朋友的英文诗

2024-05-16

朋友的英文诗（共6篇）

篇1：朋友的英文诗

压韵（rhyme）

英文诗一般都押运韵。

（一）全韵与半韵（full rhyme and half rhyme）。

全韵是严格的押韵，其要求是：

（1）韵要押在重读音节上，其元音应相同；

（2）元音前的辅音应不同；

（3）如果元音之后有辅音，应相同。

（4）重读音节之后如有轻读音节，也应相同。

下面几对词都符合全韵的标准：

why---sigh;hate---late;fight---delight;powers---flowers;today---away;ending---bending.如果仅是元音字母相同，读音不同，不符合全韵：如:

blood----hood;there---here;gone---alone;daughter----laughter.这种情形被称为“眼韵”（eye rhyme），虽然诗人有时用之，但不是真正的押韵。

仅是辅音相同或仅是元音相同的属半韵：

元音不同，其前后的辅音相同，这叫谐辅韵（consonance）如：black, block;creak, croak;reader, rider;despise, dispose.元音相同，其后的辅音相同者叫谐元韵（assonance），如lake, fate;time, mind.（二）尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme)

押在诗行最后一个重读音节上，叫尾韵。这是英文诗歌最常见的押韵部位。诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵者，叫行内韵。如：

Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring，（三）男韵与女韵((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)

所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上，称男韵，也叫单韵，听起来强劲有力。如：late, fate;hill, fill;enjoy, destroy.押韵押在两个音节上，后一音节非重读音节，称女韵，也叫双韵，听起来或轻快，或幽婉。如：lighting, fighting;motion, ocean;wining, beginning.看下面一节诗：

I am coming, little maiden，With the pleasant sunshine laden;

With the honey for the bee，With the blossom for the tree.前两行押女韵，后两行押男韵。

也有不少英文诗是不押韵的，不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗（blank verse）。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的。押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同与自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。

篇2：朋友的英文诗

37.The Daffodils水仙花(1)I wander#39;d lonely as a cloud我像一朵浮云独自漫游That floats on high o#39;er vales and hills,飘过深谷群山，When all at once I saw a crowd,突然间，看到一片A host of golden daffodils,无数朵的金色水仙花，Beside the lake, beneath the trees,长在湖畔，长在树下，Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.微风中翩翩起舞。(2)Continuous as the stars that shine不断地像发光的星斗And twinkle on the milky way,闪烁在银河中，They stretch#39;d in never-ending line无涯无际地延伸Along the margin of a bay:在海湾之滨;Ten thousand saw I at a glance一瞥间，我看到成千上万的水仙，Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.摇晃着它们的小脑袋快乐地起舞。(3)The waves beside them danced, but they海水在它们的身旁澎湃，Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:---但它们比闪耀的海波更为愉快：-A poet could not but be gay诗人不得不由衷欣喜In such a jocund company!在这样愉悦的友伴之中!I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought我看了又看-可是很少想到What wealth the show to me had brought;这景象带给我多么宝贵的财富;(4)For oft, when on my couch I lie在心境空虚或沈思之际，In vacant or in pensive mood,我常仰卧在沙发上，They flash upon that inward eye它们掠过我的心灵Which is the bliss of solitude;那是我孤寂中的无上喜乐;And then my heart with pleasure fills,于是，我心充满喜悦，And dances with the daffodils.与水仙共享舞足之乐。~~~by William Wordsworth

