英语虚拟语气三种时态

第一篇：英语虚拟语气三种时态

英语虚拟语气教案

英语(高中)虚拟语气教案

年级：高三

教师：张勇

2018年1月23日

一、教学主题：虚拟语气

二、教学内容：if引导的虚拟条件句

三、教学目标：①掌握if引导的虚拟条件句的一般形式(与现在、过去、将来 事实相反的情况)

②掌握虚拟语气中if引导的错综时间条件句 ③掌握if省略句的构成

虚拟语气的含义：虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议与事实不符的假设等等，而不表示客观存在的事实。

知识点一：表示与现在事实相反的情况

Eg: If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 从例句得出相应的语法结构：

从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时(be动词用were) 主句：主语+should/would/might/could+动词原形

知识点二：表示与过去事实相反的情况

Eg: If I had got there earlier, I should/would have met her. 从例句得出相应的语法结构： 从句：If+主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done

知识点三：表示与将来事实相反的情况

从句：①If+主语+should+动词原形

②If+主语+were to+动词原形

③If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were)

主句：主语+should/would/might/could+动词原形

1 Eg: If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. If you were there next month, we would play basketball with you. 知识点四：

注意：①，错综时间条件句

含义：当条件状语从句表示的动作或行为和主句表示的动作或行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。

Eg：If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.

If they had informed us, we would come here now. ②，if省略句

在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。

Eg: If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 变为：Should he come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 变为：were she to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. If you were there next month, we would play basketball with you. 变为：Were you there next month, we would play basketball with you. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.

Practice：习题讲练

1, If he should not ____ tomorrow, we should put off the meeting.

A. has come

B. have come

C. had come

D. come 2, If they were to ____ the research next Tuesday, I would come with them. A. did

B. do

C. have done

D. had done 3, If she worked hard next month, we would improve her salary.

A. works

B. have worked

C. worked

D. had worked 4, If you had listened to my advice before, you ____ better now.

A. are

B. were

C. would be

D. would have been

2 5, Should he not ____ tomorrow, we should put off the meeting.

A. has come

B. have come

C. had come

D. come 6, Were they to ____ the research next Tuesday, I would come with them. B. did

B. do

C. have done

D. had done 7, Had you listened to my advice before, you ____ better now.

A. are

B. were

C. would be

D. would have been 3

第二篇：英语教案范例,虚拟语气

英语教案范例(编写：房新霞) Unit 1 What would you do?

一. 教材分析

本单元选取了学生平日生活中经常出想的一些假设的情况，用一些非常熟悉的场景进行相应的训练。虚拟语气对学生来说是个全新的语法，掌握好虚拟语气的用法关系到整个第一单元的学习。所以虚拟语气的掌握对本单元的学习起着重要的作用。要通过多层面的展示让学生提高听、说、读、写的水平。 二. 学情分析

初四的学生经过四年的学习掌握了一定的基础知识，本单元的内容对他们来说不是很难，而且本单元的内容是一些虚构的东西让他们感到很新鲜，并且非常贴近生活，让学生感到亲切、真实，让他们从不同的角度去理解问题，增加学生的情感，让他们把所学到的知识运用到日常生活中。 三. 教学目标

1. 通过本单元的学习会谈论一些假设的、虚拟的情况。 2. 通过本单元的学习达到如何使用虚拟语气局提出建议的目标。

3. 学会表示与现在情况相反的虚拟语气。 4. 学会用虚拟语气表述自己还没有实现的愿望。 四. 教学重点、难点 1. 重点词语：million, pimple, energetic, confident, tie, medical research

2. 学会运用表示现在与将来情况的虚拟条件句 If+主语+动词的过去式，主语+would+动词原形

3. 语言结构：If I were you, I would take a shower at first. If I had time, I would certainly go. 五. 教学准备

利用多媒体设备，通过图片展示练习听说读写，培养学生直接用英语理解、表达和思维的能力。安排适量的练习，让学生当堂消化。

六. 教学过程

Step 1 Warming up

1. Ask some questions about everyday life, such as “How was your vacation?” “What kind of sports do you like?” 2. Review the new words we learned yesterday. Step 2 Study the new language

1. ask two questions and ask some students to answer a. Do you love money? Do you want to have a lot of money? b. If you had a lot of money, what would you do?

