monday has become the biggest online shopping day of the year.

4) fortune:He will deeply be missed by everyone who had the good fortune of knowing him.

5) idea:Mayor Rob Ford isn't high on the idea of getting into the marijuana legalization debate any time soon.

6) issue:The parties are willing to discuss issues of access to needy people, the liberation of prisoners and local ceasefires.

7) job: (a) They didn't do a very good job of keeping the graves up. (b) He flew to Australia to interview for the job of wildlife caretaker.

8) policy: (a) Israel decided on Sunday to end a decades-old policy of issuing gas masks to the public. (b) He talked about the austerity policy of his government.

9) practice:The Conservative government's practice of not allowing aid dollars to go towards those organizations has sparked heated criticism.

(10) problem:The growing problem of childhood obesity has been compounded by the increasing technologies.

以上八个部分列出的这些短语及例句, 均取自当地英文报纸, 应该都是反映当今社会风情的地道的英文表达。因此, 对一般英文水平的中国人来说, 它们是不可多得的学习资料。发表这些学习资料的目的只有一个, 就是期望通过学习和借鉴这些表达, 改进我们的英语说/写技能, 流利地讲出地道的英语, 不太费力地写出地道的英文文章。需要指出的是, 由于这些短语及例句均出自报纸上的新闻报道, 从英语语言学的角度看, 它们也可能会存在写作不规范与用词不恰当 (badly worded) 问题, 但这不属于本文的讨论范围。

摘要：分八个部分给出一些由英语介词of构成的名词性短语, 并附加简短的分析说明和必要的英中翻译。这些短语表达均是从加拿大多伦多当地的两份英文日报 (24 Hours Toronto和Metro News Toronto) 上的新闻报道中搜集来的一手资料。这些表达及其中of的用法对某些学英文的人来说可能是陌生的;因此, 熟悉这些无疑会帮助他们更多地掌握地道英文。

关键词：英语介词,of,名词性短语,of用法

参考文献

[1]24 Hours Toronto[EB/OL].http://eedition.toronto.24hrs.ca/epa-per/viewer.aspx.

[2]Metro News Toronto[EB/OL].http://metronews.ca/news/toron-to/.

[3]魏志中.浅释英语介词of的用法[J].辽宁工学院学报:社会科学版, 2001, 3 (1) :70-74.

[4]许雪妹.英语介词of的几种用法和翻译[J].北京第二外国语学院学报, 1996, (5) :36-41.

[5]樊军.英语介词OF语义多义性及其翻译[J].宜宾学院学报, 2007 (5) :117-120.

[6]吴国权.试析介词of的意义及用法[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报, 1998, 18 (1) :48-52.

[7]王丽菲.关于英语阅读中阅读技巧的研究[J].海外英语, 2012 (24) :122-123.

篇4：与颜色相关的常用短语英文说法

black money黑钱(指来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱)

black tie黑领结；小礼服

in the black盈利、赚钱、顺差

black and blue遍体鳞伤的

black sheep害群之马

black Friday耶稣受难日；不吉利的星期五

black lie用心险恶的谎言

blackmail勒索

The pot calls the kettle black五十步笑百步。

white war 没有硝烟的战争（常指“经济竞争”）

white sale大减价

white money银币

white elephant无用而累赘的东西

white crow罕见的事物

the white way白光大街 (指城里灯光灿烂的商业区)

a white lie善意的谎言

white coffee牛奶咖啡

white feather胆怯

black and white 白纸黑字

blue Monday忧郁的星期一(尤与欢乐的周末对比)

blue blood贵族血统

blue-eyed boys宠儿

once in a blue moon千载难逢的机会

blue-sky无价值的, 不切实际的

blue sky bargaining漫天砍价

blue fear极度的惊恐

drink till all’s blue一醉方休

out of the blue完全出于意外

a bolt from the blue晴天霹雳

a blue joke下流的笑话 (记住，不是yellow哦)

blue stocking女学者

blue ribbon蓝绶带；最高的荣誉；一流的

篇5：与伤感有关的励志短语

50、一个人如果不被恶习所染，幸福近矣。

51、世间有为法，如梦幻泡影，如露亦如电，应作如是观。

篇6：与地震有关的英语短语

seismic 地震的seismic(seismal;seismical;earthquake)load 地震载荷 seismic acceleration 地震加速度;震动加速度

