英美文学重点名词解释

第一篇：英美文学重点名词解释

英美文学名词解释(一)

1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.

2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.

3. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.

4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.

5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They

were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.

6. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.

7. American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century.

A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.

8. American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terroras from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.

9. Analogy: (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.

10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.

11. Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.

12. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.

13. Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about

life.

14. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.

15. Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.

16. Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.

17. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.

18. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.

19. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.

20. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary

ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.

第二篇：湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结

上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古： 450 to 1066中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶 Celts

Old English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneChaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.

The father of English poetryEnglish Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stories of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.

第一章 文艺复兴时期

the Renaissance Period th 14th and mid-17Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Golden Age It started in Italy

Henry VIIIDefender of the Faith Bible in Englishancient Roman and Greekcultureclass strugglePetrarch

Christopher Marlowe ,William Shakespeare and 3威廉 莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-1616

Playwrights, dramatist,poets

1591-1611was in the prime of his dramatic career.

38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗2 long poems叙事诗 Stratford-on-Avon

”“an upstart crow”

:meditationeternal beautyorigin:Italy

“to be,or not to be-that is the question”

against Christians /Jews.

Two narrative poems

Juliet>

Six comedies: like it>

Romantic tragicomedies:<[eroc;es> Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.

1 a play in the play

2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.

3 several threads running through the play

4 combination of tragic and comic elements. Writing style: 1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(alliterateion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻) 3 use poetry in his play The theme of the sonnet:

1 express love and praise to a young man

2 immortalize beauty through verses 3friendship or betrayal of friendship

6约翰 弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674

family天主教Latin blind.

失乐园 masterpiece. a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 books ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”

The main idea:to beg for mercy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgracefull than this downfall.

the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Greek model.

Three group:Athe early poetic worksBthe middle prose pamphlets

Cthe last great poems

The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton‟s creed.

第二章 新古典主义时期

the Neoclassical Period

1660-1798(18th century)

人社会动物industrial revolution 工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:

1 content: magic, supernaturall elements, ghosts, monsters.

2setting: old castle, graveyard, dard forest

3atomsphere:horrible

The enlightenment movement(the age of reason )：启蒙运动

It was a progressive intellectuall 进步知道份子movement which flourished nd swept western Europe at the time. Its enlighten the whole world with the light of modern 哲学和艺术思想The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science,理性平等科学 and they also advocated universal 民普及教育

1约翰 班杨John Bunyan 1628-1688 18年坐牢，Christianity基督教

”the vanity fair”is the most successful religious allegory 宗教寓言in the English language.

search for spiritual salvation

Style: Moded after the Bible, language:e asy to read,colloquial, concrete and conciseform: allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.

3丹尼尔 笛福Daniel defoe 1660-1731

butcher‟s family 卖肉家庭English middle –class

masterpiece, Robinson is the empire builder,the pioneer colonist. The theme:

A man‟s strugglees against nature

B glorifyication of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determineation to improve his livelihood.

C glorifyication of labor(Robinson lives on his own hands)

笛福的创作特点：Defoe was a very good story-teller.he had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible可信 and fascinating神奇 .his sentences are sometimes short,crisp 短小干脆and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.his language is smooth,easy,colloquial口语 and mostly vernacular方言.there is nothing artificeial in his language: it is common English at its best.

4乔纳森 斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745

the greatest satiric work

a greatest and bitterest satire.

Lilliputyahoosbitter satire

5亨利 菲尔丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754

Born of an old aristocratic family. 老贵族家庭“father of the English

“the third-person narration”第三人称叙述

“prose homer”散文荷马”

comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗: 1 the descryiption in a grand style of classic epic.”classic epic”has:

A a great heroBcalls on MusesC give a list of names of godsD

compare small fights to great wars. 2 use verifyied language to narrate a small fight

3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张

费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar,自然流畅通俗易懂but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic逻辑性 and rhythm,韵律性and his structure carefully planed towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively,dramatic dialogues 戏剧性对话and other theatrical devices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合 and unexpectedness.出人意料

第三章 浪漫主义时期the

Romantic Period is an age of poetry.1798-1832

人的孤单状态

Passive , old and conservative :

“lake poets”William Words worthRobert Southey Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Active ,young and revolutionary: ByronShellyKeats

1威廉 布莱克William Blake 1757-1827

候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。 An engraver 雕刻家

“fearful symmetry”可怕的匀称suggest the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation.

Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in and The chimney sweeper.

《天堂与地狱的结合》marks his entry into maturity.成熟

2威廉 华兹华斯William Wordsworth1770-1850 Poet Laureate“桂冠诗人”，lake poets湖畔诗人，“大自然的膜拜者”Poet Laureate特点：孤独 自由 自然 His short poems „Subject:poems about nature 自然and poems about human life.人类生活

<我如行云独自游> simile明喻“inward eye”means human soul

The poet expresses his love for the daffodils.水仙花

<威斯敏斯特桥上有感>

<她住在人迹罕至的小路间》 <孤单的收割者>

5波 比 雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822

与拜伦相比更进步一点，政治，经济的不公平，重视集体力量。自由。

西风颂

Shelly eulogyized the powerful west wing and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.

four-act poetic

7简 奥斯汀Jane Austen1775-1817 匿名发表anonymously

The major theme:Love and marriageconcern about human their personal relationships. 个人生活及人从她往下是写小说的，上面的是写诗的

处女作《理智与情感》

傲慢与偏见 =第一印象 ：Elizabeth 伊丽莎白

Darcy 达西Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed,snobbish势

力 and vulgar粗俗 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,handsome young men.

伊莉莎白的性格： A：Elizabeth is clever , alert, observant. She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizeing the characters of Bingley‟s sisters. She recognizes Mr.Collins‟character in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal. She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.

B:Fearless and frank ,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh ,she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed. She is independent but not infallible in her judgment—taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham. She cannot be blamed for misjudgeing Darcy. C: She shows flexibility, discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy‟s defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what h says. Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him.

《爱玛》

第四章 维多利亚时期the

Victorian Period 1836-1901现实主义realistic 工业革命

Chartist movement (1836-1848)宪章运动

“art for art‟s sake‟

Victorian literaturediversity.文学多样化

Darwin‟s

1查尔斯 狄更斯Charles Dickens 批判现实主义作家he is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.

