第一篇：英美文学自考试卷
湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古： 450 to 1066中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶 Celts
Old English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneChaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.
The father of English poetryEnglish Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stories of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.
第一章 文艺复兴时期
the Renaissance Period th 14th and mid-17Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Golden Age It started in Italy
Henry VIIIDefender of the Faith Bible in Englishancient Roman and Greekcultureclass strugglePetrarch
Christopher Marlowe ,William Shakespeare and 3威廉 莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-1616
Playwrights, dramatist,poets
1591-1611was in the prime of his dramatic career.
38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗2 long poems叙事诗 Stratford-on-Avon
”“an upstart crow”
:meditationeternal beautyorigin:Italy
“to be,or not to be-that is the question”
against Christians /Jews.
Two narrative poems
Juliet>
Six comedies: like it>
Romantic tragicomedies:<[eroc;es> Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.
1 a play in the play
2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.
3 several threads running through the play
4 combination of tragic and comic elements. Writing style: 1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(alliterateion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻) 3 use poetry in his play The theme of the sonnet:
1 express love and praise to a young man
2 immortalize beauty through verses 3friendship or betrayal of friendship
6约翰 弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674
family天主教Latin blind.
失乐园 masterpiece. a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 books ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”
The main idea:to beg for mercy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgracefull than this downfall.
the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Greek model.
Three group:Athe early poetic worksBthe middle prose pamphlets
Cthe last great poems
The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton‟s creed.
第二章 新古典主义时期
the Neoclassical Period
1660-1798(18th century)
人社会动物industrial revolution 工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:
1 content: magic, supernaturall elements, ghosts, monsters.
2setting: old castle, graveyard, dard forest
3atomsphere:horrible
The enlightenment movement(the age of reason )：启蒙运动
It was a progressive intellectuall 进步知道份子movement which flourished nd swept western Europe at the time. Its enlighten the whole world with the light of modern 哲学和艺术思想The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science,理性平等科学 and they also advocated universal 民普及教育
1约翰 班杨John Bunyan 1628-1688 18年坐牢，Christianity基督教
”the vanity fair”is the most successful religious allegory 宗教寓言in the English language.
search for spiritual salvation
Style: Moded after the Bible, language:e asy to read,colloquial, concrete and conciseform: allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.
3丹尼尔 笛福Daniel defoe 1660-1731
butcher‟s family 卖肉家庭English middle –class
masterpiece, Robinson is the empire builder,the pioneer colonist. The theme:
A man‟s strugglees against nature
B glorifyication of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determineation to improve his livelihood.
C glorifyication of labor(Robinson lives on his own hands)
笛福的创作特点：Defoe was a very good story-teller.he had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible可信 and fascinating神奇 .his sentences are sometimes short,crisp 短小干脆and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.his language is smooth,easy,colloquial口语 and mostly vernacular方言.there is nothing artificeial in his language: it is common English at its best.
4乔纳森 斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745
the greatest satiric work
a greatest and bitterest satire.
Lilliputyahoosbitter satire
5亨利 菲尔丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754
Born of an old aristocratic family. 老贵族家庭“father of the English
“the third-person narration”第三人称叙述
“prose homer”散文荷马”
comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗: 1 the descryiption in a grand style of classic epic.”classic epic”has:
A a great heroBcalls on MusesC give a list of names of godsD
compare small fights to great wars. 2 use verifyied language to narrate a small fight
3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张
费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar,自然流畅通俗易懂but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic逻辑性 and rhythm,韵律性and his structure carefully planed towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively,dramatic dialogues 戏剧性对话and other theatrical devices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合 and unexpectedness.出人意料
第三章 浪漫主义时期the
Romantic Period is an age of poetry.1798-1832
人的孤单状态
Passive , old and conservative :
“lake poets”William Words worthRobert Southey Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Active ,young and revolutionary: ByronShellyKeats
1威廉 布莱克William Blake 1757-1827
候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。 An engraver 雕刻家
“fearful symmetry”可怕的匀称suggest the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation.
Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in and The chimney sweeper.
《天堂与地狱的结合》marks his entry into maturity.成熟
2威廉 华兹华斯William Wordsworth1770-1850 Poet Laureate“桂冠诗人”，lake poets湖畔诗人，“大自然的膜拜者”Poet Laureate特点：孤独 自由 自然 His short poems „Subject:poems about nature 自然and poems about human life.人类生活
<我如行云独自游> simile明喻“inward eye”means human soul
The poet expresses his love for the daffodils.水仙花
<威斯敏斯特桥上有感>
<她住在人迹罕至的小路间》 <孤单的收割者>
5波 比 雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822
与拜伦相比更进步一点，政治，经济的不公平，重视集体力量。自由。
西风颂
Shelly eulogyized the powerful west wing and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
four-act poetic
7简 奥斯汀Jane Austen1775-1817 匿名发表anonymously
The major theme:Love and marriageconcern about human their personal relationships. 个人生活及人从她往下是写小说的，上面的是写诗的
处女作《理智与情感》
傲慢与偏见 =第一印象 ：Elizabeth 伊丽莎白
Darcy 达西Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed,snobbish势
力 and vulgar粗俗 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,handsome young men.
