运动会英文广播稿

运动会英文广播稿（共6篇）

篇1：运动会英文广播稿

同学们，中午好，很高兴我们校园英语广播又在老时间和大家见面了。准备好了吗?跟着我们一起走进今天的英语广播吧! 英语中有丰富多彩的颜色，除了它们的本来意思以外，还有许多引申和象征的意义，它们都表示什么意思呢?我们一起来看看：

1、green 绿色绿色除象征着生命和活力外，还富有许多感情色彩。例如：green hand 生手

2、white 白色白色是最常见的色彩。但是它还可以表示：没有!例如：white elephant 无用的东西

3、black 黑色黑色还表示not good。例如：black sheep 害群之马 black taxi 黑车 black money 黑钱

4. red 红色表示愤怒 如 see red 发怒,冒火red flag 让人生气的东西

5. blue 蓝色表示忧郁， 郁闷 如：blue monday 倒霉的星期一

英语里很多词都带有感情色彩，有些和中文里的相似，而有些却大相径庭，我们英语广播站也会带着大家更深入的了解。

at last，让我们一起来学一些见面时最常用的英语问候语： hi/ hello!喂! how are you ?你好。 初次见面可以说： nice to meetyou here. 很高兴见到你。 我们常常会听到对方说how do you do? 这时唯一正确的.反应也是how do you do? 不要以为对方要问你什么，其实这只是一个问句式的问候语。如果你告诉对方哪儿痛哪儿不舒服就错了，我们不少人喜欢说 im fine, thank you.这是不符合习惯的。 跟老朋友好久不见了，在路上偶遇可以说： what a surprise! 真巧! small world,isnt it? 世界真小,是吧。 过了一段时间见面，可以说： how are you doing? 最近怎么样?what is going on? 最近怎么样? whats new? 有什么新消息吗? not bad. 不错。 so-so. 一般。 在美国long time no see.也是很流行的，据说这是中国留学生带到美国去的chineseenglish,不过现在老美也这么说。- ok , so much for today , 我们的节目到了和大家说bye-bye的时候了。see you next time! (放音乐)

篇2：运动会英文广播稿

may i have your attention please? i have an announcement to make.

do you interested in space?in order to help us learn more about china spaceflight, professor li bo from peking university will give us a report.he will talk about the developing of chinas spaceflight.we can know how the spaceflight surface and the history from him.and we can learn abolut shenzhou spaceshipe and our hero astronaut.its a very pretty opportunity for us to learn,so ,dont miss this chance.

篇3：未来广播电视的全球模式（英文）

The Future of Broadcast TV initiative (FOBTV) was formed in April 2012 by leading world TV organizations to attempt to bring about a unified next-generation broadcast television system.

The Technical Committee has initiated two working groups to progress the FOBTV objectives:“To produce common requirements for a new terrestrial broadcast standard, applicable to mobile devices and accommodating internet connectivity, Ultra HDTV and new coding schemes like HEVC”.Thus:

1) The Use Case Analysis Group (TC-UCAG) has collected use-cases from the FOBTV members, performed their analytical classification, and has started to identify relevant technologies and technology gaps,

2) The Global Model Editorial Group (TC-GMEG) has been assigned to provide an overview of an end-to-end delivery system allowing the implementation of all the collected use-cases.

The TC-GMEG has adopted for the purpose of this study, a“top-down”methodology and has performed modeling of the current platform, observations of the trends in all areas of the digital terrestrial television chain and finally has elaborated a Global Model for the Future of Broadcast TV.

This TC-GMEG report is accordingly organized into five sections:1) A Starting End-to-End Model for Reasoning;2) Trends in the Multi-Media Value Chain;3) Contours of a LOCAL End-to-End Model;4) Globalisation of the Local Model;5) Beyond the Global Model.

2 A STARTING END-TO-END MODEL FOR REASONING

For the sake of argument, three areas of the Digital TV value chain have been arbitrarily defined (Production, Distribution and Consumption) and are presented in Fig.1.

For historical reasons, the overall broadcast infrastructure for the delivery of TV services has been organized to disseminate simultaneously as many real-time live-events as possible to a massive amount of users for immediate consumption.

2.1 TV Programmes&Services Production Area

Analogue TV content was limited to continuous processes for production, distribution&consumption of video and audio signals.These signals were then fully translated into the digital world as digitally compressed audio-visual streams supplying permanent&branded digital pipes.

However, the appearance of digital TVs and TV set top boxes“connected”to the Internet provided TV studios with the opportunity to extend their services in two directions:

1) To enhance the broadcast TV service with additional content delivered in real-time.

2) To make available TV programmes at any time after their prime broadcast delivery.

Accordingly, TV studios (or third-party organisations) are producing complementary streams sustaining live broadcast (enriched service) and/or are delivering“on-demand”already broadcast TV programmes (enriched offer) , in order to provide to the user a feeling of a“personalised TV service”.

As far as the production area is concerned, the hunt for an extended audience pushes its participants to diversify the means used to deliver TV services beyond the“island-based”implementation of a vertically integrated broadcast platform.

2.2 TV Programmes&Services Distribution

Analogue TV signals were provided in the vicinity of a TV transmission tower, to give a local TV service.In some countries, this was extended nation-wide by replicating local TV cells.

“Localism”has been one of the major attributes maintained by the TV broadcasters;and this has been fully translated to the digital world and digital broadcast infrastructures, which deliver locally either a unique TV service or a multiplex of TV services (mainly Europe) .The extension of the local area is performed by a multiplication of the transmitter sites, operating either on different frequencies (Multi-Frequency Network, MFN) or on a unique frequency (Single Frequency Network, SFN) .