seismic acceleration indicator 地震加速指示计

seismic activity 地震活动;地震活动性

seismic amplifier 地震放大器

seismic analysis 地震分析

语中表示地震的名词有：

earthquake、quake、shake、shock、tremor和temblor（此词为美语）英语中表示地震的动词（即意为“地震发生于...”的动词）有： hit 袭击，打击，使遭受

strike 突然发生

shake 摇；摇动；摇撼

jolt 使颠簸，摇晃

rock 摇，摇动，使振动

roll across 波动，起伏，横摇

rip through 裂开，破开；突进，横撞直闯

形容地震的破坏程度的动词有（按破换程度从小到大排序）： damage 损害，损伤；〔口语〕伤害，毁坏

destroy 毁坏，破坏；摧残

shatter 破坏；捣毁；破灭

devastate 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废；毁灭

level 推倒，夷平

flatten 夷为平地

地震学相关词汇：

seismological 地震学上的seismology 地震学

seismograph 地震仪

seismographer 地震学家

1.默哀：stand in silent tribute/observe a moment of silence in tribute

例句：Chinese leaders pay silent tribute to earthquake victims.中国国家领导为地震受难者默哀。

2.全国哀悼日：national mourning, national day of mourning

例句：The State Council announced a national day of mourning will be held Wednesday for the earthquake victims in Qinghai.国务院下发通知，将4月21日定为全国哀悼日，以纪念青海玉树7.1级强震中的遇难同胞。

3.降半旗：fly at half-mast（“降半旗”起源于英国，至今已有300多年历史。1612年，一艘英国船“哈兹伊斯号”在搜寻一条海上航线时，船长不幸遇害。在返航时，船员们以降半旗的方式向死者志哀。久而久之，以降半旗来表示哀悼便成为一种国际惯例，并一直沿袭至今。）

篇7：与签证有关的英语词汇和短语

与签证有关的英语词汇和短语

越来越多的人学英语的目的，是因为旅游，那么我们在旅行签证时的单词儿，你都认识吗? 今天我们就来学习一些签证中你必须要知道的单词儿。

>visa application form: 签证申请表

>passport No: 护照号

>issue at: 签发地

>issue date: 签发日期

>expiry date: 失效日期

>visa type(class): 签证种类

>(non-)immigrantvisa:(非)移民签证

>business visa: 商务签证

>tourist visa: 旅游签证

>work visa:工作签证

>studentvisa: 留学签证

>long-term/short-term visa: 长/短期签证

>single-entry visa: 一次入境签证

>multiple-entry visa: 多次入境签证

>visa on arrival: 落地签证

>individual/group visa:个人/团体签证

>dependantvisa: 家属签证

>exchange visitor: 交流学者

>admission number: 准许入境编号

>arrival/departure record: 入境/出境记录

>extension of stay: 延长居留期限

体验式英语教育先锋美联英语

>studying certificate: 在读证明

>certificate of the scholarships:奖学金证书

>certificate of house property:房产证明

>visa officer: 签证官

>certificate of deposit: 存款证明

>economical warranty letter of my parents: 父母经济担保书

篇8：与星期有关的英文短语

The TRPV1 receptor, a member of transient re-ceptor potential (TRP) superfamily, also known as vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) , is a nonselective cation channel[6]. Upon TRPV1 activation, both sodium and calcium ions enter the cell through the channel pore, resulting in cell membrane depolarization. TR-PV1 activation also leads to release of substance P (SP) and CGRP, which enhances peripheral sensitiza-tion of tissue and causes neurogenic inflammation, va-sodilatation and bronchoconstriction[7].

There are many discoveries about agonists and antagonists of TRPV1 as a new generation of painkiller and the structure -activity relationship has been investigated thoroughly[8]. Capsaicin (compound3) is a natural agonist of TRPV1 found in capsicum.Capsazepine (compound 4) is a synthetic antagonist of TRPV1. Evodiamine and rutaecarpine are very different in chemical structure from TRPV1 agonists or antagonists. There are few reports focused on their structural modifications about vasodilatation or bron-choconstriction via stimulation of TRPV1.

In the previous studies[5], both evodiamine and rutaecarpine showed strong endothelium - dependent vasodilatation effects, which correlated with CGRP re-lease by TRPV1 activation. Study of bronchial activity showed different effects[9]. Evodiamine produced bronchial contraction in a concentration -dependent manner as capsaicin did, and the contraction could be competitively inhibited by capsazepine as the antago-nist. Rutaecarpine showed no bronchoconstrictive, de-sensitizing or TRPV1 antagonistic effect at all. All the results exhibited the difference between evodiamine and rutaecarpine in activating TRPV1, which might relate to their three -dimentional structures. Rutae-carpine is an essentially planar structure, while evodi-amine has a significant dihedral angle between the two planar rings (indole-ring vs benzoquinazolinonering) [10].