作品特点：he is a master withhis characterized by a mingling of humor and p吸引读者，悲情大师，幽默与哀伤交汇

Child characters :oliver twist奥利弗，特维斯物,little nell小奈尔,david copperfield大卫科波菲尔,little dorrit小多利特.

雾都孤儿

“let it not be supposed by the enemies of „the system‟ that during the period of his solitary incarcerateon. Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the adventages of religious consolation.”

A:The sentence is a typical,example of irony.反语 What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence‟s literal meaning.

B:for the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped鞭打 every morning in a stone yard, for the “pleasure"of society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged 鞭打as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the “adventages”of religious consolation安慰, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy‟s prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices.罪恶行为

C:the ironic statement is ,in fact, a bitter denunciation 谴责and fierce attack at the brutal,inhuman treatment of the poor orphan孤儿by the workhouse济贫院 authority.权力

《老古玩店》 《皮克威克外传》 <>《大卫科波菲尔》

《董贝父子》 《双城记》 《荒凉山庄》 《小多利特》 《艰难时世》

《远大前程》 《我们共同的朋友》

2布朗蒂姐妹the Bronte sisters Charlotte bronte 1816-1855

《简爱》家庭教师governess heroine，represents middle-class working women.Mr.Rochester

简爱的性格特点：Jane Eyre is quick will,honesty, frankness,and shi has the spirit of independence and self-dignity. 《教授 》

Emilybronte:poet,193poems.呼啸山庄

Catherine凯瑟琳,Hindley辛德利,Edgar,Isabella,Heathcliff希斯克利夫 protagonist:Prufrock is neurotic神经

质,self-important,自以为是illogical不讲逻辑 and incapable of action.优柔寡断 The setting”polite society”彬的社会anti-romantic反浪漫主义

《荒原》433行5部分,spiritual breakup

《星期三的烟灰》 《四个四重奏》 Dramatists Prose writer:

“stream-of-consciousness’

5戴维 伯特 劳伦斯 David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930

普通矿工家庭，作品被禁读，小说家，美国独立战争，Civil War 内战 鼓点

涉水的骑兵，a scene of the American civil war,美国内战景象the picture are frozen凝固,they come out of the watcher’s imagination.出于观察者的想像。 自我之歌 =”poem of walt Whitman,an American”=”walt Whitman”

Two beliefs:the theory of universality普遍性信仰and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.个别性和平等性

Language characteristic:

use oral English口语,vocabulary is amazing词汇惊人,rarely-use words罕见词, foreign origin words外国第一个按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家。

1915年入英国籍，羡慕欧洲文明。 Henry james concerned with the”inner world”of man.

He is also concerned with the International terms 国际方面

His language is simple and colloquial.口语

三个时期：

1早期in the first period 1865-1882international theme

《美国人》 《黛西 米勒》中篇 the free spirit of the new world美国精神的代表。温特伯恩说“黛西是我所见到的最漂亮最和蔼„„最天真的姑娘”

Anne Bronte

6托马斯 哈代Thomas hardy

“Wessex”sympatheticnostalgic怀旧fatepessimistsDarwin’s “survival of the fittestconflict with the environment

第五章 现代时期the

modern period19世纪末—20世纪初

Modernism rose out of skepticism怀疑论 and disillusion of capitalism. French symbolsm ,appearing in the late 19 century healed modernism. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.

Modernism is,in many aspects,a reaction against realism.

The 1930s witnessesd great economic depressions,mass unemployment,and was known as “the red thirtyes”

The first “angry young man”:愤怒青年Osborne奥斯伯恩

The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is SamuelBeckett,his first play

He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. 没有受过高等教育的人反对资本主义剥削，相信共产主义。

He is considered to be the best-known english since Shakespeare. 的

plays 问题剧only one passion: indignation唯一愤怒的情感 卡歇尔 拜伦的职业

《鳏夫的房产》slum贫民窟 landlordism租房制度 the oppression/exploitation剥削压迫 of women.

萧伯纳的作品人物塑造特点：

A:One feature of shaw‟s characterizehe makes the trick of showing up展示 one character vividly at the expense of 贬低损害another.

B:another feature is that Shaw‟s characters are the和角色发生倒转错位is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.

4TS埃略特Thomas Stearns Eliot1888-1965

出生美国，后1927成为英国公民

《JA布鲁富劳克的情歌》

长诗 it presents the meditateion 沉思of an aging young man 上了年纪over the businesss of proposing marriage求婚问题.dramatic monologue, 戏剧独白the

母亲是上流社会 psychological exploration心理透析 Proficient poet 多产诗人

劳伦斯三部曲：”the lawrence trilogy”

1矿工的周五夜晚

2儿媳

3守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人

儿子与情人autobiographyical novel Mrs.Morel

白孔雀 过客

虹is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.

恋爱中的女人to be a better-structured/more profoundly ordered novel.

Chatterley’s lover>查泰莱夫人的情人

劳伦斯的诗分三类：

1satirial and comic poems

3poems about nature

mechanical civilizationis responsible for the development of human personalities,the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships 劳伦斯艺术特色：

A：Lawrence‟s artistic tendency is mainly realism,which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative可靠权威 commentary评论

B:his language is simplicity 简单and directness直接

C:Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing.

第二部份 美国文学

第一章 浪漫主义时期 the

romantic period18世纪末到内战爆发前before the American civil war(美国的文艺复兴)

New England Transcendentalism 超验主义

3纳撒尼尔 霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864

怀疑心理，矛盾心理ambivalent writer， 双重,不讲犯罪过程puritan family

Hawthorne‟s intellectuals 知识份子rae usually villains.恶棍

红字heroine:Hester allegorist讽喻家symbolism象征 小伙子布朗 尽人皆知的故事 古屋青苔 雪的形象

有七个尖角阁的房子

玉石雕像

4华尔特 惠特曼walt Whitman 1819-1892

有个向前走的孩子

草叶集 monumental work,歌颂整个美国和自我。American democratic ideals美国民主思想 the Revolutionary War

词 ,wrong words错词,free-flowing ,simple and crude质朴野味,without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.没有固定的节奏和韵律

“free verse”自由体诗， Mark by theUse of poetic”I”诗用第一人称，家常随意不讲究死规矩sexual love topic,性爱作品。