38.Old Black Joe老黑乔(1)Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay;那些心头年轻、无忧无虑的日子已离我远去Gone are my friends from the cotton fields away;我的伙伴也离开了棉花田Gone from the earth to a better land I know,离开这里到一个更好的地方，我知道I hear their gentle voices calling, “Old Black Joe!”我听见他们柔声呼唤(Refrain:) I#39;m coming, I#39;m coming, for my head is bending low;「老黑乔!」(反复)I hear their gentle voices calling,我来了，我来了，因为我的头渐渐低垂;“Old Black Joe!”我听见他们柔声呼唤「老黑乔!」(2)Why do I weep when my heart should feel no pain?我为何哭泣，我心并不悲伤?Why do I sigh that my friends come not again?我为何要叹息伙伴不复来?Grieving for forms now departed long ago,只为怀念早已逝去的人，I hear their gentle voices calling,我听见他们柔声呼唤“Old Black Joe!”「老黑乔!」(3)Where are thee hearts once so happy and so free?昔日快乐无羁的人们，如今安在?The children so dear that I held upon my knee?还有，我抱在膝上可爱的小家伙?Gone to the shore where my soul has longed to go,他们都已到了我灵魂所渴望去的海岸，I hear their gentle voices calling,我听见他们柔声呼唤“Old Black Joe!”「老黑乔!」~~~by Stephen C. Foster, 1826-1864

39.Home, Sweet Home甜蜜的家庭(1)#39;Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam,虽然我们也会沈迷于欢乐与奢靡中，Be it ever so humble, there#39;s no place like home!无论家是多么简陋，没有地方比得上它!A charm from the skies seems to hallow us there,好似从空而降的魔力，使我们在家觉得圣洁Which seek through the world, is ne#39;er met with elsewhere,就是找遍全世界，也找不到像这样的地方，Home! Home! Sweet, sweet Home!家啊!家啊!甜蜜的家啊!There#39;s no place like Home! There#39;s no place like Home!没有地方比得上家!没有地方比得上家!(2)I gaze on the moon as I tread the drear wild,每当我漫步荒野凝视明月，And feel that my mother now thinks of her child,便想起母亲正惦念着她的孩子，As she looks on that moon from our own cottage door,当她从茅舍门口遥望明月时，Through the woodbine, whose fragrance shall cheer me no more.穿过冬忍树丛，浓郁树香再也不能安慰我的心灵。Home! Home! Sweet, sweet Home!家啊!家啊!甜蜜的家啊!There#39;s no place like Home! There#39;s no place like Home!没有地方比得上家!没有地方比得上家!(3)An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain;对一个离乡背井的游子，再华丽的光辉，也是徒然闪烁;Oh, give me my lowly thatch#39;d cottage again!一栋矮檐茅舍!The birds singing gaily, that came at my call---一呼即来的鸟儿正在欢唱Give me them, -- and the peace of mind, dearer than all!赐给们-还有心灵的平静，这些胜过一切!Home! Home! Sweet, sweet Home!家啊!家啊!甜蜜的家啊!There#39;s no place like Home! There#39;s no place like Home!没有地方比得上家!没有地方比得上家!~~~by John H. Payne, 1791-1852

40.God Save The Queen神佑女王(1)God save our gracious Queen,愿神佑我仁慈女王，Long live our noble Queen,愿我伟大女王长命百岁，God save the Queen!愿神佑我女王!Send her victorious,赐她胜利，Happy and glorious,幸福与荣耀，Long to reign over us.长久治理我们。God save the Queen!愿神佑我女王!(2)O Lord our God arise,啊!天主，我们的神请站起来Scatter her enemies,驱散她的敌人，And make them fall.使他们溃败。Confound their politics,使他们的政治混乱，Frustrate their knavish tricks,破坏他们的欺诈技俩，On thee our hopes we fix.我们把希望寄托在您的身上。God save the Queen!愿神佑我女王!(3)Thy choicest gifts in store,特选的礼物正贮藏着On her be pleased to pour,乐意地赐给女王Long may she reign.愿她长久地治理May she defend our laws,愿她维护我们的法纪And ever give us cause,使我们永远有理由To sing with heart and voice.心口合一地唱出God save the Queen!愿神佑我女王!~~~National Anthem

