tpo16托福综合写作

tpo16托福综合写作（共8篇）

篇1：tpo16托福综合写作

托福TPO17综合写作范文：鸟类数量减少的原因

在新托福综合写作中，有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限，还要刻意追求句式的复杂化，但这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。其实用最好的词表达最多的内容才是最厉害的写作方式，本文为大家整理了一篇新托福综合写作范文，来源于TPO 17。阅读材料：

In the past century, the steady growth of the human population and the corresponding increasing in agriculture and pesticide use have caused much harm to wildlife in the United States – birds in particular.Unfortunately for birds, these trends are likely to continue, with the result that the number of birds in the United States will necessarily decline.在过去的一个世界，人类数量的增加以及随之而来的农业生产的发展和杀虫剂的增加使得很多美国的野生动物受到了影响，而这种问题在鸟类上表现得更为明显。更加不幸的是，由于人口数量、农业生产和杀虫剂使用的趋势不会改变，美国的鸟类数量将会必然地随之下降。First, as human populations and settlements continue to expand, birds’ natural habitats will continue to disappear.Forests, wetlands, and grasslands will give way to ever more homes, malls, and offices.As the traditional areas suitable for birds keep decreasing, so will the size of the birds’ populations that depend on those vanishing habitats.首先，随着人口数量和居住面积的不断扩张，鸟类天然的栖息地持续地减少。森林、湿地和草原都变成的住宅、商场和写字楼。随着那些传统的适宜鸟类栖息的地方持续减少，失去赖以生存栖息地的鸟类，数量自然是减少的。

Second, agricultural activities must increase to keep pace with the growing human population.The growth of agriculture will also result in the further destruction of bird habitats as more and more wilderness areas are converted to agricultural use.As a result, bird populations in rural areas will continue to decline.第二，为了能够满足增长的人口数量，农业活动也必须随之增加。农业的增加的代价是进一步破坏鸟类的栖息地，越来越多的荒地变成了农业用地。因而，鸟类在乡村的数量也随之持续减少。Third, as human settlements expand and agriculture increases, the use of chemical pesticides will also increase.Pesticides are poisons designed to kill agricultural and home garden pests, such as insects, but inevitable, pesticides get into the water and into the food chain for birds where they can harm birds.Birds that eat the poisoned insects or drink contaminated water can die as a result, and even if pesticides do not kill birds outright, they can prevent them from reproducing successfully.So, pesticides have significantly contributed to declines in bird population, and because there will continue to be a need to control agricultural pests in the future, this decline will continue.第三，随着人类居住地的扩展和农业的发展，化学农药的使用也增加了。农药是用来杀死诸如昆虫之类的生长在农田或者菜园的害虫的有毒物质。不可避免的是，这些农药会进入水系和食物链，进而伤害鸟类。鸟类会吃被毒死的昆虫或者喝污染了的水。这样会导致鸟类的死亡，即便不会不会导致鸟类的立刻死亡，也会影响鸟类的繁殖。所以，杀虫剂会对鸟类的数量有非常严重的影响。同时，因为即便是在将来，还是需要杀虫剂来控制农业害虫，所以，鸟类数量减少的趋势难以改变。阅读部分需要提取的观点是：

-Main point: 三个原因导致鸟类数量减少Sub point 2: 农业用地的增加Sub point 2: 因为新品种作物的种植，农业用地会越来越少

-Sub point 3: 新型杀虫剂的毒性变小，并且正在研制新型抗虫害作物，将来杀虫剂不会继续伤害鸟类

新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

篇2：tpo16托福综合写作

In the reading, it mainly talks about that Rorbot E Peary has been to north pole because it has three striking evidneces.However, in the lecture, the professor thinks that the points provided in the reading are not convencing.First of all, the reading points out that at the end of the investigation, the committee has concluded that Rorbot E Peary has been to the north pole.Nevertheless, the professor believes that the committee was not objective at all.Firstly, it was writed by his friends.What’s more, the investigation only msintained for two days and they can get precise conclusion in such a short time.So the committee is biased.In addition, the reading states that the English explorer Tom Avery has proved the truth that the Rorbot E Peary could reach the north pole within 37 days.On the contrary, the professor argues against that there are many distinguishment between the Rorbot and Tom, because at that time, Rorbot had no food and met the most server weather, whichwill make them late to reach the north pole.Finally, the reading concludes that there existd a old phote which was be taken at that time and from the photos, scientists can ensure that the site in the photo was the norht pole.By contrast, the professor objects that the photo can not prove that the Rorbot has been to the north pole because the photo was very old and the scence can not be precisely presented because them use old fishioned ceamar.