5赫尔曼 麦尔维尔Herman Melville学霍桑 怀疑主义

is regarded as first American prose epic.美国第一部散文体史诗

Moby dick symbolize: 1 mystery of the universe 2power of the great nature 3evil of the world

泰比 奥穆 玛地

雷得本 白外衣 皮埃尔

探索信仰的矛盾

“bartleby,the scrivener”is a short story.短篇

“benito cereno”is a novella.中篇

第二章 现实主义时期the

realistic period 1865-1914

Darwin达尔文 influence on literary naturalism.自然主义

1马克 吐温Mark Twain 笔名 1835-1910

原名：samuel Langhorne Clemens 萨缪尔 朗荷恩 克莱门斯

小说家 儿童 humor诙谐 幽默American folk humor

从乐观主义向悲观主义转变 “damned human race”可恨的人类，language is simple,direct, lucid,and faithful to “vernacular方言土语”local color 乡土气息

H.L Mencken said he is “the true father of our national literature”门肯说他是“我们真正的民族文学之父” 《加拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙第一部幽默小说

《傻瓜出国记》 《含辛如苦》

密西西比河上的生活

《汤姆 索亚历险记》

《哈克贝里。芬》”all modern American literature comes”所有现代美国文学之源

《镀金时代》

《亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬》 《败坏哈德莱堡的人》 《神秘的陌生人》

2亨利 詹姆斯 Henry jame 1843-1916

The forerunner of the 20th ”els and the, the founder of

《欧洲人》

画像》

different themes and forms in his middle period不同的主题和形式

《波士顿人》 《卡撒玛西玛公主》

《私生活》短篇小说 《狮之死》 《中年》

《螺丝在拧紧》

《丛林猛兽》

3 后期in his last and major period

《梅西所知道的》中短篇

《鸽翼》 《专使》 《金碗》

Literary criticism文学批评：注重形式又注重价值concern with form and devoted to human values.

《小说的艺术》：to aim to present life小说的目的是现实生活

Henry james‟ fiction is characterized by:highly refined 高雅language.

James is not so easy to understand.heis often highly refined and insightfull.with a large vocabulary,he is always accurate in toexpression for his literary imagination. 他的语言不易读懂，高雅而富有见解，词语丰富，措辞准

He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him, even the disagreeable异端,the ugly 丑的and the 普通

3艾米利 狄金森Emily Dickinson1830-1886

1755首诗，500多首关于自然的。 诗无题 首名引用，用词简洁，直率，平易，拟人的手法

破折号：韵律节奏 大写：强调

tylove andnature 宗教死亡不朽爱情和自然

这是我给世界的信

死亡的：

如果郎君秋日来

盛夏有一日

不得与君同住

我是妻，那时已做完

4西奥多 德莱塞Theodore Dreiser1871-1945

Naturalist自然主义代表，no money no friendin power,no formal education worthy of mention,on family tradition in letters.只是在创作上更具讽刺意味，更加悲观pessimists Prolific writer多产作家

嘉莉妹妹Hurstwood赫斯伍德物质 性 金钱查尔斯 德鲁埃

“trilogy of Desire‟《欲望》三部曲：

<.the financeier>《金融家》 《巨头》 《斯多葛》

《天才》一个被“误解的艺术家”的故事

《美国悲剧》the greatest work克莱德Clyde‟s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the Ameican sociall system which encouraged people to pursue the”dream of success”at all costs.

Naturalism emphasized heredity andas important forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.强调遗传和环境人物在特定条件下的决定性力量。

A welter of inscrutable forces“一团高深莫测的各种力量的纠缠”

To him, life is “so sad,so strange ,so mysterious and so inexplicable”人类是各种力量交织在一起的受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的。

Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest”达尔文“适者生存”的思想影响

“kill or to be kill”“要么杀人，要么被杀”

For lack of concision,readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events,though the time sequence is clear and the plot straightforward,he has been always accused of being awkward in sentence structure,inept and occasionally flatly tion and meaning, and mixed and disorganized in voice and means of communication rather than 繁的描写之累，时间顺序清楚，情节简单，但句子结构不自然，用词不准确，在语态和语气上组织不严密。对他来说，语言只是传达思想，而非艺术形式。

第三章 现代主义时期

1914-1918第一次世界大战

美国现代主义的特点是反传统，求创新。

2罗伯特 弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost1874-1963

获奖最多，诗歌最好， 象征暗喻Pulitzer prize普利策文学奖，4次。serious poet 严肃诗人New England life 新英格兰

对人类生活的爱和地劳动后详和宁静的赞美，创作风格平易自然，但很优雅，诗的语言口语化，节奏上如谈家常，不紧不慢。半自由体或半传统诗体。

一个男孩的愿望，第一本书

波士顿以北人的一本书

新罕普什尔

理性假面具 怜惘假面具

摘苹果后 indifference不在乎在关心 to what he once desired

《未选择的路》meditateive poem 沉思the road symbolize life’s journey

第一次普利策奖雪夜林边停， 第二次诗集西流之溪

第三次《更远的境界》 第四次《证人树》收入《直率的礼物》约翰肯它迪总统就职吟诵

4司各特 菲兹杰拉德Scott Fitzgerald1896-1940

金钱的堕落，早期爵士时代 the Jazz Age，the upper-class young people.

of paradese>第一篇小说《人间天堂》获zelda sayre大奖 美国梦的破裂the bankruptcy of the amerian dream.gatsby is the last of the romantic heros.gatesby‟s failure magnifyies the end of the American dream.the detailed descryiptions of big parties to show emptiness of life.

Fitagerald‟s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the jazz age,especially the upper-class young people. He is a great stylist in literature,he follows the Jamesian tradition in using the scenic method in his chapters, each one of which consists of one or more dramatic scenes,leaving the tedious processs of transition to the readers‟ imagination. Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour,for the wealth of Galsby.Describe Gatsby „s extravagance.浪费

5欧内斯特 海明威Ernest ( Miller ) Hemingway1899-1961

Nobel Prize 1954年诺贝尔文学奖,出生医生家庭

简洁terseness口语colloquialism 乡土气息简短short清晰明了clearness以少胜多”less is more” “grace under pressure”在生活的重压下保持自尊is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had works.he depicts characters as brave and unjielded heroes.

The Style of colloquyialism口语体,full of acents and mannerisms and the use of short ,simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness.

“则

“the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。Without any authorial comments,without conventionally emotive language,and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.

