高中英语语法从句练习

2024-04-09

高中英语语法从句练习（通用6篇）

篇1：高中英语语法从句练习

连词

一、知识网络

并列连词(but, yet, however, nevertheless, for, so, therefore, and, or, either…or…, neither…nor…, both…and…, as well as)

连词从属连词(when, while, as, before, after, until, till, whether, since, the moment, where, if, unless, suppose, supposing, providing, provided, as long as, in order that, so that, so, lest, because, since, so…that…, such…that, although/though, even though/if, than, than, like, as if/though)

二、方法指点

连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。

并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等

三、重点讲解：

定义：用来连接词、短语、从句与句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，不能独立担任句子成分。

Slow but sure.要慢而稳。（连接单词）

We may be leaving today or tomorrow.我们可能今天或明天走。（连接词与词）

Now I must go or I shall be late for the party.我现在得走，否则晚会我就要迟到了。（连接句与句）

I went and she went also.我去了，她也去了。（连接分句）

（一）连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫并列连词。根据其意义，并列连词又可分为表示联合、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。

1．表示联合关系的并列连词: 表示联合关系的并列连词有：and(和)，both…and…(既……又……)，neither…nor…(既不….y也不….)，not only…but also….(不但…..而且…..)，as well as(除….外，也…..)，如： I am a teacher and he is a doctor.He has experience as well as knowledge.(He has not only knowledge but also experience.)Neither I nor he has seen the film.2．表示转折关系的并列连词: 表示转折关系的并列连词有：but(可是，但是)，while(而，然而)，yet(可是)，however(然而，但是)，whereas(而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，如：I am willing, yet unable.我心有余而力不足。He is short, while his brother is tall.他个子矮而他兄弟个子高plain.3．表示选择关系的并列连词: 表示选择关系的并列连词有：or(或)，or else(否则)，otherwise(要不然)，either….or…(或….或….,不是…..就是…..)，rather than(而不，也不)，如：John or I am to blame.Seize the chance, otherwise(or else)you’ll regret it.（otherwise, or else 常放在祈使句后面）You can either stay at home or go fishing.He went rather than stay as an unwelcome guest.。

4．表示因果关系的并列连词:(1)表示因果关系的并列连词有：so(所以)，for(因为)，如：It is morning, for the birds are singing.是早晨了，因为鸟叫了。It was late, so I went home.天已晚了，因此我就回家了。

(2)then(那么，因而)，thus(因而)，hence(因此)，therefore(因此，所以)等副词常可放句首表示因果关系，如： He studied hard, thus he got a full mark.His car broke down, thus he was late for work.It is winter now;hence the days will be shorter.。

（二）从属连词: 用来连接主句和从句的连词叫从属连词。

1．引导名词性从句的从属连词: 引导名词性从句的从属连词有连接词 that, whether 和 if, 这些连接词在句中不充当任何句子成分；

连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, what 等，它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等；连接副词主要有when, where, how, why 等，它们在句中可作状语（相见名词性从句），如：We know(that)the earth goes round the sun.（宾语从句）What we need is more time.我们需要的是时间。（主语从句）That’s what I want.（表语从句）The news that our team had won was very exciting.（同位语从句）

2．引导状语从句的从属连词

（1）引导时间状语从句的从属连词: 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when(当…..时)，while(在…期间)，as(当….时，一边…一边)，after(在….之后)，before(在….之前)，since(自从….以来)，till/until(直到，直到….才)，once(一旦…..), as soon as(一….就….), the moment/instant(一…..就….), no sooner….than….(刚….就….), hardly…..when(一……..就….)等，如：Once you begin, you must go on.（2）When it rains, I go on school by bus.When: Don’t get excited when you talk.When he got up he felt dizzy.While: We must strike while the iron is hot.While she ate she grew more restless.As: As he spoke two men came up.He smiled as he passed.Before: Look before you leap.It will be five years before we meet again.After: I arrived after he had left.I’ll tell them after you have left.Until, till : I’ll take no steps until you arrive.I propose waiting till the police get here.Since: How long is it since you came to London? It was years since I had seen her.Whenever: I go and visit him whenever I’m in town.Whenever possible, they play outside.（3）引导原因状语从句的从属连词: 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有as(由于)，because(因为)，since(既然)等，如： He didn’t go to school because he was ill.Since everybody is here, let’s begin.Because: Because it was wet he took a taxi.As: As David had a passion for walking, we started off on foot.还有一些表示原因的状语从句由seeing（that）,considering(that)或now that 等引导： Please don’t try to back out now that everything has been arranged.Now you’re here, you may make yourself useful.许多用在形容词后的that 从句也起原因状语的作用（that 有时可省略）：She was glad that she had controlled herself.I’m disappointed that they cannot come.引导地点状语从句的从属连词: 引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where(在….地方)，wherever(无论在…..哪里)等，如：Wherever she may be, she will be happy.Where there is a will, there is a way.（4）引导条件状语从句的从属连词

① 条件状语从句的从属连词主要由if, unless, supposing(suppose)引导：

if: I must leave if that’s the case.如果情况如此我就得走了。He will come if asked.如果邀请的话他会来的。

unless: I won’t write unless he writes first.I’ll go there tomorrow unless it rains.supposing: Supposing that he asks you, will you go? Supposing his plan goes wrong, what will you do then?