In every case, the digital broadcast infrastructure delivers a basic linear TV service using a self-documented“digital pipe”and the receiving terminals need only to decode the Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) embedded in the broadcast pipe to access any multi-media content.

But in some countries, in order to provide enhanced&“personalised”TV services (i.e., Hbb TV in Europe, Hy-brid Cast in Japan) , broadcasters are using a broadband in-frastructure provided by third-party Internet Service Pro-viders.In these cases the Programme Guide (EPG) , carriedby the broadcast pipe, includes the required URL referenc-es needed to access the complementary multi-media con-tent, made available by the broadcaster, on a server con-nected to the Internet.

As far as distribution to the consumer is concerned, the existence of two infrastructures (broadcast&broadband) seems to support globalisation, as broadcasters aim at delivering a full range of TV programmes&services to a wide range of terminals, only some having access to both the broadcast (one-to-many) and a broadband (one-toone) delivery means.

2.3 TV Programmes&Services Consumption

Analogue TV programmes were usually consumed on a dedicated terminal:the TV set.This concept has also been fully translated to the digital world and digital decoder–which embeds a digital (signal) demodulator, a digital (source) decoder&the capacity to decode EPGs–appearing either outside (i.e.set top box) or inside (i.e.integrated“digital tuner”) the TV terminals.

In some countries, both traditional&enhanced TV services offerings have been extended to non-stationary TV receivers such as the TV sets installed in vehicles (thanks to the robust performance of digital transmission and to ad-hoc network planning) , and to Mobile handheld devices as witnessed by the One Seg&Not TV services deployed in Japan.But these new TV services, like Hbb TV in Europe and Hybrid Cast in Japan, are conceptually operating two adjacent screens supplied in parallel by two uncorrelated networks, and having only a weak cooperation at the application level.

Connected TVs with access to both broadcast&broadband networks has not only allowed some broadcasters to emphasise the personalisation behaviour of linearly programmed TV services but also allowed“Over-the-Top”providers to deliver a mimic of TV services to every terminal having broadband connection.

For Smart Terminals having access only to the broadband infrastructure, the TV programmes&services are provided as unicast streamed audio&video.As the storage capacity of the Smart Terminals is not exploited, only live consumption of TV services is performed and neither data push nor datacast delivery methods are used.

As far as the consumption area is concerned, the heterogeneous connectivity of the terminals increases the tendency to repeat TV services on both the broadcast&broadband platforms:repetitions are performed (during the night for instance) on the broadcast platform without knowledge of the consumers, and the unicast delivery of TV services over broadband network seems to constitute a serious contribution to the exponential growth of data traffic observed on the broadband infrastructures.

3 TRENDS IN THE MULTI-MEDIA VALUE CHAIN

The use-cases studied have revealed the deep expectations occurring at both ends of the Multi-Media value chain:on the content providers’side, there is a desire to make Multi-Media content available on a multiplicity of platforms, and on the users’side there are expectations for an ubiquitous consumption of Multi-Media content regardless of the location, instant of time and screen type available.

These hopes have implications for all segments of the Multi-Media value chain and reveal major challenges for the infrastructures expecting to connect the studios (providers of content) to the users (consumers of content&services) .

3.1 Multi-Media Production

Nowadays, almost all TV content is produced digitally, but professional content providers tend to enlarge their deliveries in terms of format (i.e.higher video resolution, higher audio channel numbers, etc.) and variety (i.e.multiview angles, 3D complement, facilities for impaired people, emergency warnings, etc.) .

The historical concept of using a TV infrastructure to disseminate live-events for immediate consumption in real time has changed, and has evolved to the planning of Multi-Media content production for immediate or later release.

For linearly programmed television to remain centric in TV studios, there is both the need to improve the TV service offering in a way that remains inimitable by the Internet players, and the goal to increase the user’s freedom of choices in a mimic of an“internet TV”service.

If these trends drive Producers to use two delivery platforms in parallel, it also implies managing two costly workflows in studios.The Production area is accordingly studying the“Create Once, Publish Everywhere” (COPE) paradigm having the ambition to run a unique workflow to produce Multi-Media content suitable for a multiplicity of consumption screens supplied by a variety of delivery platforms.

An interesting consequence of the COPE paradigm is the underlying desire to operate a“Smart Delivery Platform”facilitating the Publish Everywhere concept, but also providing the insurance that Digital Rights will be securely managed end-to-end!

3.2 Multi-Media Distribution

Almost all TV distribution platforms have achieved their migration to digital, but they remain structured to deliver audio-visual content for immediate consumption:the Branded Digital Pipe supplied 24/7 remains a core feature for broadcast TV services.

The“branded digital pipe”inherited the behaviour of a“voice telecom circuit”from the ISO-MPEG System Layer1specification, which defined“Transport Stream”packets to carry digitally compressed audio-video on any distribution means having a constant delay and being packet loss&jitter free.The permanent circuit connection characteristic has been inherited from the historic features of the analogue platform delivering live television.

None of these circuit characteristics (i.e.permanent&constant) can be satisfied in an Internet Protocol (IP) context, and specific protocols (and consequent overhead) must be used to compensate for the deficiencies of the“best effort”behaviour of IP networks.

Accordingly, the current digital broadcast platform implementations appear to be too specialised to distribute Digital Multi-Media content, anywhere, at any time, to an evergrowing multiplicity of terminals-and this increases the requirement for a digital broadband platform operated in parallel to the broadcast one.

The challenge for a future harmonised Multi-Media distribution platform seems to rely on its capacity to make available a large variety of Multi-Media content (not just access to a branded&permanent digital pipe) , within an enlarged area (not only in the vicinity of the TV transmission towers) , at a time wished by the consumers (not uniquely at the time programmed by broadcasters) , on a personal nomadic terminal (not to a digital TV set“prisoner”of a mandatory wall outlet) .