篇3：托福综合写作备考策略

考查形式

托福“机考”进入综合写作界面后，考生将在电脑屏幕的左侧读到一篇230～300词左右的文章，阅读时间为3分钟。阅读文章一般是“1+3”模式，即在第一自然段给出作者的观点，然后在接下来的三个自然段分别给出三个支撑性的理由去支持第一自然段的观点。3分钟后，阅读文章自动消失。紧接着是一段与阅读材料相关的约2分钟左右的讲座录音，此时电脑界面上显示的是一名教授讲课的图片，图片下方有进度条提醒考生录音播放的进度。录音中，教授将根据阅读材料中的话题从不同角度提出自己的观点并给出详细的细节信息。录音中的观点一般是对阅读材料中的观点进行反驳。录音播放结束后，阅读文章将会再次出现在屏幕左侧，考生将有20分钟的时间在屏幕右侧的答题区域内答题。根据《托福考试官方指南》，写作字数应在150～225词之间，但超出225词并不会扣分。

考查技能

为了更好地模拟课堂论文写作，综合写作主要考查考生的信息获取能力及整合能力。在写作过程中，考生不仅要在规定时间内从原文本（即阅读和录音材料）中准确抓取主要信息和相关支撑性细节，还需要将听力信息与阅读信息有效地联系起来形成文本。具体来说，综合写作主要考查的技能细分如下：

1.记笔记（Note-taking）：考生在阅读和听力的过程中应该有效记录重点信息，这些信息将在接下来的写作任务中起到非常重要的作用。

2.列提纲（Outlining）：合理规划笔记，形成提纲，这有助于考生有逻辑地组织信息，并能帮考生将阅读信息和听力信息有效地联系起来。

3.总结（Summarizing）：针对一篇230～300词左右的文章和一段时长约两分钟的录音，考生不可能记录下所有信息，所以考生需要筛选出重要的信息并对其进行总结。

4.改述（Paraphrasing）：考生在写作过程中不可以照抄阅读材料中的原句，也不可能完全记录下录音中的句子，因此，考生需要用自己的语言去表述相关信息。

5.引用（Citing）：综合写作不要求考生给出任何自己的观点，写作中的所有内容都是引用阅读材料和录音中的信息。

6.使用连接词（Connecting/Linking）：恰当地使用连接词或词组可以使文章更加连贯。考生需要使用一定的连接手段将阅读材料和录音中的信息联系起来。

评分方式

从2014年起，电子阅卷（e-rater）加入到综合写作的评分当中，也就是说，和独立写作一样，综合写作也是同时由人工阅卷（human rater）和电子阅卷进行评分，两者给出的都是0～5分的原始分，最终由设定的计算机程序换算成0～30分的标准分（scale score）。人工阅卷更看重文章的内容和结构，电子阅卷更注重语言。具体来说，和独立写作类似，综合写作也主要从三个维度审核考生的文章：

1.Accurate development

√ How well you select important information from the lecture

√ How well you present it in relation to relevant information from the reading

2.Organization

√ Write in paragraphs

√ Use transitions

√ Avoid redundancy

3.Language use

√ Sentence structure

√ Word choice

√ Vocabulary

√ Use of grammar

考试趋势

笔者对2013～2015年全年的托福综合写作话题进行了分类统计，通过对比这三年的数据（详见下表），考生可以看出，综合写作的话题主要还是集中在生物类话题上，但与2013和2014年相比，2015年历史类话题的占比有所增加。这个趋势在接下来的考试中将会继续下去，所以各位考生在备考时要重点关注这些高频话题。

解题技巧

对于综合写作的备考，笔者建议考生从以下几方面着手，掌握相关技巧，了解注意事项。

1准备工作

①合理利用草稿纸：考生在考试开始之前，可以将草稿纸对折，将笔记区域分成左右两块，分别记录阅读和听力的相关内容，这样方便接下来的写作整理。

②掌握笔记技巧：为了节省时间，同时不影响阅读和听力，考生在记笔记时，尽量使用字母缩写或符号等，避免记录完整的单词及句子。例如，scientists可以记成sci，genetical modification可以记成gen md，dinosaur可以记成D，people可以记成汉字“人”，feather可以记成汉字“毛”，数字用#表示，上升用↑表示，下降用↓表示等。考生可以通过平时练习形成自己的笔记形式。

2阅读技巧

①阅读材料时，考生要注意记录主要信息，弄清楚阅读材料的主要观点是什么。

一般来说，阅读材料由四个自然段组成，其中材料的主要观点通常位于第一段的最后一句话，但如果最后一句话中有代词，考生需要弄清楚这个代词的具体指代对象。例如，在TPO 13的综合写作题目中，阅读材料第一段的内容如下：“Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils， the petrified remains of ancient organisms， ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years， however， the sale of fossils， particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates （脊椎动物）， has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.”