41.Silent Night平安夜(1)Silent night! Holy night!平安夜!圣善夜!All is calm, all is bright!一切都安静，一切都明洁!Round yon virgin mother and child!绕着圣母和圣婴!Holy Infant, so tender and mild,多么柔顺温驯的圣婴，Sleep in heavenly peace,天赐安眠，Sleep in heavenly peace.天赐安眠。(2)Silent night! Holy night!平安夜!圣善夜!Shepherds quake at the sight!使牧羊人触目而栗Glories stream from heaven afar,光荣的溪流远从天堂流下，Heav#39;nly hosts sing Alleluia;天使吟唱哈利路亚;Christ the Savior is born!救主耶稣诞生!Christ the Savior is born!救主耶稣诞生!(3)Silent night! Holy night!平安夜!圣善夜!Son of God, love#39;s pure light神之子，爱的皎洁光辉Radiant beams from thy holy face,从你圣颜上发出耀目的光辉With the dawn of redeeming grace,伴随着救赎宏恩的黎明，Jesus, Lord, at thy birth,耶稣，我主，在您诞生的时刻，Jesus, Lord, at thy birth.耶稣，我主，在您诞生的时刻。~~~by Franz Gruber, 1787-1863

篇3：朋友的英文诗

Robert Lee Frost(1874-1963)is an American poet,a lyrical poet,and an authentic painter of local landscape.He was the most popular American poet from 1914 to his death.He won the Pulitzer Prize four times,received commendations by the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the poetry society of America respectively in 1938 and 1941,received honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universities and became the nation’s unofficial Poet laureate when he was invited to read“The Gift Outright”at the inauguration of President John F.Kennedy in 1961.

Frost’s poetry is always a delightful experience to read.On the surface,his poems are very simple,but they are in fact profound and meaningful if considering them over and over,because most of his poems are endowed with philosophical meanings.Frost’s favorite subject matter was New England life and farming.But underneath the description of country life,there is often a deeper and wider meaning,some experience or truth about life itself.

2 Wisdom and Insights between Simple Lines

Frost was politically conservative,showing indifference to immediate political event either national or international,which left his verse unruffled.He stood aside from the literary movements of20th century since he showed little interest in experimentation in form.Yet he stood aloft among his contemporary poet,because of his modern thematic concern.In his poems he managed to construct a momentary stay against confusion.The New England landscape he portrayed in his poems reflects the fragmentation of modern society.The grotesque characters under his pen reveal the tension of modern life and alienation among modern people.He also wrote about something universal,about death and life,love and hate,war and peace,the good and the evil,for which his generally regarded as a poet of philosophy.

2.1 On human beings and nature

“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Night”is perhaps the bes known of all his poems.Louis Untermeyer,American critic and poet,says that such a poem once in the mind of a reader will never leave it.Another critic calls this poem the supreme example o“Mr.Frost’s ability to enter into the life of nature.”As one o Frost’s most important writings,this poem is mainly a picture or an episode set within the picture.In classic Chinese landscape poems,a picture within a poem or a poem within a picture is not only the pursuit of the poet but also interesting and enjoyable for the reader.“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Night”is also a good example for comparing American with Chinese poems of this type.

The basic image of this poem is a snowy scene that the speaker views and a series of implicit questions that the scene causes“Woods”in this poem stands for nature.Not all readers who like this poem are aware that this poem suggests deep thought abou death and about life.The strange attraction of death to man is symbolized by the dark woods silently filled up with the coldness o snow.The poem opens with the first question,who own the wood?The speaker seems uncertain about the owner,for he uses the linguistic hedge“I think”to moderate his statement“I know whose woods these are”.Symbolism is one of the techniques mos frequently used in Frost’s poetry.Some critics say that horse in this stanza stands for the animal world,symbolizing a king of life that does not understand man’s action.

The speaker begins the second stanza by mentioning that his horse is unaccustomed to stopping without a reason.Accordingly,another implicit question is raised:why does he stop?Or what attracts him?The hedge“must”in the first line indicates that the horse can really consider the man’s reason for stopping.It was not the horse but the man the was feeling“queer”,which is“saying one thing in terms of another”.

The third stanza continues the inquiry of the second one,and in a more direct way.The horse seems to“ask if there is some mistake”In this stanza the speaker emphasizes the stillness of the night,the isolation and privacy of the moment,It was so still that he could“hear”ever the“easy wind“flowing and the“downy flake”falling,Tension begins to build up in the speaker’s mind:though he seems to enjoy the still night,he also feels doubtful momentarily,as to what he is doing and what he is going to do.