What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero?

A they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another,the boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. B almost all his heroes are”soldiers”either in a narrow or broad sense.they are out there to fight against nature or the world,or even themselves.but no matter where the battleground is and how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. C Hemingway himself is one of those Code heroes;some critics say his protagonists are autobiographyical,for they share something that is Hemingway.

D the code with the honesty, the discipleine,and the restraint. 在我们的时代

《印地安营地》Nick Adams尼克亚当斯 , the wound is a symbol . 受伤是一种象征Nick’s initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death.接触生和死的痛苦和粗暴it is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spirituall disgrace.受伤是精神世界推动尊严的外部表现。

太阳照样升起 永别了，武器 丧钟为谁敲响

老人与海 masterpiece

没有女人的男人

被击败的人 杀人者

五十个大人物

午后的死亡 美国的青山 开利吉普车扎若之雪

拥有与缺乏

6威廉 福克纳William Faulkner 1897-1962

Set in the American south, his emphasis on the southern subjects 以美国南方为背景，强调南方主题和南方意识。 Nortern Mississippi Yoknapatawpha county.

第一卷诗集 第一部小说 四部小说;

喧嚣与骚动 八月之光

摩西，走下去 《押沙龙，押沙龙》

我弥留之际 疯狂的手掌 小屋 寓言 小镇 大夏

给爱米丽的玫瑰 spinster 老处女is a symbol of the old south.旧南方的象征。Rose as a symbol of love.and also stand for the pity,sympathy.

“an dyesore among eyesores” is means the most unpleasant thing to look at. 1she refuses to accept the passage of time

2she is a prisoner of the past 3she is a symbol of the old south

爱米丽是一个不愿意接受由于时间变迁而一切都改变的古怪的人，她是为过去所束缚的旧南方的象征。 文体特点：his prose,marked by long and embedded sentences, complex syntax,and vague reference pronouns on the one hand and a variety of”Registers”of the English language on the other,is very difficult to read,it is not surpriseing to find in Faulkner’s writings his syntaxctical structures and verbals paralleled,negatives balanced against positives,compounded adjectives swelling his sentences,complex modifying elements placed after the nouns. In contrast,Faulkner could sound very casual or informal sometimes ,he captured the dialects of the Mississippi characters,includeing Negroes and the redneck,as well as more refined and educated narrators like Quentin.As to the symbols and imageries,they are most of them drawn from nature.句子长，用复合句子，指称模糊，用各种语体，读起来难懂，词语排比，肯定否定并用，复合式形容词，长串修饰，方言土语(密西西比河地区)象征源于自然。

William Shakespeare

A summer’s day:here it may refer to a period or the season of summer. Date:the period of a lease.

Untrimmed:striped of gay apparel Ow’st:ownest

Lines:such as the lines of this poem and other sonnets

Answer:have dealings with Qualify:limit Loose:abandon Enow:enough

Of force:of necessity

Offence:condition of being hurt in one’s feelings,displeasure Fretten:disturbed

Abject:wretched miserable Tainted wether:sick sheep Fleet:pass by quickly Ravenous:greedy

Cureless:unableto be cured Hard by:nearby

Difference:focus of the dispute Seasons:moderates Tenour:terms

On you charge:you are responsible for the expenses

What of that:it is not important Use:habit

A love:a bosom friend By:here ,present Scale:balance

At thy peril:at your own risk Rehears’d:referred to Recant:cancel withdraw Meet:appropriate

Slings and arrows:attacks Perchance:maybe

Give us pause:make us hesitate Contumely:contempt Fardels:burdens Grunt:groan Bourn:boundary

Conscience:consciousnesss Pith:significance,importantce

John Milton Study:pursuit

Doubted his empire:was afraid for his sovereignty

Empyreal:heavenly,sublime

Compeer:companyion,equal,peer Of force:perforce,necessaryily Suffice:satisly

In the gloomy deep:in Chaos Afflicted powers:stricken armies

Daniel defoe House-side:wall

Nothing near:in on way,not in the least

Optics:mechanicsms for seeing

In its place:in its proper place,that is,in the following account

Jonathan swift Desire liberty:beg leave or permission

Cut a caper:jump about in a joyfull manner

Summerset:somersault Courser:a swift horse Took:jump over Intelligence:news

The foot:the foot soldier,infantry Man-mountain:Gulliver

Express order:clearly-stated order Allowance:something provided regularly,provision

Henry fielding<>tom jones Occasioned:aroused Repaired to:went to

Missile weapons:things that can be thrown to hit people

Hinder head:back of the head Stour:a river

William blake

from songs of experience

Heath:uncultivated land covered with shrubs

Clothes of death:clothes in dark color

Aspire:have ambition for something Sinews:muscles

Lamb:symbol of peace and purity.

William wordsworth

A crowd/a host,of:a large number of Vacant:empty,thoughtless

Steep:means to bathe or shine on

Dove:the name of a river

Highland:refers to the northern part of Scotland

A melancholy strain:a sad tune Chaunt:chant

lay:a short lyrical poem meant to be sung

Percy bysshe shelley

Clarion:a high,shrill trumpet

Angels of rain and lightening: the clouds

第三篇：中国当代文学史重点总结(作品分析、名词解释、简答、论述)

散文分析

杨朔，擅于以饱满的热情抒写新时代，以真挚的感情，来赞扬普通劳动者。以《雪浪花》为例，赏析杨朔作品特点：1.杨朔擅于于平凡事物中捕捉诗意，通过巧妙的联想，发掘其深刻的思想，“咬”老渔民独特是生活经历，和老一辈英雄乐于奉献的气概。2.写景抒情，点化人物，创造深邃的意境。3.联想巧妙跑，构思精致，笔势曲折。

刘白羽，以《长江三月》为例，来赏析刘白羽散文特点：《长江三月》是一种日记体游记，从重庆→(经三峡)武汉→揭示了生活的哲理→人生是用走向黎明的过程。内容：描绘沿途的见闻和感受，歌颂祖国的江山如此多娇1.写景抒情的手法多样，笔墨酣畅，淋漓尽致，瞿塘峡——险峻壮美，西陵峡——水急滩多，巫峡——幽深秀丽，2.恰当的引用资料，表现当时时代风貌，历史变迁，增强了人文景观特色。

神女峰的传说，杜甫的诗歌，王昭君的故事，3.语言上辞藻华丽，笔势铺张.