I’d „ The students may give many different answers. Then let’s listen and do 1b.Listen and number the pictures (1-4) in the order they

hear. And then ask some questions about the material. T: What did the old man do if he had a million dollars? S: He would„

T: What did the first boy do if he had a million dollars? S: He would„

T: Why would he second girl put the money in the bank? S: Because she’d „

T: Why would the second boy give the money to the medical research?

S: Because he’d„

Then make conversation according to 1a and 1b. What would you do if you had a million dollars?

通过这一对话练习，让学生有勤俭节约的习惯，要有爱心，把自己的钱用来帮助那些需要帮助的人，教会学生乐于助人。

Step 3 Practice (Listening 2a and 2b)

First explain the picture : The boy is going to somewhere and he is feeling a little nervous. His sister is telling him what to wear . Then listen and answer why Larry is nervous and circle the reason.

Next listen and do 2b: listen again. Check the four things Larry’s sister says to him. Ask some questions according to 2a and 2b.

T: Where is Larry going ?

S: He’s going to Tom’s party. T: Why is he nervous ?

S: Because he doesn’t know what to wear?

T: What else does he worry about” S: He worries about the present.

T: Does his sister give him some advice? S: Yes.

Step 4 Production (pair work)

排忧解难。设置情境让学生提供合理的建议。

1. I’m really hard-working, but I can’t study English well.

2. I don’t want to go to my friend’s birthday party, but I don’t know how to tell her or if I need to buy her a present.

Step 5 Production (Group work)

提供情景 我是老师或我是校长 操作建议：

1. 让学生任意选择做老师或是校长。

2. 一老师或校长的身份提出一些合理化的建议。

3. 把这些记录记下来有机会给老师或校长，看对他们的工作是否有所帮助。

完成任务所需要的句子结构

If I were the teacher / headmaster, I would„

Step 6 Summary

1. 总结虚拟语气的构成及用法。

2. 区别if引导的虚拟语气与条件状语从句。

Step 7 Homework

1. Practice the conversations we learn today. 2. Write a conversation according to 2a.

第三篇：高一英语情态动词与虚拟语气

选择题 1.A.can’t

. B.couldn’t

C.may not

D.might not .

D.had been broken D.can’t; shouldn’t

2.A.breaks 3. B.has broken.C.were broken

.

A.won’t; can’tB.mustn’t; may C.shouldn’t; must

4.--Shall I tell John about it?

I’ve told him already. B.wouldn’t

C.mustn’t

D.shouldn’t

A.needn’t5.--Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?

.

B.would B.would

C.was going to

C.could

D.did get out. D.was able to

A.hadA.had to

6.7.--When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

--They________ be ready by 12:00. A.can

B.shouldC.mightD.need

8.Peter_______ come with me tonight, but he’s not sure yet.

A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 9.--Will you stay for lunch?

--Sorry,________.My brother is coming to see me. A.I mustn’t

B.I can’t

C.I needn’t

D.I won’t

10.--Are you coming to Jeff’s party?

--I’m not sure.I_______ go to the concert instead. A.must

B.would

C.should

D.might

11.The two strangers talked as if they _______ friends for years.

—1—

A.should be

-- Of course. B.would beC.have beenD.had been 12.-- The room is so dirty, ________we clean it?

A.WillB.Shall

A.needn’tC.WouldD.Do 13.Michael_______ be a policeman, for he’s much too short. B.can’tC.shouldD.may

14.--Could I call you by your first name?

--Yes, you________.

A.willB.could

license________ take an eye test.

A.canB.mustC.wouldD.may

D.should C.mayD.might 15.According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s 16.I should have been there, but I ______not find the time. A.wouldB.couldC.might

17.--Write to me when you get home.--_______.

D.I can A.I mustB.I shouldC.I will

ceremony? 18.Mr Bush is on time for everything.How ________it be that he was late for the opening

A.canB.shouldC.mayD.must

19.You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman_______be so rude to a lady.

A.mightB.needC.shouldD.would

20.--I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins._________I have a look? --Yes, certainly.

A.DoB.MayC.ShallD.Should

21.--Is John coming by train?

--He should, but he________not.He likes driving his car.

A.mustB.canC.need

papers have been collected.