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该段最后一句话中含有代词this，这就需要考生往前寻找this的指代对象。根据这句话之前的内容，考生可以判断this指的是private fossil trade，因此这篇阅读材料的主要观点就可以总结为：Private fossil trade is an unfortunate development for scientists and the general public.

②找准各段主题句并总结各段内容要点。

考生一定要分别完整地读完首段之后的三个自然段，然后再去总结每一段的内容要点，不要只看段首或段尾，因为后三段主题句的位置往往不固定。比如TPO 7综合写作阅读材料的第三段：“Third， although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world， this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States， catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.”

考生读完这一段会发现，该段的主题句并不是第一句话，而是后面的内容：“Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies … that is satisfied with the merchandise.”因此，考生可以用自己的话来总结该段的主要观点：Most wood products are sold in the United State instead of abroad， so it is unnecessary for American wood businesses to pursue certification.

③无需记录阅读材料中的所有细节，但要重点关注录音与阅读材料间的联系。

托福综合写作只要求考生写出录音中的相关信息与阅读材料中的哪些信息相对应，所以考生不用记录阅读材料中的所有细节和例子，只把要点总结出来就行。但是阅读材料中的例子和细节还是需要考生关注的，因为录音很可能会对这些内容进行反驳。下面来看TPO 3综合写作阅读材料的第二段：“Second， Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow， but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar， which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow—which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.”该段后半部分提到了很多细节，考生都不用记录，只需总结出“这幅画的光、影不协调”这一主要观点即可，因此可以写为：The light and shadow in the painting do not fit together.

3听力技巧

听录音时，考生要带着问题去听，同时记录相关重点信息。通常，在录音中，教授会反驳阅读材料中的观点，因此会给出一些细节或例子。考生在听录音时，应重点去听教授是如何使用一些证据去反驳阅读材料中的信息的。对于for example、for instance、another explanation等表达后面的内容，考生尤其要注意。比如在TPO 18的综合写作题目中，录音是这样反驳阅读材料中的第一个解决方案的：“About the first solution—reestablishing Torreya （香榧） in the same location—that’s unlikely to be successful， because of what’s happening to the coolest dampest areas within Torreya’s micro-climate. These areas are being strongly affected by changes in the climate of the larger region. This could be because global warming has contributed to an increase in overall temperatures in the region or because wetlands throughout Florida have been drained. Either way， many areas across the region are becoming drier， so it’s unlikely that Torreya would have the conditions it needs to survive anywhere within its original Florida micro-climate.”

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考生在总结这一点时，不能只写阅读材料中的解决方案unsuccessful，还要写出录音给出的具体反驳理由，即全球变暖导致气温上升以及佛罗里达州的湿地变干，这些都会使原有的微气候变得干旱，不适合香榧树生长。这些内容用英文表述就是：The microclimate has been affected by the climate change of the larger region. Global warming leads to an increase of temperature in this region and wetlands throughout Florida have been drained. Therefore， the areas are becoming drier and are no longer suitable for Torreya to survive.

4写作技巧

考生在最后完成写作任务时，要注意以下几点。

①写作中不能带有自己的观点。考生即使不赞同阅读材料或录音中的观点，也不能在写作时加入自己的评价，因为综合写作考查的是考生获取信息和整合信息的能力，而不是表述个人观点的能力。

②不要照抄阅读材料中的句子。考生可以使用阅读材料中的相关关键词，但不可以整句照抄，一定要用自己的语言对其进行改写或总结其要点。

③尽可能多地使用录音中的原词。由于e-rater无法读懂考生的文章，它主要是通过把考生的文章与录音材料进行匹配，检查关键词有没有出现，因此，考生需要多使用录音中的重点原词。