The fourth stanza summarizes the implications of the details in the preceding stanzas.It seems that the speaker there answers the question why he stopped by the woods and by the snowy night.Three adjectives(lovely,dark and deep)in the first line of this stanza reinforce one another,not only do they present tow different aspects of nature,but they also reveal the speaker’s contradictory attitude towards nature.

This poem is well unified and coherent.It has a narrative quality in that the speaker accounts his moving,his stopping,his meditating,and his resolving to go on his journey.Another element of this poem’s coherence is its logic.The first three stanzas raise implicit questions and the final stanza gives the answer,though not so explicit.Thirdly,the regular rhythm and rhyme pattern help achieve coherence and cohesion,the rhyme pattern is not only a pleasure to ears but also a support to the poem’s meaning.In this poem a difficult rhyme scheme is used.Instead of using a-b-a-b,Frost uses a-a-b-a.He also picks up the unrhymed sound of each stanza(the third line)and links it with the rhyming sound of the stanza that follows it and become the main rhyme in the next stanza.In the final stanza,Frost uses d-d-d-d to replace d-d-e-d to terminate the rhyme scheme,which is the interlocking rhyme and in this way to suggest the end of the action in the poem as well as the end of life—death.The sense and the musical effect of the poem are also reinforced by the skillful use of alliteration and assonance.One thing must be pointed out:though the poem is regular in its iambic pentameter,Frost avoids metrical monotony by departing from the pattern slightly in the final stanza,and by his masterful control of tempo.The images in the poem can be divided into two kinds,visual images(e.g.woods house,village,Snow Lake,harness bell)and auditory images(e.g.shake of bells,the sweep of easy winds and downy flake).They correspond to the sensory feelings of the poet as well as the readers,and therefore create vividness.

The attraction of the beauty of nature makes the speaker stop in his journey.He finally turns away from it,with a certain weariness and yet with quiet determination to face the needs and demands of life.This stresses the central conflict of poem between man’s enjoyment of nature’s beauty and his responsibilities in society.Poems can have multiple themes and this poem is no exception.The theme here may be the necessity to face the responsibilities,inherent in adult or the seductiveness of death as an attractive way of escaping the weight of responsibility.This poem is about our lost connection with the natural world.Our ego bound activities take over our entire adult life.No time to appreciate the natural world.No time for activities that have no specific reason to admire nature.Even the horse senses there is wrong with stopping in these woods because the horse is trained by humans.“…..promises to keep……”is the abiding theme of all of our lives as urban dwellers.This poem may also tell us that duty and responsibility take precedence over beauty and pleasure.

2.2 On man and his internal world

“The Road Not Taken”is another one of his most importan philosophical poems.Some critics believe that the poem is set in some particular woods where the road diverges into two directions There is a little stream in western Canada where the Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the Continental Divide.The tourist trains all stop at that point,for the right hand branch of the stream flows into the Pacific Ocean,and the left hand branch into the Atlantic.Forks and crossroads are everywhere and confront everyone.We must make choices in front of them and take full responsibility for the consequences.By turning this concrete,common experience into poetry Frost raises this experience to a symbolic level of universal significance.With less colloquial speech rhythms than in“Mending Wall”,the poem is written in regular stanzas and rhyme schemes.

“And sorry I could not travel both.”is the second line o this poem.Here,a strong sense of regret is clearly demonstrated by the traveler before he makes a choice.In an attempt to make a decision,the traveler“looks down one as far as I could”.The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown,as does any choice in life As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches eventually it surpasses his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead.So,the future is a mystery,we cannot see it clearly but one choice must be made.Then he took the other,“as just as fair,and having perhaps the better claim.”What made“the other”has the better claim is that“it was grassy and wanted wear”which is mysterious and adventurous for the traveler.In this stanza the narrator took“the road less traveled by”exactly illustrates his personality and the kind of people the poet admires,that is,one who does not want to necessarily follow the crowd but do more o what has never been done,what is new and different.