3.3 Multi-Media Consumption

Users tend to consider smart terminals as a“oneshoe-fits-all”or“all-in-one”device and accordingly expect from them ubiquitous access to any Multi-Media service&content.

At home, when watching the family TV, individual“second screen”terminals are used to consume broadcasters’data (complementary to the broadcast programme) , to chat with the social network community (about current broadcast delivery) , and even to watch“individually”a broadcast TV programme other than the one delivered on the family screen.

On the move, users tend to recover their“TV watching experience”while commuting or traveling in foreign countries with the“one-does-it-all”personal terminal, which permanently accompanies them.

These new habits are emphasised by the Digital TV sets having connection to the Internet, via the proliferation of accessible broadband networks (either“operated” (3GPP) or“not operated” (IEEE) ) and by the“Over-TheTop”players providing a TV experience over the Internet.

The challenge for the future Multi-Media terminals seems then to be able to access a multiplicity of distribution platforms providing Multi-Media content&services.As none of the existing distribution platforms is able to provide a“universal”coverage, and because TV services of today cannot yet be ubiquitously distributed on every platform, it suggests that future Consumption terminals must be granted with a series of assets:e.g.a“Hybrid Access interface” (to surf on every platforms) ;some storage capacity (to disconnect the acquisition of Multi-Media contents from the user’s consumption) ;and a“Smart TV application” (to hide but also to perform all the technicalities required to locate, to access and to present the Multi-Media content) .

3.4 Multi-Media Value Chain Trends:First Outcomes

The observed trends highlight that the digitalisation of the broadcast TV platform, which translated the analogue value-chain (i.e.studio, infrastructure and terminals) in the digital era, has not sufficiently anticipated the evolutions of the terminals capabilities and the new usages they introduced from users.

Nevertheless, TV usage remains popular as witness the surveys revealing that the time spent watching professionally produced linearly programmed TV content tends to increase or at least to be stable.Thus it is more the delivery of TV services to nomadic terminals, which must be studied, rather than the TV services themselves.

Nomadic terminals have to be served wirelessly and up to now, only wireless broadband radio technologies are able to do so, resulting in a ever-growing pressure to increase the amount of spectrum devoted to Mobile Broadband services.

But, there is no evidence that mobile broadband infrastructures will be able to deliver live content on a larger scale to simultaneous users, nor to absorb the data tsunami resulting from the ever-growing consumption of streamed video delivered individually to smart mobile terminals.Even if Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) reduce the traffic in the core broadband network (by storing content as close as possible to users) , the last mile radio connection is expected to be seriously overloaded by video streams during the peak hours of broadband traffic.Consequently, the“one-to-many”delivery method (also known as broadcast or multicast) over the last mile radio seems to be a very sensible&sound solution to optimise the last mile delivery.

As TV services can benefit from an additional“oneto-one”broadband connection and as mobile broadband services benefit from using an additional“one-to-many”broadcast capacity, it seems the“hybrid radio”access or interface will constitute a very promising concept for both infrastructures.

Future global optimisation of the whole Multi-Media value chain drives us therefore to consider evolutions for each of its segments:

1) Production must be done using a unique workflow (i.e.COPE) and Services should be agnostic with regard to the Delivery platform.

2) Distribution must use optimally and indifferently broadcast&broadband means, thus allowing either linearly programmed or on-demand services, while optimally using the infrastructure resources.

3) Distribution to nomadic Mobile terminals must be done over a hybrid platform (i.e.Broad Cast+Broad Band) and must focus on Universal Coverage:accordingly, cooperation between hybrid platforms (i.e.Broad Cast=Satellite or Terrestrial and Broad Band=IEEE-Wi Fi or 3GPP-LTE) must be enabled.

4) Consumption must be achievable on all types of terminal running a“Smart TV Application”, providing that every terminal has a hybrid access interface.Also, if the storage capacity of the terminals is considered, the platform should manage the transfer of Multi-Media content at any time convenient to any of the players (i.e.Producers, Distributors, Consumers) .

In summary, to satisfy the trends in the Production and the Consumption areas, the technical platform must manage the distribution of the Multi-Media content within the infrastructure on a global scale, and take benefit from the cooperation between broadcast&broadband platform technologies to optimise their last mile delivery-possibly using the terminal storage capacity as the ultimate extension of the Content Delivery Network.

4 CONTOURS OF A LOCALEND-TO-END MODEL

The review of the FOBTV use cases highlighted not only the evolution needs for the last mile of the delivery platform, but also revealed that an end-to-end system must be analyzed in terms of its capacity to connect every type of multimedia service with every type of“all-in-one”terminal, everywhere, at any time.

Offering a whole range of Multi-Media services implies operating a one-to-one connection with every terminal.However, to transfer Multi-Media content optimally to all terminals, implies using a one-to-many delivery method instead of a one-to-one“unicast”one, if at all possible.

The UHF band (300 MHz to 3 GHz) , which exhibits a range of wavelength sizes appropriate for antennas embedded in smart mobile terminals, is therefore very suitable for wireless delivery of Multi-Media content to these devices.But, the scarcity of this spectrum resource requires optimising the service delivery in terms of effectiveness and efficiency of use, especially if targeting global coverage.

Accordingly, a hybrid radio system appears to be the right solution to provide such multidimensional optimisation, and the updated end-to-end model proposed in Fig.2outlines the contours of such a“hybrid”platform.