④尽可能多地去描述录音中的关键细节。综合写作评分的一个重要标准就是看录音细节记录得是否完整，所以考生要根据笔记内容尽可能多地写出录音中的关键细节。

⑤要写出听力信息与阅读材料要点的对应关系。考生不能只写阅读或听力中的内容，而不写二者之间的联系，这样是得不到高分的。考生一定要在写作中体现出听力信息是如何与阅读材料中的信息联系起来的，也就是说，听力中的要点要与阅读材料中的相关要点一一对应起来。

⑥避免语法错误。对于任何写作考试来说，语法错误都会直接影响最后的得分。

⑦基础较弱的考生可以套用“参考模板”，但模板内容未必适合所有题目，考生要注意根据题目进行调整。下面的模板供考生参考：

In the lecture， the professor is skeptical about the idea of the reading passage that +阅读材料主要观点. The professor argues that +录音中的反驳观点.

In the reading passage， +阅读材料论据1. On the contrary， the professor says that +录音反驳理由1.

The professor then opposes the reading’s idea that +阅读材料论据2. The professor states that +录音反驳理由2.

Finally， the professor disproves the reading’s idea that +阅读材料论据3. The professor points out that +录音反驳理由3.

In conclusion， the professor clearly identifies the weakness in the reading passage and convincingly shows that the central argument in the reading is incorrect.

除此之外，考生要多熟悉TPO上的题目，因为托福综合写作的内容往往具有重复性，所以多做题能够帮助考生熟悉相关信息。例如，有些题目的阅读材料经常提到北极地区非常寒冷，所以会影响到XX，而录音中则会指出当时北极并不是很冷，所以会如何如何。再如，有些题目的阅读材料会提到某种动物或植物会影响XX，而录音则会指出在某地没有该种动物或植物，但XX依然受到影响。有些阅读材料还可能会提到通过物种迁移来解决某种问题，而录音则会指出外来物种会对本地物种造成威胁等。

总的来说，综合写作的备考需要考生多加练习，熟悉考试形式及答题方式。笔者相信考生只要努力，就一定能取得好成绩！

篇4：新托福tpo28独立写作

Topic: parents are more involved in their children’s education than the parents in the past.It is not uncommon to see that parents are have incredible zael to participate into their children’s education in many perspectives.At contemporary society, parents always take part in some semilars that are related to students’s study and force their children to join the extra-curricula classes which can help their chldren to improve acdemic performance.Therefore, as far as I am considerd, nowadays, parents’ involvement in kids’ study is much more emphasized than ever before.Compared with the parents in the past,parents at present, have a strong will to make their children more competent in the future career.With the development of the society, the compitition in the modern society is increasingly fierce than ever before.Every parents want their children not only can survive in the compitition but also want them to be successful in the future.Hence, those parents take pains to achieve this ambitions on their own way and consequently, because they think education is the gateway to seccess, they should be involved in their children’ s study and help their children as well.On the contrary, because of the low living standre, parents in the past only think how to bring chilren up and let them survive, so there is no time for them to have such ambitions.Therefore, it is reasonable for us to think that parents nowdays are more interseted in children’s education.Additionally, it is universally acknowledged that in the modern era, parents have a extremely high expectation than in the past.Parents want their children to be versatile and prominent, which lead most part of children can not achieve this goal at all, thus, under this circumstance, parents will help children in personally that of course include preants’ participation in children’s study.By contrast, in the past, parents just make their children free and let them do what they want.Parents will not discipline children unless they make blunder.So, we can draw a conclusion that the untouchable expectation make parents involve more in the children’s study.In conclusion, because the increasingly competitive society and high expectation make parents nowdays have more zeat in children’s study and take part in it actively.But, from my perspective, parents should give enough space for children to manage their own study.

篇5：tpo16托福综合写作

The lecture apparently disproves what is argued in the reading material. According to the passage … However the professor asserts that a closer scrutiny of this argument would reveal how flimsy it is. He then presents several evidences to demonstrate his statement.

这次演讲显然反驳了阅读材料中的争论。 根据这段话……教授断言，仔细研究这个论点会发现它是多么脆弱。 然后，他提供了一些证据来证明他的陈述。

托福综合写作模板：内容第一段

To start with, the professor claims that the reading passage fails to take into account that…

Therefore, the assertion of the author seems too absolute since other possibilities could not be eliminated by any current evidence.

首先，这位教授声称阅读文章没有考虑到……

因此，作者的主张似乎太绝对了，因为任何其他现有证据都无法消除其他可能性。

托福综合写作模板：内容第二段

Furthermore, the passage assumes that…. The professor, however, suggests that this assumption may not be merited by the evidence. Say, ….. The contradiction is obvious here when … . On the basis of this point the lecture explicitly refutes the passage.