伊莉莎白的性格： A：Elizabeth is clever , alert, observant. She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizeing the characters of Bingley‟s sisters. She recognizes Mr.Collins‟character in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal. She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.
B:Fearless and frank ,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh ,she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed. She is independent but not infallible in her judgment—taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham. She cannot be blamed for misjudgeing Darcy. C: She shows flexibility, discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy‟s defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what h says. Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him.
《爱玛》
第四章 维多利亚时期the
Victorian Period 1836-1901现实主义realistic 工业革命
Chartist movement (1836-1848)宪章运动
“art for art‟s sake‟
Victorian literaturediversity.文学多样化
Darwin‟s
1查尔斯 狄更斯Charles Dickens 批判现实主义作家he is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.
作品特点：he is a master withhis characterized by a mingling of humor and p吸引读者，悲情大师，幽默与哀伤交汇
Child characters :oliver twist奥利弗，特维斯物,little nell小奈尔,david copperfield大卫科波菲尔,little dorrit小多利特.
雾都孤儿
“let it not be supposed by the enemies of „the system‟ that during the period of his solitary incarcerateon. Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the adventages of religious consolation.”
A:The sentence is a typical,example of irony.反语 What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence‟s literal meaning.
B:for the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped鞭打 every morning in a stone yard, for the “pleasure"of society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged 鞭打as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the “adventages”of religious consolation安慰, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy‟s prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices.罪恶行为
C:the ironic statement is ,in fact, a bitter denunciation 谴责and fierce attack at the brutal,inhuman treatment of the poor orphan孤儿by the workhouse济贫院 authority.权力
《老古玩店》 《皮克威克外传》 <>《大卫科波菲尔》
《董贝父子》 《双城记》 《荒凉山庄》 《小多利特》 《艰难时世》
《远大前程》 《我们共同的朋友》
2布朗蒂姐妹the Bronte sisters Charlotte bronte 1816-1855
《简爱》家庭教师governess heroine，represents middle-class working women.Mr.Rochester
简爱的性格特点：Jane Eyre is quick will,honesty, frankness,and shi has the spirit of independence and self-dignity. 《教授 》
Emilybronte:poet,193poems.呼啸山庄
Catherine凯瑟琳,Hindley辛德利,Edgar,Isabella,Heathcliff希斯克利夫 protagonist:Prufrock is neurotic神经
质,self-important,自以为是illogical不讲逻辑 and incapable of action.优柔寡断 The setting”polite society”彬的社会anti-romantic反浪漫主义
《荒原》433行5部分,spiritual breakup
《星期三的烟灰》 《四个四重奏》 Dramatists Prose writer:
“stream-of-consciousness’
5戴维 伯特 劳伦斯 David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930
普通矿工家庭，作品被禁读，小说家，美国独立战争，Civil War 内战 鼓点
涉水的骑兵，a scene of the American civil war,美国内战景象the picture are frozen凝固,they come out of the watcher’s imagination.出于观察者的想像。 自我之歌 =”poem of walt Whitman,an American”=”walt Whitman”
Two beliefs:the theory of universality普遍性信仰and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.个别性和平等性
Language characteristic:
use oral English口语,vocabulary is amazing词汇惊人,rarely-use words罕见词, foreign origin words外国第一个按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家。
1915年入英国籍，羡慕欧洲文明。 Henry james concerned with the”inner world”of man.
He is also concerned with the International terms 国际方面
His language is simple and colloquial.口语
三个时期：
1早期in the first period 1865-1882international theme
《美国人》 《黛西 米勒》中篇 the free spirit of the new world美国精神的代表。温特伯恩说“黛西是我所见到的最漂亮最和蔼„„最天真的姑娘”
Anne Bronte
6托马斯 哈代Thomas hardy
“Wessex”sympatheticnostalgic怀旧fatepessimistsDarwin’s “survival of the fittestconflict with the environment
第五章 现代时期the
modern period19世纪末—20世纪初
Modernism rose out of skepticism怀疑论 and disillusion of capitalism. French symbolsm ,appearing in the late 19 century healed modernism. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.
Modernism is,in many aspects,a reaction against realism.
The 1930s witnessesd great economic depressions,mass unemployment,and was known as “the red thirtyes”
The first “angry young man”:愤怒青年Osborne奥斯伯恩
The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is SamuelBeckett,his first play
He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. 没有受过高等教育的人反对资本主义剥削，相信共产主义。
He is considered to be the best-known english since Shakespeare. 的
plays 问题剧only one passion: indignation唯一愤怒的情感 卡歇尔 拜伦的职业
《鳏夫的房产》slum贫民窟 landlordism租房制度 the oppression/exploitation剥削压迫 of women.
萧伯纳的作品人物塑造特点：
A:One feature of shaw‟s characterizehe makes the trick of showing up展示 one character vividly at the expense of 贬低损害another.
B:another feature is that Shaw‟s characters are the和角色发生倒转错位is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.