suppose: Suppose she finds out, what shall we do then? Suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?

provided: I will agree to go provided(providing)(that)my expenses are paid.She agreed to go and work there provided that her family could go with her.providing: I’ll dry the dishes, providing that you do the washing-up.② 条件状语从句还有其他形式：They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.You will always have a home as long as I have anything.此外，as long as, so long as, in case, even if 都起连词作用。

（5）引导目的状语从句的从属连词:引导目的状语从句的从属连词有that(以便)，so that(为了)，in order that(为了)lest(以防，免得)，in case(以防，免得)等，如：She took medicine on time in order that she might get well soon.I came here that I might take a good look at the new bridge.in order that: I lent him ￡50 in order(so)that he might go for a holiday.so that: Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them.so: Can’t you fix it somehow so you could stay longer? that: I am anxious to get done that I may be back in Ireland.lest: He hurried on, lest she should meet him again.（6）引导结果状语从句的从属连词:引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so(结果)，so that(结果)，so…..that/such….that(如此…..以致)，that(以致)等，（that 有时可以省略，特别是在口语中）如： It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.He is such a good student that we all like him.so…that: He was so young that you must excuse him.such…that: Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet.（7）引导让步状语从句的从属连词:引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though/although(虽然)，as(虽然)，even if/even though(即使)，however(无论怎样)，whatever(无论什么)，whoever(无论谁)，no matter how/what/which……(无论多么/什么/哪一个……)等，如：Even if you were here yesterday, you couldn’t help him.（8）引导方式状语从句的从属连词:引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as(正如)，as if/as though(好像，似乎)等，如： He speaks English as if he were an English-man.Use a book as a bee does a flower.（9）引导比较状语从句的从属连词: 引导比较状语从句的从属连词有 as(如……), as…….as….,(像….一样)，not so …..as…..(与…不一样)，than(比)等，如：He works harder than before.His elder sister is as tall as his mother.储存连词：

1．引导时间状语从句的从属连词: 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有________(当…..时)，_____(在…期间)，____(当….时，一边…一边)，_______(在….之后)，______(在….之前)，______(自从….以来)，_______(直到，直到….才)，________(一旦…..),___________(一….就….), __________(一…..就….), ___________(刚….就….), _________(一……..就….)等，如：Once you begin, you must go on.你一开了头，就应该继续下去

2．引导原因状语从句的从属连词:引导原因状语从句的从属连词有______(由于)，________(因为)，______(既然)等.3．引导地点状语从句的从属连词: 引导地点状语从句的从属连词有_______在….地方)，___________(无论在…..哪里)Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。

4．引导条件状语从句的从属连词条件状语从句的从属连词主要由________________________)引导：此外_______________________________都起连词作用。

5．引导目的状语从句的从属连词:引导目的状语从句的从属连词有________(以便)，_________(为了)，______________(为了)________(以防，免得)，___________(以防，免得)等，6．引导结果状语从句的从属连词:引导结果状语从句的从属连词有______(结果)，________(结果)，___________--(如此…..以致)，_________(以致)等，（that 有时可以省略，特别是在口语中）如： 7．引导让步状语从句的从属连词:引导让步状语从句的从属连词有________________(虽然)，________(虽然)，____________________(即使)，__________r(无论怎样)，___________(无论什么)，__________-(无论谁)，__________________________(无论多么/什么/哪一个……)等。

8．引导比较状语从句的从属连词: 引导比较状语从句的从属连词有________(如……),____________,(像….一样)，_________________.(与…不一样)，__________(比)等。

（三）部分易混连词的用法比较

（一）when 和while

1.两个词都可以表示“当……..时”，引导时间状语从句。When 引导时间状语从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的；while 引导时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的 He was doing his homework when I came in.I came in when/while he was doing his homework.While/when I was in the town, I saw him twice.2.When 还可译作“这时”，while 可译作“而，然而” He was playing football outside when it began to rain.He is tall while his elder brother is short.（二）though 和 as:两个词都可以表示“虽然”，引导让步状语从句。Though 引导的从句可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序。As 引导的从句要用倒装语序，即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as 之前，如：

1．尽管天气冷，可他仍然继续工作。Cold as it was, he went on working.<-> Though it was cold, he went on working.Cold though it is, he went on working.2．虽然他还是个孩子，可懂很多事情。Child as he is, he knows a lot.<-> Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child though he is, he knows a lot.3．尽管你读得快，你也不能在三天内读完这本书。Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in three days./ Fast though you read, you can’t finish the book in three days.Though you read fast, you can’t finish the book in three days./ Try though he might, he couldn’t get rid of the difficulty.4．不管怎样努力，他还是摆脱不了困难。Try as he might, he couldn’t get rid of the difficulty.Though he might try, he couldn’t get rid of the difficulty.（三）because, as, since 和 for for 是并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句加以解释或表示推断的原因。引导的分句一般置于句末，从句前要用逗号。