此外，本文假设……。 这位教授建议，这一假设可能不符合证据。 说，.....当...时，矛盾很明显。 基于这一点，演讲明确驳斥了这段话。

托福综合写作模板：内容第三段

Last but not the least, the passage may be right about …., but one critical fact is being left out of consideration. Pointed out by the professor, the author totally neglects the truth that… On account of above-mentioned grave mistakes, the author’s assertion turned out to be a preposterous idea.

最后但并非最不重要的一点是，该段落可能是正确的……，但其中一个关键事实被忽略了。 教授指出，作者完全忽略了以下事实：……由于上述严重错误，作者的主张被证明是荒谬的。

托福综合写作模板：结尾段

In conclusion, based on the arguments offered above, the professor clearly identifies the defects in the reading passage and forcefully shows that…

总而言之，基于上述论点，教授清楚地识别了阅读段落中的缺陷，并有力地表明……

其它阐明细节

文中至少有一个举例方式，假如真实用不到上面句型，能够用转述凑字数：In other words, that is to say, …

其他有用句型

篇6：tpo16托福综合写作

托福作文结构强调总分总。全文的总分总结构一般没有异议都可以做到。但

要强调的是中间说理段落里面也应该是明确的总分总结构：首先把这段的分论点（本段中心句）放在段首，然后2~4句说理解释，阐述为什么会有这一观点，我们身边的现状是如何需要这一点，接着例子和细节支持（4~6句话），最后总结句，即这段开头的分论点句的变换句式表达，把这段的观点再重申一遍。全文的结尾段也是一样，前几段的中心句整合重提，而且可以加几句话的升华，针对这个问题提出一个全局性的建议。

篇7：透视托福综合写作常见误区

题型及评分标准

托福写作共分为两部分：综合写作和独立写作。综合写作的考查形式相对复杂：考生先要用三分钟的时间看一篇200～300词的阅读材料，然后再听一段与阅读材料相关的时长为两分钟的录音，最后结合二者的内容写一篇文章。综合写作看似很复杂，但其实并不难。考生只要听力过关，把握好综合写作的评分标准和考核要求，还是很有可能在这一单项上拿到满分的。下面笔者就来介绍一下综合写作的评分标准。

《新托福考试官方指南》（The Official Guide to the New TOEFL iBT，后文简称“OG”）对托福综合写作给出的5分评分标准如下：“A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized， and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connection.”从字面上看，此标准提出了两个要求：①考生在写作时要完整阐述阅读材料及录音中的内容；②文章结构要完整，可以偶尔出现一些语言上的小错误，但不能影响句意及逻辑的表达。

很多考生在综合写作上失分，原因就在于没有仔细研究评分标准，没弄清楚这一单项的考核要求。由此一来，考生犯了很多不该犯的错误，其原有的水平发挥不出来，自然得不到理想的分数。

常见误区剖析

为了帮助考生获得高分，下面笔者就重点分析一下考生在托福综合写作应考中经常出现的一些误区。

1.记笔记=逐词听记

很多考生在做综合写作时都有一个疑惑：录音部分的笔记到底要记什么？大多数考生在听录音时，总想把每个词都记下来，唯恐漏掉一个。但其实，任何人都无法在这么短的时间里把每一个词都记下来。此外，过于注重单个单词的记录反而会令考生漏掉一些关键信息，甚至搞不清录音材料的逻辑，进而导致失分。

其实，关于笔记要记什么，OG上已有明确的表述：“A response at this level successfully selects the important information …”这句话里用的是“important”而非“all”，说明考生只需记主要信息，而无需“词词俱到”。有的考生会问：“是不是我只要记录音的主要观点就可以了？”答案同样是“非也”。OG的4分评分标准中有这么一句：“… but it may have minor omission， inaccuracy， vagueness， or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading …”这句话表明，除points以外，考生还要记一些content，即说话人是怎么论证/驳斥阅读材料中的观点的，举了什么例子等。如果这些内容没能体现在考生的写作中，就算观点都写全了，考生最多也只能得4分。对应新托福的评分标准，失掉的这1分原始分相当于最终成绩的6分。