秦牧散文特点：深刻是思想性，丰富的知识性，健康的趣味性，以《花城》为例赏析秦牧散文特点：1.深刻我思想性，通过61年花市盛况赞扬了源远流长的民族文化，歌颂了劳动人民，洋溢着强烈的自豪感，2.丰富的知识性。通过解说员向人民介绍各种奇花，民俗学家介绍了南北方春节习俗。3.健康的趣味性。细腻逼真的写花，介绍赏花的情趣和相关知识。启示：劳动创造美，生活中蕴含着美

第一次文代会是当代文学的起点。

1. 背景：让从中国第一次大革命失败以来逐渐被迫分离在两个地区的文艺工作者进行大会

师

2. 时间：1949,7.12~7.19，郭沫若批准地点：北平。824人参加

3. 主要内容：①深刻总结了五四以来新文化运动的经验，特别是1942年延安文艺座谈会

后的解放区文艺工作经验，报告：郭沫若《为建设新中国的人民文艺而奋斗》②确立全国文艺工作方针与方向，以毛泽东在延安座谈会撒谎能够的讲话作为我们新中国文艺发展的方向。文艺为政治服务，文艺为工农兵服务。③除了确定思想领导外，确立了组织领导。成立了“文联”(中国全国文学艺术界联合会)郭沫若“作协”(中国全国文学工作者协会)。

4. ①承前启后，拉开了当代文学序幕。1949.7月②彻底的结束了文艺工作者被分割局面。当代文学

含义：1949新中国成立至今大约半个多世纪发生发展消长在中国大地上的文字，只发生在特定的“社会主义”历史语境中的文学，它限定在“中国大陆”的这一区域之中。

发展历程：1.1949~1948：当代文学史奠基与开拓时期(艰难发展)2.1949~50年代中期：对新的时期，新中国新生活的歌颂。3.50年代中期~60年代中期：致力于社会主义文学的完善

4.60年代中期~70年代中期：“非常”时期5.1979~至今：新时期文学

特征：一..文学形态变化。建国初30年，现实主义单一美学形态。多元美学形态：现实主义的复苏发展，现实主义引进二.文学本体变化1.文学思潮：现实主义到浪漫主义。现实主义，现代主义2.作品本身，题材由窄变宽，主题由单一到多元a.初30年题材多局限哥们，战争和农民题材，后20年题材范围扩大b.前30年主题多集中于比较集中明晰的重大社会政治主题3.艺术类型塑造：由单一到复面

双百方针：指1956年5月2日毛泽东在最高国务会议上提出的“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的方针。该方针是以发展马克思主义和繁荣社会主义文化为目的的，是人民内部的自由在文艺工作和科研工作领域的表现，文艺工作者在为工农兵服务的前提下，可以运用自己认为最好

的方法来创作。在该方针的鼓舞下，文艺理论批评和文学创作逐步活跃起来。

三突出原则：在所有人物当中，必须突出正面人物，在正面人物中突出英雄人物，在英雄人物中突出主要英雄人物。

贺敬之 抒情短章：特点：多描写具体生活场景，表现诗人深刻的内心感受，高清细腻，注重遣词造句，如《桂林山水歌》具有民歌的风味

《回延安》赏析，真实抒发革命赤子对延安的感谢与赞美之情。从内容层次上分5层：1层：直抒胸臆，着重刻画刚踏上延安时的激动心情。2层：回忆在延安的成长经历。3层：延安亲人欢聚的动人场面。4层：参观延安，写延安城秀丽的风光5层：别延安，与在延安相结合

艺术特色：1.立意高构思精巧。2.抒情节奏快慢适中3.成功运用陕北民歌信天游的形式。 长篇政治抒情：多取材于有重大意义的社会问题，气势粗犷豪放，洋溢着火热的政治激情，具有极强的宣传鼓动性，多采用楼梯式和交错式。

《放声歌唱.》1956年歌颂党的的伟大与英明，艺术特色：1.从现实追溯历史，2.抒情方式迂回曲折3.歌颂祖国不仅流于空洞的口号，而是化抽象为具体

《雷锋之歌》1963.3艺术特色：抒情方式独特，政论、形象与激情相结合，通过“我”来感受雷锋的英雄主义精神。

闻捷

《天山牧歌》内容：1.主要写新疆的美丽富饶以及神奇的自然风光，表现各民族丰富多彩的生活以及历史变迁，英雄人物等。2.描写青年男女的爱情，将爱情与劳动以及热爱祖国的情操相结合a.劳动产生爱情如《苹果树下》b.爱情使人产生精神动力 如《告诉你》《夜莺飞去了》c.青年人对爱情忠贞不渝，如《舞会结束以后》。

艺术特色：1.鲜明的民族色彩和浓郁的地方风情，2.擅于抓住人物瞬间的心理活动.3.创作手法再现式，设置简单的情节和人物，抓住富有情趣的生活片段从中提取诗意

郭小川

创作阶段：1.准备阶段《平原老人》2.爆发阶段：《投入火热的斗争》《致青年公民》爱情三部曲《白雪的赞歌》《深深的山谷》《严厉的爱》将军三部曲：《月下》《雾中》《风前》3.成熟阶段：《甘蔗林—青纱帐》《厦门风姿》《昆仑行》《两都颂》4.抗战阶段：《团泊洼的秋天》《秋歌》

诗歌内容：1.抒情诗A.记叙革命的战歌。《甘蔗林—青纱帐》—继续革命，永葆青春。《团泊洼的秋天》—政治思考，思想觉醒。B.祖国人民的赞歌《厦门风姿》《秋歌》2.叙事诗a.讴歌纯真的革命爱情b.歌颂我军高级指挥员

艺术特色：1.具有特色的诗歌语言a.饱含哲理的警句b.融古诗词，民歌，口语与一炉，创造出古为今用民为文用。2.新颖独特的构思，大胆的想象3.不拘一格的诗体。50年代：楼梯式—半自由体—民歌体—像散去的新自由体。60年代：新辞赋体

杜鹏程《保卫延安》

内容：本书是中国第一部大规模正面描写人民解放战争的长篇小说。它真实而生动地再现了解放战争时期著名的延安保卫战的历史背景。作品成功地塑造了彭德怀等老一辈无产阶级革命家的光辉形象和以周大勇为代表的一大批指战员的英雄形象，歌颂了人民战士高度的阶级