Because 表示产生某结果的必有原因，语气最强，引导的从句可以置于句首或句末，放在句首时通常用逗号。

As 表示原因时，语气不如because 那么强，可译为“因为，由于”，引导的从句常置于句首。

Since 可译为“既然”，往往表示一些显而易见的原因，语气不如because 强，引导的从句常置于句首。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.As she was in a bad mood, we left her alone.He is absent from school because he is ill.Because /as it was wet, we went there by bus.Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr.Smith wanted to give John a chance.（四）if 和 whether

1.表示“是否”时两个词都能引导宾语从句I wonder if/whether you can examine him now.2．如果主句的谓语是短语动词，用whether, 而不用if Everything depends on whether we have enough money.3．某些动词（如discuss）后的宾语从句，用whether, 而不用if They discussed whether they should help her.3．宾语从句置于句首时，用whether,不用if Whether it is true or not, I can’t say.4．宾语从句为否定形式时，通常if,而不用whether I asked her if he would come.5． if 可译作“如果”引导条件状语从句If I were you, I would not go.6． Whether 可译作“不管，无论”，引导让步状语从句Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.不管他同意与否我都要做这事。

7． Whether 可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、接不定式，或接or not 等（if 则不能）

Whether he will come or not is unknown.（主语从句）

The question is whether it is worth doing.（表语从句）

I have no idea whether he is there.（同位语从句）

I don’t know whether he will do it or not.（接or not）She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.（接不定式）

★比较so 和 such 其规律由so 与such 的不同词性决定。

such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little 连用，形成固定搭配。

so + adj.such + a(n)+ n.so + adj.+ a(n)+ n.such + n.(pl.)so + adj.+ n.(pl.)

such +n.(pl.)so + adj.+ n.[不可数]

such +n.[不可数] so foolish

such a fool

so nice a flower

such a nice flower so many/ few flowers

such nice flowers so much/little money.such rapid progress so many people

such a lot of people

so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such 搭配。so…that 与such…that之间的转换既为 so 与such 之间的转换

Practice ：

Part 1：

17.“You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.（2006 广东）

A.because B.since C.when D.until

18.I grew up in Africa.____at least I should say that I spent much of the first ten years of my life there.(辽宁’06)

A.and B.or C.so D.but

19.Progress so far has been very good.____, we are sure that the project will be completed on time.(浙江’06)

A.However B.Otherwise C.Therefore D.Besides

20.A man cannot smile like a child, ____a child smiles with his eyes , while a man smiles with his lips alone.(湖南’06)A.so B.but C.and D.for 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.D

篇2：高中英语语法从句练习

一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2.用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that …

事实是…

It is an honor that

…非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that

…是常识(2)It is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural that…

很自然…

It is strange that…

奇怪的是…(3)It is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that…

似乎…

It happened that…

碰巧…

It appears that…

似乎…(4)It ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that…

据报道…

It has been proved that…

已证实…

It is said that…

据说…

3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

1.作动词的宾语

(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2.作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3.作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4.it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三.表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：

1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1.同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our

research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

篇3：三种英语定语从句的语法争议

英语定语从句在整个复合句中具有举足轻重的地位。在英语复合句的使用或出现频率中, 定语从句的比例是相当高的。定语从句和名词性从句、状语从句之间有着极高的区别度, 而名词性从句中的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、补语从句以及约9~11 种状语从句相互之间却有着极高的相似度。这使得学好定语从句就成为学好其它从句的“钥匙”, 学好了定语从句, 其它从句的问题就可能迎刃而解, 学不好定语从句, 各种从句就可能混淆在一起, 成为 “一团乱麻”。

定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类, 二者的基础性语法特征几乎相同。

二者在形式上的区别是:非限定性定语从句的主句和从句之间用逗号隔开, 可以称之为“带逗号的定语从句”;限定性定语从句的主句和从句之间则没有逗号隔开, 可以称之为“不带逗号的定语从句”。

二者在句法含义上的区别是:在非限定性定语从句中, 主句和从句之间的关系松散, 并不构成绝对的限定和被限定关系, 换句话说, 在去掉复合句中的非限定性定语从句之后, 主句依然表达的是原来复合句中主句的含义, 失去从句的限定之后, 主句的句意并不会发生先行词词义所指范围的扩大或缩小变化;限定性定语从句则不然, 其主句和从句之间关系紧密, 一旦去掉复合句中的从句, 主语的句意就会发生先行词词义所指范围的扩大或缩小变化。例如:

(1) We enjoyed the Pacific Ocean on the plane, which is blue and vast.

(取消句子中的非限定性定语从句之后, 主句中的先行词the Pacific Ocean在词意上不会发生地理范围的扩大或缩小, 还是指我们地球上那个唯一的太平洋。)

(2) I have three books which are published in Germany.

(取消句子中的限定性定语从句之后, 主句中的先行词three books在词义上会发生“三本书”所指范围的扩大或缩小, 不一定是指德国出版的那三本书。)

二者的应试实践价值区别是:非限定性定语从句的引导词不能用that, 其引导词在从句中作宾语时不可省略;限定性定语从句则可使用that引导, 其引导词在从句中作宾语时可省略。例如:

(3) We enjoyed the Pacif ic Ocean on the plane, which you have ever f lown over.

(句子中的which不能换成that, 也不可省略。)

(4) I have three books which you probably have never read.