因此，根据OG中5分和4分的评分标准，考生可以清晰地看到ETS （美国教育考试服务中心）对记笔记的要求，即记录主要观点、论证方式和例证。至于那些细枝末节，有了当然更好，没有也不至于失分。不过，考生在记笔记时，也不能只是记个大方向而已，还要尽力记全那些关键的细节。

2.综合写作是小作文，不必在意语言质量

托福综合写作中，ETS对纯语言的考查要求明显低于独立写作，考生通过对比两者的评分标准即可见端倪。独立写作的评分标准对于答案的词、句、段、结构都有详细的要求，而在综合写作的评分标准中，关于语言的要求只有一条，即well-organized。这是因为综合写作重点考核的并非语言能力，而是考生抓取信息的能力。其实，综合写作的考查形式很接近美国大学真正的上课模式，即在课前阅读大量的材料，然后去听老师讲课的内容，回来后自己消化吸收，最后通过写课程论文来呈现自己的学习成果。“消化吸收”才是学习的主要目的，而“写作”的形式其实没那么重要。

正因为如此，很多考生会将综合写作视为“小作文”，答题时不重视这部分的语言质量。殊不知，很多考生都曾因综合写作的语言不过关而失分。为此，考生在答题时，务必要注意以下两点。

①大量的、影响考官理解的语言错误一定会被扣分。OG的4分评分标准中有这么一句：“A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors， as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.”这句话表明，如果考生的答案中频繁出现一些小的语言错误，影响考官对写作内容的理解，考生会因此而失掉1分。

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②逻辑连接词非常重要。尽管OG五档评分标准的内容都不相同，但每一档评分标准的最后都特别提到了connection of ideas。这就说明考官需要的是一篇文章，而非观点和事实的堆砌。考生需要利用逻辑连接词，将阅读和录音材料中的观点及事实连成一篇文章。考生要切记：综合写作的辞藻不必太华丽，但要尽量避免语言错误，文章的逻辑关系一定要清楚。

综合写作中常用的逻辑连接词有以下几种。

驳斥：refute、disagree with、cast doubt on、challenge、oppose、conflict with、deny the statement of、contradict等；

支持：support、enhance、uphold等；

转折：in contrast、however、on the other hand、on the contrary、while等；

列举：first、second、third、first of all、secondly、also、finally、in the first place、furthermore、moreover等。

解答综合写作时，考生若能巧妙运用这些逻辑连接词，将所看和所听到的内容融为一体，写就一篇逻辑清晰、内容完整、“有血有肉”的文章，那在综合写作部分拿到满分就成了轻而易举之事。下面请看托福模考软件TPO第12套题的一篇例文，体会逻辑连接词的作用。

The speaker challenges the passage on the topic of the portrait of Jane Austen， offering contradictory evidence concerning whether the subject of this professional painting is Jane Austen herself.

First of all， the family members of Austen did not know for certain if the portrait was Austen or not. Despite the content from the author that Austen’s family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters， the speaker， however， brings forward the alternative proof that Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of letters and none of the members of Austen’s family had seen the portrait in person before.

Contrary to the writer’s statement that the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra’s sketch which we know depicts Austen， the narrator argues that the painting could be one of Austen’s. Moreover， the Austen family is large. Many of the female cousins of Jane Austen were teenagers. Some of these teenage girls could resemble Jane Austen， and meanwhile many experts believed that the true subject of the portrait was one of these relatives.

Another argument raised in the lecture is that there is other evidence pointing out that this painting is of a later date， and this directly contradicts what is stated in the passage. The lecturer explains that the stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the material of this painting was canvas which started to sell in London when Jane Austen was 27 years old. Consequently， the canvas was used for painting at the time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.

So， the contents in the passage are contradicted by the lecturer and the lecturer has totally different ideas on the points made in the passage.

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3.综合写作= summary

部分考生误以为综合写作就是一篇summary，只要总结了阅读和录音材料中的观点就够了，其实不然。综合写作要求考生写的是一篇分析类的文章，这就更需要考生表达清楚文章的逻辑，特别是阅读和录音材料之间的关系。考生可以通过下面这篇TPO第22套题的例文中的划线部分来体会怎样清楚地表达二者之间的关系。

The speaker and the passage have contradictory opinions concerning the usage of ethanol fuel. Three pieces of evidence offered by the speaker have effectively questioned the related reasons held in the passage. （首先清楚表明阅读和录音材料之间是统一还是矛盾的关系）

First of all， although one disadvantage from the passage is （后文是对阅读材料观点的详尽阐述） that burning ethanol fuel releases carbon dioxide， which is a kind of greenhouse gas， into the atmosphere， the speaker， however， challenges this information by alternative proof （后文是对录音观点及关键细节的描述） that the growing of plants such as corn may absolutely counteract the greenhouse gas by absorbing most of it for its own survival. The amount of carbon dioxide released is less than the amount absorbed， so that there is no need to be afraid that ethanol fuel will aggravate global warming.