—2— D.may 22.It has been announced that candidates_________remain in their seats until all the

A.canB.willC.mayD.shall

23.Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter_______ go and do the opposite !

A.mayB.canC.mustD.should

24.--I hear they went skiing in the mountains last winter.

--It_______ true because there was little snow there.

A.may not beB.won’t beC.couldn’t beD.mustn’t be

25.A left-luggage office is a place where bags__________ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.

A.shouldB.canC.mustD.will

26.How_________ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?

A.canB.mustC.needD.may

27.--Who is the girl standing over there?

--Well, if you______ know, her name is Mabel.

A.mayB.canC.mustD.shall

28."The interest_________ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides," declared the judge.

A.mayB.shouldC.mustD.shall

29.--I don’t mind telling you what I know.

--You_________. I’m not asking you for it.

A.mustn’tB.may notC.can’tD.needn’t

30.I________ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.

A.shouldB.mightC.wouldD.could

31.I often see lights in that empty house.Do you think I_______ report it to the police?

A.shouldB.mayC.willD.can

32.-- Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.

-- You________ have my computer if you don’t take care of it.

A.shan’tB.might notC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

33.--Excuse me .Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?

—3—

--Sorry, I am not sure.But it________be.

A.mightB.willC.mustD.can

34.--Mum , I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock._________ I go out and play with Tom for a while.

--No, I’m afraid not .Besides , it’s raining outside now .

A.Can’tB.Wouldn’tC.May notD.Won’t

35.Children under 12 years of age in that country________be under adult supervision when in a public library.

A.mustB.mayC.canD.need

36.--Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?

--No, it__________be him--I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.

A.can’tB.must notC.won’tD.may not

37.You ________ be tired--you’ve only been working for an hour.

A.must notB.won ’t beC.can’tD.may not

38.--Tom graduated from college at a very young age.

--Oh, he________have been a very smart boy then.

A.couldB.shouldC.mightD.must

39.You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture.

A.mustB.shallC.mayD.need

40.Tom, you___________leave all your clothes on the floor like this!

A.wouldn’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.may not

D.Need 41.John, look at the time.___________you play the piano at such a late hour?A.MustB.CanC.May

it________ be very slow.

A.shouldB.mustC.willD.can 42.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because

43.--Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.

-- She_________.I’ve already borrowed one.

—4—

A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

44.--I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.

--It_______Harry’s.He always wears green.

A.has to be

A.can’tB.will beC.mustn’t beD.could be 45.You know he is not going to let us leave early if we_______get the work done. B.may notC.shouldn’tD.mustn’t

46.--What’s the name?

--Khulaifi.________I spell that for you?

A.Shall

A.can’tB.WouldC.CanD.Might 47.There’s no light on--they_______be at home. B.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

48.--Mr Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon.Don’t you forget it !

--OK, I_________.

A.won’tB.don’tC.willD.do

49.--Is Jack on duty today?

--It_________be him.It’s his turn tomorrow.

A.mustn’tB.won’tC.can’tD.needn’t

50.--I think I’11 give Bob a ring.

--You________.You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.

A.will

A.needB.mayB.mustC.have toC.shouldD.shouldD.can 51.We hope that as many people as possible_________join us for the picnic tomorrow.

52.Some aspects of a pilot’s job________be boring, and pilots often___________work at inconvenient hours.

A.can; have to

C.have to; may

53.--May I smoke here?

--If you________, choose a seat in the smoking section.

—5—B.may; can D.ought to; must

A.should

A.can

tough task.B.couldC.mayD.must 54.--Could I have a word with you, mum?B.must--Oh dear, if you______. C.mayD.should 55.Black holes ________ not be seen directly,so determining the number of them is a

A.canB.shouldC.mustD.need

56.-- How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?

-- It_________be, but it is now heavily polluted.

A.willB.wouldC.shouldD.must

57.In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you_______take care of your luggage.

A.canB.mayC.mustD.will

58.My MP4 player isn’t in my bag.Where _________ I have put it?

A.canB.mustC.shouldD.would

59.As a result of the serious flood, two -thirds of the buildings in the area________.

A.need repairing

C.needs repairingB.needs to repairD.need to repair

60.The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we________go to work tomorrow.

A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

61.- What does the sign over there read?

--“No person_______smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.”