(句子中的which可换成that, 也可省略。)

从语法规则的角度, 可以把定语从句简单归为两大类。

一类是常规的定语从句, 即主句中被从句修饰的先行词在含义上属于分别表示人、事物、时间、地点、原因的五种常规定语从句, 它们的从句引导词因其在定语从句中所表达的含义和所充当的语法成份不同, 可能分别使用who, whom, that, whose+ 相当于名词语法功能的结构, 或者是which, when, where, why, 介词+which。这些十分符合语法规则的定语从句, 其学习相对来说是比较简单的, 不存在多少语法争议, 除了少数语法术语称谓有大同小异的差别。比如:有把“非限定性定语从句”和“限定性定语从句”叫作“非限制性定语从句”和“限制性定语从句”的, 有把比较笼统的定语从句“引导词”称谓进一步细分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”的, 但这些语法称谓上的差异无碍人们对常规定语从句的无争议理解。

还有一类定语从句, 如:部分表示时间含义的名词作引导词的定语从句、as引导的定语从句、主句中的先行词是单词way的定语从句。传统的语法教材一般把它们当作定语从句解读。但是, 五种常规的定语从句的语法规则并不足以对它们作出完整解读, 因为它们除了具有五种常规定语从句的大部分特征, 也兼具某种状语从句或名词性从句的部分语法特征, 而且, 无论哪种从句种类的语法规则, 都无法对它们予以完整解读。这些不同于常规、容易有争议的从句, 常常被主流的语法教材归入定语从句的范畴, 成为可有争议的定语从句。

2对争议的分析

(1) 表示时间含义的名词moment, time, day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, year等直接引导的定语从句。例如:

①I saw the moment he left the house.

② Till today, I still remember that afternoon I saw you for the f irst time all my life.

以第二个例句为例, 如果使用汉语语法“的”字结构作定语的英汉语法移植理解手段, 可以翻译为“时至今日, 我仍然记得此生第一次见到你的那个下午”, 主句是“我仍然记得那个下午/ I still remember that afternoon”, “那个下午”的定语是“我此生第一次见到你的/ I saw you for the f irst time all my life”。汉语用一个带“的”字结构的子句作前置定语, 修饰“那个下午”, 英语则用定语从句作后置定语, 修饰先行词that afternoon。从这个角度看, I saw you for the f irst time all my life作定语从句, 不会有语法争议。

但是, 如果按照五种常规定语从句的用法, 当先行词表示时间含义时, 从句中如果首先缺主语或宾语/ 表语时, 应该使用关系代词which/that来指代这个时间名词并引导这个从句, 从句中如果不缺主语或宾语/ 表语或者缺主语或宾语/ 表语却不能接或者不需要接主语或宾语/ 表语时, 应该使用关系副词when/ 介词+which来指代这个时间名词并引导这个从句。

问题在于, 上述两个例句违背了这一语法规则, 让表示时间含义的名词直接引导定语从句, 一般不再使用when/on which置于that afternoon之后作为该定语从句的关系副词, 一般不再表达为:

①I saw the moment when he left the house.

②Till today, I still remember that afternoon when I saw you for the f irst time all my life.

这个时候, 这个直接引导定语从句的时间名词, 实际上它本身就相当于when, 或者说这个直接引导定语从句的时间名词替代了when在这里的语法功能, 只是所表达的时间, 由原来时间名词的精确表达变成了when的模糊表达。由此, 原来的两个例句相当于以下表达:

① I saw when he left the house.

② Till today, I still remember when I saw you for the f irst time all my life.

问题在于, 这样的两个复合句中的从句不再是定语从句, 而是毫无争议的名词性从句之宾语从句。

实际上, 无论是把原例句理解为定语从句还是宾语从句, 都有其合理之处, 但又都不具有彻底解读为绝对的定语从句或宾语从句的充分理由。

(2) 表示“像……一样”含义的as/the same…as等引导的定语从句。例如:

①I have a book as you bought in Japan last year.

②Jerry likes the same cheese as Tom’s host bought for him yesterday.

在第一个例句中, 如果使用汉语语法“的”字结构作为定语的英汉语法移植理解手段, 可以翻译为“我有一本像你去年在日本买的那样的书”, 主句是“我有一本书/ I have a book”, “一本书”的定语是“像你去年在日本买的那样的/as you bought in Japan last year”。汉语用一个带“的”字结构的子句作前置定语, 修饰“一本书”, 英语则用定语从句作后置定语, 修饰先行词a book。从这个角度看, as you bought in Japan last year作定语从句, 不会有语法争议。

但是, 如果按照五种常规定语从句的用法, 当先行词表示事物含义, 在从句中用来指代该先行词的关系代词一般使用which/that, 这时候例句①就应该使用which/that而不是使用as作为引导词, 从而使之成为一个无争议的符合标准语法规则的定语从句, 表达为:I have a book which/that you bought in Japan last year.