“And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black.”The leaves had covered the ground and since the time they had fallen no one had yet to pass by on this road.Perhaps Frost does this because each time a person comes to the poin where they have to make a choice,it is new to them,somewhere they have never been and they tend to feel as though no one else had ever been there either.“I kept the first for another day!”The desire to travel down both paths is expressed and it is not unusual but“knowing how way leads on to way”,the speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one and he“doubted if I should ever come back.”This is his common sense speaking and acknowledging that what he chooses now will affec every other choice he makes afterward.

Once again,the regret hangs over the traveler like a heavy cloud about to burst at the end of the poem.He realizes that at the end of his life,“somewhere ages and ages hence”,he will have regrets about having never gone back and traveling down the roads he did not take.Yet he remains proud of his decision and he recognizes that it was this path that he chose that made him turn out the way and he did and lives his life the way in which he lived.“I took the road less traveled by and that had made all the difference.”To this man,what was most important,what really made the difference is that he did what he wanted.If he hadn’t,he wouldn’t be the same man he is now.

The poem seems to be about the poet,walking in the woods and coming upon a fork in the road,he feels sorry that he could no take both roads and he has to choose which road he should follow on his walk.In reality,it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life.Usually we are confronted with this dilemma and can not have thing worked in our own ideal way.But choices must be made and our decisions prove irrevocable,one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another.Whatever the outcome,one must accept the consequences of one’s choice for i is impossible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.Everyone is a traveler,choosing the roads to follow on the map of their journey,life.There is never a straight path that leaves one with but a sole direction in which to head.Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey,his poem,“The Road Not Taken”,has left its readers with many different interpretations.In any case,however,this poem clearly demonstrates Frost’s belief,that is,the road one chooses to travel tha makes him the man who he is.

2.3 On the relation of human beings

Since literature is the reflection of the social life,in Frost’s volumes,what he displays is just the encyclopedic epitome of the society,which shows all aspects in New England,so the relationship between man and man would be an unavoidable topic.In Frost’s poems,a part of simple conversation or monologue often reflects some kind of phenomenon in the society,so to some extent,the meanings of his poems are usually thoughtful and profound.The environment where he lives in greatly influenced his creation of poems,therefore the people there and the relationship between them always inspired Frost.“Home Burial”is his masterpiece on dealing with the relationships among human beings.“Home Burial”is a poem discloses the relationship between husbands and wives the sweetest and most intimate one in the social relationship.

From the title,the relationship between the couple and their neighbors could be found.Subjectively they bear their own ideas about his or her spouse.In our common sense,no matter when the death happens,the people alive would get together to discuss how to deal with the funeral.At the same time,they would send the unfortunate news to their relatives,their acquaintances to be presen at the funeral.For the rich family,they would hold decent funerals to bury the deceased,even for the poor;they would get their relatives or neighbors,friends together to help them.But the title of the poem“Home Burial”implies that the couple finishes the funera by themselves.Although they live in a country,some of the villagers should have assisted them.

In this poem,the main stage is merely designed in the couple’s house.It shows that the husband and the wife quarreled resentfully on the day when the man buries their little son,who died a few days ago.The wife,Amy,stands by the window discerns the whole process of the burial.His coming is out of her expectation and his commanding interrogation makes her seethe the rage in the deep heart.She feels depressed for her husband’s attitude towards their son’s death.So she warns her husband not to mention the death in front of her for fear of breaking her heart,all her warnings are in vain.On the contrary,he mentions it over and over again.A last,she makes the determination to leave the house.Seeing this the husband tries to persuade her to stay,but his consolation is absolutely wrong.His pretext to stop her from leaving is that the quarrel between them may be overheard by passers-by.By and by,the smoldered rage bursts out like the erupting volcano.She departs her husband and rushes out.