A.willB.mayC.shallD.must

62.--What do you think we can do for our aged parents?

--You___________do anything except to be with them and be yourself.

A.don’t have toB.oughtn’t toC.mustn’tD.can’t

63.--Turn off the TV, Jack._________your homework now?

--Mum, just ten more minutes, please.

A.Should you be doing

B.Shouldn’t you be doing D.Will you be doing C.Couldn’t you be doing

—6—

第四篇：浅谈高中英语语法虚拟语气教学

江苏省高邮市第一中学英语组 居树君 【摘 要】 随着新课改的不断深入，高二英语语法中的虚拟语气成为单选题中占分比较多的题型，这就面临着如何学好虚拟语气的问题。本文阐述虚拟语气在英语教学中的重要性，简析了高中虚拟语气教与学中存在的问题，探讨针对高中生如何掌握好虚拟语气的方法，在指出传统教学误区的同时，结合自己的实践，在吸收先进的教学方法的同时，提出几种可行的教学方法，提高学生学习虚拟语气的能力，为学生学好英语打下坚实的基础。 【关键词】英语 虚拟语气 教学

众所周知，虚拟语气既是高中英语教学的重点，又是一大难点，很多学生经常对它的用法感到困惑。语法教学是高中生学好英语的前提和基础，对学生来说，学好虚拟语气是进步提高英语语法学习的前提和保障，作为一个教学工作者，如何有效地进行虚拟语气教学，将直接影响到学生是否真正理解和掌握英语，能否在考试中取得好的成绩以及切实有效地运用英语。

一. 虚拟语气的定义及应用

虚拟语气是指与事实相反，不可能或想象的情况或假设。

(一).虚拟语气在if引导的非真实条件句中的应用 动词形式/时间 从句 主句

与现在事实相反

动词过去式(be的过去式一般用were) would(could/should/might)+动词原形 与过去事实相反 be+动词过去分词

would(could/should/might)+have+过去分词 与将来事实可能相反

动词过去式;should/were to+动词原形 would(could/should/might)+动词原形

【注意】主句中的should只用于第一人称，would/could/might可用于所有人称 1. 表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 如果我们有足够的钱，我们就去买一台电脑。 2. 表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气

if i had known your telephone number yesterday, i should have telephoned you. 如果我昨天知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。 3. 表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气

if it should rain, the crops would be saved. 假如天下雨，庄稼可能就有收获了。 【注意】(1)条件句中有were, had, should时，可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主语前，构成到状结构。

(2)若非真实条件句为否定句，否定词not不提前。

(3)“could have+过去分词”可用于if条件句中表示不真实的情况。 二.虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用 1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用

在“it is necessary (important,natural,strange,etc.that„和“it is desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that„”句型中，从句谓语用“(should+)动词原形

it is necessary that i should return it right now. 我有必要马上把它还回去。

it is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language. 学生们被要求必须学一门外语。 2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用

(1)wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时;若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用“would/could/might+动词原形”。 i wish i had a little lab of my own. 但愿我有一间属于自己的实验室。 要是你昨天来听报告就好了。 would rather 后的句子用虚拟语气。通常一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

i would rather he came tomorrow than today. we suggest that students should spend two or three years in an english-speaking country. 我建议学生们在一个说英语的国家呆上两三年。 【注意】当insist作“坚持认为”，用以陈述一种情况，suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，宾语从句通常不用虚拟语气。

mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 迈克坚持说他没有偷任何东西。

3.虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的运用。

当 advice, order, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名词后跟表语从句或同位语从句时，其谓语一般用“(should+)动词原形”。

his suggestion is that you should drink more water. 三.在练习题型中学生常犯的错误 如：(2009. 天津高考) this picture is of good quality. if it _b___break down within the first year, we would repair i at our expense. a. would b. should c. could d. might大多数学生容易选成a答案，这说明他们对虚拟语气的本质还没有把握清楚。

(2006.湖北高考)__b__fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. a. would you be b. should you be c. could you be d. might you be 这题很多学生容易把答案选成a 原因是他们不知道是对将来的虚拟，把if 省略了，should 给提到了句首，用了部分倒装句。这也是虚拟语气中的常考题型，往往被学生所忽视。 四.解读虚拟语气