This updated end-to-end model aims at changing the way that the two individual infrastructures operate in parallel (i.e.a one-to-many infrastructure performing linear distribution for immediate consumption, and a one-to-one infrastructure performing on demand distribution) to a combined infrastructure that manages the distribution of all Multi-Media content, either as a linear continuity or an on-demand serviceand takes advantage of both the one-tomany and the one-to-one connections that the users have established with the platform.

“Smart Broadcast”is the main ambition here:to respond to the current&future needs of the broadcasters wishing to deliver TV Programmes&Services;to respond to the end-users’demands for TV content professionally produced;and, more importantly, for every type of MultiMedia content“on-the-move”using“all-in-one”Smart terminals.

The“Smart Broadcast Infrastructure”aims at reducing the cost of the“last mile”delivery (i.e.the collective distribution to the home) as well as the amount of spectrum necessary to provide this delivery (i.e.using broadcast instead of unicast as the unique delivery method) , and also optimising globally the economic model while serving stationary&mobile terminals.

4.1 Introduction to the Local End-To-End Model

Nowadays, as different as they are around the globe, all broadcasters have a role concerning localism.In some countries such localism is restricted to a city, in others it means a state or a whole country–but still, broadcasting preserves local cultures, unites communities and helps to develop local economies.

Whilst they worked in the past with video and audio only, broadcasters are now developing Multi-Media programming;but their knowledge of“how to program for large audiences”remains based on their expertise in the local social context.

Even though the end-to-end model must be scalable in order to address the various topologies of terrestrial networks operated by broadcasters around the world, the basic configuration of the model must also cater for local broadcasting demands.Fig.3 shows the LOCAL configuration of the end-to-end model.

In this basic configuration, the Production area is represented by the broadcaster’s studio which delivers con-tent&services over a hybrid platform.The platform makes cooperative usage of a one-to-many“broadcast”and a one-to-one“broadband”component to supply the Consumption area, where two categories of terminals are served:the stationary ones (i.e.TV sets) and the mobile ones (i.e.smart mobiles) .

4.2 Behaviour of the Production Area

In the basic configuration, the storage capacity located in the studio is used by a (preferably unique) workflow that produces multi-media content as a collection of audio-visual sequences stored in a“play-out”server.These audio-visual sequences should include complementary information about the different format types and nature;the resulting MultiMedia packages constitute the items of a branded Electronic Programme Guide (EPG)

The EPG, which governs the continuity of the TV service programmed by the broadcaster, is delivered to both the“Linear TV”&“On-Demand TV”servers.The“Linear TV”server uses the EPG to stream the audio-visual part of the relevant Multi-Media package onto the one-tomany interface while the“One-demand TV”server manages to deliver the complementary part of the package through the one-to-one interface in response to user’s requests.

To support this Production area behaviour, some technologies are required.Among others:

1) ISO/MPEG is working on a Modern Media Transport (MMT) specification with the goal of providing“the transport of MPEG media in an interoperable fashion, especially given the recent increased demand of multi-media delivery in the heterogeneous network environment.”An MMT draft specification is expected in 2013, as a companion to the HEVC (H.265) video compression standard.

2) ISO/MPEG-DASH has demonstrated recently (cf.VRT during London Olympic Games) its ability to stream live TV programmes and to deliver TV services over a nonmanaged (nonoperated) Internet connection.

Interestingly, both technologies (i.e.MMT&DASH) include a transport layer and a presentation layer, highlighting the recognition of a“Multi-Media Package”as the managed quantum of Multi-Media content.

The Multi-Media package seems thus to be the unit which has to be distributed and then delivered to the users;and a common set of protocols must be used to enable the delivery of these quanta to be agnostic of the means (one-to-one or one-to-many) used to do so.

4.3 Behaviour of the Distribution Area

In the basic configuration, the Distribution area implements a hybrid infrastructure involving a one-to-many component (broadcast) and a one-to-one component (broadband) to bridge the Production&the Consumption areas.

The broadcast transmitter coverage determines the“local”area served.Within this local area, the infrastructure serves both stationary&mobile terminals, in both indoor&outdoor locations.

These requirements have implications on both the one-to-many&the one-to-one components of the infrastructure:

1) The one-to-many component suggests a requirement for the broadcast waveform to cope with both multipath propagation (i.e.frequency selectivity of the channel for stationary reception) and Doppler shifted echoes (i.e.frequency selectivity&time-variant channel for mobile reception) .

2) The payload distributed using these waveforms must be protected with at least two levels of robustness in order to cope with outdoor vs indoor reception situations (i.e.further carrier attenuation resulting from the outdoor to indoor penetration loss, proximity effects, etc.) and this payload must be tailored for different categories of screens.

3) The one-to-one component can use a wired Internet connection to reach stationary terminals, but to reach mobile terminals a wireless Internet connection is mandatory.Accordingly, the wireless one-to-one component could use either the services of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a Wi Fi infrastructure deployed in the“TV white space”.This last alternative offers the advantage that the Distribution infrastructure will be deployed in a“broadcast”sub-band (i.e.TV channel AND white space channels) that can be secured by the operator of the hybrid infrastructure especially in terms of radio interferences.

To support this behaviour in the Distribution area, some technological developments are required, including:

1) One-to-many broadcast systems operate close to the Shannon boundary, so increasing the system throughput requires increasing the RF bandwidth (e.g.using channel bonding for instance) , and/or using MIMO techniques2.Both techniques should be evaluated in the light of the throughput that will be required for future TV services delivered in 4K or 8K HDTV formats.

2) As areas covered by the one-to-many&the oneto-one components may not match exactly, only a subset of the services will be available when only one component is available.Since the EPG is broadcast with the MultiMedia packages, this self-documented delivery allows linear-TV services to be enjoyed over the whole local zone.The full range of TV services will be provided only in areas where the two components are available.