Besides， according to the speaker （后文继续补充录音中的重要内容）， using corn to produce ethanol fuel will not risk reducing the food sources for animals because through using advanced technology， we can obtain a kind of plant which can be used to make the ethanol fuel and， at the same time， animals do not eat it. This totally casts doubt on the point in the passage （再次阐明录音材料与阅读材料之间的关系） that since most of the corn is used to produce ethanol fuel， there will not be sufficient food for animals.

Finally， despite the proof of the passage （补充阅读材料中的例证） that the price of the ethanol fuel will be higher than common fuel in the future when the government stops their support， the speaker effectively weakens the validity of this view by stating the fact （补充录音材料中的例证） that the more consumers buy ethanol fuel， the more is produced and， as a result of the help of the government， the lower and more affordable its price will be in the future.

通过上述例文考生会发现，仅仅通过一些简单的逻辑连接词将阅读和录音材料的观点结合起来，突显出二者之间的统一或矛盾关系，这是远远不够的。结合OG评分标准考生不难发现，除了总结阅读和录音材料之间的关系，考生还要写出很多具体的论证细节，这对考生的总结能力提出了更高的要求。由此可见，综合写作绝不是简单的summary。

OG的重要性

根据上述内容考生可以看出，尽管OG的评分标准看上去都是一些貌似无关痛痒的话，但其实深究下去，ETS的考官们早已把考试要求写在了字里行间。这就需要考生细细研读，仔细钻研，揣摩考官的用意，对症下药，同时搞清楚得分点在哪里，如此方能轻松应对。

考生若想知道考官到底想考什么，也只能依靠OG，因为这是仅有的一本应考“圣经”。以前曾有很多考生将OG粗粗看一遍，然后扔在一边，觉得自己了解了题型就可以了，反正上面的题目也不会再考，看了也没用。而事实上，OG的作用绝不仅仅是告知题型这么简单，它同时还给出了备考的思路和方向。考生如果不重视OG，花再多的时间啃书、做题也是事倍功半。由此可见，正确、细致地解读评分标准还是相当重要的。

综上所述，考生备考托福综合写作的确不是容易的事。综合写作是要求很高的一个单项，不仅考查考生的阅读能力和听力水平，同时又以写作的形式来考查考生的逻辑、总结概括能力以及写作能力。不过，考生想要达到满分的目标也并非难如登天。考生只要踏实、努力、坚持不懈，按照评分标准的指向认真备考，多做练习，就能在综合写作上取得佳绩。最后，祝愿各位考生早日获得托福高分，叩开美国留学的大门。

篇8：tpo16托福综合写作

In the late nineteenth century, political and social changes were occurring rapidly in Siam (now Thailand). The old ruling families were being displaced by an evolving centralized government. These families were pensioned off (given a sum of money to live on) or simply had their revenues taken away or restricted; their sons were enticed away to schools for district officers, later to be posted in some faraway province; and the old patron-client relations that had bound together local societies simply disintegrated. Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases, and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural populations. The old local ruling families, then, were severed from their traditional social context.

The same situation viewed from the perspective of the rural population is even more complex. According to the government’s first census of the rural population, taken in 1905, there were about thirty thousand villages in Siam. This was probably a large increase over the figure even two or three decades earlier, during the late 1800s. It is difficult to imagine it now, but Siam’s Central Plain in the late 1800s was nowhere near as densely settled as it is today. There were still forests closely surrounding Bangkok into the last half of the nineteenth century, and even at century’s end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty or thirty miles away.

Much population movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation. Two things made this possible and encouraged it to happen. First, the opening of the kingdom to the full force of international trade by the Bowring Treaty (1855) rapidly encouraged economic specialization in the growing of rice, mainly to feed the rice-deficient portions of Asia (India and China in particular). The average annual volume of rice exported from Siam grew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 million kilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the average price per kilogram doubled. During the same period, the area planted in rice increased from about 230,000 acres to more than350,000 acres. This growth was achieve as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture.