自觉性和英勇的献身精神，构成了一幅壮丽的人民战争的历史画卷。

历史地位:“英雄史诗”

主题：延安保卫战的胜利是毛泽东军事思想彭德怀的英明指挥，广大指战员的浴血奋战以及周边群众的大力支持与配合共同的结果，是一曲人民军队的战歌

人物形象：以周大勇为中心，塑造了一系列的英雄群相。彭德怀：富有韬略的军事家，平凡的人民公仆。 《保卫延安》历史地位：英雄史诗的美誉 史诗：本指古代长篇叙事诗，当代以重大的历史事件为基础塑造英雄形象，相比之下内容宏大，篇幅较大，气势磅礴充满了神话色彩，引申为能够全面反映历史时代优秀的长篇叙事性作品。精神体现：1.以雄伟的气魄反映了延安保卫战。描绘了人民解放军战争的壮丽画卷。

2.具有历史真实性，突出战争的激烈性。“一个脚印一身汗，，一寸土地一滴血”3.艺术上，材料取舍恰当，主要突出青化砭伏击战，蟠龙镇攻坚战，长城线突围战

梁斌《红旗谱》

主题：反映农民由自发到自觉的曲折斗争过程，揭示一个真理，中国农民只有在党的领导下，开展有组织的斗争才能取得胜利

人物形象分析：1.朱老忠：具有“三性”的农民，革命性民族性时代性，跨越两代由慷慨悲歌的侠义之士到共产主义战士，既有农民英雄的豪爽精神，有有共产主义精神，具有强烈的反抗意识，鲜明爱憎，坚忍不拔的斗争精神，真正展示了农民英雄坚韧英雄的风采2.严志和：胆小怕事，性格较好，勤劳善良3.运涛，江涛：在党的领导下成长起来的新一辈农民，既继承了父亲优良传统又接受党的教育。

艺术特色：1.地方色彩浓厚{自然的社会的}2.采用中国古典小说的传统手法来刻画人物，以一系列的故事来表现3.内容上的民族气魄与民族风格，小说描写三十年代发生在冀中平原的革命风暴，既有民族传统，又有时代特色

如“燕赵风骨”，指燕赵人民在长期的斗争中形成的品质与品格，其本质是反抗，品格是守信，美德为见义勇为，新的历史条件下转变为共产主义思想下的反抗。品格要阶级意识支配，美德为在革命原则纪律下的勇敢。

红岩精神：是革命烈士对共产主义信念执著追求的高度概括;是革命先烈坚持真理，改造社会的人生伟大实践;：是革命先辈为国家为人民无私奉献的真实写照;同时也是改革开放发展建设过程中不可缺少的一种精神支柱。红岩精神永存! 《红岩》罗广斌，杨益言。主题：真实再现了革命胜利前革命烈士与放革命分子之间的艰苦战争，有力的鞭挞了敌人凶恶残暴的本质，悲情讴歌了共产党人坚韧的斗争精神和视死如归的高尚情操

艺术特色：a.取材上既法于历史又高于历史。b.结构严谨宏大，情节错综明晰，主线：狱中的艰苦斗争。副线：地下党积极组织战争，游击队的斗争。C.人物形象塑造独树一帜。如江姐，机警干练，特别细心，对革命战友关怀无微不至。如许云峰，受人尊敬的成熟的地下党领导，塑造了众多英雄群体为革命舍生取义的红岩精神。

杨沫《青春之歌》

作品的自传色彩：自叙传小说，把自己的生活经历与情感经历作为讲述对象的小说。1.林道静与杨沫自我形象的对照a.家庭出身b.情感经历c.革命经历。2.作品的内在结构：两条线索：一条是林道静如何从一个具有反抗精神的知识分子成长为具有革命的战士，另一条是以林道静的内心世界为中心，写其爱情生活与情感经历。第一条线索(三次决裂)：①与封建家庭

决裂②资产阶级和小资的决裂③与自我决裂。第二条线索：“因为我爱你，所以我革命”3.心理描写：a.通过细腻的情感变化表现人物性格。B.通过情绪变化来揭示人物内心冲突。C.采用主观的视角。

思想意义：1.塑造了众多不同的青年知识分子形象，有力的揭示了小说的主题(知识分支只有投身革命才能找到出路)2.战士了林道静的成长道路，给读者以启示，成为无产阶级战士需要经历艰苦的磨练

讨论：矛盾怎样评价《青春之歌》a.反应历史，符合事实。B.林道静是一个典型的成功女士柳青《创业史》

与赵树理小说比较：赵树理的小说大众化，民族化。六七你跟受苏俄文学传统影响，讲究宏大的结构与思想的深度

主题：以强烈的历史意识和真实的阶级意志，通过描写梁家父子两人不同的创业道路及其结局，概括了中国农民的生活经历，反应了他们改变苦难命运的强烈愿望，只有在共产党的领导下，坚持社会主义方向，走共同富裕的集体化道路，翻身解放的农民才能真正的走上创业道路

怎样理解创业史是50年代生活的一面镜子

1. 反映了50年代初中国农村的社会面貌2.揭示了农村合作化的本质特征。两种思想斗争：

个人—集体，资本主义—社会主义。3.塑造了梁生宝崭新的农民英雄形象，坚忍不拔无私无畏，温柔稳健谦虚脚踏实地的实干家4.具有史诗的规模和特点:①做到历史的广度与深度的结合②囊括了农村各阶级各阶层的众多人物③采用了史诗的结构。

伤痕文学

含义：是在新时期文学发展过程中，率先以勇敢的不妥协的姿态彻底否定文化大革命的文学，是奉党和人民之命积极投身思想解放运动，实现拨乱反正时代任务的文学

思想审美意义：1.第一次闯入题材的禁区“文革”提出重大社会问题，产生重大的社会效应。

2.塑造了悲剧人物与悲剧性格，复活了悲剧艺术悲剧美化，中国文学史上的生命3.在当代文坛史上第一次高举现实主义旗帜恢复其原貌。 刘心武《班主任》

主题：以勇敢的姿态发出文学思想解放的先声。发出了救救被四人帮坑害的孩子的呼声。 人物形象：宋宝琦，文革时的新文盲。谢惠敏：(小左派)工作积极，品行端庄，但思想僵化，头脑简单，失去自我(对四人帮的恨基于老师对孩子的爱)。爱：①宽容的态度在冲动中要克制②理解的医院，肯于理解与自己不一样敌对的人③感化的信心