3) A“broadcast”transmission mode (in addition to the native“one-to-one broadband”one) will be needed to optimize the delivery of the whole range of TV services in areas where only the one-to-one component is available.The LTE-e MBMS3service mode constitutes an example of such an in-band broadcast mode over a broadband wireless connection.It could provide a“broadcast”mode to sustain the Broadcast/Multicast protocol on an“IEEE-Wi Fi operated in TV white space”context.

4) Even though the primary business case of the terrestrial broadcast platform is the Free-to-Air (FTA) one, technologies must be identified to allow various business models for the Distribution area in order to create a viable economic balance for the operator.Conditional Access System (i.e.CAS) technologies must be evaluated for this purpose.

A common set of protocols must be adopted to make the Service delivery agnostic to the number of components available to stationary&nomadic terminals.Similarly, in order to render a Universal service, the cooperation of several hybrid platforms (i.e.Broad Cast=Satellite or Terrestrial or Cable or IPTV;and Broad Band=IEEE-Wi Fi or3GPP-LTE or IPTV) , usingsuch common set of protocols, should be considered.

4.4 Behaviour of the Consumption Area

In the basic configuration, the Consumption area is modelled taking in account two categories of terminals:Stationary (with the possibility of wired connection to the Distribution infrastructure) and Mobile (having only wireless connections to the Distribution infrastructure) with the typical consumption usage being the“indoor”one.

Both stationary&mobile terminals are provided with hybrid platform access to the two components of the infrastructure.This is already the case for the so-called“Connected TV, ”but not for the traditional TV sets that have access only to a broadcast component, nor for the smart terminals that have only access to a broadband component.

Within every terminal, the consumption of TV and Multi-Media services is governed by a“Multi-Media application”having the capability to use the two components provided by the infrastructure.This Multi-Media application should not be confused with a cooperative presentation layer (i.e.juxtaposition of content governed by a broadcast centric application) nor with a cooperative network layer (i.e.juxtaposition of screens supplied by two uncorrelated networks) , but instead, as a Multi-Media Consumption Application that embraces all upper layers down to the network layer.

A“branded TV application”can be located by a search engine and delivered to the terminal from the“ondemand TV server”using a traditional Internet connection.Additionally, the“on-demand TV server”provides technical information related to the Distribution infrastructure in the local area and the Electronic Programme Guide, which lists the Multi-Media packages related to the past/present/future broadcast periods.As similar information is continuously delivered via the one-to-many component using a data carousel, the terminals with no Internet access can discover the infrastructure and update their information using a traditional frequency scanning method.

The“branded TV application”using the EPG information presents the collection of Multi-Media packages available on the platform, and responding to the user’s request manages the required terminal connections to deliver the Multi-Media content for immediate consumption.

In the basic implementation of the model, the storage capacity of the terminals has not been considered in the behaviour of the platform.Nevertheless, the“branded TV application”could benefit from such terminal storage capacity to implement“Personal Video Recorder” (PVR) services.In this case, the application must have the ability to run in the“background”and to access the infrastructure while the terminal is moving in the coverage area.

To support the desired behaviour in the Consumption area, some technology developments are required, including:

1) As far as terminals are concerned, the model implies the generalisation of a hybrid access, either wired or wireless, which involves a“Mo Dem/Demod”device implementing the lower-layers (up to the network layer) of respectively the one-to-one&one-to-many components.If the physical layers of the two access components are distinct by nature, a harmonisation of the data link&network layers of the existing one-to-one broadband system and the future one-to-many broadcast system must be implemented.

2) As far as consumption is concerned, the model implies a“branded TV application”able to run in the background, implementing the upper layers and interfacing with the devices that implement the lower-layers.Due to the variety of operating systems used in Smart Multi-Media terminals, a generic API must be defined in order to guarantee the versatility of the hybrid access amongst terminals.

3) As far as TV services are concerned, provisions must be made to allow the management of both Digital content Rights (DRM) and Conditional platform Access (CAS) .

A common set of protocols must be adopted to allow future Smart Terminals to access Multi-Media content through any hybrid platform.

4.5 Local End-To-End Model:Summary

The LOCAL implementation of the end-to-end model has highlighted requirements for evolutions in the three areas of the Multi-Media value chain, with three consequences:

1) A first consequence is that instead of implementing a permanent&branded digital pipe, the end-to-end Infrastructure must manage Multi-Media packages (i.e.live video-clips, already produced audio-visual files, etc.) made of Multi-Media components (i.e.audio, video, complementary data, etc.) , each retaining the brand name of its origin.In this context, the lower-layers of the protocol stack will not be considered as having a“constant end-to-end delay&errorless behaviour” (i.e.circuit behaviour implied by the ISO/MPEG system layer) and accordingly, the transport layer must incorporate provisions to guarantee a“broadcast”QualityofServiceevenoveran“open_but_best_effort”infrastructure (MMT and/or DASH technologies should tackle this constraint) .

2) A second consequence is that in order to facilitate competition, the end-to-end platform must embed provisions to guarantee both the Digital (Copy) Rights of the content owners (i.e.DRM) and the business model of the operators by the use of a Conditional Access System (CAS) suitable for any configuration of the platform (i.e.working when either single or dual components are available on the termination side of the platform) .

3) A third consequence is that the model fosters the generalisation of a“hybrid access”and of a generic“Multi-Media application”in the terminals.That implies a clear definition of the whole protocol stack and a universal interface (API) between hardware&software devices regardless of the operating system environment.