但是, 这样表达例句①是错误的, 它不能使用which/that引导, 因为这个从句需要表达“像……一样”的含义, 用来修饰或限定先行词a book, 整个句子才有合乎逻辑的句子含义, 否则, 句义就成了“我有一本你去年在日本买的书”, 这样的句子含义, 在现实生活中是不合逻辑的, 是无法被别人正确理解的。

问题在于, 例句①的as取代了which/that的位置, 却又不能充当关系代词, 不具备作主语/ 宾语/ 表语的语法功能, 把它引导的从句解读为定语从句就不能有完整充分的理由。在整个英语复合句的语法体系中, 可根据as在这里表达的“像……一样”的词义, 把as引导的这个从句解读为比较状语从句, 但是, 从句as you bought in Japan last year中, bought是及物动词而且从句中缺宾语, 这时候, as就应该在这个状语从句中作宾语, 可是作为介词/连词/副词的as能作宾语吗?

实际上, 把例句①理解为定语从句或比较状语从句, 都有其合理之处, 但都不具有彻底解读为绝对的定语从句或比较状语从句的充分理由。

在第二个例句中, 由于有the same…as这样一个固定短语结构连接了句子的主句和从句, 就更不可能使用which/that去替换as, 错误地编造出一个the same…which/that的固定短语结构, 我们同样只能像例句①那样, 用as表达“像……一样”的含义, 却又不合语法规范地让as充当了相当于关系代词which/that才能充当的宾语语法成份。

(3) 主句中的先行词是单词way的定语从句。在这样的定语从句中, 缺主语/ 宾语/ 表语时, 用which/that引导从句;缺方式状语时, 用in which/that引导从句或者省略从句的引导词。例如:

① I know the way which/that/ (省略) you don’t know.

② I know the way in which/that/ (省略) you can work out the math problem.

例句①按照在定语从句中先行词表示事物、指代它的关系代词在从句中作宾语理解即可, 不会有语法争议。

有争议的是例句②。如果使用汉语语法“的”字结构作为定语的英汉语法移植理解手段, 可翻译为“我知道按照它你就能解出那道算术题的方法”, 主句是“我知道方法/ I know the way”, 先行词“方法” 的定语是“按照它你就能解出那道算术题的/ in which/that/ (省略) you can work out the math problem”。汉语用一个带“的”字结构的子句作前置定语, 修饰“一本书”, 英语则用定语从句作后置定语, 修饰先行词the way。从这个角度看, “in which/that/ (省略) you can work out the math problem”作定语从句, 不会有语法争议。

但是, 除了作为引导词的副词短语in which在从句中作方式状语不会有争议, that作引导词或者省略引导词是有语法争议的。因为, 首先, 在定语从句中, that是关系代词, 充当从句的主语/ 宾语/ 表语语法成份, 但这个句子缺的是方式状语;其次, 在限定性定语从句中, 一般只有当关系代词who/whom/which/that作从句的宾语/ 表语时, 才可以省略引导词, 既然例句②的定语从句中缺的是方式状语, 其引导词又怎么可以省略呢?

3结论

第一, 语言是人类文明发展的一种社会产物, 是一种社会存在现象。世界上一定是先有语言, 然后才有专门研究语言的人从语言现象中总结出规律性的语法规则, 语法规则是不大可能囊括所有语言现象的。所以, 语言中出现的语法规则不能完全解释的语言表达, 是正常的, 是语法规则中的特殊情况或者例外, 并非语法规则本身的问题。

第二, 从功用的角度看, 语法是一种工具, 服务于人们的语言使用, 使语言的表达更符合人类共同约定俗成的惯常表达, 使表达出来的听、说、读、写译等语言内容更加精准。

第三, 对于有争议的同一种语法现象有不同的语法解读, 这很正常, 只要其解读合乎逻辑, 就是可以接受的。对于本文中三种可以有争议的从句, 主流的语法教材均把它们作为定语从句来解读, 是因为定语从句的语法解读手段能够最接近实现对它们的完全解读。对它们进行属于其它从句种类的争议性语法解读, 则有助于提高人们对这三种有较高理解难度的从句的理解透彻度。

摘要：先行词除在含义上分别属于表示人、事物、时间、地点、原因的五种常规定语从句之外, 英语还有分别表示时间含义的名词作引导词的定语从句、as引导的定语从句、主句中的先行词是单词way的定语从句。传统的语法教材一般把这三种特殊的从句视为定语从句, 但定语从句的常规语法规则并不能对它们进行完全解读, 因为它们具有五类常规定语从句的大部分语法特征的同时, 也兼具其它类型从句的部分语法特征, 于是, 它们就成为可有争议的定语从句。

关键词：语法,复合句,定语从句,分类,争议

参考文献

[1]董亚芬.大学英语语法与练习[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006.

[2]郭锡良, 李玲璞.古代汉语[M].北京:语文出版社, 1992.

[3]黄伯荣, 廖序东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1991.

[4]何桂金, 高纪兰.新英语语法教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2010.

[5]李基安.现代英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1998.

[6]楼光庆.简明英语语法教程[M].北京:中央广播电视大学出版社, 1996.