4TS埃略特Thomas Stearns Eliot1888-1965
出生美国，后1927成为英国公民
《JA布鲁富劳克的情歌》
长诗 it presents the meditateion 沉思of an aging young man 上了年纪over the businesss of proposing marriage求婚问题.dramatic monologue, 戏剧独白the
母亲是上流社会 psychological exploration心理透析 Proficient poet 多产诗人
劳伦斯三部曲：”the lawrence trilogy”
1矿工的周五夜晚
2儿媳
3守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人
儿子与情人autobiographyical novel Mrs.Morel
白孔雀 过客
虹is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.
恋爱中的女人to be a better-structured/more profoundly ordered novel.
Chatterley’s lover>查泰莱夫人的情人
劳伦斯的诗分三类：
1satirial and comic poems
3poems about nature
mechanical civilizationis responsible for the development of human personalities,the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships 劳伦斯艺术特色：
A：Lawrence‟s artistic tendency is mainly realism,which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative可靠权威 commentary评论
B:his language is simplicity 简单and directness直接
C:Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing.
第二部份 美国文学
第一章 浪漫主义时期 the
romantic period18世纪末到内战爆发前before the American civil war(美国的文艺复兴)
New England Transcendentalism 超验主义
3纳撒尼尔 霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864
怀疑心理，矛盾心理ambivalent writer， 双重,不讲犯罪过程puritan family
Hawthorne‟s intellectuals 知识份子rae usually villains.恶棍
红字heroine:Hester allegorist讽喻家symbolism象征 小伙子布朗 尽人皆知的故事 古屋青苔 雪的形象
有七个尖角阁的房子
玉石雕像
4华尔特 惠特曼walt Whitman 1819-1892
有个向前走的孩子
草叶集 monumental work,歌颂整个美国和自我。American democratic ideals美国民主思想 the Revolutionary War
词 ,wrong words错词,free-flowing ,simple and crude质朴野味,without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.没有固定的节奏和韵律
“free verse”自由体诗， Mark by theUse of poetic”I”诗用第一人称，家常随意不讲究死规矩sexual love topic,性爱作品。
5赫尔曼 麦尔维尔Herman Melville学霍桑 怀疑主义
is regarded as first American prose epic.美国第一部散文体史诗
Moby dick symbolize: 1 mystery of the universe 2power of the great nature 3evil of the world
泰比 奥穆 玛地
雷得本 白外衣 皮埃尔
探索信仰的矛盾
“bartleby,the scrivener”is a short story.短篇
“benito cereno”is a novella.中篇
第二章 现实主义时期the
realistic period 1865-1914
Darwin达尔文 influence on literary naturalism.自然主义
1马克 吐温Mark Twain 笔名 1835-1910
原名：samuel Langhorne Clemens 萨缪尔 朗荷恩 克莱门斯
小说家 儿童 humor诙谐 幽默American folk humor
从乐观主义向悲观主义转变 “damned human race”可恨的人类，language is simple,direct, lucid,and faithful to “vernacular方言土语”local color 乡土气息
H.L Mencken said he is “the true father of our national literature”门肯说他是“我们真正的民族文学之父” 《加拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙第一部幽默小说
《傻瓜出国记》 《含辛如苦》
密西西比河上的生活
《汤姆 索亚历险记》
《哈克贝里。芬》”all modern American literature comes”所有现代美国文学之源
《镀金时代》
《亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬》 《败坏哈德莱堡的人》 《神秘的陌生人》
2亨利 詹姆斯 Henry jame 1843-1916
The forerunner of the 20th ”els and the, the founder of
《欧洲人》
画像》
different themes and forms in his middle period不同的主题和形式
《波士顿人》 《卡撒玛西玛公主》
《私生活》短篇小说 《狮之死》 《中年》
《螺丝在拧紧》
《丛林猛兽》
3 后期in his last and major period
《梅西所知道的》中短篇
《鸽翼》 《专使》 《金碗》
Literary criticism文学批评：注重形式又注重价值concern with form and devoted to human values.
《小说的艺术》：to aim to present life小说的目的是现实生活
Henry james‟ fiction is characterized by:highly refined 高雅language.
James is not so easy to understand.heis often highly refined and insightfull.with a large vocabulary,he is always accurate in toexpression for his literary imagination. 他的语言不易读懂，高雅而富有见解，词语丰富，措辞准
He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him, even the disagreeable异端,the ugly 丑的and the 普通
3艾米利 狄金森Emily Dickinson1830-1886
1755首诗，500多首关于自然的。 诗无题 首名引用，用词简洁，直率，平易，拟人的手法
破折号：韵律节奏 大写：强调
tylove andnature 宗教死亡不朽爱情和自然
这是我给世界的信
死亡的：
如果郎君秋日来
盛夏有一日
不得与君同住
我是妻，那时已做完
4西奥多 德莱塞Theodore Dreiser1871-1945
Naturalist自然主义代表，no money no friendin power,no formal education worthy of mention,on family tradition in letters.只是在创作上更具讽刺意味，更加悲观pessimists Prolific writer多产作家
嘉莉妹妹Hurstwood赫斯伍德物质 性 金钱查尔斯 德鲁埃
“trilogy of Desire‟《欲望》三部曲：
<.the financeier>《金融家》 《巨头》 《斯多葛》
《天才》一个被“误解的艺术家”的故事
《美国悲剧》the greatest work克莱德Clyde‟s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the Ameican sociall system which encouraged people to pursue the”dream of success”at all costs.