The described Local end-to-end model should be considered as an aggregation of technological bricks that are already in operation on Free-to-Air, IPTV and OTT platforms, but the ambition of the model is to harmonise the usage of these technologies in order to foster the universality of Smart terminals and open functional interfaces.

5 GLOBALISATION OF THE LOCALEND-TO-END MODEL

Even though the prime application of the end-to-end model is to provide“Smart LOCAL TV services”, the endto-end model must be scalable in order to address the various topologies of terrestrial networks operated by broadcasters around the world.

The expressed wishes to“Create Once and Publish Everywhere”and to“Consume Everywhere at Any Time”imply extending the platform beyond the primary LOCAL TV services area and for the sake of argument, Fig.4 is proposed to represent an up-scaled GLOBAL end-to-end model.

In the GLOBAL architecture, a Distribution infrastructure is established by the aggregation of the previously de-scribed local cells, which become its Delivery nodes.Each of the Delivery nodes is required to deliver multimedia services and takes benefit of a hybrid one-to-one&one-tomany means to serve terminals in a local area.

This global architecture aims to take into account the various topologies of broadcast networks operated worldwide nowadays.For instance:

1) A“global TV”operator supplies affiliated“local TV”operators with content having countrywide destination.The“local TV”operator broadcasts the“national”content but part of the time, produces and broadcasts its own“local”content.In this situation, the“Local TV”operator controls the content delivered over the“local area”while the“Global TV”operator acts as a content provider.

2) A“Broadcast Network”operator collects content from various sources and distributes them over a given territory.In each region, an aggregation of specific content is performed and addressed to a collection of local areas, which each delivers a“multiplex of TV services”.In this situation, the“Broadcast Network”operator centrally controls the content delivered over every passive“local area.”

Whatever the management of the end-to-end platform (i.e., distributed or centralised) , two stages of processing are performed:the Distribution of content within the infrastructure and the Delivery to the users through the means available to serve the“last mile.”

5.1 the Hybrid Distribution

In the global implementation of the end-to-end model, the“studio servers”are duplicated in a collection of“Delivery Nodes”interconnected by the Distribution infrastructure.

The Delivery node acting as a“Local Studio”stores Multi-Media packages coming from the Distribution infrastructure, but also generates“Local Content”delivered locally and distributed to the other nodes using the Distribu-tion infrastructure.

lates the“branded Multi-Media package”as aquantum of management, which open numerouspossibilities far beyond today’s manipulations of“branded Digital pipes” (i.e.commutation of brandedcircuits) :1Multi-Media content not related to live

) –events-can be distributed over the platform to bringthem as close as possible to the location where theywill be consumed, thus permitting their delivery tothe terminals at the most convenient time for the broadcaster, and/or the platform operator and/or the user.In that sense, the“Multi-Media Distribution”area looks like a broadcaster’s branded Content Delivery Network (CDN) having the particularity to use hybrid technologies, for instance a one-tomany satellite distribution to the local nodes and a one-tomany terrestrial distribution to the terminals.This would be more efficient (and potentially more secure) than the CDNs used by OTT providers,

2) Multi-Media content–not related to live eventsare stored in the Delivery node in advance until the instant when they should be delivered to the terminals (i.e.time dictated by the EPG time schedule) .But if the Delivery node is able to manage the population of terminals it serves, the storage capacities of the terminals can be dynamically managed in order to optimise the“cost”of delivery (i.e.delivery organized as a“push data to many”or Multicast service) .In that sense, the“Multi-Media Delivery”to terminals could be perceived by the user as a“broadcaster’s branded Cloud”.

The cooperation of one-to-many (i.e.satellite distribution for instance) and one-to-one (for the control&command of the distribution process) components within the Distribution infrastructure constitutes a major asset of this model.

The Distribution infrastructure could also offer mediation capacities with other platforms.Accordingly, its CDN (and possibly Cloud) behaviour could be used to extend the territory on which the branded TV services are natively offered:Multi-Media packages could be distributed, by contractual agreement, to foreign platforms which would serve“local terminals”abroad;foreign terminals could be hosted&served, providing contractual attachment/roaming rules, by a local Delivery infrastructure.

If this openness is strongly desired by the two ends of the end-to-end Multi-Media value chain (NB:Publish Everywhere&Consume Everywhere) , it provides an opportunity for the broadcasters to differentiate their platforms.The clever end-to-end management of the content’s Copy Rights as well as the clever management of the Access Rights to the Delivery platform make this a clear asset…But the underlying technologies for this scenario must be carefully selected especially if they impact on the compatibility of legacy versions of the nomadic devices.

5.2 Local Delivery in a Global Context

The GLOBAL end-to-end model aims at establishing a global platform performing the dissemination of Multi-Media content produced&delivered within the in frastructure by LOCAL delivery nodes.The duality of the Multi-Media Delivery nodes is tentatively pictured in Fig.5.

At the delivery node, every Multi-Media package either coming from the distribution platform or produced lo-cally is stored in the Multi-Media database, and thus becomes available for their delivery as soon as possible for immediate consumption, or for their delivery in advance of the time of their consumption, or for their subsequent delivery with regard to catch-up services.

The two servers, linear-TV&on-demand, cooperate in order to optimise the usage of the transmission resources available on the hybrid local delivery cell.As much as possible, the“one-to-many”delivery means is used to deliver Multi-Media packages to the population of served terminals:

1) For linear-TV services, the EPG drives the usage of the resource especially for live-events or for packages delivered for the first time (NB:night repetitions of content can be done without real-time broadcasting using management of the terminals storage capacity) .

2) For“predictive datacasting”services, the EPG permits anticipating the delivery of Multi-Media packages for storage in the terminals, but authorising consumption only at the time imposed by the EPG.