虚拟语气”中的“命令性虚拟语气”和“成语性虚拟语气”,再加上“were 型”虚拟语气。[1] §3116如下图所示:subjunctive present mandative formulaic were从属分句中的任何动词就都能用虚拟语气。[1] §3116如: (1) our decision is that the school remain closed. (2) it is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.(3) there was a suggestion that brown be dropped from the team. (4) we ask that the individual citizen watch closely any developments in this matter.jespersen[5](p161)称: 在这种由that 引导的主语、宾语、表

语、同位语四种名词分句中, “祈使句被作为直接引语完整的保存下来, „讲话人觉得这里的be 型虚拟式是未经转变的指未来的祈使语气”。quirk 等[2] §14133也指出: 所有主要句子类型皆可变为间接引语, 而在转型后的间接祈使句中, 并无时态之后移。如果我们将这些命令性虚拟语气的深层语义和形式与祈使句作一对比, 便可发现二者有着十分密切的联系。如: (5) “do it right away.”i insistently said (to john) . (6) i insisted that john do it right away. (7) “have another apple ,”caral suggested (to me) . (8) caral suggested that i have another apple. 例 (5) 、(7) 属于隐主语型祈使句, 其主语是交际双方中的受话者you , 谓语动词为意指未来的一般现在时第二人称的形式。[6] quirk 等[2](p828) 说过: “it is intuitively clear that the meaning of a directive implies that the omitted subject is the 2nd person pronoun you.”易仲良教授[4](p45)也撰文指出: 祈使句式

的主语无论隐没不现, 还是使用外现, 使用时不管是you 或是貌似第三人称的不定代词或名词词组, 都是受话者, 其谓语动词形式是限定动词现在时的第二人称形式。例 (6) 、(8) quirk等称之为命令性虚拟语气。而我们的看法

却不然。两例的that 分句中, 原例 (5) 、(7) 祈使句被作为直接引语完整的保存了下来, 其主语表面上是第三人称john 和第一人称i, 而实际上仍然是交际双方中的受话者, 原祈使句之潜在主语you , 谓语动词保留了原祈使句谓语动词的形式, 即与第二人称you 相呼应的英语动词现在时态形式,[4]而不是quirk等所说的动词原形, 也不是did、had在转型后的间接祈使句中, 限定性动词并无时态之后移, 没有通常应有的一致性, 没有现在时和过去时之分。这样, 受话人可以从中感受来自现实发话人与原始发话人的双重声音, 从而较多的保留了话语原声状态下的祈使色彩。分析表明, quirk 等的be 型虚拟语气中的一类, 即“命令性虚拟语气”并没有它自身的标记性, 其谓语动词不是什么动词原形形式, 而是与祈使句谓语动词始终使用一般现在时第二人称的形式是一致的, 语义亦无二致, 都是要受话人作出某种行为的反应。易仲良教授[4](p48) 将命令性虚拟语气称做间接祈使句。21成语性虚拟语气和心理祈使成语性虚拟语气 (formulaic subjunctive) 或曰祈求性虚拟语气是quirk等确认的现在虚拟语气的第二大类。他们认为这类虚拟语气也由原形 (v) 构成。但是, 这种成语性虚拟语气仅仅用在某些需要作为整体来学的成语性结构中[1] §3116用于某些感叹句表示愿望或希冀, 常常与超越自然力有关。 如: (10) so be it then ! (11) heaven forbid that „ (12) suffice it to say that „ (13) be that as it may, „ 试与祈使句作比较, 如: (14) god save the queen ! (15) smith stand by me ! quirk等把例 (14) 命之曰成语性虚拟语气, 它与祈使句例 (15) 的动词形式完全一致, 所引两例在深层语义上都是祈使某一对象做某事。祈使句例 (15) , 如前所述, 所祈使的对象“smith”表面上看是第三人称, 但实际上为现实语言交际中的受话人you , 其谓语动词是一般现在时第二人称的形式。[4](p45)关于祈使句中不定代词或名词短语作主语不是第三人称而是第二人称的观点jespersen [5](p148) 早有论述: “any imperative is virtually in the second person , even if seemingly addressed to a third person.”poutsma[7](p200) 在论述祈使句谓语动词时也曾说道: “the imperative , from the nature of its meaning, is used only in the present tense.”而例 (14) 所祈使的对象“god”在quirk 等看来, 也是第三人称, 但从话语的形成过程看, 句中“god”系发话人向彼岸世界之呼告, 我们不难读出其心理语言为彼岸的受话人you , 其谓语动词不是quirk等所说的动词原形形式, 而是与心理语言的受话人you 相呼应的现在时态形式。句中宾语“the queen”乃此岸世界受话人的称谓, 属现实语言第二人称, 寥寥几言, 发话人的思绪往返天人之际, 经历着内部语言向外部语言的转换, 却始终保持着面对面的交际, 表达一种发自内心的、祈求上帝保佑现实受话人的强烈愿望。[8]这里所谓的成语性虚拟语气实质上是心理祈使句。[4](p51)我们的论述在大家面前便展现了一幅be 型虚拟语气、祈使语气、陈述语气实为一体的图景:语气 主语 谓语