Naturalism emphasized heredity andas important forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.强调遗传和环境人物在特定条件下的决定性力量。
A welter of inscrutable forces“一团高深莫测的各种力量的纠缠”
To him, life is “so sad,so strange ,so mysterious and so inexplicable”人类是各种力量交织在一起的受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的。
Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest”达尔文“适者生存”的思想影响
“kill or to be kill”“要么杀人，要么被杀”
For lack of concision,readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events,though the time sequence is clear and the plot straightforward,he has been always accused of being awkward in sentence structure,inept and occasionally flatly tion and meaning, and mixed and disorganized in voice and means of communication rather than 繁的描写之累，时间顺序清楚，情节简单，但句子结构不自然，用词不准确，在语态和语气上组织不严密。对他来说，语言只是传达思想，而非艺术形式。
第三章 现代主义时期
1914-1918第一次世界大战
美国现代主义的特点是反传统，求创新。
2罗伯特 弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost1874-1963
获奖最多，诗歌最好， 象征暗喻Pulitzer prize普利策文学奖，4次。serious poet 严肃诗人New England life 新英格兰
对人类生活的爱和地劳动后详和宁静的赞美，创作风格平易自然，但很优雅，诗的语言口语化，节奏上如谈家常，不紧不慢。半自由体或半传统诗体。
一个男孩的愿望，第一本书
波士顿以北人的一本书
新罕普什尔
理性假面具 怜惘假面具
摘苹果后 indifference不在乎在关心 to what he once desired
《未选择的路》meditateive poem 沉思the road symbolize life’s journey
第一次普利策奖雪夜林边停， 第二次诗集西流之溪
第三次《更远的境界》 第四次《证人树》收入《直率的礼物》约翰肯它迪总统就职吟诵
4司各特 菲兹杰拉德Scott Fitzgerald1896-1940
金钱的堕落，早期爵士时代 the Jazz Age，the upper-class young people.
of paradese>第一篇小说《人间天堂》获zelda sayre大奖 美国梦的破裂the bankruptcy of the amerian dream.gatsby is the last of the romantic heros.gatesby‟s failure magnifyies the end of the American dream.the detailed descryiptions of big parties to show emptiness of life.
Fitagerald‟s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the jazz age,especially the upper-class young people. He is a great stylist in literature,he follows the Jamesian tradition in using the scenic method in his chapters, each one of which consists of one or more dramatic scenes,leaving the tedious processs of transition to the readers‟ imagination. Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour,for the wealth of Galsby.Describe Gatsby „s extravagance.浪费
5欧内斯特 海明威Ernest ( Miller ) Hemingway1899-1961
Nobel Prize 1954年诺贝尔文学奖,出生医生家庭
简洁terseness口语colloquialism 乡土气息简短short清晰明了clearness以少胜多”less is more” “grace under pressure”在生活的重压下保持自尊is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had works.he depicts characters as brave and unjielded heroes.
The Style of colloquyialism口语体,full of acents and mannerisms and the use of short ,simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness.
“则
“the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。Without any authorial comments,without conventionally emotive language,and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.
What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero?
A they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another,the boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. B almost all his heroes are”soldiers”either in a narrow or broad sense.they are out there to fight against nature or the world,or even themselves.but no matter where the battleground is and how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. C Hemingway himself is one of those Code heroes;some critics say his protagonists are autobiographyical,for they share something that is Hemingway.
D the code with the honesty, the discipleine,and the restraint. 在我们的时代
《印地安营地》Nick Adams尼克亚当斯 , the wound is a symbol . 受伤是一种象征Nick’s initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death.接触生和死的痛苦和粗暴it is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spirituall disgrace.受伤是精神世界推动尊严的外部表现。
太阳照样升起 永别了，武器 丧钟为谁敲响
老人与海 masterpiece
没有女人的男人
被击败的人 杀人者
五十个大人物
午后的死亡 美国的青山 开利吉普车扎若之雪
拥有与缺乏
6威廉 福克纳William Faulkner 1897-1962
Set in the American south, his emphasis on the southern subjects 以美国南方为背景，强调南方主题和南方意识。 Nortern Mississippi Yoknapatawpha county.
第一卷诗集 第一部小说 四部小说;
喧嚣与骚动 八月之光
摩西，走下去 《押沙龙，押沙龙》
我弥留之际 疯狂的手掌 小屋 寓言 小镇 大夏
给爱米丽的玫瑰 spinster 老处女is a symbol of the old south.旧南方的象征。Rose as a symbol of love.and also stand for the pity,sympathy.