周克芹《许茂和他的女儿们》

获得矛盾文学奖，以农村为题材的伤痕力作，反映50年代合作化到70年代农村的一个矛盾，严格的按照生活本来面目，暴露“四人帮”文革对农村经济建设的破坏，更强的表现一种现实精神

内容：①许茂老汉生产上走上正轨②金东水与许秀云的结合，与郑百如的斗争③许茂老汉与金东水郑百如之间的关系一部力作

主题：描写了许茂一家的悲欢离合。以及与之相联系的社会关系，概括了70你爱年代中期农村矛盾与斗争，实质上揭示了“七年**”给农民造成生活贫困和农民的不幸。

人物形象及意义：许茂：倔强固执自私狭隘的农民第一个走回头路。意义：批判了当时极左路线，对人民精神的一种摧残和性格扭曲。徐秀云：饱受生活磨难，但坚韧顽强对生活充满愿望“外柔内刚”。意义：寄托作者一个希望“好人一生平安”的美好愿望

张贤亮《男人的一半是女人》

A.故事层，写章永璘与黄香久在艰窘，情况下结合又离异的故事，孤男寡女因性压抑与情感需求走道一起，又因为种种矛盾最后分手B.寓言层：性的叙述是那个年代知识分子精神压抑和生存处境的一种言说C.哲理层：用嘴具体的事物暗示最抽象的道理

古华《芙蓉镇》

创作背景：人生经历，创作素材来源

内容：小说描写了1963—1979年间我国湘南农村的社会风情，揭露了左倾思潮的危害，歌颂了十一届三中全会路线的胜利。

主题含义：从一个小镇上几个普通人物在“文革”前后十几年命运的升沉变迁，从他们的个性不同程度的被扭曲、被异化，来探讨极左思想的渊源，来反思民族的历史。

成就：82年获茅盾文学奖。85年谢晋改编的同名电影，获多项国际大奖。富政治风云于风俗民情画，借人物命运演乡镇生活变迁

蒋子龙《乔厂长上任记》

内容：该小说叙述的是某重型机器厂经历了十年**后，乔光朴赴命当了厂长，大刀阔斧的整顿队伍，建立新的生产秩序和奖惩制度，激发了职工的工作热情和主人公精神，很快改变了全厂的涣散状态，扭转了生产被动局面。

人物形象：乔光朴。开拓精神的两个方面：一是他雷厉风行、大刀阔斧、说干就干的快刀斩乱麻的作风——时间精神。二是他严格的科学态度，认真细致、一丝不苟的作风——数字精神。

高晓声

作品把握：1真实的反映了新中国成立以来中国农民的生活历程，深刻揭示了造成他们悲惨命运的政治。经济。历史及民族心理，和民族性格等深层根源。同时写了社会变革中带来农民心理和性格的变化2.坚持现实主义美学原则，塑造了中国灵魂的农民，善良，朴实，敦厚——>劣根性。3.成功借鉴西方小说表现人物心理活动的方法.

莫言的《红高粱》

1.小说的精神主体是强烈的生命意识，对带着原始野性、质朴强悍的生命力的赞美，对自由奔放的生命形式的渴望。2.交织着强烈的悲剧和反讽的美感。3.容纳了大量的西方现代派的表现技巧

李存葆《高山下的花环》

对军事小说的突破。1.突破了军事小说，是战斗文学的狭隘模式，使军事文学社会化有了长足的发展，将军事社会历史真实的战斗与人民联系起来，使作品有时代纵深感和历史感。2.突破军事小说无冲突的论调，大量揭露了我军内部的矛盾。3.塑造了当代军人的形象，突破英雄神化的模式，不是将其当做神，而是将其当人来写

池莉《烦恼人生》印家厚烦恼：半夜孩子跌下床的慌乱，晨起洗漱解手排队的无奈，带儿子挤月票的拥挤争吵，评奖金只得了个三等奖的恼怒，对徒弟雅丽一往情深表白的恍惚，食堂吃饭吃到青虫的愤懑，为父亲祝寿准备礼物的奔波，住房的拥挤，经济的拮据„„零零碎碎地写出了生活的本色，本色的生活，道出了我们这个社会一个微不足道的工人过日子的辛苦与无奈。

女作家的构成

1.五六十年代已经知名：宗璞《红豆》茹志鹃<百合花>。杨绛《老王》郑敏2.已届中年而在‘文革后’期才表现创作活力：张洁《沉重的翅膀》谌容，霍达等3.大多生于50年代初：(经历文革上山下乡运动知情：王安忆《本次列车终点》，舒婷，张抗抗，铁凝《哦，香雪》，残雪，刘索拉4.50年代末期60年代初：创作方法独特，如池莉，方方，毕淑敏，迟子建《秧歌》5.80.90年代开始形成创作特色：林白，陈染《世纪病》

朦胧诗的思想意义及诗学贡献

1.设个写作上对个体精神价值的强调，是中国诗人第一次以个人的声音表达我们所说的思想与情感，表达了社会历史的独特思考。2.强调语言“异质性”表现了某种程度的语言的反叛拒绝所谓的透明度，拒绝与单一符号系统的合作。

北岛：主要表达一种怀疑和否定的精神，以及在理想世俗中的争取对缺乏人性生活内容的拒绝《回答》《迷途》

舒婷：通过内心的映照来辐射外部世界，捕捉生活现象所引起的情感反映，探索人与人之间的情感联系。《致橡树》《神女峰》《祖国啊我亲爱的祖国》

顾城：愿意使用简单平易的词和句子，擅于捕捉生活中细小的感觉，从个人感触中表达对生命的体验《远和近》

第四篇：英美文学。

一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America

1.船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith

《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》

“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”

《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》

“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”

《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”

2.威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop

《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”

3.约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop

《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”

4.罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams

《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”

或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》

Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”

5.安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet

《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》

”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America

二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin

※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”

《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”

2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine

※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”

《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”

《常识》“Common Sense”

《人权》“Rights of Man”

《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”

《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”

3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson

※《独立宣言》

4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau

※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”

※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”

※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”

《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”

《夜屋》“The House of Night”

《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”

《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》

“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”

《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”

第五篇：英美文学

英国文学知识点梳理：

1.Renaissance: ( from 14th century to 17th century)

Definition: Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in Western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. An age of drama and poetry.