be 型虚拟语气 you v 祈使语气 you v 陈述语气第二人称 you v

quirk等的所谓be 型虚拟语气的二大类与祈使句的形式完全一致, 语义亦无二致: “be 型虚拟语气”的主语或明或隐都是受话人, 即第二人称you; 其谓语动词与祈使句总是相同的, 我们称之为一般现在时态第二人称形式。[4](p51)quirk 等[2](p155)也指出: “these (mandative subjunctive and formulaic subjunctive) are realized , like the imperative , by the base form of the verb.”可是传统语法学家却将这三为一体的形式分别划分为三种不同的语气语法范畴: 陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。这种“同一范畴内的同形异意”有悖语言学关于语法范畴的基本观点。

31were 型虚拟语气和过去时态

quirk等的were 型虚拟语气是一种假设, 它用在条件分句、让步分句和前面是祈愿动词如wish 的从属分句中。这种虚拟语气只限于用were 这一种形式, 它出现在动词be的第一人称和第三人称单数现在时中。[1] §3116这样, quirk 等将传统的含过去时态的所谓虚拟语气, 不论是行为动词的- ed 形式, 还是be 动词的was , 还是情态助动词的过去式都归为或陈述语气范畴, 或祈使语气范畴, 或情态词范畴, 并非虚拟语气。同时quirk等[1] §11132还指明: “事实上, 对表达假设条件来说, 用陈述语气和虚拟语气都可以, 而在正式的书面英语中更多采用虚拟语气的形式。”可知, 陈述句也可以表达假设意义。我们知道“时”(tense) 是个语法范畴, 它是表示时间区别的动词形式。[9](p160) “过去时”, 顾名思义, 当然表示过去时间。可是在语言实际操作中, 人们却被告知“时态”与“时间”本不一一对应, 过去时也可以表示现在时间或者将来时间, 即非过去时间。[10](p64) 如: (16) i saw a film last night. (17) if he lived with us now we would be much happier. (18) i wondered if you could do that for me. lyons[11](p71836)沈家煊[14](p17 - 24)虚化的结果是进一步提高了were 的使用频率, 却降低了was的使用。由于were 的高使用率, quirk等将过去虚拟语气中的were 看作是普通的过去时形式,[1] §11132与be 动词以外的所有动词的过去时态采用不分人称和数的单一式是一

致的, 换言之, 那分人称和数的was 便被看作了特殊的过去时形式,[4](p51)只用于比较非正式的语体中, 往往被当作陈述句。而且, 在were 型虚拟语气中, were 之所以取代was 出现在动词be的第一人称和第三人称单数现在时中, 是因为“if i were you , „.”这样类似的语句是显然违反事实的假设。因此, 笔者认为: quirk 等之所以对were 情有独钟是因为语法化了的were 所包蕴的内涵远远大于was。动词were 除了表达时间方面的距离, 还表达与真实性方面的距离和语法对称方面的距离。[15] 五.结束语 综上所述, quirk等的所谓be 型虚拟语气的二类与祈使句的主谓形式是完全一致的; 所谓的were 型虚拟语气实质为陈述句过去时态表与真实性方面的距离性, 我们赞成易仲良教授关于否定虚拟语气的观点。如果我们承认虚拟语气就等于承认相同语法形式可以表示处于相互对立关系的同类语法意义, 也就等于承认同一范畴内表示某一语法意义的形式可以脱离自身的意义而成为另一对立语法意义的标志, 这显然有悖语言学关于语法范畴地基本原则。求简、求易是理性人类不懈追求的目标。既然“虚拟语气”与祈使句或陈述句的相似形式可能给人们带来识别或理解上的麻烦, 人们就有理由冷落它。因此, 我们否定“虚拟语气”从理论上是毋庸置疑的, 从语言现象的解释方面是入情入理的, 从实际运用上更有利于我们的英语教学。