“an dyesore among eyesores” is means the most unpleasant thing to look at. 1she refuses to accept the passage of time
2she is a prisoner of the past 3she is a symbol of the old south
爱米丽是一个不愿意接受由于时间变迁而一切都改变的古怪的人，她是为过去所束缚的旧南方的象征。 文体特点：his prose,marked by long and embedded sentences, complex syntax,and vague reference pronouns on the one hand and a variety of”Registers”of the English language on the other,is very difficult to read,it is not surpriseing to find in Faulkner’s writings his syntaxctical structures and verbals paralleled,negatives balanced against positives,compounded adjectives swelling his sentences,complex modifying elements placed after the nouns. In contrast,Faulkner could sound very casual or informal sometimes ,he captured the dialects of the Mississippi characters,includeing Negroes and the redneck,as well as more refined and educated narrators like Quentin.As to the symbols and imageries,they are most of them drawn from nature.句子长，用复合句子，指称模糊，用各种语体，读起来难懂，词语排比，肯定否定并用，复合式形容词，长串修饰，方言土语(密西西比河地区)象征源于自然。
William Shakespeare
A summer’s day:here it may refer to a period or the season of summer. Date:the period of a lease.
Untrimmed:striped of gay apparel Ow’st:ownest
Lines:such as the lines of this poem and other sonnets
Answer:have dealings with Qualify:limit Loose:abandon Enow:enough
Of force:of necessity
Offence:condition of being hurt in one’s feelings,displeasure Fretten:disturbed
Abject:wretched miserable Tainted wether:sick sheep Fleet:pass by quickly Ravenous:greedy
Cureless:unableto be cured Hard by:nearby
Difference:focus of the dispute Seasons:moderates Tenour:terms
On you charge:you are responsible for the expenses
What of that:it is not important Use:habit
A love:a bosom friend By:here ,present Scale:balance
At thy peril:at your own risk Rehears’d:referred to Recant:cancel withdraw Meet:appropriate
Slings and arrows:attacks Perchance:maybe
Give us pause:make us hesitate Contumely:contempt Fardels:burdens Grunt:groan Bourn:boundary
Conscience:consciousnesss Pith:significance,importantce
John Milton Study:pursuit
Doubted his empire:was afraid for his sovereignty
Empyreal:heavenly,sublime
Compeer:companyion,equal,peer Of force:perforce,necessaryily Suffice:satisly
In the gloomy deep:in Chaos Afflicted powers:stricken armies
Daniel defoe House-side:wall
Nothing near:in on way,not in the least
Optics:mechanicsms for seeing
In its place:in its proper place,that is,in the following account
Jonathan swift Desire liberty:beg leave or permission
Cut a caper:jump about in a joyfull manner
Summerset:somersault Courser:a swift horse Took:jump over Intelligence:news
The foot:the foot soldier,infantry Man-mountain:Gulliver
Express order:clearly-stated order Allowance:something provided regularly,provision
Henry fielding<>tom jones Occasioned:aroused Repaired to:went to
Missile weapons:things that can be thrown to hit people
Hinder head:back of the head Stour:a river
William blake
from songs of experience
Heath:uncultivated land covered with shrubs
Clothes of death:clothes in dark color
Aspire:have ambition for something Sinews:muscles
Lamb:symbol of peace and purity.
William wordsworth
A crowd/a host,of:a large number of Vacant:empty,thoughtless
Steep:means to bathe or shine on
Dove:the name of a river
Highland:refers to the northern part of Scotland
A melancholy strain:a sad tune Chaunt:chant
lay:a short lyrical poem meant to be sung
Percy bysshe shelley
Clarion:a high,shrill trumpet
Angels of rain and lightening: the clouds
第二篇：自考英语本科《英美文学选读》考纲范围内作家作品
C.威廉莎士比亚 《威尼斯商人》 《哈姆雷特》 《暴风雨》 十四行诗 F.约翰弥尔顿 《利西达斯》 《失乐园》 《复乐园》 《力士参孙》 C.丹尼尔笛福 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 D.乔纳森斯威夫特 《格列佛游记》 E.亨利菲尔丁 《汤姆琼斯》 A.威廉布莱克 B.威廉华兹华斯 E.珀比雪莱 G.简奥斯汀
《傲慢与偏见》 A.查尔斯狄更斯 《雾都孤儿》 B.布朗蒂姐妹 《简爱》 《呼啸山庄》 F.托马斯哈代 《德伯家的苔丝》 A.萧伯纳
《华伦夫人的职业》 D.T.S.艾略特 《荒原》
E.戴维赫伯特劳伦斯 《儿子与情人》 C.纳撒尼尔霍桑 《红字》 《小伙子布朗》 D.华尔特惠特曼 《草叶集》 E.赫尔曼麦尔维尔 《白鲸》
A.马克吐温
《哈克贝里费恩》 B.亨利詹姆斯
《黛西米勒》 C.艾米莉狄金森 D.西奥多德莱塞 《嘉丽妹妹》
B.罗伯特弗洛斯特 《摘苹果后》 《未选择的路》 《雪夜停马在林边》 D.司各特菲兹杰拉德 《了不起的盖茨比》 E.欧内斯特海明威 《在我们的时代里》
第三篇：自考中国现代文学作品选预测试卷(二)
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http:/// 自考中国现代文学作品选预测试卷
(二)
第一部分
选择题
(共30分)
一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)
在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并在“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。
1. 下列哪位作家被钱杏邨成为中国现代文学史上最杰出的“教育小说家”?