3) For catch-up TV services, the user demands should be employed to identify popular content and then to manage their“predictive”&simultaneous delivery to multiple terminals available in the local cell.

4) Etc.

The ambition of the managed delivery of Multi-Media packages is to counteract the inefficiency of a collective, but blind, delivery service without knowledge of the audience (i.e broadcast“default”) , and that of the multiple individual delivery of given content (i.e.broadband“default”) .In this way, the system provides to the broadcasters an ultimate optimisation in the usage of the scarce spectrum resource they operate.

The hybrid local delivery cell, as in the previouserage of the local cell for both the“one-to-many”&“one-to-one”com-ponents.If the“one-to-many”cover-age could be easily extended by theuse of additional SFN transmitters, theextension of the“one-to-one”spots–permitted by the availability of TVwhite space spectrum resources–may have (economic) limitations andmight require the cooperation of vari-ous broadband infrastructures.

Possibly, some areas covered by the one-to-one component will be outside the ones covered by the one-to-many component.Accordingly, the availability of a“broadcast”mode-e.g.LTE-e MBMS like-for the one-to-one component would permit the operation of the delivery node even if only a single component of the hybrid cell were available.

Incidentally, the availability of an in-band broadcast mode within a broadband wireless connection should constitute a promising characteristic to build up in-home extensions within the infrastructure (e.g.in-home Multi-Media LANs) .

The delivery of every kind of TV service (i.e.live, predictive, on-demand) will be possible when stationary terminals can receive hybrid coverage, while only a subset of TV services will be possible under partial coverage.The nomadicity of mobile terminals adds a constraint to the coverage:the presence of mobile terminals in the coverage area must be managed and the delivery of Multi-Media packages should be performed when favourable conditions occur, using the predictive datacasting capabilities of the platform.

The consumption node is intended to be universally implemented across every type of terminal, both stationary and mobile.The consumption node involves hybrid access to the hybrid infrastructure, a storage capacity managed by the infrastructure (i.e.by the delivery node) and a MultiMedia consumption application, which acts as a client of the delivery node servers.

The Multi-Media application plays a crucial role in the performance of the global end-to-end model.It guarantees the efficiency of the DRM&CAS management, which form the differentiation asset of the platform;it facilitates the optimum usage of the transmission resource by supporting the various methods of delivery (i.e.live, predictive, on-demand) .It contributes to the smart broadcast behaviour of the platform by permitting nomadic terminals to locate content, to access delivery nodes and to present content to users.

In summary, the proposed model aim at using cooperatively broadcast and broadband technologies to permit delivering traditional&extended TV services, while optimising the costs and the resources implied by the wireless delivery of contents to nomadic Multi-Media terminals.It aims accordingly not to rethink the Multi-Media services but to invent a new way to deliver them.

6 BEYOND THE GLOBAL MODEL

The global model for the Future of Broadcast TV studied in this document highlighted the benefits of a hybrid infrastructure combining one-to-many&one-to-one delivery platforms to manage the delivery of Multi-Media content at any-time, anywhere, to any consumer devices.

As far as stationary terminals are concerned, the model could be implemented through wired connections to any broadcast&broadband infrastructure, making it suitable for use with the existing satellite, cable or terrestrial platforms.

Regarding mobile terminals (by definition, not wired) , broadcast&broadband wireless platforms must be used and accordingly some spectrum resources must be allocated to them.

The UHF band (300 MHz-3 GHz) exhibits a range of wavelengths suitable for antennas embedded in smart mobile terminals, and it is particularly suitable as it allows both indoor&outdoor coverage of large areas with a relatively low density of transmission sites.

Terrestrial TV transmitter networks are generally planned to serve users’antennas located at 10 metres above the ground level.Network planning experiences have shown that it is necessary to increase the density of broadcast transmitters by a factor of three to four in order to serve“portable”indoor receivers not benefiting from the gain of an outdoor antenna.Also, experimentations using broadcast transmissions co-located with 3G basestations (i.e.30 W radiated at 30 m above ground level) have demonstrated that only onethird or one-fourth of the 3G base-stations have to be equipped with broadcast transmitters to replicate the 3G services coverage.

The implementation of“Mobile Broadband”systems in the“Broadcast TV”digital dividend spectrum has revealed the requirement for a frequency guard band between infrastructures involving high power/low density transmitters&low power/high density transmitters.This prevents mutual interference and guarantees the Quality of Service over the whole coverage area.

The implication of these elements to the implementation of the global model is that three different densities of transmission sites would be required to cohabit in the UHF band, without mutually interfering.It would thus be necessary to define three spectrum bands–one for each network topology-and two guard bands.Accordingly, in between the existing“Broadcast TV”&“Mobile Broadband”spectrum bands, the definition of a“Mobile Broadcast”band would permit the deployment of the global model.

If the Broadcast TV band continues to host the traditional TV services with their possible extension to 4K&8K UHD services (which will require large but stationary screens) , the Mobile Broadcast band enables the deployment of the denser terrestrial infrastructure required for the one-to-many“broadcast”component of the model.

As far as the one-to-one“broadband”component of the model is concerned, it could be based either on 3GPP-LTE or IEEE-Wi Fi technologies, which both benefit already from allocated spectrum.The generalisation of an inband MBMS mode within these systems should increase the range of the coverage areas;and moreover, the suitability of the operation of IEEE-Wi Fi within the TV white space could provide an additional (spectrum) degree of flexibility in the implementation of the global model.

In summary, the proposed global model aims at offering an efficient means to deliver every category of MultiMedia service-thus extending the range of TV services to Mobile terminals and also providing an efficient method to divert part of the traffic overloading broadband networks;traffic essentially related to Multi-Media content individually delivered over a unicast wireless link.