篇4：高中英语语法定语从句教学探讨

【关键词】高中英语语法知识定语从句教学

【中图分类号】G633.41 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2016）10-0084-02

一、前言

高中生要对定语从句进行明确掌握和了解。教师要改变传统以语法为主的讲解模式，应用例句，为学生营造特定的语言情境，让学生在特定语言氛围中进行定语从句学习，对句子成分、先行词和关系词等进行全面掌握。然后，再借助关系词填空和句子翻译等不同题型，引导学生进行定语从句训练，提高英语教学质量。

二、掌握定语从句概念

1.将课文中的定语从句作为例句，让学生对句子成分进行判定，分别找出主句、从句、先行词和关系词这些标志性的定语从句元素。

2.在课堂上，给出一篇文章，让学生找出文章中的定语从句，并对句子成分进行具体分析。

三、明确先行词成分

经过大量的定语从句训练之后，学生会对先行词的成分具有一个清晰的认知。教师要再次引导学生对先行词在句子中所充当的成分进行解析。从课文中或者习题中挑选一些例句，让学生进行分析。

例1：There are a few students in the school who might not have a happy season.

首先，让学生分别划出主句、从句、先行词、关系词。

其次，对主句和从句进行分别翻译。主句：学校有几个学生。从句：几个学生不能过一个快乐的季节。

第三，从句中的谓语动词和先行词分别为have和students。Students在该从句中充当主语，用关系词who表示。

四、语法规则学习

当高中生能够对从句中先行词的成分进行准确判定之后，引导学生对语法规则进行总结和归纳。在主从复合句中，定语从句一般用来对先行词进行修饰，它作为先行词的定语存在。它的位置是在先行词后面，并由关系代词或者关系副词引导。

1.关系代词

高中英语中常用的关系代词包括：who、that、which、whom、whose、as。它们在定语从句中作为主语、宾语、定语、表语存在。如果句子中的关系代词为主语，句子中的谓语动词、人称、数量要与先行词一致。

（1）如果先行词作为名词或代词，指物。在主句中以主语或宾语形式存在，定语从句用that或者which引导。教师要帮助学生根据其特性，判断关系词是否能够省略。

（2）如果先行词作为名词或代词，指人。在主句中以主语或宾语形式存在，定语从句用that或者who引导。教师要帮助学生根据其特性，判断关系词是否能够省略。

（3）whose作为定语，指代的是某人或者某物。在人和物的指代背景下，分别可以应用of whom和of which进行替换。

（4）关系代词as主要用来对限制性定语从句或者非限制性定语从句进行引导。如果引导限制性定语从句，会和such、so、as等连用；如果引导非限制性定语从句，可以位于句首。

2.关系副词

常用的关系副词包括wnhen、where、why。它们在定语从句中扮演的角色为时间状语、地点状语或原因状语。替代方式为：介词+which。

定语从句中的相关知识点比较繁琐和复杂，学生学习过程中会存在很多问题和疏漏。教师要结合学生的具体学习情况，引导他们对语法规则进行正确掌握，并对他们的细微性错误进行纠正。英语教师要学以致用，根据教学内容，布置相关练习题，让学生进行定语从句训练。

例2：It is a truly delightful place，_____ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.

A.as B.where C.that D.which

该题主要考查定语从句的关系代词。该句式一个非限制性定居从句，先行词为place，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词引导。As引导非限制性定语从句时，要放在句首，所以A排除，选D。

五、经典例句模仿

教师可以引导学生背诵一些定语从句，既能够帮助学生进行定语从句的学习，也能够应用到作文写作中，提高高中生的英语写作质量。

Treasure the things that you can't get.

不能得到的更要珍惜。

Don't give up the things that belongs to you and keep those lost things in memory.

属于自己的，不要放弃；已经失去的，留作记忆。

六、结语

定语从句是高中英语中的重要教学内容。英语教师要结合高中英语教学诉求，应用灵活性的思维进行定语从句教学，并在教学过程中，融入崭新的教学元素，培养高中生的英语学习兴趣，促进高中英语教学水平的提高。

参考文献

[1]唐姝婧. “形式聚焦”在高中英语语法教学的实施—定语从句和非谓语动词的教学研究[D]. 天津师范大学，2012.

篇5：高中英语语法从句练习

1. 名词性从句

2. 同位语从句

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的辨析

4. what; whatever; whoever; where引导的名词性从句

5. it 作为形式主语的句型

知识总结与归纳：

(一)名词性从句的结构：名词性从句起名词作用在句中做主语，表语，宾语和同位语构成：主语从句;表语从句;宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词有三类：that;whether; wh-疑问词。

例句：

1.The result of this French influence was that the English language ended up with many French words such as table, animal and age.

2. They realize that it is of great value to record and teach them to the younger generation.

3. I want to tell the reader that these hills and fields are most beautiful, with many small and clear rivers, and rich fields bearing fruit and grain.

4. Some people feel that Wales is an ancient fairy land.

5. What interested him was that the whole world had been mapped 70 years before Columbus.

6. What is certain that the book has made many people think about the achievements of Zheng He and other Chinese captains and their role in discovering the world.