第五篇：如何应用虚拟语气

朱可宝

我们在日常生活中经常会听到这样一些话， “要是我有足够的资金，我会买一辆属于自己的轿车。”“要是再仔细一点，我就会考满分。”“我要是你的话，我就会接受她的邀请.”其实，诸如此类的句子就是我们英语学习中的一个重要的知识点——虚拟语气。我们自觉不自觉地运用了虚拟语气来我们的情感。

在新课标教材中虚拟语气是一个很重要的语言知识点，在高考中也是必考内容之一。高三学生要重视对虚拟语气的复习。我们复习这个语言点时重点要复习习惯用法，特殊句型，以及和情态动词一起使用。我们先看非真实的条件句中的谓语动词。有三种情况，

(一)与过去事实相反的假设，其固定结构是条件(假设)部分谓语动词用had done, 主句(结论)部分用would/should/could/might+ have done(主动)/have been done(被动 ).表示“要是过去(不)做了。。。，就(不)会有。。。发生或出现”这样一种心情。例如，If you had worked hard, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam. (要是你真的努力了，你就不会考试不及格了。)言外之意就是说平时不努力，不及格自然是很正常的，表示一种既惋惜又责备的心情。

(二)与现在事实相反的假设，其固定结构为条件(假设)部分的谓语动词用过去式，主句(结论)部分用would/should/could/might do(主动)/be done (被动). 例如，If I were you, I would buy a new car rather than a second-hand one.(要是我是你的话，我就买一辆新车而不是二手车 。) 务必注意，虚拟语气中只用能用were, 不能用was.

(三)与将来事实相反的假设，其固定结构是这样的，条件(假设)部分的谓语动词用过去式/were to do/should do, 主句(结论)用would/could/should/might do(主动)/be done(被动).例如，If it were to rain/should rain/rained tomorrow, we would put off the visit to the Great Wall .(要是明天下雨的话，我们就推迟去长城。) 特别要提醒的是，(一) 如果条件句中有were/ had/should时，可以采用省略if的句式，方法就是将were/should/had调到句首。例如，Had we left earlier, we would have arrived there on time .(If we had left earlier, we would have arrived there on time.)

(二)Without…/But for…/otherwise….相当于一个非真实条件句，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。例如，Without your help, I wouldn’t have finished this work. (If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have finished this work.) I really had so much work to do yesterday, otherwise I would have gone shopping with you.(I really had so much work to do. If I hadn’t been so much work to do, I would have gone shopping with you. ) 虚拟语气在从句中的应用也较多。主要有以下几个方面：1，用在wish 的宾语从句中。表示不能或难于实现的愿望。例如，I wish I could fly to the moon one day.( 但愿有一天我能够飞到月球上去。)2，用在suggest/order/command/demand等表示建议，要求，命令之后的从句中，用should do/should be done.Should可以省略，只保留do/be done例如，The teacher suggested that this plan( should)be discussed first. (老师建议这个计划要先讨论一下。) 3, 用在as if/as though之后的从句中。例如，She danced as if she were a professional dancer. (她的舞跳得仿佛她就是一个职业舞蹈者。)4，用在it is (high) time之后的从句中。表示到了该做某个事情的时候了。例如，The big exam is coming, it is high time we should work harder.(大考临近了，我们该努力了。)5，用在would rather 之后的从句中。表示一种愿望。例如，I would rather she didn’t miss the flight.(但愿她没有错过航班。)6，用在if only 之后的从句中。例如，If only I had worked harder.(我要是学习再刻苦一点就好了。)

当然，虚拟语气的应用远不止以上这些。在实际生活中的运用很复杂。要想熟练自如地使用虚拟语气，我们必须在平时交流中尽可能多地运用虚拟语气来表达我们的羡慕，嫉妒，批评，责备和愿望。只有这样，我们才能熟谙虚拟语气。