A. 叶圣陶
B. 朱自清
C. 冰心
D. 茅盾
2. 《屏风后》是下列哪一位作家的作品?
A. 陈白尘
B. 欧阳予倩
C. 夏衍
D. 田汉
3. 历史剧《屈原》创作于
A. 1937年
B. 1938年
C. 1942年
D. 1945年
4. 季泽是下列哪一部作品中的人物形象?
A. 《春桃》
B. 《生死场》
C. 《金锁记》
D. 《围城》
5. 朱自清的《给亡妇》一文全篇都是
A. 与孩子的对话
B. 与父母的对话
C. 与亡妇的对话
D. 与朋友的对话
6. 下列哪一部作品称的上是心理小说?
A. 《人生哲学的一课》
B. 《菱荡》
C. 《金锁记》
D. 《梅雨之夕》
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7. 方治国是下列哪一部作品中的人物形象?
A. 《子夜》
B. 《潘先生在难中》
C. 《街景》
D. 《在其香居茶馆里》
8. 下列哪一部作品是丁玲到陕北以后创作的?
A. 《梦珂》
B. 《莎菲女士的日记》
C. 《我在霞村的时候》
D. 《韦护》
9. “静默。静默。历史也不过是脚下一条流去的小河，而你们，站在那儿，将成为人类的一个思想。”
以上诗句出自下列哪位诗人之手?
A. 袁可嘉
B. 卞之琳
C. 郑敏
D. 冯至
10. 下列哪一位人物形象最终决定搬到一个偏僻的地方，“悄悄地活下来，悄悄地死去”?
A. 翠姨
B. 莎菲
C. 何彬
D. 涓生
11. 李玉亭是下列哪一部作品中的人物形象?
A. 《围城》
B. 《四世同堂》
C. 《子夜》
D. 《日出》
12. 在小说中描绘山水田园画面，追求唐诗绝句意境的作家是
A. 沈从文
B. 废名
C. 施蛰存
D. 冰心
13. 下列哪一部作品不是赵树理创作的?
A. 《李家庄的变迁》
B. 《三里湾》
C. 《山乡巨变》
D. 《传家宝》
14. 陶家村是下列哪一部作品中人物的生活场景?
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A. 《菱荡》
B. 《萧萧》
C. 《林家铺子》
D. 《春桃》
15. 胡适的《蝴蝶》一诗创作于
A. 1915年
B. 1916年
C. 1917年
D. 1919年
16. 下列哪一部作品曾与卢焚的《谷》等一起获得天津《大公报》文艺奖金?
A. 《荔枝小品》
B. 《泽泻集》
C. 《寄小读者》
D. 《画梦录》
17. 《昨日之歌》是下列哪一位诗人的诗集?
A. 徐志摩
B. 冯至
C. 闻一多
D. 卞之琳
18. 鲁迅早期的白话小说《故乡》发表于
A. 1918年
B. 1919年
C. 1920年
D. 1921年
19. 艾青的著名诗篇《大堰河-我的保姆》写于
A. 1933年
B. 1936年
C. 1938年
D. 1942年
20. 以长篇小说《桥》而被周作人大为称道的小说家是
A. 废名
B. 沈从文
C. 穆时英
D. 许地山
二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)
在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并在“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。
21. 下列属于现代派诗人的作品有
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A. 《灾难的岁月》
B. 《距离的组织》
C. 《尺八》
D. 《有的人》
E. 《云游》
22. 下列属于散文的有
A. 《雨天的书》
B. 《自己的园地》
C. 《画梦录》
D. 《车厢社会》
E. 《泪与笑》
23. 下列采用第一人称叙述的作品有
A. 《沉沦》
B. 《伤逝》
C. 《故乡》
D. 《人生哲学的一课》
E. 《梅雨之夕》
24. 下列哪些是40年代完成的作品?
A. 《小城三月》
B. 《围城》
C. 《莎菲女士的日记》
D. 《金锁记》
E. 《荷花淀》
25. 下列属于独幕剧的有
A. 《一只马蜂》
B. 《屏风后》
C. 《三块钱国币》
D. 《压迫》
E. 《妙峰山》
第二部分
非选择题
(共70分)
三、名词解释(本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分)
26. 匡复
27. 《人生哲学的一课》
28. 《野草》
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29. 穆时英
30. 牛汉
四、简答题(本大题共4小题，每小题5分，共20分)
31. 请简单谈谈你对朱自清散文《背影》创作背景的认识。
32. 简述沈从文《边城》作为“诗化小说”在艺术结构上的主要特点。
33. 简述郁达夫《沉沦》主要在哪些方面体现出浪漫主义的特色?