7. That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.

8. This gave him the idea that the Chinese perhaps first discovered America.

(二)同位语从句在名词idea; fact; news; thought; suggestion/advice; problem; proof等词后面带上that+陈述句这部分从句解释了前面的那些名词所指的内容，与那些名词起着同等作用的句子成分，叫同位语从句。

1. The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many.

2. The idea that England stands for Fish& Chips, Speakers’ Corner, Big Ben and the Tower of London is past.

3. The result that Oxford beat Cambridge by a foot in 2003 surprised many.

4. The news that he died was a great shock to his mother.

5. If there’s possibility that you’ll go, I’d like to go with you.

6. I asked myself a question whether the research is worth the trouble.

7. I have no idea what has happened to him.

(三)同位语从句与定语从句的辨析：

that引导的同位语从句解释前面名词的内容，that是连词没有任何意义，在从句中不做任何成分。而定语从句修饰前面的先行词，从句有关系词that; which; who; when; where; why引导，先行词在从句中充当主语，宾语，状语。

1. The news that the plane would take off on time made everyone happy.

2. The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.

(四)what; whatever; whoever; where引导的名词性从句：what+陈述句：……的话/事/的样子;whatever+陈述句：……的任何东西;whoever+陈述句：做…事的任何人;(以上名词性从句做主语，表语或宾语);where+陈述句：……的所在，做表语。

1. What life will be like in the future is difficult to predict.

2. The schools of the future will probably be quite different from what they are today.

3. If we learn to accept change and appreciate what is new and different, we will be well-prepared for whatever the future may have in store.

4. Whoever comes will be welcome.

5. That is just where they are mistaken.

(五)与“命令，建议，要求, 有必要/重要”有关的名词性从句中的谓语动词结构：1)主动结构：should do; 2)被动结构：should be done;(should可以省略)

1. I suggest that he should come another day.

2. The suggestion that the students should learn something practical is worth considering.

3. I though it necessary that I should stay in the room till he came back.

(六)it 作为形式主语的句型：

It is +形容词/名词/名词短语+that 从句。

It is said / reported / predicted that从句。

It is suggested / believed / thought / hoped / found / that从句。

1. It’s a pity that you are leaving.

2. It’s decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.

3. It was once predicted that British and American English would become separate languages finally.

【典型例题】

1. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.

A. that B. which C. of which D. of that

答案：A

分析：he would die of the disease作fear的同位语。

2. The idea ___ we should have more industry in this area is a good one.

A. that B. which C. what D. how

答案：A

分析：该题考查的是idea后面的同位语从句的引导词的选择。

3. The suggestion ____we have a group of these records printed as soon as possible was accepted by the committee.

A. which B. in which C. that D. whether

答案：C

分析：该题考查的是suggestion的同位语从句的引导词的选择。

4. He told me the news ____ the Queen would visit China the next month.

A. that B. which C. it D. whether

答案：A

分析：the Queen would visit China the next month是一个完整的句子，是the news的解释，故用that引导同位语从句。

5. The fact troubles me much ___ I have been unable to pass the driving test up to now.

A. which B. because C. why D. that

答案：D

分析：that引导同位语从句，解释the fact。

6. The mother didn’t know to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.(NMF, T 2002)

A. who B. when C. how D. what

答案：A

分析：know后为宾语从句的省略形式，由题意可知，指人。

7. -I think it’s going to be a big problem.

-Yes, it could be.

-I wonder we can do about it.(NMET 2002)

A. if B. how C. what D. that

答案：C

分析：we can do后无宾语，故用what引导宾语从句。

8. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly he wants.(上海2002春)

A. what B. which C. when D. that

答案：A

分析：give后接双宾语;what引导宾语从句且作wants的宾语。

9. Jack said to meet the American friends.

A. he is pleased B. what he was pleased

C. that he was pleased D. which he pleased

答案：C

分析：宾语从句中应用过去时，同said时态保持一致。He was pleased意义和结构完整。

10. she couldn’t understand was fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.

A. What; why B. That; what

C. What; because D. Why; that

答案：A

分析：主语从句中缺少宾语，用what;表语从句的句意问原因，用why。

【模拟试题】(答题时间：60分钟)

一. 单项选择

1. He often writes to us expressing his thought _____ one day he’ll come to join us.

A. which B. that C. what D. whether

2. He made a suggestion ____ the English test be put off until next Wednesday.

A. which B. what C. that D. whether

3. The news _____ the football team won the game made us happy.

A. that B. which C. in which D. what

4. The mere fact ____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

A. what B. which C. that D. why

5. -Do you really believe there is human race in outer space?

So far there is no proof ____ people from other planets do exist.

A. which B. how C. what D. that

6. -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

-Is that you has a few days off?

A. why B. when C. what D. where

7. has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.

A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever

8. caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What B. That C. How D. Where

二. 完型填空：

As Christmas is coming, there are presents to be bought, cards to be sent, and rooms to be cleaned. Parents are __1__ with difficult jobs of hiding presents from curious young children. If the gifts are large, this is sometimes a real __2__. On Christmas Eve, young children find the excitement almost unbearable. They are torn between the wish to go to bed early so that Father Christmas will bring their presents quickly and the wish __3__ up late so that they will not __4__ the fun. The wish for the gifts usually proves stronger. But though children go to bed early, they often lie __5__ for a long time, hoping to get a short __6__ at Father Christmas.

Last Christmas, my wife and I __7__ hid a few large presents in the storeroom. I __8__ the moment when my son, Jimmy, would __9__ me where that new bike had come from, but __10__ he did not see it.