In previous study, we designed and synthesized a series of rutaecarpine analogs, the structure -activity relationship between rutaecarpine and its vasodilator effect was summarized as well[11]. In order to study the effect of flat structure on TRPV1 activation, two com-pounds (compound 5 & 6) with a conserved skeletal structure of rutaecarpine were designed to test their effects on the aortic rings and bronchial rings.

1 Experiment

1.1 Drugs and chemicals

Rutaecarpine and compound 5 & 6 were synthe-sized according to reference 11. Evodiamine (purity >99% ) was purchased from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, P.R.China. DMSO was purchased from Sigma (USA) .Acetylcholine (Ach) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Krebs -Henseleit (KH) solution was of the following composition (mmol﹒L-1) :Na Cl 119.0, KCl 4.7, Mg SO4·7H2O 1.2, KH2PO41.2, Ca Cl22.5, Na HCO325.0, glucose 11.7 (p H7.4) .

1.2 Vasodilator response to candidate compounds

Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 to 300 g were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and the thoracic aortas were rapidly isolated and cleaned of fat and connective tissues, and then cut in-to rings of 4 mm length. The rings were suspended horizontally between two stainless steel wires and mounted in a 5 m L organ chamber filled with warmed (37℃) and oxygenated (95% O2and 5% CO2) Krebs’solution, which had the following compositions (m M) :Na Cl, 119.0; Na HCO3, 25.0; KCl, 4.7; KH2PO4, 1.2;Mg SO4, 1.2; Ca Cl2, 2.5; and glucose, 11.0. Each end of the rings’was connected to a force transducer. The aortic rings were stretched with 2 g resting force, e-quilibrated for 60 min, and then precontracted with KCl (60 m M) . After a maximal response to KCl was observed, the rings were washed with Krebs’solution and equilibrated for another 30 min. The rings were contracted with phenylephrine (2 μM) . After the con-traction was stabilized, a cumulative concentration-re-sponse curve to rutaecarpine and other candidates (10-7~10-5M) was observed. Then, the cumulative vasodilator response to compounds was recorded.

1.3 Bronchial contractile response to candidate compounds

Male guinea pigs weighing (200 ±50) g were killed by a sharp blow to the head and exsanguinated.The attached bronchi and trachea were quickly re-moved, and placed in a glass container filled with KHs buffer aerated with 95% O2and 5% CO2. The con-nective tissues and the adventitia were carefully trimmed away from the trachea. Tracheal strips, 6 ~10 mm wide and 10 ~ 15 mm long, were prepared from the middle part of the tracheae with the rings of tracheal cartilage cut at the anterior median line. The specimens were then suspended isometrically under an optimum resting load of 1 g in organ baths containing10 m L of K -Hs buffer aerated with 95% O2and 5%CO2at 37℃ . The bath fluid was initially changed at15-min intervals and equilibrated for at least 60 min before experimentation. After the equilibration period, isometric force of the tracheal strips in response to cumulative concentration of the rutaecarpine, evodi-amine and compound 5 and 6 was recorded by means of the Power Lab system. The contractions were ana-lyzed as a percentage of the maximum contraction ob-tained with 1 m M acetylcholine added at the end of the experiment.

2 Results

2.1 Vasodilat or response to the candidate com-pounds

According to the concentration -dependent re-sponse of vasodilatation induced by the rutaecarpine and compound 5 and 6 (Figure 1) , we measured the maximum effect and calculated the EC50 of these compounds (Table) . Compound 5 and 6, of which the5 -carbonyl in the structure of rutaecarpine changed into the methylene, caused concentration -dependent vasodilatation just like rutaecarpine. While the re-sponses were lower than that of rutaecarpine.

Note:The value represents mean±REM, n=8, ＋P<0.05 vs.rutaecarpine

Note: a Emax±REM, n=6~8, 覮P <0.05 vs.rutaecarpine

2.2 Bronchial contractile response to candidate compounds

According to the responses induced by the evodi-amine, rutaecarpine, compound 5 and 6 (Figure 2) , we found that only evodiamine could induce strong bronchial contraction at the concentration of 10-7to10-5M. The maximum contraction was obtained at the concentration of 3 ×10-6M. At the same time, the ru-taecarpine and its reduzates, compound 5 and 6showed no response at any level of concentration.