They were able to do so because of our second consideration. They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier. Over the course of the Fifth Reign (1868 – 1910), the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were greatly reduced. Peasants now paid a tax on individuals instead of being required to render labor service to the government. Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace.

Numerous changes accompanied these developments. The rural population both dispersed and grew, and was probably less homogeneous and more mobile than it had been a generation earlier. The villages became more vulnerable to arbitrary treatment by government bureaucrats as local elites now had less control over them. By the early twentieth century, as government modernization in a sense caught up with what had been happening in the countryside since the 1870s, the government bureaucracy intruded more and more into village life. Provincial police began to appear, along with district officers and cattle registration and land deeds and registration for compulsory military service. Village handicrafts diminished or died out completely as people bought imported consumer goods, like cloth and tools, instead of making them themselves. More economic variation took shape in rural villages, as some grew prosperous from farming while others did not. As well as can be measured, rural standards of living improved in the Fifth Reign. But the statistical averages mean little when measured against the harsh realities of peasant life.

1. The word “severed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) cut off

B) viewed

C) protected

D) rescued

2. According to paragraph 1, the situation for Siam’s old ruling families changed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) Their incomes were reduced.

B) Their sons were posted as district officers in distant provinces.

C) They could sell lands that had traditionally belonged to them.

D) They had less control over the rural populations.

3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of Siam in 1905?

A) Its urban population began to migrate out of the cities and into the country.

B) Its Central Plain was almost as densely populated as it is today.

C) It was so rural that wild elephants and tigers sometimes roamed Bangkok.

D) It had many more villages than it did in the late 1800s.

4. The phrase “rice-deficient portions” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) the parts that consume rice

B) the parts that do not have enough rice

C) the parts where rice is grown

D) the parts that depend primarily on rice

5. Paragraph 3 mentions all of the following as signs of economic growth in Siam EXCEPT

A) an increase in the price of rice

B) an increase in the amount of rice leaving Siam

C) an increase in the nutritional quality of the rice grown

D) an increase in the amount of land used for rice production

6. According to paragraph 3, farming families increased the amount of rice they grew in part by

A) growing varieties of rice that produced greater yields

B) forming collective farms by joining together with other farm families

C) planting rice in areas that had previously remained unplanted

D) hiring laborers to help them tend their fields

7. According to paragraph 4, what happened after the government ended the practice of requiring rural people to perform labor for it?

A) Rural people became more closely connected to the aristocracy.

B) Rural people spent more time growing rice for profit.

C) The government began to pay the laborers who grew rice for it.

D) The government introduced a special tax on rice.

8. Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?

A) Paragraph 4 provides further evidence of the economic growth of Siam discussed in paragraph 3.

B) Paragraph 4 continues the discussion begun in paragraph 3 of farming improvements that led to economic growth.

C) Paragraph4 examines a particular effect of the Bowring Treaty mentioned in paragraph 3.

D) Paragraph 4 discusses the second of two factors that contributed to the expansion of rice farming mentioned in paragraph 3.

9. The word “dispersed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) spread out

B) gained power

C) adapted

D) specialized

10. The word “compulsory” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) foreign

B) formal

C) required

D) preferred

11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was true of Siam’s rural people during the Fifth Reign?

A) They were forced to spend most of the profits from rice growing on registrations required by the government.

B) Their lives remained very difficult even though statistics suggest that their quality of life improved.

C) The non-farmers among them were helped by the government more than the farmers among them were.

D) They were more prosperous when they were ruled by local elites than when they were ruled by the more modern government of the Fifth Reign.

12. According to paragraph 5, the government bureaucracy intruded in village life by

A) requiring the people to register their cattle and land

B) requiring the people to buy certain kinds of imported goods

C) discouraging the people from making handicrafts and tools

D) encouraging more people to take up farming

13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

And yet, how is it that the peasants were able to choose to expand their economic activity in response to the market opportunities?

Where does the sentence best fit?

14. Prose Summary

During the late nineteenth century, changes in Siam’s power structure had important economic consequences.

Answer Choices:

A) Population movement occurred and rice cultivation intensified because Siam became more actively involved in international trade.

B) Changes in taxation and the ending of the requirement that people work part-time for the rulers allowed farmers to produce more rice for the marketplace.

C) Population increases occurred in part because Siam’s farmers were able to produce more rice to feed the population.

D) Land became so valuable that villagers had to pay the government for the land that they worked on.

E) Although rural living standards may have improved somewhat, prosperity varied from village to village and government bureaucracy played a greater role in village life.