Reasons:the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion

Significance: a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology.

William Caxton—the first person who introduced printing into England.

Sonnet: originated in Italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical pattern. It was introduced to England by Sir Wyatt in the early stage of English Renaissance and then further cultivated by Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare so as to produce respectively the Spenserian stanza and

Shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the successing poets.Shakespearian Stanza: Shakespearean Sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行诗节) with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Spenserian Stanza: invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步, rhyming ababbcbcc.

blank verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet Metaphysical Poetry:



 Definition:The term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Representatives: John Donne & George Herbert

Technique: Peculiar/Metaphysical conceits(奇喻)

 General Features: a. The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of

common speech.The imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar

conceits”. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with God, or with himself.

2.Neo-classic Period:

1)The Enlightenment Movement—The Age of Reason

Definition: The Enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement

throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from

1680s to 1789.

Purpose: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and

artistic ideas.

2) Neoclassicism: (Main literary form—English Novels)

Definition: In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and

styles of expression of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in

European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about

1800.

Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every

genre of literature. Prose: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each class

guided by its own principles. Drama: in Heroic Couplet; strictly observation of the 3

unity of time, space andaction; regularity in construction; type characters

rather than individuals. Mainstream of literature: realism—writers described the

social realities.

3.Romantic Period: (an age of poetry)

1) Romanticism

English Romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of

Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with

Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the

Parliament.

2) Characteristics of the Age





 The Romantic Age is emphatically an age of poetry.Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed, for the first time, an important place in English literature. (Jane Austen)The greatest historical novelists Walter Scott belongs to this period. His

historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of

historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition

from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it.

4.The Victorian Period:

1) Victorian Literature

 The novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging

expression of progressive thought.



 The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.The poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with

new styles and new ways of expression.

2) Critical Realism



 English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early 1850s.It found its expression mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest

English critical realist of the time was Charles Dickens—a humorist and

satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of

 his class.The English critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical

portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed

profound sympathy for the common people.

5.The Modern Period—marked by the publification of T. S. Eliot’s The Wast

Land: (Prevailing Genre: Fictions)

1) Cultural Background

Darwin’s Origin of Species and social Darwinism;Einstein’s theory of relativity; Freud’s

analytical psychology; irrational philosophers including Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and

Bergson.

2) The Differences Between Realism and Modernism:

Realism: Theoratical Base ---Rational PhilosophyFunction of Literature--- Educate

People and Criticize Social EvilsSubject--- Public, Exterior WorldConception of

Time &Space--- Clock Time, Geographic spaceForms and Techniques--- Hero, Plot

Tone--- Optimistic

Modernism: Theoratical Base --- Irrational PhilosophyFunction of Literature---

Expression of "Self"Subject--- Private, Interior World

Conception ofTime &Space--- Psychological Time &SpaceForms and Techniques---

Anti-hero, Anti-plot

Tone--- Pessimistic

Modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of

skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The Major theme of Modernism:

distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,

man and man, and man and himself.

Literary Trends: expressionism, surrealism(超现实主义), futurism, imagism and stream

of consciousness, existentialsm.

美国文学

1. Literature of Colonial Period

a. Indian tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,

omens ,riddles and stories.

b. Three stages: Traditional literature, Transitional Literature, Modern Literaturec. The first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

d. Puritanism :Origin of Puritan

Doctrines:based on Calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity

3)limited atonement4)theocracy

Influence on American Literature 1)Its optimism has exerted a great influence on

American literature2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed

gradually into a literary symbolism

e. Literature of Colonial Settlement: Forms: histories, travel account, biographies,

diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and poems. Characteristics:1) American

colonial literature is neither real literature nor American. 2) Their writings served either

God or colonial expansion

2. The Literature of the Revolutionary Period:

a. The Age of Reason: Definition:A rational society is that “reforms the mind,

sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by Thomas

Jefferson).

b. The forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,

essays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets

3. The Literature of the Romantic Period

1) American Romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe

in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on

the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and

forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

native factors: It is a period following American independence.(Political independence,

economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to literature.

foreign influence: Romanticism emerged from England and it added impetusto the

growthof Romanticism in America.

2) Distinct Features of American Romanticism

a. It was in essence the expression of a real new experience

b. American Puritanism served as a cultural heritage in American literature. c. American new ideals were strong enough to inspire Romantic spirit

d. both imitative & independent

4.The Literature of the Realistic Period:

a. Realism:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.

b. Time:Realism flourished from the Civil War to the turn of the century.

c. Features: (1) It stresses truthful treatment of material. (2) Characterization is the center of the story. (3) Open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material. (4) Realism focuses on common characters and everyday events. (5) Realism emphasizes objectivity. (6) Realism presents moral vision.

d. Two Literary Trends:

1)Local Color(or Local Corlorism/Regionalism etc.)

a. Local Color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences

b. Features: Presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world; Describing the exotic and the picturesque; Nostalgia; Showing things as they are; The influence of setting on character(environmental determinism)

2) Naturalism:

a. Background: 1) Darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection. 2) SocialDarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic forces.

b. Definition: Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary

composition

c. Features:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment. The universe is cold, godless, indifferent, and hostile to human desires.

The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. (Violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly vs. genteel)

5. The Literature of the Modernist Period:

1). Modernism:

Cultural Background: Darwin’s Origin of Species; Freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego); Irrational Philosophers: Schopenhauer & Nietzsche

Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.

2) Imagism:(Leaders: Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell)

Definition: Imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and 1917. Aiming at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms.

Features: Free choice of subject matter, Free verse, Image Without interpretation or comment

Influences: a. The imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible. This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry. b. The second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There are no metrical rules. There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. That is art of the poem. (The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters.)

2)The Lost Generation:

.first used by Gertrude Stein, an American woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or

returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid--- they were “Lost.”

In the Narrow Sense: a group ofAmerican writers, including Hemingway,

F.S.Fitzgerald, J.Dos Passos, E.E.Cummings, Sherwood Anderson, and Hart Crane, etc.

In the Broad Sense: the entire post WWI American young generation

Main Characteristics: Suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.