34. 曹禺的剧作以紧张的戏剧冲突见长，请结合《雷雨》第四幕谈谈你对这一点的认识。
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)
35. 结合作品，谈谈对阿Q形象典型意义体现在哪几个不同的层次之上?你认为哪个层次最有深度和广度?
36. 请结合《手推车》论析艾青的诗是如何将情、音、光、色、图融合协调在一起的。你认为这样做收到了什么样的审美效果?
六、阅读分析题(本大题共1小题，15分)
37. 阅读叶圣陶的散文《没有秋虫的地方》。该文表现了一种什么样的情绪?请结合自己的生活体验，谈谈你的看法。(不少于600字)(附原文)
没 有 秋 虫 的 地 方
叶圣陶
阶前看不见一茎绿草，窗外望不见一只蝴蝶，谁说是鹁鸽箱里的生活，鹁鸽未必这样枯燥无味呢。秋天来了，记忆就轻轻提示道：“凄凄切切的秋虫又要响起来了。”可是一点影响也有，邻居儿啼人闹弦歌杂作的深夜，街上轮震石响邪许(拟声词)并起的清晨，无论你靠着枕头听，凭着窗沿听，甚至贴着墙角听，总听不到一丝的秋虫的信息。并不是被那些欢乐的劳困的宏大的清亮的声音淹没了，以致听不出来，乃是这里本没有秋虫这东西。啊，不容留秋虫的地方!秋虫所不屑居留的地方!
若是在那鄙野的乡间，这时候满耳朵是虫声了。白天与夜间一样地安闲;一切人物或动或静，都有自得之趣;嫩暖的阳光或者轻淡的云影覆盖在场上，到夜间呢，明耀的星月或者徐缓的凉风看守着整夜，在这境界这时间里惟一的足以感动心情的就是秋虫的合奏。它们高，低，宏，细，疾，徐，作，歇，仿佛经过乐师们的精心训练，所以这样地无可批评，踌躇满志。其实它们每一个都是神妙的乐师;众妙毕集，各抒灵趣，哪有不成人间绝响的呢!
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虽然这些虫声会引起劳人的感叹，秋士的伤怀，独客的微喟，思妇的低泣;但是这正是无上的美的境界，绝好的自然诗篇，不独是旁人最喜欢吟味的，就是当境者也感受到一种酸酸的麻麻的味道，这种味道在一方面是非常隽永的。
大概我们所蕲求的不在于某种味道，只要时时有点儿味道尝尝，就自诩为生活不空虚了。假若这味道是甜美的，我们固然含着笑意来体味它;若是酸苦的，我们也要皱着眉头来辨尝它：这总比淡漠无味胜过百倍。我们以为最难堪而亟欲逃避的，唯有这一个淡漠无味!
所以心如槁木不如多愁善感，迷蒙的醒不如热烈的梦，一口苦水胜于一盏白汤，一场痛苦胜于哀乐两忘。但这里并不是说愉快欢乐是要不得的，清健的醒是不需求的，甜汤是罪恶的，狂笑是魔道的;这里只是说有味总比淡漠远胜罢了。
所以虫声是足系恋念的东西。又况劳人秋士独客思妇以外还有无量数的人，他们当然也是酷嗜味道的，当这凉意微逗的时候，谁能不忆起那美妙的秋之音乐?
可是没有，绝对没有!井底似的庭院，铅色的水门汀地，秋虫早已避去惟恐不速了。而我们没有它们的翅膀与大腿，不能飞又不能跳，还是死守在这里。想到“井底”与“铅色”，觉得象征的意味丰富极了。
本文源于中国大学网
第四篇：英美文学。
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
1.船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”
2.威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop
《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”
3.约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”
4.罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5.安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”
《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson
※《独立宣言》
4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”
第五篇：英美文学
英国文学知识点梳理：
1.Renaissance: ( from 14th century to 17th century)
Definition: Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in Western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. An age of drama and poetry.
Reasons:the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion
Significance: a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology.
William Caxton—the first person who introduced printing into England.
Sonnet: originated in Italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical pattern. It was introduced to England by Sir Wyatt in the early stage of English Renaissance and then further cultivated by Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare so as to produce respectively the Spenserian stanza and
Shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the successing poets.Shakespearian Stanza: Shakespearean Sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行诗节) with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Spenserian Stanza: invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步, rhyming ababbcbcc.
blank verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet Metaphysical Poetry:
Definition:The term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Representatives: John Donne & George Herbert
Technique: Peculiar/Metaphysical conceits(奇喻)
General Features: a. The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of
common speech.The imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar
conceits”. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with God, or with himself.
2.Neo-classic Period:
1)The Enlightenment Movement—The Age of Reason
Definition: The Enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement
throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from
1680s to 1789.
Purpose: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and
artistic ideas.
2) Neoclassicism: (Main literary form—English Novels)
Definition: In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and
styles of expression of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in
European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about
1800.
Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every
genre of literature. Prose: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each class
guided by its own principles. Drama: in Heroic Couplet; strictly observation of the 3
unity of time, space andaction; regularity in construction; type characters
rather than individuals. Mainstream of literature: realism—writers described the
social realities.
3.Romantic Period: (an age of poetry)
1) Romanticism
English Romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of
Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with
Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the
Parliament.
2) Characteristics of the Age
The Romantic Age is emphatically an age of poetry.Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed, for the first time, an important place in English literature. (Jane Austen)The greatest historical novelists Walter Scott belongs to this period. His
historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of
historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition
from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it.
4.The Victorian Period:
1) Victorian Literature
The novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging
expression of progressive thought.
The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.The poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with
new styles and new ways of expression.
2) Critical Realism
English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early 1850s.It found its expression mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest
English critical realist of the time was Charles Dickens—a humorist and
satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of
his class.The English critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical
portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed
profound sympathy for the common people.
5.The Modern Period—marked by the publification of T. S. Eliot’s The Wast
Land: (Prevailing Genre: Fictions)
1) Cultural Background
Darwin’s Origin of Species and social Darwinism;Einstein’s theory of relativity; Freud’s
analytical psychology; irrational philosophers including Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and
Bergson.
2) The Differences Between Realism and Modernism:
Realism: Theoratical Base ---Rational PhilosophyFunction of Literature--- Educate
People and Criticize Social EvilsSubject--- Public, Exterior WorldConception of
Time &Space--- Clock Time, Geographic spaceForms and Techniques--- Hero, Plot
Tone--- Optimistic
Modernism: Theoratical Base --- Irrational PhilosophyFunction of Literature---
Expression of "Self"Subject--- Private, Interior World
Conception ofTime &Space--- Psychological Time &SpaceForms and Techniques---
Anti-hero, Anti-plot
Tone--- Pessimistic
Modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of
skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The Major theme of Modernism:
distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,
man and man, and man and himself.
Literary Trends: expressionism, surrealism(超现实主义), futurism, imagism and stream
of consciousness, existentialsm.
美国文学
1. Literature of Colonial Period
a. Indian tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,
omens ,riddles and stories.
b. Three stages: Traditional literature, Transitional Literature, Modern Literaturec. The first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
d. Puritanism :Origin of Puritan
Doctrines:based on Calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity
3)limited atonement4)theocracy
Influence on American Literature 1)Its optimism has exerted a great influence on
American literature2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed
gradually into a literary symbolism
e. Literature of Colonial Settlement: Forms: histories, travel account, biographies,
diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and poems. Characteristics:1) American
colonial literature is neither real literature nor American. 2) Their writings served either
God or colonial expansion
2. The Literature of the Revolutionary Period:
a. The Age of Reason: Definition:A rational society is that “reforms the mind,
sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by Thomas
Jefferson).
b. The forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,
essays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets
3. The Literature of the Romantic Period
1) American Romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe
in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on
the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and
forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.
native factors: It is a period following American independence.(Political independence,
economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to literature.
foreign influence: Romanticism emerged from England and it added impetusto the
growthof Romanticism in America.
2) Distinct Features of American Romanticism
a. It was in essence the expression of a real new experience
b. American Puritanism served as a cultural heritage in American literature. c. American new ideals were strong enough to inspire Romantic spirit
d. both imitative & independent
4.The Literature of the Realistic Period:
a. Realism:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.
b. Time:Realism flourished from the Civil War to the turn of the century.
c. Features: (1) It stresses truthful treatment of material. (2) Characterization is the center of the story. (3) Open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material. (4) Realism focuses on common characters and everyday events. (5) Realism emphasizes objectivity. (6) Realism presents moral vision.
d. Two Literary Trends:
1)Local Color(or Local Corlorism/Regionalism etc.)
a. Local Color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences
b. Features: Presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world; Describing the exotic and the picturesque; Nostalgia; Showing things as they are; The influence of setting on character(environmental determinism)
2) Naturalism:
a. Background: 1) Darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection. 2) SocialDarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic forces.
b. Definition: Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary
composition
c. Features:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment. The universe is cold, godless, indifferent, and hostile to human desires.
The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. (Violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly vs. genteel)
5. The Literature of the Modernist Period:
1). Modernism:
Cultural Background: Darwin’s Origin of Species; Freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego); Irrational Philosophers: Schopenhauer & Nietzsche
Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.
2) Imagism:(Leaders: Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell)
Definition: Imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and 1917. Aiming at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms.
Features: Free choice of subject matter, Free verse, Image Without interpretation or comment
Influences: a. The imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible. This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry. b. The second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There are no metrical rules. There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. That is art of the poem. (The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters.)
2)The Lost Generation:
.first used by Gertrude Stein, an American woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or
returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid--- they were “Lost.”
In the Narrow Sense: a group ofAmerican writers, including Hemingway,
F.S.Fitzgerald, J.Dos Passos, E.E.Cummings, Sherwood Anderson, and Hart Crane, etc.
In the Broad Sense: the entire post WWI American young generation
Main Characteristics: Suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.