Note:The value represents mean±REM, n=3, ＋P<0.01 vs.evodiamine

3 Discussions

Evodiamine and rutaecarpine are both quina-zolinocarbolin alkaloids with similar chemical struc -tures but different crystal conformations. Rutaecarpine has a flat surface[10], and all its 5 cycles are nearly in the same plane. But evodiamine is an L-shape struc -ture, whose indole -ring is on the vertical manner of benzoquinazolinone -ring (Figure 3) . The difference in the conformation is caused by the configuration and substitution of 14 -N atom. While the 14 -N atom of rutaecarpine is sp2 hybridization, the whole molecule can form a conjugation system, which makes the structure planar. But in evodiamine, whose 14-N atom is substituted by a methyl group, the connection be -tween the two rings is broken, and the molecule tends to form the dihedral angle structure.

We simulated the superior conformation of two reduzates of rutaecarpine, compound 5 and 6 withAccelerate Discovery Studio 2.1 (Figure 4) . The result shows whether the 14-N atom is saturated or not, both of them take the planar structure just like rutae-carpine. This is a consistent result with the vasodilator and bronchial contractile tests. In the case of evodi-amine, the substitution in the 14-N atom changes the superior conformation, which makes the difference be-tween other derivates. And in case of compound 5 and6, the absence of 5-oxygen doesn’t change the essen-tial flat structure of whole molecule, which partly keeps the vasodilator effect without any bronchocon-strictive action just like rutaecarpine.

In conclusion, the 5 -deoxy -products of rutae-carpine keep the vasodilator effect of rutaecarpine to some extent and cannot cause any bronchial contrac-tile response as evodiamine, which might be their re-sult of keeping the planarity of structures essentially.The 5 -carbonyl of rutaecarpine may not be the vital group to keep the vasodilator effect, but the substitu-tion of 14-N atom may be the key of bronchoconstric-tive action. But the binding site of the compounds with TRPV1’s structure is still unknown and the mechanism responsible for vasodilator or bronchocon-strictive effects of evodiamine, rutaecarpine and their derivates are not clearly eluci dated. This primary structure-activity-relationship gives us more informa-tion about TRPV1’s subtypes and it also provides a direction on the way of finding a new generation of anti-hypertensive drugs.

参考文献

[1]HUANG H, ZHANG YY, LIU X, et al.Study of evodiamine on proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901[J].Laboratory Medicine, 2010, 25 (12) :952-955. (In Chinese)

[2]DUAN X, LING F.The pharmacologic action of Rutacarpine[J].Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2007, 25 (9) :1857-1859. (In Chinese)

[3]WANG XK, WANG YG, ZHAN HL, et al.Comprehensive study of evodia rutaecarpa-induced contraction on blood vessels in vivo and in vitro[J].Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2011, 9 (1) :65-73. (In Chinese)

[4]YANG XQ, LI ZQ, ZENG S, et al.Effect of rutaecarpine on the expression of angiotensin c in thoracic artery of hypertensive rats[J].Pharmacy, 2009, 20 (15) :1124-1127. (In Chinese)

[5]DENG PY, YE F, CAI WJ, et al.Stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide synthesis and release:mechanisms for a novel antihypertensive drug, rutaecarpine[J].J Hyperten, 2004, 22 (9) :1819-1829.

[6]CATERINA MJ, SCHUMACHER MA, TOMINAGA M, et al.The capsaicin receptor:a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway[J].Nature, 1997, 398 (6653) :816-824.

[7]DENG YJ, LI PY.Calcitonin gene-related peptide and hypertension[J].Peptides, 2005, 26 (9) :1676-1685.

[8]A SZALLASI, DN CORTRIGHT, CA BLUM, et al.The vanilloid receptor TRPV1:10 years from channel cloning to antagonist proofof-concept[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2007, 6 (5) :357-372.

[9]Y KOBAYASHI, Y NAKANO, K HOSHIKUMA, et al.The bronchoconstrictive action of evodiamine, an indoloquinazoline alkaloid isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa, on guinea-pig isolated bronchus:possible involvement on vanilloid receptors[J].Planta Med, 2000, 66 (6) :526-530.

[10]I FUJII, Y KOBAYASHI, N HIRAYAMA.Molecular structure of two Alkaloids, Evodiamine and rutaecarpine, from Evodia Fruit[J].Z.Kristallogr, 2000, 215:762-765.