By analyzing this poem,Frost’s opinion about the relation o human beings is exposed.He thought,between man and man,especially for modern people,there is always a kind of barrier existing in their hearts.No matter whom,the couple,friends or neighbors this kind of phenomenon would be found.It seems that there aren’t any true or pure emotions but the barriers,the contradictions and the suspects in their souls.When something unhappy happens though they have established very well-built relationship before they begin to build walls in their hearts and refuse to communicate with others;moreover,they stop others from approaching or getting in their lives.

3 Conclusion

In Robert Frost,the American people found their poet,their singer and their seer.Frost is a philosophical poet as well as a poe of profound simplicity.In the ripeness of his years,Robert Fros was acclaimed as few artists have been during their lifetime:his government officially recognized his greatness as man and poet,and critics hailed his poems as modern classics.Frost deliberately tries to make his blank verse smooth,easy,informal,and as much like common speech as possible,which can be understood by the average person.Frost holds that the idea should unfold as the poem progresses.Readers may discover that many of his poems begin as a seemingly simple narration of a seemingly simple incident,but end by suggesting meanings far beyond anything specifically referred to in the narrative.All of these things illustrate Frost’s belief that a poem begins in delight and ends in wisdom.His poems are shining stars in the sky of literature and philosophy which can arouse people’s enthusiasm to love the nature and illuminate modern peo-ple’s lives,though they are simple.

摘要：如果从20世纪美国推出一位民族诗人的话,那就是罗伯特·弗罗斯特。该文从语言、风格以及主题对他的几首哲理诗进行了简要分析,旨在展示其诗中蕴含的真理、智慧以及对现代生活的启示。

关键词：罗伯特·弗罗斯特,诗歌,哲理,智慧,寓深刻于简单

参考文献

[1]Cunliffe,Marcus.The Literature of Untied States[M].New York:Penguin,1986.

[2]Isaacs J.The Background of Modern Poetry[M].New York:E.P.Dutton,1992.

[3]程爱民.美国文学选读[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2004.

[4]金莉,张剑.文学原理教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004.

篇4：英文图像诗及其发展的三大历程

【关键词】听觉视觉图像图像诗一、听觉时代的英文图像诗

诗歌的本质是语言的艺术，语言经历了口头语言和文字语言两个阶段。最初的诗歌都是巫师代神立言之“言”，尔后的民间诗歌也是口耳相传的，不管是任何民族的诗歌最初都是如此，概莫能外。语言的本质是听觉，诗歌也就是诉诸听觉的。

图像诗（concrete poetry）即用字母或单词排列成图案来表达思想感情的图案式有形诗体很显然是文字之后的产物，当人类创造了文字并用文字记录或写作诗歌时，诗歌就有了视觉维度。西方有研究者也指出，“诗最早是以纯粹的口头传播模式存在的，但是当诗人们将听到的诗用文字记录下来时，他们就对语言的视觉成分有了兴趣。”（王珂，2008）

从古希腊时代开始，就有诗人把文字符号组成各种图案的诗，如祭坛、沙漏、金字塔等，但其中大多数与诗的内容没有联系。西方第一个使用图形诗（figure poet）的据说是西米亚斯（Sinias），他以斧子、翅膀和鸡蛋为造型来写诗，这种习惯在中世纪偶尔也会出现。准确地说，这个时期的图像诗还是偏向于某种几何造型的pattern poetry。pattern poetry， also called figure poem， shaped verse， or carmen figuratum verse in which the typography or lines are arranged in an unusual configuration， usually to convey or extend the emotional content of the words. Of ancient （probably Eastern） origin， pattern poems are found in the Greek Anthology， which includes the works composed between the 7th century and the early 11th century.