To reach the“Universal Coverage Grail”for every cat-egory of Multi-Media service, the cooperation of coverageis required and the Services must be formatted to be agnos-tic of the last mile (hybrid) infrastructure used to deliversuch services-anytime, anywhere, and on any devices.

From a terminal perspective, a global picture shouldbe represented as Fig.6.

7 CONCLUSIONS

The global model for the Future Of Broadcast TV studied in this document aims at proposing an overview of an end-toend architecture covering the current and future needs of the TV broadcasters.

The Smart Broadcast concept is intended to generalise the usage of hybrid platforms (i.e.in one-to-many and one-to-one modes) along the Multi-Media Value Chain.Broadcast&Broadband technologies are used to render a full range of TV services either to stationary TV sets or to mobile smart terminals, and to provide a user experience beyond the quality of service available on the Internet.

The Smart Broadcast proposal also moves from“blind”delivery to the“managed”delivery of Multi-Media content, sustained by a cooperative usage of the best wireless technologies available to reach nomadic terminals, and thus justifying the usage of the spectrum presently occupied by the broadcasters.

The model described in this study implies rethinkingthe methods used to render TV services (not the TV servic-es themselves) :the“branded Multi-Media package”mustreplace the“branded digital pipe”;the one-to-many deliv-ery method must be used as much as possible and evenbacked up by the one-to-one method;a hybrid radio ac-cess must be generalized in the terminals;and a“multi-media application”must replace the self-discovery ofbroadcast services.In summary, the global model proposed for the Future Of

Broadcast TV aims to reconcile the COPE4studios with theATAWAD5users.The model framework introduces some newcore concepts and is intended to provide a future-proof re-sponse to all the use cases identified by the FOBTV community.

注释

11.ISO/IEC 13818“MPEG-2” (1995) defined a collection of“time-stamps” (i.e.Presentation, Decoding, Programme Clock Reference) accompanying the compressed audio&video streams within the TS packets.Accordingly, any means carrying transport stream packets shall be jitter free to maintain the coherency of these time-stamps.

22.By re-using the RF channel“several”times, MIMO coding techniques increase the capacity of the channel“several”times-extending the range of trade-off between bitrate&robustness.

33.eMBMS (Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service) implements two one-to-many delivery methods:“Broadcast”meaning delivery by the network without management of the terminals;“Multicast”meaning management of individual information to the terminals prior delivery, and the informed terminals having then to connect to the delivered stream.

44 .COPE:Create Once, Publish Everywhere

篇4：花样运动代替广播体操等

雾霾期间“停课不停学” 近期，北京、河北等地遭遇严重雾霾，不少学校借助先进的网络技术，如微信授课、幕课、数字学校等，让教学正常进行。专家指出，网上学习不能完全替代真实课堂，教师应该做好线下监控，确保学习效果。图为中国人民大学附属中学的学生在图书馆里在线学习。（图片来源：京华时报）

无手机课堂值得点赞 近期，山西太原理工大学倡导无手机课堂。上课前，学生们自觉将各自的手机放入前排的收纳袋中，集中精力听课学习。此举旨在提高学生在课堂上的学习效率，减少对手机的依赖度，养成合理使用手机的良好习惯。对此，网友们纷纷点赞。（图片来源：新华网）

大人要做孩子的榜样 近日，武汉市武昌实验小学东湖国际校区组织学生走上街头，开展“小手拉大手，文明过马路”行动，却被某些违章的大人斥为“多管闲事”。网友评论说，都说大人应该做孩子的榜样，可是这类大人的行为真让人心寒。图为该校学生向路人发放文明过马路宣传单。（图片来源：荆楚网）

学校草坪不必一禁了之 近日，中山大学关于“草坪禁入”的规定招来部分师生反对，同时引起社会热议。有评论认为，学校草坪可划分为绿化和休闲之用。用于绿化的草坪，应该禁止踏入；用于休闲的草坪，可以有原则地开放，只要把控好保养期与开放期，问题不就解决了？图为禁令实施前该校某处草坪。（图片来源：东方IC）

篇5：英文校运会广播稿

Will be exhausted, only to struggle a turn for the better, life will be hule and the great tragic. Sport athletes. We have seen, through the sweat of your crystal, we have seen in xinyuan hope that you crossed the Pentiupace, we see hope, hope to see torrow.

只有挣扎会使山穷水尽变得柳暗花明，会使卑微的生命变得悲壮与伟大。运动健儿们。我们看到了， 透过你们晶莹的汗水，我们看到了新元的希望，越过你们奔腾的脚步，我们看到了希望，看到了希望的明天。

篇6：青春励志的英文广播稿

I will know that only those with inferior ability can always be at their best ,and I am not inferior.There will be days when I must IN THE WORLD constantly struggle against forces which would tear me down,Those such sa despair and sadness are simple to recognize but there are others which approach with a smile and the hand of friendship and they can slso destroy me.Against them,too.I must never relinquish control.

And with this new knowledge I will also understand and recognize the moods of him on whom i call, I will make allowances for his anger and irritation of today for he knows not the secret of controlling his mind.i can withstand him arrows and insults for now I know that tomorrow he will change and be a joy to approach.

No longer will I judge a man on one meeting;no longer will i fail to call again tomorrow on he who meets me with hate today.this day he will not buy gold chariots for a penny,yet tomorrow he would exchange his home for a tree.My knowledge of this secret will be my key to great wealth.

Henceforth I will recognize and identify the mystery of moods in all mankind,and in me.From this moment I am prepared to control whatever personality awakes in me each day.I will master my moods through positive action and when I master my moods I will control my destiny.

I will become master of myself.