On Christmas Eve, __11__ took the children hours to go to sleep. It must have been nearly __12__ when my wife and I went quietly into their room and began __13__ stockings. Then I pushed in the __14__ I bought for Jimmy and left it beside the Christmas tree. We knew we would not get much sleep that night, for the children were __15__ to get up early. At about five o’clock the next morning, we were __16__ by loud sounds coming from the children’s room-they were shouting excitedly! __17__ I had time to go out of bed, young Jimmy came riding in the room on his new bike, and his sister, Mary, followed close behind pushing her new baby-carriage. __18__ the baby arrived. He moved __19__ the hands and knees into the room dragging a large balloon behind him. Suddenly it burst. That woke us up __20__. The day had really begun with a bang!

1. A. faced B. met C. filled D. pleased

2. A. question B. matter C. problem D. business

3. A. get B. stay C. stand D. wake

4. A. lose B. break C. miss D. leave

5. A. awake B. wake C. asleep D. sleep

6. A. look B. stare C. glare D. watch

7. A. hopefully B. busily C. gladly D. successfully

8. A. liked B. feared C. surprised D. hated

9. A. answer B. tell C. ask D. search

10. A. sadly B. unluckily C. possibly D. fortunately

11. A. it B. they C. I D. we

12. A. morning B. midnight C. evening D. daybreak

13. A. filling B. sewing C. mending D. preparing

14. A. present B. stocking C. bike D. tree

15. A. going B. sure C. glad D. excited

16. A. troubled B. frightened C. woken D. shocked

17. A. Before B. After C. Until D. Since

18. A. Even B. And C. Soon D. Then

19. A. with B. on C. over D. by

20. A. all B. nearly C. happily D. completely

三. 阅读理解

Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but in fact it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of savage(野人). It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill smelling color, and large piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness. The town contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited(居住)by people equally like one another.

A sunny midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes even in Coketown. Seen from a distance in such a weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such a place upon the view without a town.

The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day, and the sun was so bright that it even shone through the smoke over Coketown, and could not be looked at steadily. Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals. The whole town seemed to be frying in oil. There was a smell of hot oil everywhere. The atmosphere of those places was like the breath of hell(地狱), and their inhabitants wasting with heat, walked lazily in the desert. But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane(理智的). Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry. The measured movement of their shadows of wood; while for the summer noise of insects, it could offer all the year round, from the dawn of Monday to the night of Saturday.

1. Which of the following words is NOT properly used to describe Coketown ?

A. unpleasant B. dirty C. noisy D. deserted

2. From the passage we know that Coketown was mainly a(n)_____town.

A. industrial B. agricultural C. historical D. cultural

3. Only _____ were not affected by weather.

A. the workmen B. the habitants C. the steam-engine D. the woods

4. Which is the author’s opinion of Coketown?

A. Coketown should be replaced by woods

B. The town had too much oil in it

C. The town was seriously polluted

D. The town’s atmosphere was unchanged

【试题答案】

一. 单项选择

1. B that引导同位语从句作thought的同位语。

2. C that引导同位语从句作suggestion的同位语。

3. A that引导同位语从句作news的同位语。

4. C that引导同位语从句，解释the fact。

5. D that引导同位语从句，解释no proof。

6. A why引导的表语从句，表原因。

7. D whoever引导主语从句，意为“无论谁”表示强调某人;who引导主语从句，意为“谁”不强调人。The one和Anyone不能引导主语从句。

8. A 主语从句中缺少主语，用what。

二. 完型填空：

1. A，be faced with: 面临藏礼物的难题。

2. C，problem: 指难以处理的事。

3. B，

4. C，根据句子意思：他们面临着二难选择：要么早睡以尽快得到圣诞老人的礼物，要么熬夜以致于不错过有趣的事。

5. A，由于愿望强烈而睡不着。awake 醒着，睡不着。

6. A，希望看一眼圣诞老人。 get a short look at :看一眼。

7. D，从下一句可以看出“去年圣诞节礼物藏得很成功。”

8. B，

9. C，

10. D，我担心儿子会问自行车从哪来的，但幸运的是他没看到。

11. A，除夕之夜，孩子们一般要花几个小时才能睡着。It took…..表示“花费”的句型。

12. B，

13. A，将近半夜，我们俩悄悄走进他们的房间往圣诞袜里装礼物。

14. C，根据前面提到的内容，应该是“我把为Jimmy买的自行车推进来，放在圣诞树旁边。

15. B，我知道那一宿我们不可能睡太久，因为孩子们肯定会起得很早。

16. C，我们被巨大的响声吵醒。

17. A，我还没来得及下床，

18. A，Mary紧随Jimmy后面推着婴儿车进来了，甚至连宝宝也来了。

19. B，指宝宝用手脚爬进来。 on：用

20. D，我们被彻底弄醒了。

三. 阅读理解：

1. D 从全文对整个小镇的描述看;小镇让人感到不舒服，肮脏，充满了噪音。所以D项不符合对小镇的描述。deserted：荒废的。

2. A 整座小镇是一个工业城镇。从这样几处细节可以看出：第一段：It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever.;第二段：Seen from a distance in such a weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own.;以及第三段：Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals。

3. C 根据第三段：But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane(理智的). Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry.。在第一段曾把the steam-engine比喻为处于疯狂状态的大象。即：the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness.。