在听觉为主导的时期，英文图像诗曾经历一个小高潮时期，虽然西方人早已经发明了文字，甚至15世纪，古登堡发明了印刷术，但当时听觉依然是诗歌的主导性感官。

二、视觉时代的英文图像诗

从文艺复兴时期开始，西方人的感知系统发生了重大转向，从中世纪以前以倾听神的话语转向对视觉的张扬。著名哲学家罗兰·巴尔特说：“在中世纪，最精微的、纯粹知觉的、那与世界建立起最为丰富接触的感官是听觉：视觉在触觉之后，只能列在第三位。然后，发生了一种反转：眼睛成为知觉的最高级器官。”（耿幼壮，2005）在诗歌领域，诗歌除了保留自身的听觉维度以外，视觉维度不断得到强化。到了17世纪，图形诗一度非常流行，特别是巴洛克艺术时期。巴洛克时期正是一个张扬视觉的时期。在此期间，印刷术的发明使得诗歌的传播转向书籍性的视觉传播。

象征主义诗歌的一个重要特征就是强调诗歌的视觉性，代表性诗人是前象征派诗人兰波（Arthur Rimbaud，1854—1891）。在兰波的《彩色十四行诗》（1871）问世后，“象征主义的象征”——马拉美（Stéphane Mallarmé，1842—1898）于1897发表了另一首奇诗：《骰子的一掷》（A Throw of Dice）。他把书页看成一个空白的世界，词语写上纸页就像打破沉默的声音颗粒，词语打破了纸页的沉默，就像声音打破沉默，词语占据一定的空间，但没有占领的空间同样重要，甚至更重要。具体就是运用字母的印刷技巧，充分发挥字母在印刷排版上的艺术功能，“把大小字母不等的词语有意地间隔、分散在空白的纸页上，以造成意念浮沉、思绪起伏与自然应和的神秘效果，目的是要引起机敏读者的深思和遐想，从而使诗的自我宇宙展现一种空濛境界并可以同真的宇宙争高下。”（葛雷、梁栋，1997）正如麦克卢汉说，“由于电力时代在19世纪晚期开始扎根，整个语言艺术世界开始追求诗歌的触觉图像特征和感知的相互影响。”（马歇尔·麦克卢汉，2000）虽然视觉诗还不是完全意义上的图像诗，但对于英文图像诗的推动意义重大。

三、图像时代的英文图像诗

图像时代是视觉时代的强化，即人们感知的许多东西都要通过转换成图像来进行接受。准确地说，这时的英文图像诗应该叫“具像诗”：“poetry in which the poets intent is conveyed by graphic patterns of letters， words， or symbols rather than by the meaning of words in conventional arrangement.在20世纪，英文图像诗迎来了真正的繁荣和高峰，这就是“画诗”（poempicture）。“poempicture”是美国诗人E.E卡明斯用来指称自己诗作时提出的，以强调他诗作的绘画性，后来又有评论家用来评论米罗等画家的画作，以指出他们绘画的诗性。它是一种带有图画性质的诗歌，但是这种造型始终只是用词语来像绘画一样造型，它所造的“型”始终只是通过词语在想象中构造出来，而“画诗”则不同，“画诗”中的造型直接像绘画中用画笔画出来的造型，不通过词语的想象，直接通过眼睛就看到这个具体的型，它的视觉感更强。

卡明斯“画诗”几乎都是在打字机上进行印刷排版，他有时把两个以上的单词联在一起不留间隔以表示一种连续的运动或加速度；或把一个词用冒号、分号等打断以表达一种新的感受，甚至是捏造新词；或者把一个单词的自身的间隔和与其他单词的间隔拉大以表达一种时间滞留和空白感；大小写不分以打破常规；或干脆在诗的结尾不用句号以留下想象，如此等等，不一而足。他名传一时的诗作（《孤》，1958，注：标题被作者有意小写）就是试图把诗歌的“无形”变为“有形”，把看不见的“孤独”变成可以看见：

l（a孤

le （一

af 片

fa 树

ll 叶

s）落

one下）

l 零

iness零

此诗曾使读者莫名其妙，但全诗的文字恢复原状为： loneliness a leaf falls，意为孤独像一片树叶的飘零。从诗意上来看，诗中将“一片树叶”的“落下”/“a leaf falls”穿插在“孤零零”/“loneliness”中，树叶在数量上的“一”片与“孤零零”以及落叶暗示出来的秋天的冷清与“孤零零”都达到了重叠暗合；从视觉效果上来看，单词字母从上垂直排列下来，模拟了树叶飘零而落的形态，与诗歌的意义又达到了重叠暗合。有研究者甚至拟想了字母与落叶相互协调的动态过程：树叶在风中落下“l（a”，叶片在旋转“le”，正面“af”，反面“fa”，随风直下“ll”，大幅度旋转“s”，被风平托着“one”，直落“l”，着地后横躺之状“iness”，即落在单词“孤独”“loneliness”上。（沈谦，1999）这不失一种诗意的解读，也是该诗的魅力所在。

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如果说《孤》这首诗的“有形”还不完全是视觉的刺激的话，他的其他诗就具有完全的视觉效果了。《蚱蜢》（r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r），标题本身首先就被毕加索立体画式的拆解了，grasshopper被拆解为r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r，中间的“-”使字母之间有一种跳跃感。在诗中，还被继续拆解为PPEGORHRASS和gRrEaPsPhOs，不仅秩序错乱，大小写混杂，读者在这些字母中去重组该单词，这就是毕加索那句名言“绘画是破坏的集成”的诗学应用。这样的排列又并非完全无意义的文字游戏，它的诗意为：蚱蜢在我们向上看时攒足劲儿跳跃，最终成为一个不同寻常的蚂蚱（As we look up now， r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r-who， gathering into a /the leap（s） and arriving become rearrangingly grasshopper）。该诗的诗性在于，它模拟了一只蚱蜢跳跃的瞬间，蚱蜢的跳跃使蚱蜢不失为一只蚱蜢。诗歌对“看”的兴趣明显大过了过去对“听”的追求。有好事者甚至将该诗置于线条的勾勒之中，复活了一只蚱蜢的形态：

此类诗歌就像是一种诗歌的图像化游戏，是对诗歌视觉化的一个产物。对事物呈现于纸上的热烈渴求必然会出现以下这样的诗作：

该诗是对一只“蜂鸟”的摹写，字母作大体对称的摹写，试图呈现一只蜂鸟张开双翼飞翔的姿态。蜂鸟是世界上最小的鸟，也是唯一能够向后飞的鸟，诗中写的是一种北美洲特有的“红喉北蜂鸟”（rubythroat），因其喉部长着一块红宝石（ruby）一样的羽毛而得名，诗人在诗中表达了他对蜂鸟的惊奇。如此这样的诗作还很多，诸如 “mOOn Over tOwns mOOn”（“小镇上明月高悬”）这样诗句，就是利用大写印刷的“O”来拟写圆月，六个“O”给人以满眼明月之感。运用字母印刷来进行诗歌创作，在卡明斯之前的未来主义创始人马里涅蒂（F.T.Marinetti）那里就有过，他在《赞坦坦》（1912）中就曾以“ssssssssiii ssiissii ssiissssiiii”的字样来表达火车喷气而驰的状态。在卡明斯之后，这样试验的诗人依然很多，但都逐渐为形式而形式，受到先入为主的图像的束缚。

就“画诗”的发展来看，它可能不会走得太远。因为，当诗人心中已经先入为主地有一个要去创作的“图像”模块时，他就给自己预设了一个“语言的牢笼”（詹姆逊），会为“形式”而牺牲创作的自由，牺牲诗歌的自由表达。这种“画诗”不是诗歌的本质性品格，它是诗歌在追求绘画式的“图像”表达时出现的一个变异体，诗歌的本质是语言，不是图画的艺术。

【参考文献】

［1］王珂. 诗体学散论——中外诗体生成流变研究[M]. 上海：上海三联书店，2008：246.

［2］耿幼壮.破碎的痕迹——重读西方艺术史[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2005：113.

［3］葛雷，梁栋.现代法国诗歌美学描述[M].北京：北京大学出版社，1997：112.

［4］[加]马歇尔·麦克卢汉.理解媒介——论人的延伸[M].何道宽译.北京：商务印书馆，2000： 307.

［5］沈谦.试论图像诗的体式结构作用[J]. 四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版），1999（01）.